1284

GLOSSARY.
FoftM. The external appearance or disposition of the surfaces of a body, in -which sense
it is synonymous with Figure.
loKMERET. The arch rib, which in Gothic groining lies next the wall, and is consequently
less than the other ribs which divide the v;mlting.
Forum.
(Lat.)- In ancient archite> tare, a public market ; also a place where the common
courts were held, and law pleadings carried on. The fora of the Romans were large
open squares surrounded by porticoes, parts whereof answered for market-places, other
parts for public meetings of the inhabitants, and other paris for courts of justice
;
the
forum was also occasionally used for shows of gladiators. There were in Rome seven-
teen
;
of these fourteen were for the sale of goods, provisions, and merchandise, and
called Fora Venalia
;
the other three were for civil and judicial proceedings, and called
Fcyra Civilia et Judicialia. Of the latter sort was the furum of Trajan, of which the
Trajan column formed the principal ornament.
Foundation. The ground prepared for the footings of a wall to be placed thereon. The
concrete and footings of a wall are sometimes called the
"
foundations."
Foundry. A building in which various metals are cast into moulds or shapes.
Fountain. (Lat. Fons.) Any natural or artificial apparatus by meais whereof water
springs up. In natural fountains the ascensional effect is produced by the hydrostatic
pressure of the water itself; in artificial fountains, by the same sort of pressure, or
by that of compressed air, and sometimes by machinery.
Fox TAIL Wedging. A method of fixing a tenon in a mortise by splitting the end of the
tenon and inserting a projecting wedge, then entering the tenon into the mortise, and
driving it home. The bottom of the mortise resists the wedge, and forces it farther into
the tenon, which will expand in width, so as not only to fill the cavity at the bottom,
but be firmly compressed by the sides of the mortise.
Frame AND Framing. (Sax. Fpamman, to form.) The rough timber work of a house,
including floors, roofs, partitions, ceilings, and beams. Generally, any pieces of wood
fitted together with mortises and tenons are said to be framed, as doors, sashes, &c.
Franking. A term used by the mak-rs of window-sashes, and applied to the mode of
forming the joint where the cross-pieces of the frame intersect each ether, no more wood
being cut away than is sufficient to show a mitre.
Freking Beads. Tlie beads formed on the elbows of the boxings of a window, to allow
of the shutters rising high enough to come on to the Ivead of the window sill.
Free Stone. It is an old term that has no very distinctive meaning, but one which \t
commonly employed when speaking of any stone, whether it be a sandstone or a lime-
stone, that is capable of being easily toole I, quite irrespective of its chemical compo-
sition, such as Portland stone, Eatli stone, Yorkshire stoue, some Scotch stone. &c.
French Casements. Windows turning upon two vertical edges attached to the jambs,
and, when shut, lap together like folding doors upon the other two parallel edges,
and are fastened by means of a long bolt called an Espagnoletto bolt, extending their
whole height. French casements are made in the form of the old English window,
the two meeting styles, which lap together, forming a munnion about four inches in
breadth. The lower part only of the window is moveable, the upper being fixed, and
having a corresponding munnion
;
the lower rail of the fixed part and the upper rail
of the moveable part forming a transom. The upper part is now sometimes made to
open on centre pivots at the sides, to allow of ventilation to the apartments whilst the
casement is closed.
Fresco Painting. (It. Fresco, fresh.) A system of wall or ceiling decoration in which a
painting is executed by incorporating the colours on the plaster before it is dry, by
which it becomes very permanent.
Frette or Fret. A species of ornament consisting of one or more small fillets nieetint
IBllSllisra
rFTm^iki
L3ri|
I
U^ ILh^
l
Lfaii
rig. una.
in vertical and horizontal directions. {See
Jiff.
1406.) The sections of the channels
between the fillets is rectangular.
Fret-work. Ornamental decoration ra'sed in protuberan.^es.
I'riction. (Lat. Frico, I rub.) The resistance produced by the rubbing of the surfaces
of Lwo solid bodies a/jainst each other.
Frieze, Freeze or Frize. (Ital. Freaio, adorned.) That member in the entablature
of
an order between the architrave and cornice. It is always pliin in the Tuscan ;
orna-
mented with triglyphs and sculpture in the Doric (See Wetopa)
;
in the
modern or
Italian Ionic it is often swelled, in which case it is said to he jmlvinatfd or
ctishiotted
;
and in the Corinthian and Composite it is variously decorated with figures and
foliage,