My Korean 1

My
Korean
1

Young-A Cho
In-Jung Cho
Douglas Ling

To our parents

This book and its accompanying audio files are licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License.

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/au/.

This book and its accompanying audio files are available online at
http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/korean/klec.

Help us improve!
Korean.Studies@arts.monash.edu.au

First edition August 2009

i

CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

TO THE TEACHER AND THE LEARNER xiii

UNIT 1
1

Situation Dialogue 1 3
Greetings 5
Introducing Yourself 7
Introducing Others 8
+i-e-yo/ye-yo am; is; are 9
Korean Names 14
Addressing People at the Office: Titles 16
Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and hubae 18
Addressing Unknown People at the Shops 19
Saying Goodbye 24
Greetings, Thanks and Other Expressions 27

UNIT 2
31

Hangeul (Korean Alphabet) 32
Basic Consonants
33
The Pure Vowel
35
Aspirated Consonants
39
Other Pure Vowels ()
42
Writing Syllables 46
Tensed Consonants
49

ii
Pronouncing Final Consonants 51
Combined Vowels 53
Sound Shifts 58
Classroom Expressions 66
24 Basic Consonants and Vowels (Table) 69
Expanded Consonants and Vowels (Table) 70

UNIT 3 ?
73

Discussing likes and dislikes
Style of Speech 77
Word Order 80
Yes/No Questions 82
Saying Yes and No 83
Vocabulary: Food
84
Negative Question Usage 90
Spaces Between Words 91

UNIT 4 ?
95

Asking people where they are going
Vocabulary: Places 98
()? as a Greeting
99
Destination Particle + to
105
Topic Particle +/
108
iii
Coming & Going: , ,
112

UNIT 5 ?
115

Talking about your daily routine
Talking about what you are doing
Verb (Doing Words) and their Endings
+/, +/, +()
118
Verb Table: Present Tense Endings 120
Casual Question Verb Endings +/?
124
What
125
Vocabulary: Time Words
132
Time Particle + in or at or on
133
Location Particle + in or at
134
Asking Opinions ()?
143
Adjective (Describing Words) and Their Endings
+/, +/, +()
145
Adjective Table: Present Tense Endings 148
Vocabulary: Transitional Words 150

UNIT 6 ?
153

Talking about the time
Making appointments
Talking about class timetables
Spaces Between Words Revisited 157
: Which..?; What kind of ..?; What..?
158
iv
Vocabulary: Question Words 159
Vocabulary: Study Words 159
Telling the Time: # oclock 160
: How many..?; What..?; How (old)..?
161
Suggestions 1: + Lets
164
: fromtill
169
Suggestions 2: +/? Shall we?
171

UNIT 7 ?
187

Talking about past events
Verb and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings 191
can not or did not because of inability -
unintentionally
203
+ It's because...
206
, + and; and then
212
Three ands: +, +,
214

UNIT 8
219

Ordering in a caf or restaurant
Asking for Something in a Shop 223
+() I want; I will
232
Counting Nouns 236
v
Restaurant Related Expressions 248
Pure Korean Numbers 250
Noun +, +(), +/+ and
256

UNIT 9 ?
259

Asking for and giving prices
Asking for a discount
How much?
263
Sino-Korean Numbers 264
Telling the Time: # minutes 267
is not
268
Particle + per
281
Particle + only
282
Demonstrative Pronouns:
(this), (that) , (that over there), (which)
289
Vocabulary: Colour Terms
293
Vocabulary: Consumer Items 294

UNIT 10 ?
303

Talking about yourself and your family
Expressing Your Age 308
Education System in Korea 310
Addressing Peers at School:
315
vi
Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments 316
Word Contractions 318
Vocabulary: Family
323
Honorific Subject and Topic Particles 327
Possessive Pronouns 328
Vocabulary: Occupations
330
/ ? Would you mind telling me ?
332
Sending a Text Message 338

TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 341

APPENDIX

Notes for Verb and Adjective Tables 360
Special Conjugation Rules of Verb and Adjective 362
Appendix 1: Copular be 364
Appendix 2: Verb Present Tense Endings 366
Appendix 3: Verb Past Tense Endings 370
Appendix 4: Verb Future Tense Endings 374
Appendix 5: Verbs with
+()()?; +()(), +()()?,
+()?; +()(), +
378
Appendix 6: Verbs with + ; +
382
+(), +/() & +() ()
384
+(), +/() & +() ()
386
Appendix 9: Casual Verb Endings
+/, +/, +() ;
+()?; +(); +()
388
Appendix 10: Adjective Present Tense Endings 392
Appendix 11: Adjective Past Tense Endings 400
vii
Appendix 12: Adjective Future Tense Endings 408
Appendix 13: Adjectives with +; +()
416
Appendix 14: Adjectives with
+()(), +/() & () ()
420
Appendix 15: Adjectives with
+(), +/() & +() ()
424
Appendix 16: Casual Adjective Endings
+/, +/, +()
428
Appendix 17: Particles and Suffixes 432

HANDWRITING SHEET 435

ix
Preface

This textbook began its life as a personal collection of language activities
which complemented the textbook Learning Korean: New Directions 1,
(Pilot Edition 1) used in some Australian universities including Monash
University where we started teaching Korean in 1992. In 1995, this meagre
collection grew into a textbook of its own entitled Lets Speak Korean. The
following year the book went through a major change when Douglas Ling, a
former student of ours and a lecturer in Film Studies at RMIT University (as a
matter of fact, he is happily retired now), started helping us to rephrase the
grammar explanations to be more suitable for Australian learners. The book
title also changed to Talking to Koreans and we started to build a Korean
language learning web site based on the book and kept all the materials on the
site open to the public.
This open access policy was part of our efforts to promote Korean
language in Australia as well as around the world and to help other Korean
language educators who strove to provide a better learning environment
because of a dearth of Korean language learning materials. During the
following years, we kept modifying the book based on students feedback and
needs, added more learning materials to the web, as well as making another
title change into the current My Korean in 1998. However, in late 2006, we
lost a significant amount of our on-line materials when our university
introduced a new university-wide content management system. Only the
small amount but most important materials, have been migrated into the new
system with generous assistance from the Faculty of Arts. This situation was
somewhat disastrous, however, it gave us a chance to rethink not only the
whole project but also about our approach to teaching, resulting in another
major rewrite for the book.
x
We have changed all the situation dialogues to make them more
authentic. In particular, we have broken away from the conventional method
of using mainly polite styles of speech throughout the entire book, because
this method tends to create highly unauthentic situations. For example, this
method created a very unlikely situation where two close friends used the
polite style of speech to each other. Therefore, we have used different styles
of speech which are appropriate to each situation, resulting in the use of close
friend style of speech in most cases. This style of speech is also more
appropriate for our students because they can immediately use it when they
talk to one another or when they talk to their Korean friends.
Another major change is the use of comics for every situation
dialogue to provide more extra-linguistic cues. When we communicate, we
use all kind of extra-linguistic cues available to make sense out of each
others speech. However, text-only dialogues lack these extra-linguistic cues
and make a students job of making sense out of an already foreign language a
lot harder. In order to solve this problem, we have used comics alongside the
recording of each situation dialogue, turning the dialogue multimodal and as
close as to that of a real situation. This multimodal dialogue allows learners
make meaning by using a crucial combination of words, graphics and sound.
Now, we should like to thank all those who have contributed in
different ways to this book:

To the Korea Foundation for the 2008 grant which made it possible to
include the comics for the situation dialogues and gave us the last push
into finishing this book;
To Ju Han Lee from Yeundoo Studio in Korea (http://yeundoo.com) for
the front cover design and the comics for the situation dialogues, and
Lae-Young Lee for her assistance with comic storyboard descriptions;
To Hye-Jung Kim for most of the illustrations other than the situation
dialogue comics;
xi
To Joel Atkinson, Erin Fitzgerald, Stephen Gartlan and Vicky Ryan for
formatting and editing;
To Youngsam Moon for providing invaluable information about
contemporary Korean expressions used by young people and for various
administrative works including organising a recording party and taking
part in it himself;
To Jihee Jung, Youngsun Hwang, Seongin Choi, Moon Chung and
Seonghwan Ahn for volunteering to do the recording;
To all the past and current students for their valuable feedback and
insights which they have let us gain through the collaborative exploration
of learning the language;
To Jung Sim Kim, Korean studies subject librarian at Monash University
for her hard work in building up the great Korean collection which was
invaluable in writing this book;
To our colleagues at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at
Monash University, in particular, Robert Irving, Bruce Jacobs, Helen
Marriott, Gloria Davies and Alison Tokita for their support and
encouragement;
And last but not least to our good friends, Lendriani and Nigel Thursfield,
Vicky and William Quek, Janet and Jim Murray, and Douglas and Helena
Ling for their love and support.

Following our open access policy, this book and its accompanying
audio files are licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License in the hope
that this book will make a small contribution to the development of Korean
language education throughout the world. As one of Less Commonly Taught
Languages, Korean still suffers from a dearth of learning materials. Korean
teachers often have to design their courses and develop learning materials that
suit their students on top of their normal teaching duties, let alone their fight
to keep the Korean program alive. We have met many marvelous teachers
xii
over the years and they have been our inspiration. We hope this book will
help those teachers in their efforts of creating a better learning environment
for their students.

To all, many thanks again for your assistance and encouragement.

Melbourne
10 July, 2009
Young-A Cho
In-Jung Cho
xiii
To the teacher and the learner

This book is primarily written for a Korean language university course for
beginners, but it may be used in other settings including self-study. The
guidelines, therefore, are focused on teaching or learning in a university
setting, but we suggest that all the users of the book read them regardless of
whether you are a teacher or a student enrolled in a course or you are using it
on your own for independent study.

Objectives
This book is an introduction to contemporary Korean, with special emphasis
on spoken usage for everyday situations. It introduces learners to the Korean
alphabet and everyday situations in Korean culture to help them acquire
survival Korean.

Basic Approach
Our experiences of teaching Korean for more than two decades and the
results of language learning research tell us that a good foundation of
language structures is essential for learners to be successful. This book,
therefore, concentrates on giving learners a good working knowledge of the
basic structure and grammar of the Korean language with a limited number of
vocabulary items that are frequently used in everyday situations. Once they
acquire this knowledge, they can expand their vocabulary quite easily on their
own as need arises. This approach can also maximise small contact hours
(usually four to five hours a week) available in many university settings.

Structure of the book
This book is organised into ten units and is basically taught one unit per week
in one semester. Each unit is composed of three situation dialogues, grammar
xiv
explanations and various tasks such as role plays, listening, writing and
reading.
The first two units are essentially about some Korean sounds and the
Korean alphabet. Unit One presents usual greetings and introductions
through which learners familiarize themselves with the sounds of the Korean
language. Unit Two deals with the Korean alphabet and is the only unit
without any situation dialogues. Once the students learn the Korean
alphabetic symbols and how these are put together to create meaningful
sounds, they should be able to improve their skills of reading aloud Korean
writing over the course of the rest of the book.
Unit Three and Four introduce the basic Korean sentence structure,
which is in the order of Subject-Object-Verb, compared to the English order
of Subject-Verb-Object. You should not try to understand all of the
expressions in the situation dialogues in Unit Three. We have tried to make
the situation dialogues as natural as possible and this has resulted in the
inclusion of a few expressions that are a bit challenging at this early stage of
learning.
Unit Five is a crucial one which deals with verb conjugations for the
first time. It shows how to attach present tense endings to verb stems, which
are one of many to follow. It is, therefore, vital that students fully grasp this
grammar point.
Unit Six deals with how to make simple suggestions and also
introduces pure Korean numbers one to twelve in the form of telling the time.
This is done deliberately to prepare the learners for the counting nouns to be
introduced in Unit Eight, and also to expose them to the forms of pure Korean
numbers one to four used in conjunction with counting nouns before they
learn the full forms of these numbers.
Unit Seven deals with the past tense verb endings. Once the students
learn these, they can virtually talk about the events of all three tenses, that is,
past, present and future time because the present tense endings in Korean can
be used for many future events as well. Unit Eight and Nine are essentially
xv
about buying things that involves the learning of pure Korean numbers and
Sino-Korean numbers. Unit Ten presents how to talk about yourself and your
family.
There are also ten appendices. Appendix One is about how to use
Korean on Microsoft Windows operating systems. Appendices Two to Five
have verb conjugation tables. Appendices Six to Ten are the graphics which
can be used to teach the Korean alphabet using real words and to teach verbs
and their stems. There is also a handwriting sheet which can be used for
writing practice or writing assignments.

Situation dialogues, role plays and listening tasks
As mentioned above, each unit is composed of three situation dialogues,
grammar explanations and various tasks such as role plays, listening, writing
and reading. The situation dialogues, role plays and listening tasks require
some explanation.
The situation dialogues are presented in two modes: comics and
text-only mode. Comics are used to provide extra-linguistic cues which are
normally available when we communicate. The comics and the recording of
each situation dialogue provide multimodal language input to help students
job of making meaning. There are also some differences in spellings used in
the comics and the corresponding text-only dialogue. We use the colloquial
version in the comics to show how some words are pronounced differently
from their standard spellings.
The situation dialogues are also presented in two settings: the Korean
setting and the Australian setting. The first setting involves mainly two
Korean university students, Minseo Kim and Jihun Park. The second setting
revolves around three university students, Minjun Kim, Paul Smith and
Hyeonu Lee, who are studying in Australia. The presence of any of these
characters will tell you in which setting each dialogue is taking place.
The role plays are somewhat mechanical and different from those
based on communicative methods. They are to provide a more interesting
xvi
setting for the practice of speaking and listening. They can, however, be used
as a basis for the more communicative nature of role plays by encouraging the
students to be more creative and to play with the language.
The listening tasks are from our old out-of-print listening book
Elementary Task-Centered Listening Comprehension of Korean 1, which was
published in 1994 and later changed its title into Korean Through Active
Listening 1. The listening book was always used alongside the textbook until
it became out of print in early 2008. This development has allowed the
incorporation of the listening tasks into the textbook, resulting in the more
rounded and user-friendly textbook. We have to admit that the expressions in
the listening tasks are not as natural as they should be, but they still provide
good input via listening, which is very important in language learning. The
listening tasks do not have answer keys. It has only the transcript at the end of
the book and the learners are required to find the answers themselves first by
listening and then by reading.

Romanisation
This book has used the Korean government romanisation system.

1
?

Unit Focus:
Greetings and Introductions

o Greetings
o Introducing Yourself
o Introducing Others
o +i-e-yo/ye-yo am; is; are
o Korean Names
o Addressing People at the Office: Titles
o Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and
hubae
o Addressing Unknown People at the Shops
o Saying Goodbye
o Greeting, Thanks and Other Expressions
UNIT 1?

2

UNIT 1 ?

3
Situation Dialogue 1
Paul, Minseo, Minjun and J ihun are introducing themselves.
Kim
Minseo:
Annyeonghaseyo?
J eoneun Kim Minseoyeyo.
Yeonse daehakgyoeseo
yeongmunhak
jeongonghaeyo.
Uri oppayeyo.
Hello,
Im inseo Kim.
Im majoring in English
Literature at Yonsei
University.
This is my older brother.
(Lit. our older brother)
Kim
Minjun:

Annyeonghaseyo?
Kim Minjunimnida.
Hoju Monash daehakgyo
gyohwanhaksaengimnida.
J e chingu Paulimnida.
Hello,
Im Minjun Kim.
Im an exchange student from
Monash University in
Australia.
This is my friend, Paul.
Paul
Smith:
Annyeonghaseyo?
Paul Smithimnida.
J eodo Monash daehak
haksaengimnida.
Hangugeohago gyeongjehak
gongbuhamnida.
Hello.
Im Paul Smith.
Im also a student from
Monash University.
I study Korean language and
economics.
Park
J ihun:
J eoneun minseo namja chingu
Park J ihunirago hamnida.
Im Minseos boyfriend, J ihun
Park.
(Mineso squints at J ihun.) (Mineso squints at J ihun.)
Kim
Minseo:
Namja chingu aniyeyo. Hes not my boyfriend.
The romanization used in this textbook is the official Korean language
romanization system in the Republic of Korea.
UNIT 1?

4

Vocabulary
Annyeonghaseyo?

Hello; How
do you do?
gyohwan
haksaeng
exchange
student
jeoneun jeo I /me
+neun topic
particle
chingu friend
yeyo is [polite] jeodo

jeo I/me +do
also/too
yeonse daehakgyo Yonsei
University
daehak university
eseo at; in haksaeng student
yeongmunhak English
literature
hangugeo Korean
(language)
jeongonghaeyo major in hago and; with
je my gyeongjehak economics
oppa older brother
(term used by
females)
gongbu
hamnida
study [formal]
ieyo is [polite] namja
chingu
boyfriend
imnida is [formal] irago
hamnida
is/am called
hoju Australia aniyeyo is/am not
monaesi
daehakgyo
Monash
University

UNIT 1 ?

5
Greetings
There are three basic ways to greet someone in Korean, depending on what
degree of politeness and/or formality the situation requires:

? [very casual not used among adults]
An-nyeong?

? [polite]
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?

? [formal]
An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?

1) Generally, you should use the polite form:
J ack:
?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
Olivia:
?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?

2) However, when a student greets a teacher, the formal expression can be
used:
Student:
,
1
?
Seon-saeng-nim, an-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?
Teacher:
?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?

UNIT 1?

6

3) And when two young people bump into each other on the street, they can
just say? (An-nyeong?). Or they might say:

Note 1: The student addresses the teacher by the title (Seon-saeng-
nim), which is respectful. On the other hand, Amanda just addresses her
close friend by name. (There will be more on titles later).
Amanda:
Susan,
1
?
Susan, eo-di ga-ni? (Susan, are you going somewhere?)

Susan:
, .
Eung, eo-di ga. (Yeah, I am. Lit. I am going somewhere.)
UNIT 1 ?

7
Introducing Yourself
After greeting somebody for the first time, you can say:

. Its nice to meet you.
Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da.
OR:
. Im pleased to meet you.
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.

And then introduce yourself:

Robert. [I] am Robert.
Robert-im-ni-da.

Robert . [I] am Robert. (Lit. I am called Robert.)
Robert-ra-go ham--ni-da.

You may have noticed that the pronoun I is omitted, as is normally the
case in Korean sentences where the subject is obvious.

When referring to the person you are addressing, the Korean pronoun for
you is almost never used:

Robert? Are [you] Robert?
Robert-ni? (Very casual)
UNIT 1?

8

Introducing Others
When introducing somebody you can use:

() . [honorific]
I-bun-eun Kim Seon-saeng-nim-i-se-yo
This (distinguished person) is Mr. Kim.

() J ohn. [polite]
I-tchog-eun John-i-e-yo.
This (person) is J ohn.

Paul . [formal]
Je chin-gu Paul-im-n-ida.
This is my friend, Paul.

Paul . [very casual]
Paul-i-ya.
This is Paul.

You will notice that the term for this (person) is different in each sentence,
and so is the final ending. The term and ending used in the first sentence
show a greater level of respect, and are termed honorific. ( literally
means this distinguished person, whereas literally means over
here.) You can also introduce someone without saying This is in casual
speech. The use of different verb endings will be introduced in the next unit.
UNIT 1 ?

9
+i-e-yo/ye-yo am; is; are
We use ending + (i-e-yo) or + (ye-yo) when we want to say who
someone is. In English, you have to change the verb to be depending on
who you are talking about. For example I am..., You are..., She is ...,
They are.... However, in Korean, the change is dependant on the last
letter of the persons name is a vowel or consonant.

If the noun ends in a vowel: + (ye-yo)
. I am Minseo Kim.
Jeo-neun Kim Minseo-ye-yo.

If it ends in a consonant: + (i-e-yo)
. I am Minjun Kim.
Jeo-neun Kim Minjun-i-e-yo.

This structure has the general form A is B (when B is a noun and not an
adjective) and is therefore widely used. Note that A must be a noun,
pronoun or wh-question word, and B must be a noun and not an adjective.
For example, you cannot use this form to say He is stupid. You will study
this in more detail further on.

The very casual version of + (i-e-yo) or + (ye-yo) is +(i-ya)
or +(ya) which follow the exactly same rule explained above. The formal
version however has only one form, + (im-ni-da).
UNIT 1?

10

Task 1: Role Play
Introduce yourself to the other students, using the dialogue below.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE 1]
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? How do you do?
[Name]-im-in-da Im [name].

[Name]-( i)-e-yo Im [name].

[Name]-( i)-ra-go-ham-ni-da Im [name].

An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka? How do you do?
[Name]-( i)-ra-go-ham-ni-da Im [name].

UNIT 1 ?

11

UNIT 1?

12

UNIT 1 ?

13
Kim Yeongjun is meeting a businessman, Robert Irving, at the airport.
Irving: Annyeonghasimnikka?
Robert Irvingimnida.
How do you do?
Im Robert Irving.
Kim: Annyeonghasimnikka?
Kim Yeongjunimnida. .
How do you do?
Im Kim Yongjun.
Irving: Mannaseo bangapseumnida. Its nice to meet you.
Kim: Cheoeum boepgetseumnida. Its a pleasure to meet you.

Note: When businessmen from different companies meet, they will
normally shake hands and exchange name cards ( myeong-ham).

Vocabulary
Annyeonghasimnikka?

How do you do? [formal, honorific]
imnida.

is [formal]
mannaseo manna meet +seo because
bangapseumnida feel delighted [formal]
cheoeum

the first time
boepgetseumnida meet (with pleasure) [formal, honorific]

UNIT 1?

14

Korean Names
Korean names consist of a family name followed by a given name. Most
Korean given names are comprised of two syllables, though some only have
one.

The three most common family names in Korea are (Kim), (Yi, often
written Lee), and (Park). Together, these three names account for around
45% of the population.

Family name groups are divided by patrilineal decent into branches or clans.
(There are about 280 such branches of Kim). Until recently, it was illegal
for people of the same branch to marry, no matter how distantly related.
Branches are usually identified by a place name where the clan is said to
have originated, such as Kyeongju Kim.

Common Korean family names:

Kim Yi Pak Choe Cheong Cho Chang

Yun Sin Han Hong Yu Kang Song

Korean given names are typically comprised of Sino-Korean characters,
(hanja), traditionally chosen with the help of a fortune-teller. Some
parents now give their children names that can only be written in the Korean
alphabet, (hangeul).
UNIT 1 ?

15
Below are the top five baby names for boys and girls in 2006, often used in
television dramas:

(Male)

Minjun Minjae J ihun Hyeonu J unseo

(Female)

Seoyeon Minseo Subin Seohyeon Minji

The following are common names in 1975 and 1945 respectively. Note the
female names from 1945 end with ja, equivalent to the ko common in
J apanese female names. This reflects the J apanese colonial period, which
ended in that year:

1975
(Male)
J eonghun Seongho Seonghun

(Female)
Miyeong Eunjeong Eunju

1945
(Male)
Yeongsu Yeongho Yeongsik

(Female)
Yeongja J eongja Sunja
UNIT 1?

16

Addressing People at the Office: Titles
In Korea titles are very important in showing respect to someone with a
higher position than you. Therefore, if someone has a title and you know it,
you must use it. For example, if someone is a manager, you will call them
managernim, even if they are not your manager. You will notice that that
these titles have nim at the end of them, which is used to show respect to
seniors.

Other titles for superiors include:
Professor Smith
Smith gyo-su-nim

Company President Kim
Kim sa-jang-nim

Examples:
1)
. Mr. Park, please have a seat.
Pak Seon-saeng-nim an-jeu-se-yo.

2) A police officer addressing a well-dressed older man:

, . Sir, please move over there.
Seonsaengnim, jeojjogeuro gasipsio.

When people have no title and are of equal or lower status than you, you can
use their full name +(ssi). For example, if the lowest person in the office
is called Yeong-J un Kim, you would refer to them as Kim Yeong-J un ssi.
It is rude however to use ssi, if you are a junior to the person you are
addressing.

UNIT 1 ?

17
ssi should also be used after someones given name where there is equal
status, but it is offensive to address anyone by their surname +(ssi), such
as (Kim ssi), so be careful! It is also not used between people in the
same gender, so it is best to avoid this title at this stage!
UNIT 1?

18

Addressing Peers at School : seonbae and
hubae
In Korea, age is very important in establishing the relationship between
speakers. Therefore, when you are at university, you will address people in
the years above or below you with special titles.

The title for someone in a year above you is (seonbae) and
(hubae) is used for someone in a lower year level. For example, if you are
a 2
nd
year student, you are the seonbae of a 1
st
year student and hubae of
a 3
rd
year student.

If you are not very close to a person in an older year level, you would add
the respectful (nim) to the title, so that they are called seonbae-nim.
However, if you are very close to someone in an older year, you may also
one of the kinship terms (hyeong, nuna, eonni, oppa ).

UNIT 1 ?

19
Addressing Unknown People at the Shops
Although shop assistants wear name tags, they will never use their given
name to introduce themselves. (You will never have someone say Hi,
Please call me Sam to you in Korea, even though this might be appropriate
in Australia.)

Depending on the shop, the shop assistant will use sonnim (customer) or
gogaek-nim (distinguished customer) for you, or sometimes a kinship term.
For example, a young clerk at the bank may address a customer with the
polite and neutral term seonsaeng-nim (Mr/Ms/Teacher) or gogaek-nim
(Dear customer).

In the market, for young girls, they might use eonni, for middle aged
women ajumma, and for middle aged men (and maybe younger men too)
ajeossi'. Elderly customers are referred to as harabeoji for men and
halmeoni for women.

If you need to call out to a staff member to attract their attention, the term
you use depends on the type of business. If you are at a caf or restaurant,
you can use a kinship term, for example to a young female waitress using
"eonni" (literally older sister) if you are a female, but usually people don't
use any term but simple say "yeogiyo" (literally over here!) to catch their
attention. If you are in a shop, you can use kinship terms as described above
(i.e. eonni, ajumma, ajeossi, harabeoji, halmeoni, etc.).

UNIT 1?

20

Task 2: Role Play
Move around the classroom and introduce yourself to the other students,
using the dialogue below. Write down your classmates names in Korean
if possible.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? How do you do?
[Name]-im-ni-da Im [name].
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da. Im pleased to meet you.

B: [Name]-im-in-da Im [name].
Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. Glad to meet you.

ireum (name)

UNIT 1 ?

21
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
How are you? / How do you do?
.
Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da
It's nice to meet you.
A/.
A-i-e-yo/ye-yo
I'm A.
.
I'm pleased to meet you.

(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
(first or full name) (ssi) polite neutral title such as Mr. and Ms.

Listen carefully to the following dialogue in which two people are
greeting each other. Draw lines connecting pairs of people who are greeting
each other. Ready? Listen!

1. Thomas a. Yeongjin (male)

2. Susan b. Sumi (female)

3. Paul c. Seonyeong (female)

4. Amanda d. Minseop (male)

UNIT 1?

22

UNIT 1 ?

23
Robert Irving is leaving Korea and saying goodbye to Kim Yeongjun.
Irving: Gamsahamnida.
Annyeonghi gyesipsio.
Thank you.
Goodbye.
Kim: Annyeonghi gasipsio. Goodbye.

Minjuns sister is seeing him off as he goes to Australia as an exchange
student.
Minseo: Oppa, jal ga. Bye, Minjun. (Lit. Bye, older brother)
Minjun: J al isseo. Take care.
Minseo: J eonhwahae. Call me.
Minjun: Arasseo Okay.

Vocabulary
gamsahamnida

thank you
annyeonghi safely/in good health
gyesipsio

stay; be [formal, honorific]
gasipsio go [formal, honorific]
oppa older brother (term used by females)
jal well; safely; much
ga

go [very casual]
isseo

stay [very casual]
jeonhwahae ring; call [very casual]
arasseo okay [very casual]
UNIT 1?

24

Saying Goodbye
When saying goodbye to one who is leaving, you can say:

. An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo. [polite]
. An-nyeong-hi ga-sip-s-io. [formal]
. Jal ga. [very casual]

When you are saying goodbye to one who is staying, you can say:

. An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo. [polite]
. An-nyeon-ghi gye-sip-si-o. [formal]
. Jal iss-eo. [very casual]

Close friends who are young will just say Annyeong in both
instances.

UNIT 1 ?

25
Task 4: Role Play
When you leave at the end of the class, say good-bye to your teacher (who is
staying) and your classmates (who are leaving).

Task 5: Writing
How should you say goodbye in the following situations?

You are talking to at so you say
student teacher street Annyeonghi kaseyo.
student teacher teachers office
student friend street
student friend friends home
customer pharmacist pharmacy
waitress customer restaurant
son mother home Danyeoogetseumnida
1

bank teller customer bank
businessman customer airport

Note 1: Used when you are leaving home but will be coming back later.
UNIT 1?

26

Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
[].
An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo/ga-sip-s-io.

Goodbye to one who is leaving.
[].
An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo/gye-sip-s-io.
Goodbye to one who is staying.


seonsaeng
teacher -
nim
sir/madam

You are going to hear some dialogue in which two people are saying
goodbye to each other. As you know, Korean has different expressions for
"Goodbye" depending on whether it is directed to someone leaving or
staying. Listen carefully and write down L(eaving) in the box next to the
people who are leaving and S(taying) to the people who are staying. Ready?
Listen!

1. Thomas

Sumi (female)

2. Yeongjin (male)

Susan

3. Paul

(teacher)

seonsaengnim
4. Minseop (male)

Amanda

UNIT 1 ?

27
Greetings, Thanks and Other Expressions
? An-nyeong?
[very casual not used among adults]

Hi!
? [polite]
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?

How are you?
? [formal]
An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?

How are you?
. [casual]
Man-na-seo ban-ga-wo

Nice to meet you.
. [formal]
Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da

Pleased to meet you.
. [formal]
Its a pleasure to meet you.
(Lit. First time see you)
. [formal]
O-rae-gan-man-im-ni-da.

Its been a long time.
.
O-rae-gan-man-i-e-yo.

Long time no see.
?
Eo-tteo-ke-ji-nae-se-yo?

How are you doing?
.
Jal-ji-nae-yo.

I am fine.
.
Geu-jeo-geu-rae-yo.

So-so.
. [formal]
Tto-poep-ge-sseum-ni-da.

Hope to see you again.
. [formal]
Mi-an-ham-ni-da.
Im sorry.
UNIT 1?

28

. [formal]
Neoj-eo-seo mi-an-ham-ni-da.

I am sorry, Im late.
. [formal]
Gwaen-chan-sseum-ni-da.

Its all right.
. [casual]
Gwaen-chan-a-yo.

Its O.K.
.
Gam-sa-ham-ni-da.

Thank you.
.
Go-map-seum-ni-da.

Thank you.
. [casual]
Go-ma-wo.

Thanks
.
Mwol-yo.

Youre welcome.
.
A-ni-ye-yo.

Youre welcome. (Lit. It is not.)
/.
Ne/Ye.

Yes.
/.
Eung/eo.

Yeah.
.
Jeo-gi-yo.

Excuse me.
/.
Jam-kkan-man-yo/Jam-si-man-yo.

Wait a minute, please.
/ .
A-ni-yo/A-nyo.

No.
.
A-ni.

Nope./Nah.
UNIT 1 ?

29
. [very casual]
Jal ga.

Goodbye (to someone leaving)
. [polite]
An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo.

. [formal]
An-nyeong-hi ga-sip-si-o.

. [very casual]
Jal iss-eo.

Goodbye (to someone staying)
. [polite]
An-nyeong-hi gye-se-yo.

. [formal]
An-nyeong-hi gye-sip-si-o.


UNIT 1?

30

2

Unit Focus:
Reading Hangeul
Writing Hangeul
Sound Shifts
Classroom Expressions

UNIT 2

32

Hangeul
We write English by stringing individual letters together. But when using the
Korean writing system Hangeul, we have to think in terms of syllables. A
simple example is the word Canada - Ca-na-da. In Korean this becomes
. Every Korean syllable occupies the same amount of space, no matter
how many characters are in the syllable, and are written to fit into a square
box. Like English, Hangeul is comprised of consonants and vowels.

Camera Ca-me-ra
ka me Ra

Peter Pe-ter
pi teo

Mary Ma-ry
me ri

Banana Ba-na-na
ba na na

Radio Ra-di-o
ra di o

kae na da

UNIT 2

33

Basic Consonants
k/g (as in kid or game)
t/d (as in tiger or dog)
p/b (as in pig or bed)
ch/j (as in charming or jungle)
s (as in speech)
m (as in mother)
n (as in noise)
r/l (as in rain or lily)
h (as in high)
1
ng (as in ring)

Note 1: This sound only applies when is the final consonant of a syllable.
When the same symbol is used at the start of a syllable it has no sound, and
acts as a dummy consonant for syllables that begin with a vowel.

Note: According to the original Hunmin Jeongeum text:

depicts the root of the tongue blocking the throat;
depicts the outline of the tongue touching the upper palate;
depicts the outline of the mouth;
depicts the outline of the incisors (the teeth at the front);
depicts the outline of the throat.

The other symbols were derived by adding strokes to the basic ones.
UNIT 2

34

Practise writing the consonants, paying attention to the stroke order shown
below.

Symbol Sound Name

g/k giyok

n niun

d/t digut

r/l riul

m mium

b/p piup

s/t shiot

/ng ieung

j/t jieut

h/t hieut

UNIT 2

35

The Pure Vowel
The vowel is equivalent to the second and last a in Canada. Practise
writing the consonants on the left with to form syllables.

UNIT 2

36

With these syllables we can now create some Korean words:

ka-na Ghana (African country)
na-ra country
ta-ri leg; bridge
ra-di-o radio
ma-cha carriage
pa-da ocean
sa-ja lion
ja ruler
ha-na one

Each word above is made up of syllables containing an initial consonant and a
vowel. This is a basic rule - every written Korean syllable must contain an
initial consonant and a vowel.

a-gi baby
a-nae wife
a-rae under; below
a-ma perhaps
a-si-a Asia
a-ri-a aria

In this group, there are syllables that begin with the dummy consonant ,
which has no sound. Remember, there has to be a consonant at the beginning
of the syllable!
UNIT 2

37

sa-rang love
san mountain
sa-ram person
kang river
chang-ma long rain

This last group includes syllables that also have a final consonant. These
syllables must still fit into the square box even though there is an extra
letter. The space occupied by the initial consonant and the vowel is reduced to
allow room underneath for the final consonant.

UNIT 2

38

Task 1: Listen and Write
Listen to the tape and fill in the missing first consonant in the space in each
box. The first and second ones have been done for you.

1

Ghana
2

river
3

country
4

butterfly
5

leg; bridge
6

radio
7

mask
8

hearts and minds
9

banana
10

ocean
11

person
12

love
13

lion
14

baby
15

Asia
16

ruler
17

oneself; you
18

one (in number)
19

hippopotamus
20

but

Answers: , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , .
UNIT 2

39

Aspirated Consonants
k (as in kite)
t (as in tank)
p (as in punk)
ch (as in cheese)

Practise writing these aspirated consonants.

Symbol Sound Name

k kiyok

t tiut

p piup

ch/t chiut

To understand what an aspirated consonant is, put your hand in front of your
lips while saying kite. You can feel a burst of air. The difference between
(an aspirated consonant) and (a simple consonant) is the amount of air you
exhale when you make the sound. When you pronounce , the amount of air
you expel is quite small. This difference is similar to that between
and , and and and .

UNIT 2

40

Now make some syllables with:

Examples:
cha tea; car
cha-pyo railroad (bus, streetcar) ticket
ka-deu card
ka-me-ra camera
ta-ja-gi typewriter
ta-i-o tire
pa-do wave
pa-ri Paris

UNIT 2

41

Task 2: Listening

(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonants + )

You will practise the Korean consonants with the vowel ''. Draw lines
connecting two letters that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own
before you begin. Ready? Listen!

UNIT 2

42

Other Pure Vowels
In English there are five pure vowels: a, e, i, o and u. There are also
many combination vowels, like ea in the word wheat, oi in the word noise,
and ou in house. The word Canada illustrates a major problem in learning to
pronounce English. The same letter, in this case a, can have more than one
pronunciation. But happily, in Korean each vowel symbol always represents
the same sound. So once youve learnt the symbols, you will always know
how to pronounce the correct sound.

There are nine pure vowels:
a (as in Canada)
ae (as in Canada)
eo (as in computer)
e (as in bed)
u (as in book)
i (as in see)
oe (as in wet)
The last two pure vowels are harder to pronounce
as there are no direct equivalents in English.
eu (If you say the cat sat on the mat stressing cat and
mat, the sound of the unstressed e in the the is
close to this vowel.)
o (This is the hardest to get right. It is somewhere
between the o in hope and the or in horde.
The sound comes from the front of the mouth with
your lips forming a circle.)

UNIT 2

43

Note 1: All vowel symbols are formed by combining the following three
basic elements: depicts heaven; depicts earth; anddepicts humankind.

Mouth position of vowels
As you can see from the diagram below, the vowels in Korean depend on how
open the mouth is when pronounced and whether the sound is produced from
the front of the mouth or the back near the throat. Therefore, it is hard to
distinguish betweenand as they are both pronounced from a similar
mouth position with only a very slight difference in the opening of the mouth.

Note 2: It is customary for vowels to be preceded by the dummy consonant
when they stand independently: , , , , , and .
UNIT 2

44

Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:

Symbol Sound
& Name

a

eo

o

u

eu

i

ae

e

oe

UNIT 2

45

Task 3: Listening

(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Vowels)

You will practise some Korean vowels. Draw lines connecting two letters
that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own before you begin. Ready?
Listen!

UNIT 2

46

Writing Syllables
As mentioned earlier, every syllable is written to fit into the same imaginary
square boxno matter how many characters are in the syllable. How the box
is divided up depends first on the shape of the vowel. When you look at the
pure vowels, you will see that they have a predominant shape. Thus we can
think of them as being vertical: , horizontal: , or
combined: . Have a look at how the vowel shapes the syllable:

With vertical vowels with no end consonant, the box is divided vertically in
half, with the initial consonant on the left and the vowel on the right:

With vertical vowels with an end consonant, the space for the initial
consonant and vowel is reduced to allow room underneath for the final
consonant:

With horizontal vowels with no end consonant, the box is divided in half
horizontally, with the initial consonant at the top and the vowel at the bottom:

With horizontal vowels with an end consonant, again the end consonant is
placed at the bottom. The initial consonant and vowel are pushed upwards:

UNIT 2

47

Examples:
lemon
bus
supermarket
ice cream
album
orange
juice
cassette
kangaroo
coffee
computer
taxi
tennis
television
piano
pizza
hamburger
hotel

UNIT 2

48

Task 4: Listening

(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonants + Vowels)

You will practise various combinations of Korean consonants and vowels.
Draw lines connecting two letters that you hear. Try to read them aloud on
your own before you begin. Ready? Listen!

UNIT 2

49

Tensed Consonants
kk (as in sky)
tt (as in stop)
pp (as in spy)
jj (similar to its easy)
ss (as in essence)

A tensed consonant such as sounds like trying to pronounce two at the
same time. It requires more effort and you need to tense the muscles around
your vocal chords.

Now practise writing these consonants:

Symbol Sound Name

kk
ssang
giyok

tt
ssang
diut

pp
ssang
biup

jj
ssang
jieut

ss
ssang
shiot

UNIT 2

50

Examples:
tail
repeat after me
(I am) busy
(It is) salty
(It is) cheap

UNIT 2

51

Pronouncing Final Consonants
All the consonants except for , and can be final consonants.
However, there are only seven final consonant sounds when pronouncing
individual syllables. These are called Batchim () and have their own
sound:

Consonant Sound Example
k cinema
n eye; snow
t listening
r/ l foot
m music
p cooked rice; meal
ng Singapore

Other final consonants take on one of the above seven end consonant sounds:

k () kitchen
k () cut down
t () clothes
t () bought
t () daytime
t () flower
t () end
t () the name of Korean letter
p () front
UNIT 2

52

Task 5: Listening

(ESSENTIAL LETTERS: Consonant + Vowel +Consonant)

You will practise Korean letters consisting of 'consonant +vowel +
consonant' and belonging to Korean Family names. Draw lines connecting
the letters in the sequence that you hear. Have a look at the letters and read
them aloud before you begin. The first pair is given as a starting point.
Ready? Listen.

UNIT 2

53

Combined Vowels
There are twelve combination vowels:

i + a, eo, o, u, ae, e Examples
ya (as in yard) baseball
yeo (between yawn and young) female
yo (similar to yor- of New York) chef
yu (as in new) glass
yae (as in yam) story
ye (as in yes) yes

o + a, ae, i
wa (as in Washington) sweets
wae (as in swam) why

u + o, e, i
wo (as in was) what
we (as in wet) waiter
wi (as in weak) ear

eu + i
ui (as in can we if you say it quickly) doctor

UNIT 2

54

Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:

Symbol Sound
& Name

ya

yeo

yo

yu

yae

ye

wa

wae

wo

we

wi

ui

UNIT 2

55

Task 6: Read Street Signs
Read the following street signs.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

UNIT 2

56

Task 7: Listening

(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY: Country Names)

Gabon

Namibia

Nigeria

Niger

Libya

Madagascar

Mali

Moroco

Mauritanie

Mozambique

Botswana

Somalia

Sudan

Algeria

Angola

Ethiopia

Egypt

Zaire

Zambia

Chad

Kenya

Tanzania

In this task, you will continue to practise the alphabet using the names of
African countries. Write down the number of the country that you hear next to
the country name on the map below. Have a look at the map and read aloud
the country names before you begin. Ready? Listen!

UNIT 2

57

UNIT 2

58

Sound Shifts

1. Resyllabification
You will have noticed that some of the consonants are represented by two
roman letters, for example:k/g, : t/d and :p/b. When these consonants
end an individual syllable, we use the k, t, p set of sounds but the sound is cut
off. The same thing can happen in English. Say the words pot, pop, pock very
quickly. You will find that you dont actually make the t, p, k sounds at the
ends of the words. Your mouth goes to a position to make the sounds but
doesnt go through with it. We say that these end consonants are unreleased.
While in English you can say these words more clearly and enunciate the end
consonants, in Korean these t, k, p end consonants are always unreleased
when we say a syllable on its own.

But when we run syllables together, the end sound can shift depending on
what follows. Again the same thing applies in English. Say the following
sentences quickly, and with a bit of a drawl:

look over there
sit on the chair
drop in some time

When you say these quickly, you always sound the k, t, and p at the end of
look, sit and drop. But the sound can also slide: k to g, t to d and p to b. If
you say these consonants in pairs, you will see that the way you use your
mouth to make them is very close. So when you talk quickly, it is very easy to
slide from one to the other. Another example is the phrase sit down. When
you say it quickly, it naturally becomes siddown. It takes more effort to
make distinct t and d sounds and you have to talk more slowly.

UNIT 2

59

People generally like to speak quickly, and the sound shift allows that with
minimum effort. Look at the Korean word for think:

. Saeng-kak-hae-yo.

The romanization represents the pronunciation if you say it very slowly, one
syllable at a time. Practise these separately and then say them quickly,
running them together. You will find that the sounds shift a bit and a smooth
and natural pronunciation is saenggakaeyo.

For the same reason:

is not chaek-i but chaegi
is not meok-eo-yo but meogeoyo
is not mi-an-hap-ni-ta but mianhamnida
is not han-keul but hangeul.

2. Consonant assimilation
The nasal consonants are and . To keep pronunciation easy and flowing
some consonants get changed before these two consonants as shown below:

Some p-based sounds become m:
, sound

Some t, s, ch, and h-based sounds become n:
, , , , , , sound

UNIT 2

60

k/g based sounds become ng, like in English singer (not sin-ger)
, , sound

Examples
Spelling Pronunciation

also has its own assimilation rules. If and come together, the
wins (dont say the at all). It means the n BECOMES an l. If comes
before an or y sound the sound is doubled. More of an l sound
than an r sound.

+ double (l) sound
+(, , , , etc.) double (l) sound

Examples

These changes are made to keep pronunciation economical.
Have you ever wondered how Koreans seem to be able to speak so fast?
UNIT 2

61

3. Tensification
The following shows the difference between untensed and tensed consonants
in Korean:

Untensed

Tensed

Sometimes its easier to tense a consonant when its before another strong
consonant, rather than assimilating it like we did with the nasal consonants
and.

Examples

UNIT 2

62

4. Aspiration and weakening
The h sound is very weak in English as well as Korean. For example, when
you pronounce hour it sounds like our. The tends to become silent in
casual speech between vowels, after the nasal consonants and, or after
the consonant .

Examples

When precedes or follows immediately , , or , it becomes silent
but making these soft consonants harder (or aspirated):

Softer

Harder

Examples

UNIT 2

63

You dont have to think of these sound shifts as a set of rules that you must
learn. If you practise saying the syllables quickly, running them together, the
reason for the shifts will become obvious, and eventually altering your
pronunciation in this way will become natural.

Pronouncing Korean is relatively easy because, apart from these sound shifts,
Korean words sound the way they look. As you will be introduced to new
words, sentences, and the like, through printed text, it is important that you
devote some time to learning Hangeul.

UNIT 2

64

Task 8: Read and Match
Write the capital cities next to the appropriate Australian state or territory
underneath. The first one has been done for you.

Capital Cities
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h.

State or Territory Capital City
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

UNIT 2

65

Task 9: Read and Match
Write the capital cities next to the appropriate country underneath. The first
one has been done for you.

Capital Cities
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
j. k. l. (Paris)
m.

Country Capital City Country Capital City
1. 8.
2. / 9. (J apan)
3. (Germany) 10. (China)
4. 11.
5. (USA) 12.
6. (England)
13. /

7.

UNIT 2

66

Classroom Expressions

.
Chaek pyeoseyo.

Open your book.
.
Jal deureuseyo.

Listen carefully.
.
Ttara haseyo.

Repeat after me.
.
Ilgeo boseyo

Please read.
.
Daedapae boseyo.

Answer (the question).
.
Sseo boseyo.

Please write it.
?
Algesseoyo?

Do you understand?
, .
Ne, algesseoyo.

Yes, I understand.
[] .
[Anyo] jal moreugenneundeyo.

No, I dont really understand
?
Jilmun isseoyo?

Do you have any questions?
, .
Ne, inneundeyo.

Yes, I have (a question).
[] .
[Jilmun] eomneundeyo

I dont have (any questions).
[] .
Cheoncheonhi [malsseum]hae juseyo.

Please speak/say it slowly.
UNIT 2

67

.
Ijeobeoryeonneundeyo.

Ive forgotten.
Test ?
Test hangugeoro mwoyeyo?

How do you say test in
Korean?
.
Siheomirago haeyo.

You say siheom.
.
Hangungmallo haseyo.

Please speak/say it in Korean.
.
Dasi hanbeon hae boseyo

Try it again.
.
Majasseoyo.

Thats correct.
.
Teullyeonneundeyo.

Thats not right.
.
Oneureun iman hagesseoyo.

Well stop here today.
UNIT 2

68

UNIT 2

69

24 Basic Consonants and Vowels

a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i
g
n
d
r
m
b
s
/ng
j
ch
k
t
p
h

UNIT 2

70

Expanded Consonants and Vowels

a ae ya yae eo e yeo ye o wa
g

kk
n
d
tt
r
m
b
pp
s
ss
/ng
j
jj
ch
k
t
p
h
UNIT 2

71

Expanded Consonants and Vowels (Continued)

wae oe yo u wo we wi yu eu ui i
g

kk

n

d

tt

r

m

b

pp

s

ss

/ng

j

jj

ch

k

t

p

h

UNIT 2

72

3
?

Unit Focus:
Discussing Likes and Dislikes

o Style of Speech
o Word Order
o Yes/No Questions
o Saying Yes and No
o Vocabulary: Food
o Negative Question Usage
o Spaces Between Words

UNIT 3 ?

74

UNIT 3 ?

75

Minjuns Korean friend Hyeonu is picking him up at Melbourne airport.
: , .
: , . , . ?
: , . , ?
: .
: .
: , .

Romanisation and Translation
Hyeonu: Minjuna, yeogiya. Hey Minjun, over here!
Minjun: Eo, geurae.
Ya, oraenmanida.
J al jinaesseo?
Oh, right.
Hey, its been a while.
How ya been?
Hyeonu: Geureom, jal jinaeji.
Geunde, neo an pigonhae?
Oh, alright.
Hey arent you tired?
(Lit. By the way, arent you tired?)
Minjun: Gwaenchana. Im fine.
Hyeonu: Gabang jwo. Give us your bag.
(Lit. Give me the bag.)
Minjun: Anya, an mugeowo. No, its not heavy.

Vocabulary
/
casual ending for addressing a person with their first name.
is used when the persons name ends in a vowel, andis
used for a consonant: and .

here
UNIT 3 ?

76

oh; yeah

indeed

Long time no see.

been well

yes; in that case

been well; am well

by the way; but

you

not

tired

okay

bag

give

no/nah

heavy

Note: At this stage you do not need to understand all the grammar presented
in the situation dialogues. It will be helpful to memorise expressions even
though you may not understand how they are constructed.
UNIT 3 ?

77

Style of Speech
You have seen that Korean has different styles of speech depending on the
relationship between the speakers. The four most commonly used are:

1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4) ?

Styles (1) and (2) are honorific and are used when you need to be polite. Style
(1) is also formal. Style (4) is used among close friends or when you speak to
younger family members. Style (3) is polite and informal. This is used when
you talk informally to people you dont know well who are of similar status to
you. It is also used when you speak to people you feel close to, if they are a bit
older than you and their social status is higher than yours.

Korean verbs consist of a stem which carries the basic meaning -
(like), and an ending such as + as in (1), + as in (2), and so on,
which carries a grammatical function (past, present, or future, statement,
question, or request, politeness, etc.).

UNIT 3 ?

78

UNIT 3 ?

79

Hyeonu is showing Minjun around Melbourne and it is about lunch time.
: ?
: ... .
: ? ?
: .
: , .

Hyeonu: Bae an gopa? You hungry?
(Lit. Arent you hungry)
Minjun: Eo... yakgan. Yeah, a bit.
Hyeonu: J eomsim mwo meogeullae?
Pija joahae?
Whaddaya want for lunch?
Pizza ok?
Minjun:
Pija Geureom.
Pizza? Alright.
Hyeonu: Geureom, uri pija meokja. Pizza it is then.
(Lit. Then lets eat pizza.)
Vocabulary

hungry

what

not

pizza

yeah; oh

like

a little

of course

yes; in that case

we

lunch

lets eat
?
What will you eat?
UNIT 3 ?

80

Word Order
Language has a structure. Look at the examples below:

a) I like pizza.
b) I pizza like.

The obvious difference between them is the order of the words. Why dont
people say sentence (b)? English sentences follow a basic
Subject-Verb-Object pattern as in (a). The Korean pattern is
Subject-Object-Verb as in (b). The verb always comes at the end of the
sentence.

Here are the Korean counterparts of I, like, and pizza:

I like pizza

Now, lets say I like pizza in Korean. (subject) comes first, and then
(object) second, and (verb) last. Therefore, I like pizza in
Korean is:

1) .
UNIT 3 ?

81

You may think you have learnt only one sentence, .
However, if we replace with (Robert), (coffee), or
(ice cream) - just a few of the words you have learnt so far - you
can already make lots of Korean sentences:

2) .
3) .
4) .

Before we go on any further, we have to learn one more thing about the above
sentence pattern. When we talk about ourselves, we usually add a topic
particle to (I) or (we). Therefore, sentences (1) - (4) could be
changed as follows:

UNIT 3 ?

82

Yes/No Questions
In the previous section we learnt how to make a simple statement such as
. Turning this into a question is quite simple. You just say
? with a rising intonation.

So if a sentence has a rising intonation at the end, it becomes a question:

? (Do you) like pizza?

And if it has a falling intonation, it becomes a statement:

. I like pizza.

You may be asking what has happened to the pronoun you in the question
form. As mentioned in Unit 1 Introducing Yourself, the equivalent Korean
pronouns of I, you, he/she, it and they are normally omitted when it is
obvious in context to whom or what you are referring. In particular, the
Korean pronoun for you is hardly ever used, unless the speakers are very
close. To use it in any other situation is very insulting. The most common
strategy when you are addressing someone is either to omit a subject
altogether, or to use the persons name instead.

For example:

1) () ? (Casual) (Do you) like pizza?

2) , ? (Casual) Robert, do you like pizza?
UNIT 3 ?

83

Saying Yes and No
Now, lets learn how to say yes or no to the above question. If you like
pizza, you can just say (yes), or say and repeat the verb as in
the dialogue below. In English, we can add I do as in Yes, I do. But in
Korean, simply repeat the verb.

Teacher: ? Do you like pizza?
Student: , . Yes, I do.

If you dont like pizza, you can just say (no) to your friend. You can also
add the verb, but in this case you have to use the negative of the verb (just as
in English you say no, I dont) which you can form by putting the negative
particle right before the verb as in the dialogue below.

Friend 1: ? Do you like pizza?
Friend 2: , . No, I dont.

However, it sounds too direct, so an indirect reply is often used, as in the
dialogue below.

Friend 1: ? Do you like pizza?
Friend 2: . Not really. (Lit. Not particularly).

In Korean, it is considered impolite to say no directly. Instead, you would
normally give an excuse or reason without actually saying (no). For
example, if someone asked you if you had a spare moment to lend them a
hand, you might reply with ( I am a little bit busy).
UNIT 3 ?

84

Vocabulary: Food

(Fruit)

apple

strawberry

orange

watermelon

grape

grapefruit

pear

peach

tomato

persimmon

(Vegetables)

potato

cabbage

mushroom

cucumber

carrot

onion

corn

white radish

Korean cabbage
(wombok)

spring onion

(Beverages)

cola

ginseng tea

black tea

barley tea

milk

soft drinks

orange juice

green tea

coffee

beer

tea

brandy

water

whisky

UNIT 3 ?

85

/ (Meat/Seafood)

fish

beef

crab

lamb/mutton

chicken

pork

(Other)

cheese
/
biscuit

bread

doughnut

cake

rice

chocolate

cooked rice; meal

sandwich

egg

UNIT 3 ?

86

?
What are Koreans favourite drinks?
Drink Response
65.7 %
29.5 %
21.2 %
17.7 %
13.5 %
9.7 %
(Soft Drinks) 8.6 %
(Energy Drinks) 6.6 %
(Sports Drinks) 6.2 %

(Source: http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/20040616n07295/?s=259&e=437)

?
What are Koreans favourite foods?
Food Response
22.7 %
17.5 %
16.2 %
8.2 %
5.4 %
UNIT 3 ?

87

Task 1: Word Check
Select the odd one out in each row of words below. The first one has been
done for you.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Task 2: Word Check
Match the list of items with where you can buy them. The first one is done for
you.

(fruit shop):
(vegetable shop):
, .
(bakery):
.
(butcher):
.
.
UNIT 3 ?

88

UNIT 3 ?

89

Hyeonu and Minjun go to a pizza shop.
: .

Minjun sees Hyeonu eating an olive.
: ?
: , ? ?
: . .

Hyeonu: Deureogaja. Lets go in here.

Minjun: Neo ollibeu joahae? You like olives?
Hyeonu: Eung, wae? Neon sireo? Yep, why? Dont you like em?
(Lit. You dislike them?)
Minjun: Eo.
Nan byeolloya.
Nah. (Lit. Yeah)
Not really. (Lit. I dont particularly.)

Vocabulary

Lets go in.
[+]
you

you

dislike

olive(s)

yeah; oh

like
[+]
I

yeah/yep

not really

why
UNIT 3 ?

90

Negative Question Usage
When asking questions in Korean, people use the negative form very often.
For example, in Situation Dialogue 2, ? (Are you not hungry?) is
used where in English we would ask Are you hungry? ( ?). When
this is used, you should think of the question as if it were not in the negative
form. Negative questions are used often because they are indirect and
therefore less intimidating. Using the negative form often will make your
Korean sound more natural.

Another aspect of negative questions that can be very confusing to non-native
speakers of Korean is that when answering, the opposite occurs from what
happens in English. If in English someone asks you Arent you hungry? you
can respond by saying No, Im not hungry but in Korean you would have to
reply with Yes, Im not hungry (, ) because you are agreeing
with the negation, i.e. agreeing that you are indeed not hungry. On the other
hand, if you are hungry then you can reply with No, Im hungry (,
) which may sound very strange in English, but it is a correct and
natural way to respond in Korean.

A good strategy for avoiding the yes/no problem is to just answer the
question with a straight statement. For example, (Im hungry).
UNIT 3 ?

91

Spaces Between Words
As in English, there are spaces between words in Korean sentences. The
difference is, postpositional words (what are prepositions in English) and
sentence endings in Korean are attached to the end of the word, without a
space in between. Therefore when we type or write Korean we need to leave a
space after words unless they have a postposition or sentence ending
attached:

. I like pizza.

. Ilikepizza.

. I l i k e p i z z a.

As you can see above, sentences are harder to read with no spaces between
the words. The spacing is made more obvious on the hand writing sheet
shown below.

.

?

UNIT 3 ?

92

Task 3: ?
Move around the classroom asking your classmates if they like the foods
below.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A:
?
B:
, [ . ]
A:
?
B:
[ . ]

UNIT 3 ?

93

Task 4: Writing
You are being asked about what foods you like and dislike. Write your
answers to the following questions according to the preferences provided
below. Use the examples 1, 2 and 7 as a model.

You like a lot: apple, coffee, beef.
You like: pear, pork, milk, lamb, wine.
You dont like much: fish, beer.

1. ?

, . .
2. ?

. .
3. ?

.
4. ?

.
5. ?

.
6. ?

.
7. ?

. .
8. ? .

9. ?

.
10. ? .
UNIT 3 ?

94

Task 5: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A ?
Do you like A?
, (A) .
Yes, I like (A).
, (A) .
No, I don't like (A).


child

yes

no

like

not

then

pizza

very much

spaghetti

hamburger

Korean beef barbecue

Kimchi(pickled Korean cabbage)

Korean version of Hokkiean mee noodle

You will hear a teacher asking what sort of food Korean children like these
days. Put a mark 'O' next to the food they like and a mark 'X' next to the food
they do not like. Ready? Listen!

1 2 3

4
?

Unit Focus:
Asking People Where They Are Going

o Vocabulary: Places
o ()? as a Greeting
o Destination Particle + to
o Topic Particle +/
o Coming & Going: , ,

UNIT 4 ?

96

UNIT 4 ?

97

J ihun and Mineo are on campus at university.
: , ?
: .
: , ? . .
: , .

J ihun: Minseoya, eodi ga? Hey, Minseo, where ya going?
Minjun: Doseogwan. Library.
J ihun: A, geurae?
Nadonde.
Gachi gaja.
Oh yeah?
Me too.
Ill come with you.
(Lit. Lets go together.)
Minjun: Geurae, geureom. Yeah, alright.
Vocabulary
/
casual ending for addressing a person with their first name

where

go

library
me +/ too+ casual soft ending
Note: is often pronounced asso in comicsis used to show
the casual nature of the conversation.

together - It is pronounced ga-chi, not ga-ti.
go +lets
UNIT 4 ?

98

Vocabulary: Places

home

library

school

hospital

bank

the city

restaurant

market

post office

bookshop

shop
()
supermarket

airport

department store

toilet

office

coffee shop
/
pub

theatre; cinema

mart

pharmacy

cinema

convenience store

park

public bathhouse

public sauna

kareoke room

video room
+PC+
DVD+
PC/

Internet cafe

meeting (formal)

meeting / date

class

UNIT 4 ?

99

()? as a Greeting
In Australian English we often say How are you going as a greeting, but its
not a very serious question and a simple good or not bad is enough to reply
politely, even if youve had a really bad day. Similarly, Koreans use ?
(Are you going somewhere?) as a greeting. You dont need to give a specific
answer and can just say, ... (Yeah, just somewhere...)

Note that the intonation pattern changes for depending on whether you
are using it as where? or somewhere as shown in the diagram below:

Where are you going? Are you going somewhere?

When we use ? as Where are you going?, the intonation of the last
syllable rises slightly and then falls. On the other hand, when we use
? as Are you going somewhere?, the intonation of the last syllable
rises steeply.

If you cant differentiate between these two questions, the best strategy is to
just reply ... (J ust somewhere...) because someone who is not very
close to you will not ask Where are you going? in Korean.

UNIT 4 ?

100

Task 1: Role Play
Choose 3-5 places that you would like to go from the locations given below.
Write them down in Korean beside the place where you are going. Talk about
them with a partner using the following dialogue as an example.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A:
[ name ], ?
B: [ place ].
A:
, ? /. .
B:
, .

home library
school hospital
bank the city
restaurant market
post office bookshop
shop supermarket
airport department store
toilet office
coffee shop pub
theatre; cinema mart
pharmacy cinema
kareoke room video room
convenience store class
meeting (formal) meeting / date

UNIT 4 ?

101

UNIT 4 ?

102

UNIT 4 ?

103

Minseo and J ihun are at a bus stop near university.
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: ?
: .
: .
: .
J ihun: Minseoya, eodi ga? Hey Minseo, where ya going?
Minseo: Gangnamyeoge. Gangnam station.
J ihun: A, geurae? Yeah? (Lit. Oh, is that so?)
Minseo: Neon? You?
J ihun: Nan jibe ga. Going home.
Minseo: J al ga. See ya. (Lit. Go well.)
J ihun: Neodo. Bye. (Lit. You too.)
Vocabulary

where

go
angnam station: major Seoul subway station

to
[ (you) +topic particle]
[ (I) +topic particle]
goodbye ( literally means well/carefully/properly/a lot)
UNIT 4 ?

104

[ you +/too ]

Note: In Korean, Where are you going? is not always answered with the
location of the place youre going to, but sometimes also the purpose. For
example, instead of saying to the pool, when someone asks where you are
going, you might just say to swim:

A: ?
B: . (Instead of )

UNIT 4 ?

105

Destination Particle + to
When you want to say that you are going somewhere, you can say:

Place+ ()

+ is equivalent to the English to. However, in English the to in Im
going to school comes before the place school. In Korean, + is added at
the end of the place word. (Since +is a postposition, there is no space
between it and the place word, as explained previously. See Spaces
Between Words in unit 3.):

1) . Im going to school.

2) A: ? Where are you going?
B: . Im going home.

3) A: ()
1
? Where are you going?
B: () . Im going to school.

Note 1: + is also different from the English to in that it can be omitted in
colloquial speech as long as the context does not make the meaning less clear.
However, +cannot be omitted when the word to which +is attached
consists of a single syllable, for example: , , , and so on.
UNIT 4 ?

106

Task 2: Role Play
Suppose that you are on the way to one of the places below. (Write down the
place you are going in Korean beside the English.) Now, go around the
classroom and ask your classmates where they are going, using the example
dialogue below. Write their names beside the places where they are going.
When you are asked, reply that you are going to the place you selected.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A:
[ name ], ?
B:
[ place ].
A:
, ?
B:
?
A:
[ place ] .
B:
.
A:
/.

home library
school hospital
bank city
restaurant market
post office bookshop
shop supermarket
airport department store
toilet office
coffee shop pub
theatre mart
pharmacy cinema
UNIT 4 ?

107

Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
Where are you going?
A(place) .
I'm going to A.
Verb stem +/
Let's (verb)

school bank
restaurant post office
home shop
toilet coffee shop
- also together

Listen carefully to the following dialogue and draw lines connecting
people with the places where they are going. Ready? Listen!

1.(Thomas) a. school

2.(Susan) b. restaurant

3.(Paul) c. post office

4.(Amanda) d. home

5.(female) e. rest room

6.(male) f. shop

7.(male) g. bank

8.(female) h. coffee shop
UNIT 4 ?

108

Topic Particle +/
When the topic particle +/ is added to a noun, its general meaning is like
the English as for (noun) or with regard to (noun). +/can be used in
many ways. In this section we will use it to describe what one person (or one
subject) is doing in contrast to another.

If the noun ends in a vowel, add .
E.g. + (writing)/ or + (speaking)
If the noun ends in a consonant, add .
E.g. +

Examples:
1) . Paul is studying Korean.
. I am studying sociology.

2) . Paul likes sandwiches.
.But Sumi doesnt.

3) . Paul is an Australian.
. Sumi is a Korean.

4) . Paul is going to the bookshop.
. Sumi is going to the bank.
UNIT 4 ?

109

UNIT 4 ?

110

UNIT 4 ?

111

Paul sees Hyeonu on campus.
: , ?
: ! . ?
: .
: ? !
Paul: Hyeonuya, eodi ganya? Hey Hyeonu, where ya goin?
Hyeonu: Poriguna!
Suyeongjange ga.
Neon?
Oh its you, Paul!
Im goin to the swimming pool.
You?
Paul: Hangugeo sueop. Korean class.
Hyeonu: Geurae? Yeolsimhi hae! Yeah? Dont work too hard!
(Lit. Work hard!)
Vocabulary
go +a very casual question ending often used among boys
go +a very casual question ending often used among girls
is + a verb ending indicating surprise; an exclamation

swimming pool

the Korean language

class (the time spent being taught, not a group of students)

hard as in working hard

do (refers to something mentioned earlier)
UNIT 4 ?

112

Coming & Going , ,
In Korean the words (come), (go), and (go to and from
regularly) are used differently from their English equivalents.

If you meet some classmates in the street and they ask where you are going,
you reply (I am going home). However if speaking on the phone
to someone who is at home, a Korean will say (I am going
home), whereas in English you would say, I am coming home now. This is
because in Korean the use of and depends on your location (the
speakers location), rather than the location of the person to whom you are
speaking.

Finally, in English we might ask, Which university do you go to? However,
in Korean this would be, ? The verb is used
when you go somewhere on a regular basis. It implies a process of going to
and from that place repeatedly. So if someone asks you
? (Which hospital do you go to?), you must be a doctor or nurse - or
very sick! The sentence ? (Which hospital are you going
to?) is used to refer to a single trip. It implies that at present you are on your
way to the hospital.

UNIT 4 ?

113

Task 4: Word Check
Write down the Korean words next to the English equivalent. The first one is
done for you.

1. shop 10. pharmacy
2. school 11. library
3. bank 12. hospital
4. restaurant 13. market
5. post office 14. bookshop
6. home 15. supermarket
7. toilet 16. department store
8. coffee shop 17. airport
9. cinema 18. theatre

a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
j. k. l.
m. m. o.
p. q. r.
UNIT 4 ?

114

Task 5: Writing
Here is a list of items you need to find. Underneath is a list of useful telephone
numbers from a Korean community information booklet. Write down where
you can obtain the items. The first one is done for you.
Item Place where you can obtain it
1.
(dictionary) or
2.

3.
(Korean pickled cabbage)

4.

5.

6.

7.
(Korean BBQ dish)

8.
(stamp)

9.
(newspaper)

10.

905-2230
432-1110
823-2743
364-1336
293-2010
337-2766
915-4340
227-3479
357-5531
248-8624
369-1128
262-7736
805-9230

5
?

Unit Focus:
Talking About What You Are Doing
Talking About Your Daily Routine

o Verbs (Doing Words) and their Endings
o What
o Vocabulary: Time Words
o Time Particle + in, at or on
o Location Particle + in or at
o Asking Opinions ()?
o Adjectives (Describing Words) and their Endings
o Vocabulary: Transitional Words

UNIT 5 ?

116

UNIT 5 ?

117

Minseo is at the library when she receives a call from J ihun.
: ?
: . , ?
: .
: . .
: , . .
J ihun: J igeum mwo hanya? Whatcha doin?
Minseo: Ripoteu sseo. Geunde, wae? Writing an assignment. Why?
(Lit. Anyway/but, why?)
J ihun: Geunyang. No reason.
Minseo: Na bappa. Ppalli malhae. Im busy. J ust say it.
(Lit. Quickly say it.)
J ihun: Anya, geunyang.
Ripoteu majeo hae.
Nah, I was just asking.
Finish the assignment. (Lit. do the
rest of the assignment).
Vocabulary

now

no reason
? what do +? very
casual question ending
often used among boys

busy

report (often pronounced as
)

quickly

write

say; speak

by the way; but

nah

why
rest of + do
UNIT 5 ?

118

Verb (Doing Words) and their Endings
+/, +/, +()
In unit three you have learned the different styles of speech used in Korean
depending on the relationship between speakers. Here we will focus on three
types: 1) casual form, 2) polite form, and 3) very polite form.

Verb endings are quite similar to the English present tense, as in I study or
she studies. However, it is also used to indicate an action that is going on at
present, as in I am studying at the moment (as well as I am studying at
Monash University this year).

1) Casual form
If the last vowel of the stem is () or (): +
+ live/lives/is living
+ go/goes/ is going ( already has
and no final consonant, so you dont need to add )

If the last vowel is not
+ eat/eats/is eating
() or (): +
+ read/reads/is reading
+ write/writes/is writing (When the stem ends in the
vowel , it is dropped.)

When there is no final consonant, the vowels are usually combined into one
syllable:
+ come/comes/is coming
+ give/gives/is giving
UNIT 5 ?

119

If the stem ends in :
do/does/am doing, etc.
study/studies/am studying, etc.
talk/talks/am talking, etc.

This rule is useful when you look up unknown words in the dictionary. Dont
worry too much about having to remember these rules. The best way at this
stage is to memorize both stem and ending together.

2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you
addat the end.

+ +
+ +

3) Very polite form
There are rules for forming very polite form depending on whether the verb
stem ends in a consonant or vowel.

If the verb stem ends in a vowel: +
+ go/goes/ is going

If the verb stem ends in a consonant: +
+ sit/sits/is sitting

Refer to the verb table on the following pages to see the three different forms
for a range of verbs.
UNIT 5 ?

120

Verb Table: Present Tense Endings
English Stem Ending +/ Casual Form
borrow (books) () - + ()
buy (shoes) () - (+) ()
clean (house) () - ()
dance () - + ()
draw (drawing) () - + ()
drink (juice) () - + ()
do (homework) () - ()
eat (an apple) () - + ()
get married -
dislike -
give - +
have (money) () - + ()
not have (time) () - + ()
kiss -
like -
listen to (music) () - + () *
love -
make (phone call) -

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121

Polite Form Very Polite Form Ending +? Ending +?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () * () ? () ?
() () ()? ()?
() () * () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() * () * () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
UNIT 5 ?

122

meet (friend) () - (+) ()
play tennis - +
put on (clothes) () - + ()
read (book) () - + ()
rest - +
ride (bike) () - (+) ()
shop -
sing -
sleep () - (+) ()
study -
take a photo - +
text a message - (+)
wait for (bus) () - + ()
watch (television) () - + ()
work -
write (letter) () - drop + () *
withdraw (money) () - + ()
smoke (cigarettes) () - + ()

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123

Polite form Very polite form Ending +? Ending +?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
()

()

()
?
()
?
()

()

()
?
()
?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?

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124

Casual Question Verb Endings +?/+?
The verb forms you studied previously in this unit can also be used for
making questions. However, in casual form the following is an alternative
question style: Verb Stem +? or ?

1) ? Are you listing to music?
?

2) ? Are you going home?
?

3) ? Are you having lunch?
?

4) ? Are you texting (on the mobile phone)?
?

The +? ending is more blunt and tends to be used more by males and the
less blunt +?form is used more by females. The rule for constructing these
forms is quite simple: Verb stem +?/+? as shown in the verb table in the
previous pages.

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125

What
Asking questions such as What do you like? or What are you doing now?
is very simple in Korean. The counterpart of what is . But you have to
remember that in Korean the pronoun you is usually omitted when it is
obvious who you are referring to. Therefore, we just put ? after
as follows:

? What do you like? Very Polite
? What do you like? Polite
? What do you like? Casual

You can ask What are you doing now? in the same way. The counterpart of
are doing in Korean is . But to be polite to your classmates well use
.

? What are you doing?

If we add (now) to the beginning of the sentence it becomes:

A: ? What are you doing now?
B: . Im not doing anything.
UNIT 5 ?

126

Task 1: Role Play
Choose one of the following activities. Now, go around the classroom and
practise the dialogue with your classmates.

[ Example Dialogue]
A:
?
B:
[ . ] , ?
A:
.

UNIT 5 ?

127

Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What are you doing now?
(Something) Verb stem +/. I'm (verb)ing (something).
Noun +. I'm doing Noun .


study telephone
eat listen
read sleep
drink put on
meet sing
dance see or watch
song television
friend clothes
juice book
music apple

You are going to hear a dialogue that describes various activities. Write down the letter of
the picture that describes what you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

UNIT 5 ?

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UNIT 5 ?

129

Minjun and Hyeonu are on campus talking about plans for the coming
Saturday.
: ?
: ?
1
.
: ?
2

: .
: ?
: .
Minjun: Ibeon toyoire mwo hae? What are you up to this Saturday?
Hyeonu: Toyoil? Toyoiren albahae. Saturday? Im working (my casual
job) on Saturday.
Minjun: Museun alba? What job?
Hyeonu: Sikdangeseo seobing. Waiter in a restaurant.
(Lit. Waiting tables in a restaurant.)
Minjun: Geureom iryoireun? What about Sunday then?
Hyeonu: Ajik gyehoek eopseo. No plans yet.
Vocabulary

this

Saturday

on

what

do; are doing
on/at/to + emphasis
UNIT 5 ?

130

casual work + doing

what (kind of)

restaurant

in; at

waiting tables (serving)

well then

Sunday

yet; still

plan

There isnt any; do not have any

Note 1: Echo questions, like ? in the dialogue above, are frequently
used to confirm what someone else has just said and show that you are
listening. They support the conversation and show your active interest.

Note 2: is used in front of the noun that you are asking about and means
what (movie)?, what kind of (person)?, which (colour)?. You need to
be very careful not to use (what) in these cases because what and what
something in Korean are different.

However, instead of Noun?, you can also use the form Noun ? for
the same effect as shown in the dialogue below:

A: ?
B: .
A: ? (instead of ?)
B: .
UNIT 5 ?

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UNIT 5 ?

132

Vocabulary: Time Words ()

morning

midday

evening

night

am

pm

last week

this week

next week

weekend

weekdays

weekday / workday

public holiday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

last year
/
this year

next year

semester
UNIT 5 ?

133

Time Particle + in, at or on
When you want to indicate that something has happened at a particular time,
you attach the particle + to a time word.

1)
.
I go to school in the morning.
2)
.
I go to a swimming pool in the afternoon.
3)
.
Im coming home at 8 oclock.
4)
.
Im going to Sydney at the weekend.

However, there are a few time words that are used without +:

(today) (now)

(yesterday) (this year)

(tomorrow)

5)

Im going to a cinema tomorrow.
6)
.
Im a bit busy at the moment.

When two or more time words are used together, the time particle + is
attached to the last one only:

7)

.
I go to school at 8 oclock in the morning.
(You would not say
8)
)

.
I am going to school at 7 oclock
tomorrow morning.

UNIT 5 ?

134

Location Particle + in or at
+ is used to indicate where an activity takes place. It is equivalent to the
English in or at when used in relation to an activity. This is a distinction
that English does not make, so try to remember that when an activity is
involved, use +, not +.

Examples:
1)
.
I am buying a pair of trousers
in the department store.
2)

.
I am studying Korean
at Monash University.
3)
.
Im withdrawing money at a bank.
4)
.
Im buying a book at a bookshop.
5)
.
Im working at the office.
6)
.
I am borrowing a book at the library.
7)
.
I am having lunch at a restaurant.
UNIT 5 ?

135

Task 3: Role Play
Choose two of the activities below that you usually do on the weekend. Move
around the classroom and discuss your weekend activities with your
classmates.

[ ]
A:
(usually) ?
B:
[ . ]

[ . ]

?

UNIT 5 ?

136

Task 4: Writing
Complete the dialogues using the pictures.
1)
: (usually) ?

: .

.

?

: .

.

2)
: ?

: .

.

?

: .

.

UNIT 5 ?

137

3)
: ?

: .

.

4)
: ?

: .

.

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138

Task 5: Writing
Fill in an appropriate place name for the activities below.

1)
2)
.

3) .
.
4) .
5) .
6) .
7) .
8) .
9) .
10) .
11) .
12) .
13) .
14) .
15) .
16) .
17) .
18) .
19) .
20) .

UNIT 5 ?

139

Task 6: Writing
Write your answers to the following questions according to the information
below. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 have been done for you.

morning: go to university, play tennis, swim, drink coffee, eat breakfast
afternoon: come home, listen to music, drink tea
evening: read the newspaper, study Korean,
night: watch TV, write a letter, go to a night club
weekend: clean the house, do shopping, meet a friend, go to the cinema

1.
2.
.

3.
.

4.
.

5.
.

6. .
.
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
16. .
17. .
UNIT 5 ?

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UNIT 5 ?

141

Minjun sees Hyeonu talking to Paul and asks who Paul is.
: . ?
: . .
: ? ?

?
: .

.
: ?
: .
Minjun: Hangugeo jal haneunde.
Nuguya?
His Koreans good.
Who is e?
Hyeonu: Poriya. Narang
gyeongjehak gachi deureo.
Paul. Hes in my economics
class (Lit. with me).
Minjun: Geurae?
Gyeongjehak sueop eottae?
An himdeureo?
Yeah?
Hows the class?
Is it hard? (Lit. Is it not hard?)
Hyeonu: Himdeureo.
Teseuteudo mana.
Its hard.
Lots of tests too.
Minjun: Gwajeneun? What about the homework?
Hyeonu: Gwajeneun eopseo. No homework.
Vocabulary

Korean language

good at (Lit. do well)
UNIT 5 ?

142

who
()
is (casual ending)

I
()
with

economics

together

take (a class, Lit. listen to)
?
Yeah?

class

What is it like?

not

hard (hard work)

test

too

there are lots of; have lots of

homework

there isnt any; do not have any
UNIT 5 ?

143

Asking Opinions ()?
When you want to ask an opinion about something (the topic), you can say
? (How is ....?) as in Hows the class? (or What is ___ like?
as in What is Korean food like?) The answer will be like It (the class) is
hard. In English, question words like what, when, where, who, why, how
appear at the beginning of the sentence, but Korean sentence order is the same
as the answer, which means the topic comes first whether it is a question or
not . There is no is when you use these verbs. They all include is in their
meaning.

English Korean
How is class?
(class) (how is)?
It (the class) is hard.
( class) (is hard).

Examples:
1) A:
?
Hows the Korean class?
B:
.
Its all right.

2) A:
?
Hows the coffee?
B:
, .
Uh, its very good.

3) A:
?
What is Korean food like?
B:
.
Its very chilly hot.

UNIT 5 ?

144

Task 7: Role Play
Practise the dialogue with a partner, using the adjectives given below. You
may ask about classes.

[ Example Dialogue]
A:
[ ] ?
B:
[ . ].
A:
[ ]? / [ ]?
B:
[ / . ] .

difficult
hard
easy
interesting
not interesting
UNIT 5 ?

145

Adjectives (Describing Words) and their Endings
+/, +/, +()
Unlike in English where adjectives are used with the verb is, adjectives in
Korean are used by themselves and come where the verb would go in the
sentence. They are formed according to the same rules for verbs and also have
three main speech styles: 1) casual form, 2) polite form, and 3) very polite
form.

1) Casual form
+ fine (weather)
+ inexpensive ( already has
and no final consonant, so you dont need to
add )
+ bad (When the stem ends in the vowel ,
it is dropped. This makes in the last
vowel.)

+ interesting/funy
() or (): +
+ delicious
+ big (When the stem ends in the vowel ,
it is dropped.)

When there is no final consonant, the vowels are usually combined
into one syllable:
+ cloudy
+ slow
UNIT 5 ?

146

clean
smart

So far, the rule is the exactly same to that for verbs. However, here you will
learn an irregular ending used more frequently in adjectives, which is used
when the stem ends in.

If the last vowel of the stem is not () or () and stem ends
in : delete +
delete + (temperature) hot
delete + difficult

If the last vowel of the stem is () or () and stem ends in
: delete +
delete + (an old fashioned word
for pretty like fair)

Note: is much more common than , so at this stage you only need to
focus on.

2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you
addat the end.
+ + inexpensive
+ + interesting

UNIT 5 ?

147

3) Very polite form
There are rules for forming very polite form depending on whether the verb
stem ends in a consonant or vowel.

If the adjective stem ends in a vowel: +
+ busy

If the adjective stem ends in a consonant except : +
+ interesting/funy

If the adjective stem ends in the consonant : delete +
delete + beautiful

Dont worry too much about having to remember these rules. The best way at
this stage is to memorize both stem and ending together, as mentioned earlier.

Refer to the adjective table on the following pages to see the three different
forms for a range of adjectives.

UNIT 5 ?

148

Adjective Table: Present Tense Endings
bad - drop +
beautiful - drop +
boring - +
busy - drop +
inexpensive - +
cold - drop +
cute - drop +
delicious - +
difficult - drop +
easy - drop +
expensive - +
fun (enjoyable) - +
good - +
good-looking - +*
hate/dislike - +
hot (spicy) - drop +
numerous - +
pretty - drop +
sick - drop +
tasteless - +

UNIT 5 ?

149

Polite Form Very Polite Form Ending +? Ending +?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
Note: Those with the question mark ? are used only in questions.
UNIT 5 ?

150

Vocabulary: Transitional Words

/
by the way; but; and yet
/
but; however
/
then; in that case

and (joining sentences)

so; therefore

Examples:
1) A:
?
Whatcha doing?
B:
. ?
Writing an assignment. Why?

2) A:
?
Do you like Korean food?
B:
, .
Yeah, but its a bit spicy.

3) A:
.
My class finishes early today.
B:
, .
Then, come home early.

4) A:
?
What are you up to this Saturday?
B:
.
I will be doing casual work

.
in the morning. And in the
afternoon I will be studying.

5)
.
I have many assignments to do.

.
So I am really busy.

UNIT 5 ?

151

Task 8: Writing
You are conducting market research. Make your own questionnaire about
what people do on weekends. The first two are done for you.

(Questionnaire)

(age):
(sex) (female) (male)
(occupation):
1. ?
2. ?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
!

UNIT 5 ?

152

6
?

Unit Focus:
Talking About the Time
Making Appointments
Talking About Class Timetables

o Spaces Between Words Revisited
o Which..?; What kind of ..?; What..?
o Vocabulary: Question Words
o Vocabulary: Study Words
o Telling the Time: # oclock
o How many..?; What..?; How (old)..?
o Suggestions 1: + Let's
o from till
o Suggestions 2: +()? Shall we?

UNIT 6 ?

154

UNIT 6 ?

155

Minjun asks Hyeonu if he wants to have lunch after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .

.
: . .

Minjun: Oneul ojeone sueop innya? Dyou have a class this
morning?
Hyeonu: Eo. Yep.
Minjun: Museun sueop? What class?
Hyeonu: J unggugeo Chinese.
Minjun: Myeot sie kkeunnaneunde? Whens it finish?
Hyeonu: Yeol dusi. Twelve.
Minjun: J al dwaetda.
Geureom gachi jeomsim meokja.
Good.
Lets have lunch together then.
Hyeonu: Geurae. Geureoja Yeah, lets do that.
Vocabulary

today
morning; a.m. + in
UNIT 6 ?

156

class
? have; there is + very casual ending often used among boys

yep

what (kind of)

Chinese (the language)

at what time?
finish + casual soft ending

Good! (Lit. it worked out well).

oclock

in that case; well then;
yes indeed

together

lunch
eat + lets

yeah; really
like that + lets

UNIT 6 ?

157

Spaces Between Words Revisited
We have already learnt that there are spaces between words in Korean. The
basic rule is that there is a space between words unless there is a particle such
as + to, + at, + from, etc. In English these are regarded
prepositions and considered separate words, but in Korean they are attached
to the noun.

The particles we have learned so far are as follows:

Destination particle +
. Im going to uni.

Location particle +
. Im studying Korean
at Monash.

Time Particle +
. I have an exam
tomorrow morning.

Topic particle +/
. Im a Monash student.
UNIT 6 ?

158

Which..?; What kind of ..?; What..?
When you want to ask a question that corresponds to the English which ...?
or what kind of ...?, you can use the question word in front of the noun
that you are asking about. Strictly speaking, is equivalent to what kind
of? and should be answered by stating a type. (E.g. What kind of food did
you eat? I had Italian food.) However, in common usage, is also used
to correspond to questions like What food did you eat? and can be answered
with I ate pasta.

Examples:
1) A: ?
What type of movie do you like?
B: .
Action movies.

2) A: ?
What kind of book are you reading?
B: .
A novel.

3) A: ?
What are you two talking about?
B: , .
Uh, its nothing.

4) A: ?
Whats the matter with you?
B: .
Its nothing.

Note that can also mean any depending on its context as in (5).

5) A: ?
Do you have any plan for
tomorrow?
B: , ?
No, why?
UNIT 6 ?

159

Vocabulary: Question Words

what

what; how (numerical quantity)
e.g. what time , how old

which; what kind of; what
()
where

when

how much (when asking about prices)

who

who (when used as the subject)

Vocabulary: Study Words
()
Korean

mathematics

German

chemistry

French

physics

Chinese

economics

J apanese

politics

English

geography

examination

law

homework
()
Korean history
/

essay

linguistics

UNIT 6 ?

160

Telling the Time: # oclock
We have learnt that Pure Korean numbers and Sino-Korean numbers are used
in different situations. However, when telling the time, both sets of numbers
have to be used. Here we will learn how to say 1 oclock, 2 oclock, etc. Later
we will introduce how to use minutes (and Sino Korean numbers).

Pure Korean numbers are used for the hour:

one oclock

two oclock

three oclock

four oclock

five oclock

six oclock

seven oclock

eight oclock

nine oclock

ten oclock

eleven oclock

twelve oclock

Pure Korean numbers are also used to express a duration of a certain number
of hours:

two hours
four and a half hours
UNIT 6 ?

161

How many..?; What..?; How (old)..?
We usewhen we want to ask a question regarding a numerical quantity. In
English, we often start such questions with ow many but there are also cases
where we use what (e.g. What is the time?) or how (e.g. How old is she?).
Korean uses the word for all of these cases.

1)
A: ?
What time is it?

B: .
Its two oclock.
2)
A: ?
How many hours a day do you
study?

B: .
One hour.
3)
A: ?
How many cups of coffee do you
drink a day?

B: .
I drink three a day.
4)
A: ?
How old is your younger sister?

B: .
Shes sixteen.
5)
A: ?
1

How many students are there
altogether?

B: .
There are four.
6)
A: ?
What floor is the office on?

B: .
Its on the fifth floor.
7)
A:
2
?
Whats the date today?

B: .
Its the 14th of September.
.
Note 1: is pronounced myeon-myeong-i-e-yo.
Note 2: is pronounced myeo-dweol.
UNIT 6 ?

162

Task 1: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
What time is it now?
A(Pure Korean Number) .
It's A o'clock.

Pure Korean numbers up to 12

You are going to hear a dialogue on the time. " ?"
"5" Find the clock that shows the time you hear. Put a mark ' ' in that
clock. Ready? Listen!

UNIT 6 ?

163

Task 2: Role Play
Find out the timetables of the other students in your class using the following
dialogue to complete the table below.

[ Example Dialogue]
: [ / ] /?
: .
: [ / ]?
: [ / ]
: ?
: [ . ]

/
Time Name Subject/ Type of Work
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 -10:00
10:00 -11:00
11:00 -12:00
12:00 - 1:00
1:00 - 2:00
2:00 - 3:00
3:00 - 4:00
4:00 - 5:00

UNIT 6 ?

164

Suggestions 1: + Lets
When you want to make a suggestion that involves both you and the person
you are talking to in a casual style, add the ending + to the verb stem:

Verb Stem +

1)
.
Lets go together.
2)
.
Lets have lunch together.
3)
.
Lets study together.
4)
.
Lets ride bike.
5)
.
Lets go shopping this weekend.
6)
.
Lets eat.
7)
.
Lets watch TV.
8)
.
Lets listen to Korean Music.
9)
.
Lets meet at the coffee shop at two.

Refer to the verb table in the appendices.
UNIT 6 ?

165

UNIT 6 ?

166

UNIT 6 ?

167

J ihun asks Minseo whether she wants to go hagwon after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .
?
: , .

J ihun: Oneul ohue sueop isseo? Dyou have a class this afternoon?
Minseo: Eo. Yep.
J ihun: Myeot sie inneunde? When?
Minseo: Se sibuteo daseot sikkaji Three til five.
J ihun: Nado daseot sie
kkeunnaneunde.
Kkeunnago hagwon gachi
galkka?
I finish at five too. Wanna come
with me to the hagwon?
(Lit. Shall we go to the hagwon
together?)
Minseo: Geurae, geureom. Yeah, alright.

Vocabulary

today
afternoon; p.m. + in

class

have; there is
UNIT 6 ?

168

what time
have +(soft ending)

three oclock

from

five oclock

until
me +too
finish + (soft ending)
after that (Lit. finish + and then)

hagwon (a private educational institution/cram school)

together

Shall?

yeah; indeed

Note: A (hagwon) is a private school where children are
taught subjects such as English and mathematics after regular
school hours. Most Korean children attend these expensive schools
in order to keep up in the extremely competitive educational system.
There are also hagwon where adults go to learn foreign languages
or prepare for the various professional exams.

UNIT 6 ?

169

from till
When we want to show a starting point in time, we add the particle + to
the starting time. For the finishing time we add +.

from one oclock till four oclock

1) A: ?
Do you have a class this afternoon?
B: .
.
Yes. Ive a Korean class from 2
until 4.

2) A: ?
When do you have exams?
B: .
From tomorrow till the day after
tomorrow.

3) A: ?
What did you do yesterday?
B:
.
1

I watched TV all day from the
morning till the evening.

Note 1: The standard word for television is but often in
conversation or is used. is the past tense form of .

4) A: ?
When are the mask dance
performances on?
B:
.
Theyre on next week from Monday
till Wednesday.

UNIT 6 ?

170

Task 3: Role Play
Practise the dialogue with a partner, using the timetable given below. You
may ask about classes or work.

[ Example Dialogue]
A:
[ / ] ?
B:
/.
A:
?
B:
[ ] [ ]

1

1 - 2

2

2 - 3

3

4 - 5

4

5 - 6

5

7 - 11

6

8 - 10

7

9 - 12

8

10 - 12

Extended Role Play
Repeat the above role play, but this time ask what subject your
partner is doing as well.
A:
[ / ] ?
B:
/.
A:
?
B:
[ . ]
UNIT 6 ?

171

Suggestions 2: +()? Shall we?
When you want to suggest doing something, add the ending +()?/
()?:

If it ends in a vowel: +()?
+ ? ? Shall we meet?

If the verb stem ends in a consonant: +()?
+ ? ? Shall we sit?

1) A:
?
Shall we see a movie together?
B:
, .
Sounds good.

2) A:
?
What shall we eat?
B:
.
Lets have Bulgogi.

3) A:
?
What shall we do this afternoon?
B:
.
Lets play tennis.

4) A:
?
Shall we have a coffee?
B:
?
.
Oh, I cant. I have something on.
(Lit. What should I do? I have an
engagement.)

5) A:
?
Which restaurant shall we go to?
B:
.
Lets go to Seoul Restaurant.

6) A:
?
What kind of restaurant shall we go to?
B:
?
How about a Korean restaurant?

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Task 4: Role Play
Practise making an arrangement to have a dinner with a partner. You may add
more food to the list below.

[ ]
A:
[ ] ?
B:
[ ]?
(of course).
A:
, [ ] ?
B:
, .

() Korean food
Italian food
French food
() Chinese food
() J apanese food
/ Thai food
Indian food

UNIT 6 ?

173

UNIT 6 ?

174

UNIT 6 ?

175

Paul wants Hyeonu to study with him tomorrow.
: ?
: ?

.
: ?
: .
: .

?
: . .

Paul: Oneul ohue sigan isseo? You got time this afternoon?
Hyeonu: Oneul ohu?
Neutgekkaji sueop inneunde.
This afternoon?
I have a class until late.
Paul: Geureom naeireun? What about tomorrow?
Hyeonu: Naeireun gwaenchana. Tomorrows okay.
Paul: Geureom uri naeil gachi
gongbuhaja.
Du sie doseogwan eottae?
Then lets study together
tomorrow.
Two oclock at the library?
Hyeonu: J oa.
Geureom naeil bwa.
Alright. (Lit. Good.)
See ya tomorrow.
Vocabulary

today

in the afternoon
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176

hours; time

have; there is

until late

class

have; there is....

in that case; yeah

tomorrow

topic particle

okay

we

together
lets study study + lets
two oclock +at

library
?
How about ___?; Whats __ like?

good; (okay)

See

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177

Task 5: Role Play
Practise this role play with a partner.

Role A:
You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. Check the schedule you
have been given by your teacher to see when you are free. You start the
conversation.

Role B:
You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. Check the schedule you
have been given by your teacher to see when you are free. You partner starts
the conversation.

[ ]
A:
[ ] ?
B:
[ ] ? . [ . ]
A:
[ ]?
B:
[ ] .

Note : () means Its a bit difficult. It is a gentle way of
indicating that you cannot accept someone elses suggestion. Pronunciation:
kol-lan-han-de-yo.

YOUR SCHEDULE

9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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178

Task 6: Listening

(EXPONENT)
A ?
Have you got A?
, A .
Yes I have got A.
A(the time) ?
Is A(the time) o'clock O.K.?
.
It's O.K.
.
It's fine.


time

today

tomorrow

o'clock

yes Pure Korean numbers up to 12

You are going to hear a dialogue in which two people make an
appointment to get together. Draw lines connecting people with their
appointment time. Ready? Listen!

1
(Thomas) 2 (male)
3
4
(Susan) 5 (female)
6
7
(Paul) 8 (female)
9
10
(Amanda) 11 (male)
12
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179

Task 7: Role Play
Practise arranging to see a movie with a partner. A list of popular Korean
movies for 2008 is given below.

[ ]
A:
[ ] (any plan) ?
B:
, ?
A:
(shall we see)?
B:
? (great).
A:
?
B:
[ movie title ] ?
A:
. ?
B:
[ hour ] [ place ] (in front) ?
A:
, . [ ] .

Best Selling Korean Films of 2008
1. The Good, The Bad, The Weird
2. Scandal Makers
3. The Chaser
4. Public Enemy Returns
5. Forever the Moment
6. The Divine Weapon
7. Frozen Flower
8. Portrait of a Beauty
9. Eye for an Eye
10 My Wife got Married
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180

Task 8: Listening

(EXPONENT)
A ?
Have you got A?
, A .
No, I haven't got A.
A ?
How about A?
.
It's O.K.
.
It's fine.


Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

then

today

tomorrow

time

yes

no

You are going to hear more dialogue on making an appointment. This
time, listen for the day and draw lines connecting people with their
appointment day. Ready? Listen!

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday
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181

Task 9: Word Check
Match the Korean words with their English equivalents. The first one has
been done for you.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

m.

n

o.

p.

q.

r.

s.

t.

u.

v.
.. ..

Monday afternoon

Tuesday birthday

Wednesday from till

Thursday appointment

Friday what month

Saturday year

Sunday time

today what day

tomorrow oclock

the day after tomorrow minutes

morning class

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182

Task 10: Word Check
Match the Korean words with their English equivalents. The first one has
been done for you.
a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

Korean economics
English

linguistics
German

Chinese
J apanese

Korean history
mathematics

politics
physics

geography

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183

Task 11: Word Check
Select the odd one out in the following groups of words. The first one has
been done for you.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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184

Task 12: Writing
It is 12 oclock on a Thursday. Use the table of opening times below to
complete the dialogues. Write down the times in Korean. The first one is done
for you.

905-2230 Sat: 9am-1pm

432-1110 Mon-Fri: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-1pm

823-2743 Mon.-Fri.: 12pm-9pm; Sat.-Sun: 5pm-9pm

364-1336 Mon: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm

293-2010 Mon.-Fri: 9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm

337-2766 Mon.-Sat.:9am-9pm

915-4340 Mon-Fri:9am-5pm; Sat.: 9am-12pm

805-9230 Mon-Sat.: 9am-7pm; Sun.: 9am-1pm

Note: Sat: 9am-1pm is read as
.

1) A:
. (This is Seoul Restaurant.)
B:
(Hello)?

(today) (till what time) (are you open)?
A:
. .
B:
(I see). (Thanks).

UNIT 6 ?

185

2) A:
.
B:
? ?
A: .
B: .
3) A:
.
B:
? ?
A: .
B: .

4) A:
.
B:
?
?
A: .
B:
. .

UNIT 6 ?

186

7
?

Unit Focus:
Talking about Past Events

o Verbs and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings
o cannot or did not because of inability
unintentionally
o + It's because ...
o , + and; and then
o Three ands: +, +,
UNIT 7 ?

188

UNIT 7 ?

189

Hyeonu introduces his friend, Kim Minjun, to Paul.
: , ?
: ?
: , .
: . .
.
.
: , .
: ?
.

Paul: Eo, wasseo? Oh, youre here.
Hyeonu: Orae gidaryeosseo? Been waiting long?
Paul: Ani, nado banggeum wasseo. Nup, I just got here too.
Hyeonu: Insahae. Nae chinguya.
Ireumeun kimminjun.
Yeogi gyohwan
haksaengeuro wasseo.
You dont know each other, do
you? (Lit. Lets do introductions.)
This is my friend. Names Kim
Minjun. Hes here on exchange.
Paul: Annyeonghaseyo,
Paul smithimnida.
Hello, Im Paul Smith.
Minjun: Annyeonghaseyo?
Hyeonuhanteseo yaegi mani
deureosseoyo.
How do you do? I have heard a
lot about you from Hyeonu.
UNIT 7 ?

190

Vocabulary
,
oh; yeah

came; got here

a long time
+waited

nah

me too; I also

a moment ago

introduce

my friend

is; am; are [casual]

name

here
exchange student + as

is; am; are [formal]

from (a person)
a conversation; chat

a lot
+heard; listened to [polite]

Note: In English we say come from ... using the present tense (). But in
Korean we have to use the past tense () since the act occurred in the
past.

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191

Verbs and Adjectives: Past Tense Endings

1) Casual form
You have already learnt the present tense ending +/. To create a past
tense verb or adjective, simply use the past tense ending +/ instead:

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

+ lived
+ was/were fine (weather)

When the stem end with the vowel , only + is added:
+ went
+ was/were inexpensive

When the stem ends with the vowel , it is combined with :
+ came

+ ate
() or (): +
+ was/were interesting/funy

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192

When the stem ends in a vowel (exceptor ),
the vowel is usually combined with :
+ gave
+ was/were cloudy

studied
was/were happy

If the last vowel of the stem is not () or () and stem ends
in : delete +
delete + was/were easy

If the last vowel of the stem is () or () and stem ends in
: delete +
delete + was/were fair/pretty

2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual from except that you add
at the end.
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
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193

3) Very polite form
To create the honorific past tense form, instead of the present tense form
+/, you add +/to the verb stem.

If the stem ends in a vowel: +

+

studied

+

met

+

went

+

came

+

was busy

+

was smart

If the stem ends in a consonant: +

+

put on; wore

+

read

+

was funy

+

was good

If the last vowel of the stem is not () or () and stem ends in
: delete +

+
delete +

was/were
beautiful

+
delete +

was/were
cute

UNIT 7 ?

194

You also need to remember a special set of specifically honorific verbs and
adjectives:

took; ate; drank

ate

Was (there)

spoke; said

slept

passed away

was/were ill

UNIT 7 ?

195

Task 1: Role Play
Practice introducing somebody with your classmates.

A:
, ?
B:
?
A:
, .
B:
. . [ name ].
A:
, [ name ].
C:
? [ name ] .

UNIT 7 ?

196

Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
/ ?
Where/Which country do you come from?
A(region) .
I'm from A.
A ?
Which area in A are you from?


which

country

where
+
from

came

China

Australia

U.K.

Germany

France

J apan

You are going to hear an immigration officer asking people what country
they come from. Choose the picture that shows the nationality that you hear
and write the number of the dialogue in the top row of the table. Ready?
Listen!

Canberra

Berlin

Paris

Melbourne

Hamburg

Rouean

Sydney

Bremen

Orlans

Adlaide

Hanover

Nantes

Brisbane

Leipzig

Lyon

London

Tokyo

Beijing

Manchester

Osaka

Shanghai

Liverpool

Kyoto

Guangzhou

Birmingham

Shimonoseki

Nanjing

Glasgow

Yokohama

Harbin

You will hear an extension of each dialogue. The immigration officer is
asking people which city in their countries they come from. Choose the city
that you hear and put a mark ' ' in the box next to it. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 7 ?

197

Task 3: Role Play
Choose one of the activities shown below. This is what you did yesterday.
Move around the classroom and have a conversation with your classmates
about what you all did. Try to expand the conversation by asking further
questions.

[ 1] [ 2]
A:
?
A:
?
B:
.
B:
.
A:
?
A:
?
B:
.
B:
.

UNIT 7 ?

198

Task 4: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
What did (you) do?
?
When did (you) do (it)?
Verb stem +/
Verb+ed
Noun +
did Noun
A (o'clock) B (o'clock)
from A o'clock to B o'clock


yesterday

when

what

in the evening
-
with(people)

and
-
in
()

ate dinner
()
slept

did

friend
()
rang

cinema house
()
had a walk
()

read a book
()

listened to music
()

played piano
()

watched
television
()

saw a movie

UNIT 7 ?

199

There was a murder last night. A detective questions each member of the
victim's household about his or her activities on the night of the murder.
Listen carefully and note down each person's activities in the appropriate
spaces on the time grid. You can either use the letter which corresponds to
each activity or the underlined words as shown in the notes from the first
dialogue. Ready? Listen!

List of the Activities

a. () . b. () .
c. () . d. () .
e. () . f. () .
g. () . h. () .
i. .

7 8 8 9 9 10 1011 11 12
1.
Mary
b

c

d

a

2.
Tom

3.
Harry

4.
J ane

UNIT 7 ?

200

UNIT 7 ?

201

Hyeonu and Paul talk about why they havent finished their assignments.
: ?
: , . ?
: .
?
: .
.
: ? ?
: . .

Hyeonu: Repoteu da haesseo? Finished your assignment?
Paul: Ani, ajik da mot haesseo.
Neon?
Nup, not yet. You?
Hyeonu: Nado. Eoje neutgekkaji
chingu saengnil patie
isseotgeodeun.
Geunde neon wae mot
kkeunnaesseo?
Me neither. (Lit. Me too.) Its
cause I was at a friends birthday
party until late last night. But why
havent you finished? (Lit. But
why couldnt you finish it?)
Paul: Gamgi ttaemune.
Myeochil gyesok apasseo.
Its cause of my cold.
Ive been sick for several days.
Hyeonu: Geurae?
Ije gwaenchannya?
Yeah?
You OK now?
Paul: Eung. Da naasseo. Yeah. Im fine now.
(Lit. Ive gotten all better.)
UNIT 7 ?

202

Vocabulary
assignment; essay; report (often pronounced as)

all; in total

nah

yet; still

couldnt do

you

me too; I also

yesterday

until late

friend

birthday party
had/there was + Its because

but; by the way

why
+finished

a cold

because of
several + day(s)

continuously
. +was sick
?
Really? (Lit. Is that so?)

now
? Is it okay? (okay +very casual ending often used
among boys)

yeah
+got better
UNIT 7 ?

203

cannot or did not because of inability
unintentionally
You have already seen how you create a negative sentence by using the
negative particle , e.g. (I didnt go). If you change to
, the sentence becomes (I couldnt go).

Examples:
1)
.
There was a party next door.

.
So I couldnt sleep well
last night.

2)
.
I cant come to class tomorrow.

.
I have a job interview.

3)

Ive got a cold.

.
1

So I cant meet you tomorrow.

4)
.
2

I didnt do well in the exam.

.
So I dont feel too good.

5) A:
?
A: Did you study yesterday?
B:

.
, .
3

My friend unexpectedly came
over to look for me yesterday
evening. So I couldnt.

Note 1: is pronounced mon-man-na-yo.
UNIT 7 ?

204

Note 2: Note that in examples 4, in English we use the word didnt rather
than the word couldnt. But in Korean, if there is some external reason why
you did not do something, you always use the particle . When you use the
particle it implies that you intentionally chose not to do something. Thus,
is used far more often than can not is used in English.

Note 3: is pronounced mo-taess-o*-yo.
UNIT 7 ?

205

Task 5: Grammar Check
Fill in the blank with negative particles or . The first one has been done
for you.

1. . . .

2. (I had a cold).
(therefore) ________ .

3. . ________ .

4. (want to buy).
(but) (money) . ________ .

5. (yet) ______ .
.

6. (busy). _______ .

7. (I have a stomach ache). ______ .

8. (sings well).
______ .

9. . (didnt do well on the exam)
(feeling) ______ .

10. .
______ .(send a text message / SMS).
UNIT 7 ?

206

+ It's because ...
You use Verb Stem + when you are providing a rationale for
something that has already been referred to previously in the conversation. In
this case its equivalent meaning in English is it's because..." though very
often this would just be omitted because it is not necessary to overtly express
the causal relationship in English. The + ending is very commonly
used in everyday conversation. It is a soft ending which helps to affirm a
friendly feeling between the people talking. As you can see from the
following examples, usually in English there is no need to translate it into
equivalent words.

(1)
A: ?
You've been very busy?

B: ,
.
Yes, (it's because) I've been
doing two part-time jobs.

(2)
A: ?
Where are you going?

B: .
.
I'm going to the library.
I've got an exam tomorrow.

(3)
A: ?
What are you doing in Sydney?
(Lit. What's brought you to
Sydney?)

B: .
.
Im here on business. Our
company has a branch office
here.

Refer to the verb and adjective table in the appendices.
UNIT 7 ?

207

Task 6: Role Play
Practise this role play with a partner. Take turns asking each other
? and coming up with excuses why you couldnt do it. Write your and
your partners excuses in the table below.

[ ]
A:
?
B:
. .

Excuse English
1 I had (part-time) work.
2 I slept.
3 I was sick.
4 I had a car accident.
5 My computer crashed.
6 It was too hard.
7 I had too much to drink.
8 Ive been too busy.

UNIT 7 ?

208

UNIT 7 ?

209

Minseos mum asks whether she has already eaten when she comes home.
: .
: ? .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ? ?
: ! . .

Mum: Akka ohue
jeonhwahaesseonneunde.
I called you this afternoon.
Minseo: Geurae? Geuttae doseogwaneseo
gongbuhago isseosseo.
Yeah? I was studying in the
library.
Mum: J eonyeok meogeosseo? Had dinner?
Minseo: Eung. Yeah.
Mum: Honja meogeosseo? D you eat alone?
Minseo: Ani, chinguhago. Nah, with a friend.
Mum: Chingu nugu? Namjachingu? What friend? A boy?
Minseo: Eomma! Aniya.
Yeongmihago meogeosseo.
Mum! No!
I ate with Yeongmi.

UNIT 7 ?

210

Vocabulary

a little while ago

in the afternoon
++called....(see note 1)
?
Really? (Is that so?)

that time
+ in the library
study + was -ing

dinner
+ate

yeah

alone

nah
friend + with

who

boyfriend

Mum
.
nah

and; with

Note 1: When Minseos mother tells Minseo she called this afternoon, she
uses the verb ending . This places an emphasis on her action. If
she had just said , it would describe what she did but with a
nuance indicating that it was no big deal.

UNIT 7 ?

211

Note 2: When the phrase + () is attached to a person, it means
(together) with. You can omit and it means much the same thing.

A: ? Where do you live?
B: . I live in Shinsa-dong.
A: ? Do you live on your own?
B: , . No, I live with a Korean friend.

UNIT 7 ?

212

, + and; and then
can be used to connect two sentences. It is placed at the beginning of
the second sentence and operates like the English and or and then:

1) .
1
.
Sumi is listening to music. And Cheolmin is reading a book.

2) . .
Sumi ate her dinner. And then she went out again.

The sentences can describe two independent actions as in the first example, or
two actions in a time sequence as in the second example. Note that when the
subjects of the two sentences are different, you use the particle +/ since
you are contrasting them as in 1).

As in English, you can also combine these sentences and make them into one.
To do this, instead of using , you add the ending + to the first verb:

3)
2
.
Sumis listening to music and Cheolmins reading a book.

4) .
Sumi ate her dinner and went out again.

Even though the two sentences in 4) are past tense, when we join them with
+, we dont use the past tense form in the first clause, but only in the final
clause. The ending + carries the grammatical function of past tense from
the final verb to the first verb, so it is just added to the verb stem.
UNIT 7 ?

213

Note 1: In colloquial speech, it is common to add when a persons first
name ends in a consonant. This should not be done with seniors or in formal
situations.
Note 2: The verb for (listen) is irregular, with the stem -.

5) .
That restaurant is cheap and the food is delicious.

As you can see from example 5), you can also use + to link clauses that end
in an adjective, and the rule is exactly the same as for verbs.

More examples:
6) .
I played the piano and my younger sister sang.

7) .
Yesterday I watched TV at home and then I studied.

8) .
I met a friend and then I came home about 6 oclock.

9) .
I came back home after eating dinner.
(This structure can also be used to emphasise that you did not just do
the second action, but did something first. For example, a mother might
ask her son Have you had dinner? upon his arrival at home in the
evening, to which he could reply . to emphasise that he
ate before coming home.)

Refer to the verb and adjective table in the appendices.
UNIT 7 ?

214

Three ands: +, +,

+ is a noun ending (particle) used to join nouns together:

+ is a verb ending used to join action verbs or descriptive verbs
(adjectives):

.
. (short and fat)

is a word used to join sentences.

. .

UNIT 7 ?

215

Task 7: Role Play
Choose two of the activities shown below. This is what you did yesterday.
Move around the classroom having conversations with your classmates to
find out what they did yesterday and to tell them what you did.

[ ]
A:
?
B:
() . ?

UNIT 7 ?

216

Task 8: Reading
Read and translate this letterwrote to his teacher after he arrived in
Korea.

,
.
.
9 1 .
. !

.
! .
.
.
10 .
........
9 1 .
.

2008 9 10

UNIT 7 ?

217

Task 9: Reading
Read the following text and write about your holidays.

. .
.
. Rain .
.

. (Valentines Day)
. Rainy day .
.
. !
UNIT 7 ?

218

Task 10: Word Check
Write down the Korean words next to their English equivalents. The first one
is done for you.

a. j.
b. k.
c. / l.
d. / m.
e. n.
f. o.
g. p.
h. . q.
i. r.

1.
yesterday -
10. when
2. in the morning 11. in the afternoon
3. in the evening 12. at night
4. ate dinner 13. studied
5. drank tea 14. went for a walk
6. listened to music 15. played piano
7. rang 16. read a book
8. saw a movie 17. slept
9. was interesting 18. watched television

8

Unit Focus:
Ordering in a Caf or Restaurant

o Asking for Something in a Shop
o +() I want; I will
o Counting Nouns
o Pure Korean Numbers
o Noun +, +(), +/+ and

UNIT 8
220
UNIT 8

221
Hyeonu is very thirsty and looking for a cold beer.
: ?
: . .
, .
: .
: ?
: ? .
.
: ~ .
.

Minjun: Wasseo? Youre here.
Hyeonu: Eung. Nalssiga kkwae deomne.
A, mok malla.
Yeah. Its much hotter than I
thought itd be. Gee, Im thirsty.
Minjun: Mul masyeo. Have some water.
Hyeonu: Mul malgo siwonhan maekju
eomnya?
Do you (Lit. Do you not) have
some cold beer instead of
water?
Minjun: Maekju? Eopseo. Beer? Nope.
(Lit. Theres isnt any.)
Geunyang mul masyeo. J ust have water.
Hyeonu: A~maekjuga deo joeunde.
Hal su eopji mwo.
Hey! Beer would be better.
Oh well, cant do anything
about it

UNIT 8
222
Vocabulary
?
came; got here

weather

considerably; quite; surprisingly
hot + emphatic ending

ah; oh; hey etc.

thirsty (Lit. throat is dry)

water

drink

instead of
+cool; refreshing

beer
?
Is there not?; Do you not have?

There isnt.; I dont have

just; simply

more; (also forms comparatives like the English er
ending)
good + soft ending/but
.
oh well, can't do anything about it

UNIT 8

223
Asking for Something in a Shop
When we are asking for something in a shop, we say:
[NOUN] ? Do you have any ...?

The reply will be either:
, . Yes, we do.
or
, . No, we dont.

Examples:
1) A: ? Do you have any grapes?
B: , . Yes, we do.

2) A: ? Do you have ginseng tea?
B: , . No, we dont.

3) A: ? Do you have a question?
B: , . No, I dont.

4) A: ? Do you have (some free) time today?
B: ? Why?

5) A: ? Do you have a boyfriend?
B: , . No, I dont.

You can see from the latter examples that this phrase has a wide application
not just asking for things in shops.
UNIT 8
224
Task 1: Role Play
Form a group. One student will play Role A, the borrower. The others in the
group will be neighbours. Rotate the roles so that everyone has a turn at
borrowing.

Role A:
You are cooking for a party and find out that youve forgotten to buy the
items below. Ask each of your neighbours in turn if they have what you need,
until you have borrowed all of the items.

Role B:
Divide up the six items below with your fellow neighbours. This is all that
you have to lend.

[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A:
[ ] ?
B:
, . / .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Note: When B replies that s/he doesnt have the item, s/he uses the term
. Although the meaning is the same as , the ending is softer
and more polite. Pronunciation: eom-neun-de-yo.

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225
Task 2: Writing
Answer the questions about what is in the refrigerator according to the
picture. The first two have been done for you.

1. A: ?
B:
2. A: ?
, .
B:
3. A: ?
.
B:
4: A: ?
B:
5. A: ?
B:
6. A: ?
B:
7. A: ?
B:
8. A: ?
B:
9. A: ?
B:
10. A: ?
B:
UNIT 8
226
Task 3: Listening

(EXPONENT)
A(things) ?
Have we got A?
(A) /.
We have/haven't got A.


yes

no

apple

orange

potato

mushroom

fish

crab

carrot

corn

grape

coke

beer

milk

cheese

bread

cake

egg

chicken

beef

Korean cabbage

orange juice

You will hear Susan ask whether or not the following items are in the
fridge. However, is quite playful. She does not always tell the truth.
Mark TRUE or FALSE according to whether or not she tells the truth.
Ready? Listen!

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227

(TRUE) (FALSE)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

UNIT 8
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UNIT 8

229
Minseo and J ihun are at a coffee shop and Minseo wants to have Patbingsu.
: ?
: . , .
: ?

(J ihun tries to get the attention of a waiter.)
: !

(The waiter comes over.)
: ?
: .

(The waiter comes back.)
: , .

.
: ... .
: .
: . .
J ihun: Mwo masillae? Whatcha wanna drink?
Minseo: Aiseu keopi.
Ani, patbingsu meogeullae.
Iced coffee.
No wait, I want Patbingsu.
J ihun: Patbingsu? Patbingsu?

J ihun: Yeogiyo! Excuse me. (Lit. Over here!)

J ihun: Patbingsu dwaeyo? Do you have patbingsu?
UNIT 8
230
Staff: J amsimanyo. I shall check. (Lit. One moment.)

Staff: J oesonghamnida, sonnim.
Oneureun patbingsuga an
doemnida.
Im sorry. (Lit. Im sorry,
customer.)
There is no patbingsu today.
Minseo: Eum... Geureom aiseu keopi
juseyo.
UmThen can I have an iced
coffee, please?
J ihun: J eodo gateun geollo juseyo. The same for me, please.
Staff: Aiseu keopi du janiyo.
Algetseumnida.
Certainly, (Lit. I understand) two
iced coffees.
Vocabulary

what

will drink

ice coffee

will eat

nah; nup; no

A bowl of fruit, ice cream, crushed ice and red beans
here + polite ending
?
Is ... available?

J ust a moment

Im sorry. (Lit. I regret it.)

customer; guest

today

is not okay; cannot

well then; in that case

(please) give

me too; I also
the same +() thing +(particle)
UNIT 8

231

two cups

polite ending

Okay. (Lit. I understand.)

Note: When speaking English, it is very common to add thank you or
thanks when making an order. The Korean equivalents are reserved for
when we want to express gratitude for something, and are not used when
ordering from a waiter or shop assistant.
UNIT 8
232
+() I want to; I will
When we express a desire to do something, we can say:

Verb Stem +
/
(Casual)
Verb Stem +
/
(Polite)

When ascertaining anothers desire do something or not, we can say:

Verb Stem +
?/?
(Casual)
Verb Stem +
?/?
(Polite)
Verb Stem +
?/?
(Very Polite)

*When using this pattern, the sentence subject must be I, we or you and
cannot be she, he, or they.

If the verb stem ends in a vowel: +() or +?
+
+ ? ?

If it ends in a consonant (except for ): +() or +?
+ (?)
* + ? ?

Note: The very polite form +/? is used only in questions.

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233
Examples:
1)
A: ?
What will you drink?

B: .
I will drink coffee.

2)
A: ?
Where do you want to sit down?

B: .
I want to sit here.

3)
A: ?
What will you drink?

B: .
Ill have tea please.
(Lit. Give me tea, please.)

4)
A: ?
What do you want to wear?

B: .
Id like to wear jeans.

5)
A: ?
Do you want to play tennis tonight?

B: . .
.
Well, Im a bit tired.
Id like to just rest at home.

UNIT 8
234
Task 4: Role Play
Practice the dialogue with a partner using some of the vocabulary below.
You should know these from Unit 3.

A:
?
B:
[ ]. , [ ] . ?
A:
[ ].

(Beverages)

cola

beer

milk

orange juice

coffee

tea

water

whisky

black tea

ginseng tea
/
soft drinks

green tea

UNIT 8

235
Task 5: Role Play
Practice the dialogue with a partner using some of the vocabulary below.
You should know these from Unit 3.
A:
[ ] ?
B:
, .

[ ] .
A:
... [ ] .

Note: ... ? means Is... available? but it can also be used for Is...
allowed and is used in the phrase ? (Can I pay by card?).
is the formal style version of .

(Beverages)

cola

beer

milk

orange juice

coffee

tea

water

whisky

black tea

ginseng tea
/
soft drinks

green tea

UNIT 8
236
Counting Nouns
Korean commonly uses counting nouns for counting objects with numbers.
An example of a counting noun, (oclock), was introduced in unit 6. An
example of an English counting noun is the word cup when we say Ill have
two cups of coffee rather than Ill have two coffees.

In English, however, these are mainly used with uncountable or mass
nouns, for example, two loaves of bread instead of two breads or three
pieces of furniture instead of three furnitures. (Note that in Korean all
nouns must be used in their singular form when a number is specified.)

1) . Ill have 2 cups of coffee.
2) . Give me 1 apple.

The use of counting nouns in English is very limited. However, Korean has a
wide range of different counting nouns. can be used with most objects,
though it must not be used for people.

For people, use , or . and are interchangeable and are both
neutral terms for counting people. is an honorific form and should be used
for elders, customers, seniors, etc. For example, when customers arrive at a
restaurant:

: ? How many of you are there?
: . There are three of us.

UNIT 8

237

The list below shows the counting nouns that you are most likely to need in
everyday conversation, so you should memorise these.

Item Counting Noun Example
oclock

one oclock
hours

two hours
months

three months
age (years)

four years (old)
people
/ /
five students
people (honorific)

five customers
general things

six apples
cups
seven cups of
coffee
bottles
eight bottles of
beer
sheets, tickets

eleven sheets of
paper

UNIT 8
238
This list shows less frequently used counting nouns and is provided for you to
refer to when necessary.

Item Counting Noun Example
animals

nine cows
books

ten books.
pencils

twelve pencils
shoes, socks

thirteen pairs of
shoes
suits (clothes)

fourteen suits
cars

fifteen cars
trees

sixteen trees
letters

seventeen letters

UNIT 8

239
Task 6: Writing
Compile a shopping list from the information on the right. Make sure you use
the appropriate counting nouns. The first one has been done for you.

oranges 3
apples 2
eggs 10
beer 5
whisky 1
cakes 4
bread 1
carrots 7

UNIT 8
240
Task 7: Writing
You need to buy the items in the box for a party:

apples -10
pears - 5
coke - 7 bottles
orange juice - 3 bottles
apple juice - 2 bottles
beer - 8 bottles
wine - 1 bottle

Use this information to complete the following dialogues.

(Dialogue) 1: (1
st
)
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: , .

2: (2
nd
)
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .

UNIT 8

241
3: (1
st
)
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: . .
: , .

4: (2
nd
)
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: , .
: , .
?
: .

5: (3
rd
)
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
UNIT 8
242
Task 8: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) ?
Have you got A?
A /.
I have/haven't got A.
A(things) .
Give me A, please.


yes

no

then

apple

bread

coke

whisky

beer

brandy

orange juice
-
general item counting noun
-
bottle counting noun

Listen to the following dialogues that might happen in a shop between a
shop assistant and a customer. Write down the number of items that a
customer is buying in the box next to that item. Ready? Listen!

1. ; in a fruit shop

2. ; in a small supermarket

3. ; in a bottle shop

UNIT 8

243

UNIT 8
244

UNIT 8

245
Minjun, Hyeonu and Paul are at a Korean restaurant in Melbourne.
: . ?
: .
: .

(A waiter comes back to take an order.)
: ?
: , .
.
: , .

(The waiter brings out the food.)
: .

(Hyeonu gets the attention of waiter.)
: .

.
: . ?
: , .
: , .
Staff: Eoseo oseyo. Se buniseyo? Welcome. A table for three?
Minjun: Ne. Yes.
Staff: Ijjogeuro oseyo. Please come this way.

Staff: J umun hasigetseumnikka? Are you ready to order?
(Lit. Will you order?)
UNIT 8
246
Minjun: Bibimbap hana, gimchijjigae
dul juseyo.
Bibimbabeun gogi ppaegoyo.
One bibimbab and two kimchi
jjigae please.
Well have the bibimbap without
meat. (vegetarian bibimbap)
Staff: Ne, algetseumnida. Yes, certainly.
(Lit. Yes, I understand.)

Staff: Masitge deuseyo. Enjoy your meal.

Hyeonu: J eogiyo.
Yeogi mul han janman deo
juseyo.
Excuse me. (Lit. Hey over
there!) Can we have another
class of water, please?
Staff: Ne. Mwo piryohan geo deo
eopseuseyo?
Sure. Is there anything else you
need? (Lit. Is there not anything
else you need?)
Paul: Anyo,gwaenchanayo. No, were fine.
Staff: Ne, algetseumnida. Okay then.

Vocabulary
.
Welcome (Lit. Please come in right away)

three people
?
is it?

this way
.
(please) come

rice with mixed vegetables and beef

?
order + [honorific verb infix] + [future infix]
+? [honorific question ending]
UNIT 8

247

one

kimchi stew

two

meat
.
(please) give
take out; except; exclude + + (polite sentence
ending)

Okay. (Lit. I understand.) (Lit. I will know??)

Enjoy your meal ( deliciously *this is really part
of an idiomatic expression so cant really be translated by
itself; (please) take; eat; drink [honorific])
over there + polite ending

here

water

one cup

only

more; (also forms comparatives like the English er
ending)

needed thing
?
Is there not any?; Do you not have any? [honorific]

no

okay

yes
UNIT 8
248
Restaurant Related Expressions
().
Im full.
(). (formal)
.(informal)
I enjoyed the meal.
! (polite)
. (casual)
I will be enjoying the meal. (You say this
just before you start eating the meal
prepared or paid by someone other than
you.)
!
Yum; Tastes good.
.
May I have some more side dishes?
(Lit. Please give me more side dishes)
.
One more bowl of rice, please.
?
What is your recommendation?
(Lit. What is delicious in this restaurant?).
[A] ?
Does [A] have meat in it?
.
Could you hurry up, please?
.
.
I didnt order this.
.
Complements of the house
(Lit. This is a (free) service)
.
May I have the bill please?
UNIT 8

249

UNIT 8
250
Pure Korean Numbers
Korean uses two sets of numbers. The first is comprised of numbers that
predate the influence of Chinese culture in Korea, Pure Korean numbers.
The second is based on the Chinese number system, Sino-Korean numbers.
Pure Korean numbers up to 12 were introduced in unit 6 for telling the time
(saying 1 oclock, etc.). Here we will introduce more Pure Korean
numbers. You will hear these numbers used most often for counting everyday
objects, such as when people are ordering things in cafs, etc.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Examples:
1) . Please give me one apple.
2) . Two lattes, please.
3) . Ill have three coffees.
4) . Ill have four hamburgers.

Note that the object does not change to a plural form when there is more than
one, unlike in English.

UNIT 8

251
Note also that a modified form of , , , and are used with
counting nouns (shown below).

5a) . Ill have two coffees.
5b) . Ill have two cups of coffee.

While these numbers exist up to 99 (shown below), nowadays most Koreans
tend to use them only for numbers up to about 20. Listening Comprehension
Tasks 10 and 11 introduce the Pure Korean numbers up to 20.

20 30 40 50
60 70 80 90

UNIT 8
252
Task 9: Word Check
Connect the numerals with their Pure Korean number equivalent. The first
one is done for you.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

UNIT 8

253
Task 10: Listening
one two three four
five six seven eight
nine ten

You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 1 to 10. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!

1. a.5 b.9 2. a.7 b.10 3. a.2 b.8 4. a.9 b.3

5. a.1 b.6 6. a.3 b.8 7. a.3 b.9 8. a.3 b.1

9. a.7 b.5 10. a.4 b.9

You are going to hear the numbers again. However, this time write down
the number that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!

11. 12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17. 18.

19. 20.

UNIT 8
254
Task 11: Listening

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 11 to 20. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!

1. a.15 b.14 2. a.17 b.13 3. a.11 b.18 4. a.19 b.13

5. a.11 b.16 6. a.18 b.19 7. a.15 b.13 8. a.12 b.17

9. a.12 b.15 10. a.20 b.19

UNIT 8

255
Task 12: Role Play
Role A: Shop assistant
You work in a fast food restaurant. Take your customers order, filling out the
order sheet below as you go. After you have finished show your partner what
you have written to check that you have taken the order correctly. Switch
roles when you have finished.

Role B: Customer
You are ordering fast food for you and your friends. Decide the quantities of
each item that you will order from the menu below and write it down. Order
the items from the shop assistant.

[ ]
A:

1
. ? (What can I get you?)
B:
.
A:
, , ?
B:
, . (Yes, thats right)

Note 1: Welcome (Lit. Please come in right away)

_

UNIT 8
256
Noun +, +(), +/+ and
+, +() and + / are particles added to the end of a noun to
connect it to another noun:

+ for conversational speech:

+() for conversational speech, which often used by children or young
females
o If the word ends in a vowel, +:
o If the word ends in a consonant, +:

+/ for writing or formal speech
o If the word ends in a vowel, +:
o If the word ends in a consonant, +:

Note that there is no space between the first noun and the particle, but there is
a space between the particle and the second noun (not , but
). We use + most often in conversation.

Examples:
1) : . Please give me a coke and a coffee.
: , . Certainly, here you are.
2) A: ? When do you have Korean classes?
B: . On Mondays and Wednesdays.
3) . I bought bread and milk.
4) Independent Film Bread and Milk,
( ) Director: Shin-yon Won.

UNIT 8

257
Task 13: Writing
Work out what the following dialogue means and fill in the blanks using the
words below. There may be more than one answer.

+

: . ?
: .
: .

?
: ?
: , , .
: .
: , . ?
: .
: ,
1
?
: .

Note 1: Korean pub goers normally order (drinking snacks) to go with
their drinks. (It is often compulsory to do so!) These side dishes can vary
from plates of nibbles to large hot dishes of nicely prepared food. The drinks
are very cheap and the pubs usually make their money from selling these
side dishes.
UNIT 8
258
Task 14: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) .
Give me A please.


coke

coffee

orange juice

milk

routine expression meaning welcome

You are going to hear three dialogues in which a customer is ordering
drinks in a coffee shop. Write down the number of drinks the customer orders
in the box next to the drink. Ready? Listen!

9
?

Unit Focus:
Asking for and Giving Prices
Asking for a Discount

o How much?
o Sino-Korean Numbers
o Telling the Time: # minutes
o is not
o Particle + per
o Particle + only
o Demonstrative Pronouns: , , ,
o Vocabulary: Colour Terms
o Vocabulary: Consumer Items

UNIT 9 ?

260

UNIT 9 ?

261

J ihun and Minseo are at a fast food restaurant.
: ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .

: .

: .

Assistant: Mwo deurilkkayo? What can I get you?
J ihun: Bulgogi beogeo seteu dul
juseyo.
Two bulgogi burger meals,
please.
Assistant: Yeogi itseumnida. Here you are.
J ihun: Eolmayeyo? How much is that?
Assistant: Gucheonwonimnida. Thats 9,000 won.

Assistant: Manwon badatseumnida. Thats (Lit. I have received)
10,000 won.

Assistant: Cheonwon deuryeotseumnida. Thats 1,000 won change. (Lit.
I have given you 1,000 won.)
UNIT 9 ?

262

Vocabulary

what
?
shall give
[honorific]

two

(please) give [polite]

bulgogi burger

here it is [honorific]

meal

is [honorific]

9,000 won
?
How much is it?

10,000 won

received [honorific]

1,000 won

gave [honorific]

Note 1: Korean shop assistants typically use formal-honorific forms when
speaking to customers. Customers will generally speak to shop assistants in
more casual though still polite forms.

Note 2: The highest valued Korean note is 50,000 won and the lowest is
1,000 won. Coins range from 1 won to 500 won.
Current Korean currency can be found at the following web address:
http://eng.bok.or.kr/broadcast.action?menuNaviId=1691

UNIT 9 ?

263

How much?
You learned the meaning of - how many, or what when used with
numerical nouns such as time/age/date/floor etc. - in Unit 6. Now we
will look at the word which has a similar meaning, but different usage.

is also used for numerical quantities but, unlike , is not used
before nouns. For example, can be used for the following:

?
What time is it?
?
What age are you?/What age is s/he?
?
What floor is it?

In these examples, is asking what number.

It is also used like this:
?
How many cups of coffee do you drink
in a day?

, on the other hand, is used like this:
?
How much is this?

Note that there is no noun after , but simply the verb meaning is. This
construction can always be equated to How much is? In the simple form
above, it is used to ask the price of something, but the word price is not used
in the sentence. So when asking about prices, always use , and for now,
use for asking about all other quantities or amounts.
UNIT 9 ?

264

Sino-Korean Numbers
Sino-Korean numbers are used in cases where numbers are more abstract. As
such, they are used for dates, telephone numbers, bus numbers, amounts of
money including prices, minutes when telling the time, room numbers, floors
of a building, measurements of weight, height, and so on.

/ 0
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20

10 20 30 40 50
100 200 300 400 ...
1,000 2,000 3,000 ...
10,000 20,000 ...
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000

Examples:
year 1995
month name J anuary
date (of the month) the 2
nd
(of a month)
weeks three weeks
minutes four minutes
currency five won
floor the sixth floor
building number building no. 7
room number room no. 8
telephone number ,
1
901-2000

Note 1: Koreans typically express the first four (or three) digits of a phone
number as one number, followed by, and then the last four digits as
UNIT 9 ?

265

another number, before finally adding . However, Koreans are increasingly
expressing phone numbers as a series of digits, as in English.

More examples:
1) A:
?
How much is this?
B:
.
Its 1,500 won.

2) A:
?
2
How much is the starting
salary?
B:
.
3,000,000 won (per month).

3) A:
?
3

When is Chuseok?
B:
.
Its August 15
in the lunar calendar.

Note 2: In Korea, salaries are calculated by the month. means a months
pay ( month + provision). An employee will usually receive a bonus
payment which can be up to 6 months base salary per year, as well as
allowances for meals and travelling expenses. Starting annual salaries for
university graduates in major companies averaged 29,850,000 won
(A$ 40,695) in 2007.

Note 3: is one of the most important public holidays in the Korean
calendar. Traditionally, it marked the end of the harvest in autumn. On the
day before literally millions of Koreans jam the highways as they travel
to their hometowns for the traditional celebrations.

UNIT 9 ?

266

4) A:
?
Which floor is your office on?
B:
.
4

Its on the third floor

5) A:
?
How long have you studied
Korean?
B:
.
3 weeks.

6) A:
.
Could you deliver this please?
B:
?
Please give me the address.
A:
.
1006, Block 7, Hyundai
Apartments.

Note 4: In Korea, the ground floor is designated (floor 1). So is
actually equivalent to the second floor in Australia.

Note 5: In examples 2, 3, 4 and 6 a subject particle has been used (+ in 2, 3
and 4, + in 6). This is because in these sentences, your attention is being
focussed on the subject (i.e. monthly pay, Chuseok, office, address). When
the subject noun ends in a consonant, you use +, when it ends in a vowel
you use +. Normally, in conversation this subject particle can be omitted.

Note that it is important to remember for which items you must use pure
Korean numbers and in which cases you must use Sino-Korean numbers.
Eventually you should not have to think about which number system to use.
Normally, numbers are written using digits and not spelled out in Hangul. So
when a number is written as, for example, 24, you need to know whether to
read it as or as to avoid sounding like a foreigner!
UNIT 9?

267

Telling the Time: # minutes
You have learnt that Pure Korean numbers and Sino-Korean numbers are
used for different things. When telling the time, both sets of numbers have to
be used. You have learnt how to say 1 oclock, 2 oclock, etc., with Pure
Korean numbers. Now that we have introduced Sino-Korean numbers, the
way to specify the minutes of the time will be explained.

Sino Korean numbers are used for the minutes of the time:

3:15

To say a specific time, including how many minutes past, simply add the
number of minutes followed by the word (minutes) after the hour, so you
have something like three oclock and fifteen minutes.

Examples:

1) A:
?
What is the time (now)?
B:
.
It is 3:15.

2) A:
?
1

What time does the class finish?
B:
.
It ends at 4:55.

Note 1: is pronounced "kkeunnayo".

UNIT 9 ?

268

is not
In unit 1 you have learned +/to say A is B when B is a noun and
not an adjective. Remember that this ending must be added to the end of a
noun, pronoun or wh-question word.

If the noun ends in a vowel: +
?
What is that?

If it ends in a consonant: +
.
Its a photo of my girlfriend.

If you want to say that A is not B, then you use. However in this
case, we do not write it as an ending attached to the noun, but as a separate
word:
.
This is not my book.

Examples:
1) A:
?
Is s/he a Korean?
B:
, .
No. S/hes not a Korean.

2) A:
.
That car is not a J apanese one.
B:
, ?
Then what country does it come
from?

3) A:
?
How much is that?
B:
.
Its 10 dollars.

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269

4) A:
?
1

Who is s/he? (honorific)
B:
.
S/he is a professor of Korean
Studies.

5) A:
?
What year of school is your
younger brother in?
B:
.
2

He is in 3rd year of high school.

6) A:
?
When is your graduation
ceremony?
B:
.
Its on the 25th of February.

7) A:
?
Where are we? (Where is this
place?)
B:
3
.
We are in J ongno 3-ka. (It is
J ongno 3-ka)

8) A:
?
Whats the date today?
B:
.
Its the 27th.

Note 1: The honorific forms of +/ are +/. The
negative form is .

Note 2: is pronounced hang-nyeon.

Note 3: Pronounced jong-no.

Refer to the appendix 1 at the end of the book.
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Task 1: Listening

/
zero

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

You are going to hear Sino-Korean numbers from 0 to 10. Circle the
numbers that you hear. Ready? Listen!

1. a.4 b.5 2. a.10 b.3 3. a.2 b.8 4. a.9 b.3

5. a.1 b.6 6. a.3 b.8 7. a.3 b.9 8. a.3 b.1

9. a.0 b.8 10. a.4 b.9 11. a.10 b.7

the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!

12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

18. 19. 20.

21. 22.

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Task 2: Listening


eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty


1. a.15 b.14 2. a.17 b.13 3. a.12 b.18 4. a.19 b.13

5. a.11 b.16 6. a.18 b.19 7. a.15 b.13 8. a.11 b.17

9. a.12 b.15 10. a.20 b.19

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Task 3: Listening


ten

twenty

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

(a) hundred


1. a. 40 b. 90 2. a. 30 b. 70 3. a. 20 b. 80

4. a. 50 b. 90 5. a. 60 b. 30 6. a. 70 b. 80

7. a. 40 b. 30 8. a. 10 b. 90 9. a. 50 b. 30

10. a. 100 b. 90

the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
11. 12. 13.

14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19.

20.

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Task 4: Listening
You are going to hear more dialogue on the time. " ?"
"12 30." Write down the time that you hear in Korean. Ready?
Listen!

1. . 2. .

3. . 4. .

5. . 6. .

7. . 8. .

9. . 10. .

11. . 12. .

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Task 5: Role Play
Practise the following role play with a partner.

Role A: Customer
You are in a coffee shop. There is a menu on the table but there are no prices.
Ask the waiter/waitress the price of each item and fill in the menu below.
When you have all the prices, order a drink. When you have finished, show
your partner what you have written to check if youve got the prices correct.
Refer to the dialogue below.

Role B: Waiter/Waitress
You are serving a customer in a coffee shop. Decide what you would like to
charge for your coffees.

[ ]
: ?
: ?
: 2,500 .
: , ?

MENU

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Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A .
Give me A, Please.
.
Here you are.
?
How much is it?
A (price) .
It's A won (Korean currency unit).


ice cream

cheeseburger

hamburger

coke

coffee

milk

indian tea

and

general item counting noun

French fries

routine expression meaning welcome

sum
Sino-Korean numbers up to 9,000: hundred thousand
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You are going to hear some dialogue that might happen in a fast food
restaurant. Listen for the number of items that a customer is ordering and the
price. Write down the number and the price on your sheet. Ready? Listen!
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1.

2.

3.

4.

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Minseo is buying fruit at a market.
: , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: . .
: , .
: ... , .

Minseo: J eo, ajeossi, sagwa
eolmayeyo?
Excuse me, (Lit. Hey there old
man/uncle,) how much are the
apples?
Shopkeeper: Han gaee cheon wonieyo. Theyre 1,000 won each.
Minseo: Geureom, i podoneun
eotteoke haeyo?
How much are these grapes
then?
Shopkeeper: Killoe Sacheon wonindeyo. Theyre 4,000 won per kilo.
Minseo: Geureomyeon, baeneunyo? Well then, what about the
pears?
Shopkeeper: Han gaee samcheon
wonindeyo.
Theyre 3,000 won each.
Minseo: Neomu bissayo.
J om kkakka juseyo.
Thats too expensive. Can you
give me a discount? (Lit. Please
lower the price a little.)
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Shopkeeper: Geureomyeon, icheon
palbaek wonman naeseyo.
Well then, just give me 2,800
won.
Minseo: Eum... Geureomyeon, bae
se gae juseyo.
Umthen, I will take three
pears, please.

Vocabulary
?
How much is?

a bit

one unit

please reduce

1,000

2,800

Well then; In that case
+
only; just

3,000

please pay

too

three units

expensive

Note 1: Male shopkeepers are addressed as. Older female
shopkeepers are addressed as. Younger female shopkeepers are
sometimes called by females, which literally means older sister.
However, they are hardly ever called by males, which also means older
sister but to a male. Males will simply call out "yeogiyo" (literally Over
here!) if they need to catch a young female staff members attention.

Note 2: When ordering something in a shop in English, we often use a phrase
like Can I have this please. But in Korean you use ... , which
literally means Please give me ...

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Particle + per
When we are using numbers, we often want to specify a price or an amount in
terms of another quantity. (For example $10 per kilo, 2000 calories per
person, 3 times per week, lemons are $2 for 3.) To do this in Korean, add the
particle + to the unit of measurement (the quantity which comes after per
in English). This amount comes before the rate (price, etc.) amount in
Korean.

Examples:
1)
: ?
How much are those
grapes?

: .
9,000 won
per kilogram.

2)
:
?
How much is one kilo
of that pork?

: .
6,000 won per kilo.

3)
: ?
How much is
the beef?

: .
1

50,000 won
for 600 grams.

4)
: , ?
How much are
the apples?

: .
10,000 won for 3.

Note 1: 600g ( ) is often used (rather than 1 kilogram or 500 grams)
because it approximates an old Korean measure.
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282

Particle + only
The particle + is used when you want to say only or just (e.g. I paid just
10 dollars, only 3 people came, give me just one ticket, I only went to
Brisbane.). + comes straight after the noun it refers to. As it is a particle,
you do not leave a space between the noun and when you write it.

1)
: .
Theyre too expensive.

.
Could you give them to me a
bit cheaper?

: ,
.
Then just 2,800 won each.
(Lit. please pay just 2,800
won.)

2)
: .
Shall I give you these apples
too?

: , .
No, just give me the pears.

3)
:
?
Did any other students go to
the party?

: , .
No, only I went.

4)
:
1

?
Are you working (part-time)
on Saturdays as well?

: , .
No, I only work on Fridays.

Note 1: on its own means Saturday, so the (day) is completely
redundant. However, the two are often used together in colloquial speech.
(If you wanted to specify that something happened in the daytime, as in the
colloquial English, on Saturday day, then you would say
UNIT 9 ?

283

because the word does not have the connotation of daytime that the
English word day does. ) is pronounced to-yo-il-lal.
UNIT 9 ?

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Task 7: Role Play

Role A (Customer): You are in a greengrocers. Ask the shop assistant the
prices of the fruit below and write them down in the appropriate blanks.
When you have finished, show your partner what you have written to check if
you have the prices correct.

Role B (Shop Assistant): You are a shop assistant in a greengrocers. Decide
the price you would like to receive for each item.

[ ]
A:
, , ?
B:
.
A:
?
B:
() .
A:
, () .

kg

kg

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Task 8: Writing
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a (English-Korean
dictionary) at a bookshop.

42,000
43,000
40,000

: . (Welcome)

? (What are you looking for?)
:
?
: ?

.
:
?
: .

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Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a bottle of brandy at a department
store.

A 42,000
B 67,000
27,000

:

?
:
?
: .
: ?
: .
:
?

: , .
: ?
:
.

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Task 9: Writing
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a newspaper at a kiosk.

600
600
600
600
600

: ?
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
:
.

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289

Demonstrative Pronouns: , , ,
(this) is used when you want to refer to something or someone located
close to you the speaker, (that) to something or someone located not close
to you the speaker but to the listener, (that over there) to something or
someone distant from both speaker and listener. The corresponding question
word is (which).

this book this (one) here
that book that (one); it there
that book that (one) over there
which book which (one) where

Examples:
1) A:
.
Give me that one.
B:
? ?
Which one? This one?

2) A:
?
What is that (over there)?
B:
.
Its a Korean mask.

3) (A customer is talking to a shop assistant about buying a TV.)

: LCD TV ?
How much is this Samsung
LCD TV?

: .
Its 1,050,000 won.

: LG ?
Well then how much is that LG
over there?

: .
Its 1,190,000 won.
UNIT 9 ?

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291

Minseo is buying a sweater at a department store.
: ?
: .
: . ..., ?
: .
: .
: . ?
1

: , .

Minseo J eo kkaman seuweteo
eolmayeyo?
How much is that black sweater?
Assistant Sippalman wonindeyo. Its 180,000 won.
Minseo J om bissaneyo.
Eum...geureom, i ppalgan
seuweteoneunyo?
Oh, thats a bit expensive.
UmWhat about this red
sweater then?
Assistant Guman ocheon wonieyo. Thats 95,000 won.
Minseo J om boyeo juseyo. Can I have a look at it?
(Lit. Please show it to me.)
Assistant Yeogi isseoyo.
Maeume deuseyo?
Here it is.
Do you like it?
Minseo Ne, yeppeuneyo. Yes, it is pretty.

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Vocabulary

black

180,000 won

sweater
expensive +(polite) exclamatory ending

red

95,000 won

please; a bit

please show (it) to me
?
Does it appeal to you?
pretty; looks nice + (polite) exclamatory
ending

Note 1: You have previously learnt ? However, when you are
buying things ? is used instead (Lit. Does it match with
your heart/feelings?). A shop assistant might also ask ' ?
(Is the size right?).
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293

Vocabulary: Colour Terms
/
colour
/
white
/
black

red

yellow

1

blue
/
green

gold

silver
/
brown

grey
/
pink
/
orange

violet

purple

Note 1: is also used to describe the colour green. This is a legacy of
ancient Korean, which only had five colour words.

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Vocabulary: Consumer Items

refrigerator

computer

bed

leather shoe

desk

ring

sofa

necklace

bookcase

watch

television

handbag
/
mobile phone

earring

electronic
dictionary

( )
digital camera
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Task 10: Role Play

Roleplay A (Customer): You are a customer in a department store looking at
the sweaters listed below. You have a budget of only 65,000 . Choose a
sweater and ask the shop assistant the price. When you find one you can
afford, then buy it.

black sweater brown sweater red sweater orange sweater

white sweater grey sweater yellow sweater purple sweater

green sweater pink sweater blue sweater

Roleplay B (Shop assistant): You are a shop assistant. Decide what prices you
would like to charge for the sweaters.

[ ]
: ?
: .
: . , ?
: .
: .
: . ?
: , .
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Task 11: Word Check
Match the Korean to the English. The first one has been done for you.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

1. shoes
.
7. watch

2.
.
bed

8.
.
sofa

3.
.
bookcase 9.
.
ring

4.
.
television

10.
.
refrigerator

5.
.
desk

11.
.
handbag

6.
.
earrings

12.
.
necklace

.
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Task 12: Word Check
Select the odd one out in the following group of words. The first one has been
done for you.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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Task 13: Writing
Read the dialogues and write down the prices next to each article. The first
one has been done for you.
1. ball-point pen
150 .
6. cheeseburger
.
2. book
.
7. apple
.
3. cigarette
.
8. pear
.
4. camera
.
9. black shoes
.
5. ice cream
.
10. red shoes
.

1) : ?
: .

2) : ?
: .

3) : ?
: .

4) : ?
: .

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299

5) : ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .

6) : , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .

7) : ?
: .
: .
, ?
: .

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Task 14: Web Task
Visit the (EMart) web site and find the prices of 5 items you want to
buy: http://www.emart.co.kr
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301

Task 15: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
How much is it?
A/?
How about A?

refrigerator

bed

desk

sofa

bookcase

then

colour television

I see

thank you Sino-Korean numbers up to 200,000

thousand

ten thousand
has come to Seoul to go to a university and has rented a flat. She
needs lots of household items. She has decided to buy second hand furniture.
Now, she is calling to find out the prices of some items shown in the
advertisement below. Write down the price next to each item that you hear.
Ready? Listen!

( 3.0kg) 10
7

2 3

3 5

556-3440

565-3740 4 2

5

3 9

985-7643 100 x 200 cm

5

388-9155
6 386DX40 70
80 x 150 cm 8

387-2513
FM/AM

9 5
75

736-1884
(5) 7 50

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Task 16: Reading

.
.
! 18,000 .
. .
!
1,250 4,000 !
. .
. 5,500 .
. .

10
?

Unit Focus:
Talking About Yourself and Your Family

o Expressing Your Age
o Education System in Korea
o Addressing Peers at School:
o Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments
o Word Contractions
o Vocabulary: Family
o Honorific Subject and Topic Particles
o Possessive Pronouns
o Vocabulary: Occupations
o / ? Would you mind telling
me ?
o Sending a Text Message

UNIT 10 ?

304

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305

Hyeonu introduces Minjun to Paul who is younger than both of them.
: . ?
: .
: , . ?
: 2 .
: ?
: 92 .
: , 89 .
: .
: .
: .
: ?
: .

Minjun: Hangugeo jeongmal jal haneyo.
Eodiseo baewosseoyo?
Your Korean is really good.
Where did you learn it?
Paul: Hangugeo jeongonghaeyo. Im majoring in Korean.
Minjun: A~eojjeonji. Geureom jigeum
myeot hangnyeonieyo?
Ah~ No wonder. What year are
you in (at university)?
Paul: I hangnyeonindeyo. Im in second year.
Minjun: Hoksi myeot nyeon saengieyo? Do you mind telling me what
year you were born?
Paul: Gui nyeondo saengiyo. I was born in 92.
Minjun: A~ urin palgu nyeon saenginde. Ah~ We were born in 89.
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306

Paul: Geureom hyeongineyo. Then youre my hyeong. (A
males older brother)
Minjun: Geureoge. I suppose. (Lit. Thats right.)
Paul: Geureom mal noeuseyo. Then you should use panmal
with me.(Lit. relax your speech).
Minjun: Geuraedo dwaeyo? Is that alright?
Paul: Geureomyo. Of course.

Vocabulary

Korean (language)

really

good at

where

learnt
.
major in

No wonder; so thats why


now

what school year

is [with polite firm ending]
2
second year (at school)

is [with polite soft ending]

if by any chance;
what year + born in
92
born in 92

polite ending, added to incomplete sentences, such as
one-word answers, in casual speech
we +
UNIT 10 ?

307

is [with casual soft ending]

older brother (of a male)

is [when you have just realised something]

thats right

(You can) use less formal speech.
?
Would that be okay?

yes certainly

Note 1: In Korea, students dont talk about studying Arts or Science, but
identify themselves by their department.

Note 2: is pronounced myeo-tang-nyeon.

Note 3: Koreans would normally not thank a person for a compliment in this
way, as it is considered immodest. A Korean might say (I
still cant do it well) or (far from doing it well).

Note 4: Asking a person's age is quite common in Korea as they need to know
the hierarchy and status for using right form of speech. Asking which year
someone was born in is the most common way to ask about age. However,
when people feel uneasy to ask someones age, they ask what Asian zodiac
animal he or she is. As there are twelve zodiac animals, it isnt difficult to
then guess the persons age.
UNIT 10 ?

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Expressing Your Age
There are two ways of expressing a persons age in Korean.

Pure Korean number +
Sino-Korean number +

The first way is normally used in everyday speech. The second is used in
more formal situations, such as filling out forms:

1) .
Susan is twenty years old.
2) :
Name: Susan
: 20 () .
Age: 20 years
Note that Sino-Korean numbers are more often written as digits.

The pure Korean numbers are provided below. Refer to Unit 9 for
Sino-Korean numbers.

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
30 40 50 60 70
80 90

As previously noted, a modified form of , , , and is used in
conjunction with counting nouns such as : , , , ,
. No other numbers are modified. Thus, you would say or .
UNIT 10 ?

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310

Education System in Korea
Education in Korea is considered very important and competition is great.
School begins with kindergarten through primary school (excluding prep)
and on to middle and senior high schools, which are separate unlike in
Australia. Although only six years of primary school and three years of
middle school are compulsory, most Koreans will also attend the three years
of senior high school as well.

Tertiary education consists of four years of University or two years of
vocational collage. Unlike Australia, Korean Universities do not offer an
Honours year although there are postgraduate schools where students can
study Masters or a Ph.D.

The school year is divided into two semesters for early schooling as well as
tertiary education. The first semester begins in March and lasts until mid-July
and the second from September 1st till late-December.

Education System

kindergarten

senior high school

primary school

university

middle school

postgraduate school

Level of Study

first year

fourth year

second year

masters course

third year

Ph.D course

UNIT 10 ?

311

Task 1: ?
You are going to ask about the year of university and age of your classmates.
First you should check the vocabulary list below to find how to say the level
of study relevant to yourself. Now move around the class asking questions to
the other students, filling in the table below.

[ ]
A:
?
B:
[ Year of study ] .

?
A:
/ [ ] , [ Year born ] .

Note: Someone who was born in the year 2000 would have to say
whereas someone born in 1987 can simply use the two last digits:
.

Level of Study

first year

fourth year

second year

masters course

third year

Ph.D course

Name () Level () Age ()

UNIT 10 ?

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313

Paul is asking Minjun how he knows Hyeonu.
: .
: , . , ?
: .
: ... ?
: , .
: , .
?
: .
: ?
: . ?
: .

Minjun: Geureom ijebuteo mal noeulge. Well, I will start using Banmal
(less formal language) from now
on.
Paul: Ne, hyeong. Geunde
hyeonurang, ani hyeonu
hyeongirang eotteoke arayo?
Yes, Hyeong. Hey how do you
know Hyeonu, I mean Hyeong
Hyeonu?
Minjun: High School dongchangiya. We are fellow alumni from high
school.
Paul: Dong mwoyo? Fellow what?

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314

Minjun:
Eo, dongchang
Godeunghakgyo gachi
danyeosseo.
Oh, fellow alumni.
We went to high school together.
Paul: A, geureokuna. Geunde
hangugeseoneun eoneu daehak
danyeosseoyo?
Oh, thats how. Hey, what
Korean university did you go to?
Minjun: Korea Univ. Korea University.
Paul: Jeongongeunyo? And your major?
Minjun: Jeongongeun gyeongyeong.
Neon jeongongi mwonya?
Business management.
Whats your major?
Paul: Gyeongjehago hangugeoyo. Economics and Korean.
Vocabulary

older brother
(for a male)


senior high school
,
Yes,

university

but; by the way

Korea University

nah

fellow alumni
,
Ah, so its like that.

what; which
?
what (is)?

and

in Korea
()
with

from now

together

I will use less formal
language

major

how

Korean (language)

know
()
business
management

attended [casual]
()
economics

attended
Note: (banmal) is made up of , which means half and which
means speech and refers to the casual form you have been studying.
UNIT 10 ?

315

Addressing Peers at School:
Between first and second year in University most Korean males spend two
years in the army () doing national service. This means that when they
return to university for second year, they may be much older than others in
the same level. These students are called or returning students.
Younger students in the same year level would address respectfully
because of their age, unless the level of intimacy between them allowed
otherwise.

UNIT 10 ?

316

Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments

Faculty of Arts

Faculty of Science

Faculty of Medicine

Faculty of Law

Faculty of Business

Faculty of Education

Department of Computer Science

Department of Media Communication

Department of Political Science and Diplomacy

Department of English Language and Literature

Department of French Language and Literature

Department of Korean Language and Literature

Department of Korean Language Education

Department of Asian Languages and Studies

Department of Economics

Department of Business Adminstration

Note: To talk about a particular Major of Study, the above vocabulary is used
without (Department): (economics major).
UNIT 10 ?

317

Task 2: ?
You are going to ask questions and give answers to your classmates. If you
dont know the name of your major in Korean, you can refer to the list of
faculties and departments on the previous page. The department names can be
made into subject names by taking off the . Now move around the class
introducing yourself to the other students and filling in the table below.

[ ]
A:
?
B:
[ University ]().
A:
?
B:
[ Major ] ().
A:
[ ] .

[ ].

Name () Major ()

UNIT 10 ?

318

Word Contractions

Koreans, like Australians, like to shorten words by contracting them. This is
particularly noticeable with university names as shown below:

or (Australia)
Victoria University

Vic Uni
University of Queensland

UQ

It is also common to use contractions for the library names at university since
there is usually more than one:

(Main Library)
(Science Library)

UNIT 10 ?

319

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321

Paul is asking Minjuns family details.
: ?
: ~
: ?
: ... ?
: . . ? ?
: ?
... , .
: , . . .
: , .

Paul: Jibi seourieyo? Are you from Seoul?
Minjun: Eo~ Yeah.
Paul: Seoul eodiyo? Where in Seoul?
Minjun: Sinsa-dong... Geunde wae? Sinsa Dong Why?
Paul: Anieyo. Geunyang
gunggeumhaeseoyo.
Gajogeunyo? Da gachi sarayo?
No reason. Just curious.
What about your family?
Do you all live together?

Minjun: Gajok? Eum... Bumonimeun
daejeone gyesigo, seoureneun
yeodongsaenghagoman sara.
Family? Um My parents are
in Daejeon, Im just living with
my younger sister in Seoul.

Paul: A, geureokuna. Oh. (Lit. So thats how it is.)
Paul: Beolsseo sigani ireoke
dwaenne.
Jeo ga bolgeyo.
Time has flown.
(Lit. already this much.)
I have to go. (Lit. I will go.)

Minjun: Geurae, josimhaeseo ga. Ok, take care.
(Lit. be careful on your way)
UNIT 10 ?

322

Vocabulary

house

Seoul

is

yeah
? where +
S(h)insa Dong
?
but why?

is not; no

no reason

Its because Im curious

family
...?
What about?

all together

live

parents

Daejeon

are there [honorific] +and

younger sister

only with

live [casual]
, Ah, like that + [exclamatory ending]

already

time

like this; (this much)
has become + [ending, when you have just realised
something]

I [humble]

I have to go
,
yes; okay

take care in going
UNIT 10 ?

323

Vocabulary: Family

father

(boys) elder brother

mother

younger brother

son

younger sister

daughter

first

husband

second

wife

third

grandmother

youngest child/sibling

grandfather

cousin

(girls) elder sister

uncle

(boys) elder sister

auntie

(girls) elder brother

by ones self

In Korea, the arrangement of family relationships is extremely important, and
there is an elaborate system of kinship terms to describe the relationship you
have to your relatives.

So for example, there are different words for older brothers and sisters
depending on your sex. These words for older sister and brother, /
and /, are also commonly used between people who are not related.
When you feel close to someone who is older than you, you can call him or
her by the appropriate term for your sex. Koreans dont refer to or speak to
people who are older than them using their given names.

Koreans also distinguish between the fathers family and the mothers. The
terms given above for grandparents, uncles and aunts only refer to the fathers
family. If you were speaking about your mothers side, you would add the
UNIT 10 ?

324

word (meaning outside) in front of each of the terms: ,
, .

There are also other relationship terms without equivalent English
designations. Some of these are:

fathers elder brother

wife of fathers elder brother

fathers younger brother

wife of fathers younger brother

oldest older brother

the younger of ones older brothers

A feature of modern Western families is the frequency with which people
have second marriages. As a result, it is not uncommon to have stepbrothers
and sisters. The way a Korean would refer to these would be to add the word
in front of the corresponding kinship terms. For example, is a
girls older stepbrother. To specify half-siblings, you would add the term
instead: , . However, both these terms have a
negative connotation in Korea as divorce continues to be stigmatized, despite
becoming increasingly common.
UNIT 10 ?

325

Task 3: / ?
Ask your partner about his or her siblings. Circle the right kinship term in the
cells below and write down their ages.

[ ]
A:
/ ?
B:
, / , .
A:
, ?
B:
.
A:
/ ?
B:
.
A:
?
B:
.

Relationship Age
/
/
/
/
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
UNIT 10 ?

326

Task 4: Word Check
Write down the Korean words next to their English equivalents. The first one
has been done for you.

a.

h.

b.

i.

c.

j.
/
d.

k.

e.

l.

f.

m.

g.

1. father
2. mother
3. daughter
4. son
5. husband
6. wife
7. younger sister
8. elder brother to a female
9. elder sister to a male
10. elder sister to a female
11. elder brother to a male
12. younger brother
13. children
UNIT 10 ?

327

Honorific Subject and Topic Particles
When Koreans refer to their parents (and to seniors in general), they use
honorific words as a mark of respect. You have already seen the way that
verbs are modified in honorific speech. The subject and topic particles also
have an honorific form. The subject particle +/becomes + and the
topic particle +/ becomes +.

Subject Particle: + / +
Topic Particle: + / +

Examples:
1)
.
Mr Kim is busy these days.

2)
.
Grandfather is reading
the newspaper.

3)

.
President Park has gone to
America.

4)
.
My mother has gone on
a business trip.

5)

.
Professor Lee is giving a lecture
on Korean history.

6)

.
President Kim met
the Australian prime minister.
UNIT 10 ?

328

Possessive Pronouns
When we want to refer to the fact that something belongs to somebody in
English, we use possessive pronouns such as my, our, your, his, her,
and their. How you use the corresponding Korean words depends on styles
of speech. This is illustrated in the following table:

My Our Your His/Her Whose
CASUAL

HUMBLE

* * *
HONORIFIC * * *

Note that or is used instead of (your) in speaking because the
pronunciation of (your) is very similar to (my).

Examples :
1) A:
?
Whose book is this?
B:
.
Its my book.

2) A:
?
Whose purse is this?
B:
.
Its mine.

However, in Korean you dont often use the 2nd or 3rd person possessive
pronouns. In such cases you just link the item and persons name:

3)
: ?
Young-jin, Is this your book?

: . .
No, its my fathers.

UNIT 10 ?

329

As seen in 3), Koreans often use (our) when they mean (my). This
reflects the importance of the group in Korean culture. A Korean will refer to
his or her parents, school and company as , and
respectively. A man may even refer to his wife as (lit. our
house person). However, if you were talking about something which is yours
personally and not the groups (other than your spouse!), you would use or
, as in examples 1) and 2).
UNIT 10 ?

330

Vocabulary: Occupations

teacher

soldier

professor; lecturer

dancer

banker

police officer

doctor

farmer

chemist

miner

nurse

fisherman

attorney

novelist

judge

poet

public prosecutor

writer

office worker

musician

public servant

novelist

secretary

poet

business man

technician

politician

painter; artist

driver

cook

UNIT 10 ?

331

Task 5: ?
Use what you have learnt to talk about the members of your family and what
they do with a partner.

Relationship Occupation

UNIT 10 ?

332

/ ? Would you mind telling
me ?
Koreans can come across as a little rude to Westerners because they tend to
ask very personal questions. However, these personal details are considered
necessary in order to address people appropriately and use the correct level of
politeness. These questions are also a strategy to establish areas of
commonality between the speakers in order to build a relationship. The
phrase .../ ? is a very useful phrase for asking strangers
these kinds of personal questions. The phrase will also be used by somebody
who needs to know your personal information as part of his or her job, such as
a bank teller.

Examples:
1) ?
Could you give me your name please?
2) ?
Would you mind telling me your age?
3) ?
Could you tell me your birthday?
4) ?
Could you give me your date of birth?
5) ?
May I have your address?
6) ?
Could you tell me your phone number?
7) ?
Could you tell me your height?
8) ?
Could you tell me your weight?
9) ?
Could you give me your occupation?
10) ?
Could you tell me your hobbies?
11) ?
Could you tell me your nationality?
UNIT 10 ?

333

If you were asking about a junior or a child, you would ask such questions in
a more direct way such as:

12) ?
When is your (younger) sisters
birthday?

13) ?
How tall is your (younger) brother?
14) ?
What is your mobile phone number?
15) ?
What year were you born?
16) ?
What year did you enter university?
17) ?
What is your address?

UNIT 10 ?

334

Task 6: Role Play

Role A (Bank teller): You are a bank teller. You work in the new accounts
section. A customer wants to open a new account. Fill in the form below and
show your partner what you have written when you finish.

Role B (Customer): You are in a bank to open a new account. Answer the
bank tellers questions. When finished, check that s/he has got all the
information correct.

[ ]
A:

B:
.
A:
?
B:
.
A:
?
B:
.
A:
?
B:
,

.
A:
?
B:
.

: .
:
: .
: .
UNIT 10 ?

335

Task 7: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?
When is your birthday?
/?
When is your birthday?
A B .
It's the B of A.


birthday

year
1
January
2
February
3
March
4
April
5
May
6
June
7
July
8
August
9
September
10
October
11
November
12
December Sino-Korean numbers up to 31

Listen to these people saying when their birthdays are. Circle the day of
the month each person was born and write down the number of the dialogue
next to it. Ready? Listen!

UNIT 10 ?

336

Task 8: Listening

(EXPONENT)
?
(Honorific Expression)
What is your name?
?
What is your name?
A/.
I'm A.
/?
When is your birthdate?
A B C.
It's the C of B (Year) A.


name(colloquial form)
honorific form of
written form of
birthdate
Sino-Korean numbers up to 2000

hundred

thousand

You will hear a dialogue in which a bank clerk is asking people names and
birthdates for a new account. Write down their birthdates on the correct form
below. Ready? Listen!

The last form (No. 6) is for you. The clerk will ask you your name and date
of birth. Tell them to the clerk and write them down on the form. Ready?
Listen!
UNIT 10 ?

337

Task 9: Listening

(EXPONENT)
?,
Who is that person?
A.
She\he is A.
?/ ?
What is his/her age?
A(number) .
She/he is A years old.
?
What is her/his occupation?
A.
It is A.


over there

that

person

who

age

then

occupation

counting unit for age

lawyer

doctor

computer
engineer
colloquial form of
what

politician pure Korean numbers up to 40

is at a party and is asking her friend about people whom she does not
know. Write down their ages and occupations in the appropriate blanks.
Ready? Listen!

UNIT 10 ?

338

Sending a Text Message
As with English, Koreans like to use shortcuts and emoticons when sending a
text message. Shortcuts help to minimize the number of characters used such
as u = you in English. An emoticon is a character or collection of characters
that show some sort of emotion, and is useful for replacing some aspect of the
communication that would normally be conveyed through body language.
Koreans use them so much that a recent study showed that when text
messages did not include any emoticons, the recipient thought the sender was
angry (>.<)!

Examples:
()
exam
()
teacher
()
mail
()
sorry
()
game
()
Saturday
()
laughing
()
laughing
(^o^) laughing or excited
^^ happy or smiles
^-^ happy or smiles
^__^ happy or smiles
^^
happy or smiles
_
crying
>_< angry
>.< angry
UNIT 10 ?

339

Task 10: Reading
1. Read the following text from beginning to end without stopping, even if
you come across vocabulary that you dont know. Try to guess the meaning
through the context.
2. If you still have words that you dont know after you have tried guessing
from the context, ask your classmates. You will probably be able to
understand most of the new vocabulary using this method.
3. Ask your teacher about any remaining unknown vocabulary.

.
87 , .
2 .
.

.
, . ^-^

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
. !
UNIT 10 ?

340

TRANSCRIPT
OF
LISTENING
TASKS

TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS

342
Unit 1, Task 3
(Dialogue) 1
Seonyeong: ,
.
Thomas: , .

(Dialogue) 2
Susan: .
Yeongjin: , .
Susan: .
Yeongjin : .

(Dialogue) 3
Paul: .
Sumi: .
.
Paul: .
.
Sumi: .

(Dialogue) 4
Minseop: .
.
Amanda: ,
.
Minseop: .

Unit 1, Task 6
(Dialogue) 1:
Thomas: ,
.
Sumi: ,
.
(Thomas: L; Sumi S)

(Dialogue) 2
Yeongjin: ,
.
Susan: , .
(Yeongjin: S; Susan: L)

(Dialogue) 3
Paul: ,
.
Teacher: , .
(Paul: L; Teacher: S)

(Dialogue) 4
Minseop: ,
.
Amanda: ,
.
(Minseop: L; Amanda: L)


343
Unit 2, Task 2
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-

Can you see a whale? Well
done. If not, try again.

Unit 2, Task 3
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-

Can you see a yacht? Well
done. If not, try again.

Unit 2, Task 4
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-

Can you see a lighthouse?
Well done. If not, try again.

Unit 2, Task 5
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -, -,
-, -, -

Can you see the sun wearing
sunglasses? Well done.
If not, try again.

Unit 2, Task 7
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
12. 13.
14. 15.
16. 17.
18. 19.
20. 21.
22.


344
Unit 3, Task 5
(Dialogue) 1
: ?
1: , .
: , ?
1: , .
: , ?
1: , .
: , ?
1: ,
.
: , ?
1: , .
: ,
?
1: , .

(Dialogue) 2
: ?
2: , .
: , ?
2: ,
.
: , ?
2: , .
: , ?
2: , .
: , ?
2: , .
: ,
?
2: , .

(Dialogue) 3
: ?
3: , .
: , ?
3: , .
: , ?
3: , .
.
: ,
?
3: , .

Unit 4, Task 3
(Dialogue) 1
: , .
: , .
?
: .
: .
.


345
(Dialogue) 2
: , .
: , .
?
: .
: .
.

(Dialogue) 3
: , .
: , .
.
: ?
: .
?
: .

(Dialogue) 4
: , .
: , .
?
: .
?
: .

Unit 5, Task 2
(Dialogue) 1
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 2
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 3
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 4
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 5
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 6
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 7
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 8
A : ?

346
B : .

(Dialogue) 9
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 10
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 11
A : ?
B : .

(Dialogue) 12
A : ?
B : .

Unit 6, Task 1
1.A : ?
B : .

2.A : ?
B : .

3.A : ?
B : .

4.A : ?
B : .

5.A : ?
B : .

6.A : ?
B : .

7.A : ?
B : .

8.A : ?
B : .

9.A : ?
B : .

10.A : ?
B : .

11.A : ?
B : .

12.A : ?
B : .


347
Unit 6, Task 6
(Dialogue) 1
: ?
?
: , .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .

(Dialogue) 2
: , .
: , , .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .

(Dialogue) 3
: , .
: , , .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .

(Dialogue) 4
: , .
: , .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .

Unit 6, Task 8
(Dialogue) 1
: , .
: , .
: ?
: , .
: ,
?
: , .

(Dialogue) 2
: , .
: , , .
: ?
: , .
: ,
?
: , .

(Dialogue) 3
: , .
: , , .

348
: ?
: ,
: ,
?
: , .

(Dialogue) 4
: , .
: , .
: ?
: , .
: ,
?
: , .

Unit 7, Task 2
(Dialogue) 1
I.O. : ?
(Immigration Officer)
1: .
(Dialogue) 2
I.O. : ?
2: .

(Dialogue) 3
I.O. : ?
3: .

(Dialogue) 4
I.O. : ?
4: .

(Dialogue) 5
I.O. : ?
5: .

(Dialogue) 6
I.O. : ?
6: .

You will hear an extension of
each dialogue.
The immigration officer is
asking people which city in
their countries they come from.
Choose the city that you hear
and put a mark in the box
next to it. Ready? Listen!

(Dialogue) 1
I.O. : ?
1: .
I.O : ?
1: .


349
(Dialogue) 2
I.O. : ?
2: .
I.O : ?
2: .

(Dialogue) 3
I.O. : ?
3: .
I.O : ?
3: .

(Dialogue) 4
I.O. : ?
4: .
I.O : ?
4: .

(Dialogue) 5
I.O. : ?
5: .
I.O :
?
5: .

(Dialogue) 6
I.O. : ?
6: .
I.O : ?
6: .

Unit 7, Task 4
(Dialogue) 1
: ?
detective
:
.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:
.

(Dialogue) 2
: ?
:
.
: ?
:

350
.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:
.

(Dialogue) 3
: ?
: .
: ?
:
.
: ?
:

.
: ?
:

.
: ?
:
.

(Dialogue) 4
: ?
: .
: ?
:

.
: ?
:

.
: ?
:
.
: ?
:

.
: ?
:
.

Unit 8, Task 3
1. A : ?
B : , .

351
2. A : ?
B : , .
3. A : ?
B : , .
4. A : ?
B : , .
5. A : ?
B : , .
6. A : ?
B : , .
7. A : ?
B : , .
8. A : ?
B : , .
9. A : ?
B : , .
10. A : ?
B : , .
11. A : ?
B : , .
12. A : ?
B : , .
13. A : ?
B : , .
14. A : ?
B : , .
15. A : ?
B : , .
16. A : ?
B : , .
17. A : ?
B : , .
18. A : ?
B : , .
19. A : ?
B : , .
20. A : ?
B : , .

Unit 8, Task 8
(Dialogue) 1
( ; in a fruit shop)
: .
shop assistant
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .
: ,
.

(Dialogue) 2
(;
in a small supermarket)

352
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .
.
: ,

.

(Dialogue) 3
( ;
in a bottle shop)
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: , .
.
: ,
.

Unit 8, Task 10
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.
You are going to hear the
numbers again. However, this
time write down the number
that you hear, if possible, in
Korean. Ready? Listen!

11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20.

Unit 8, Task 11
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.

Unit 8, Task 14
(Dialogue) 1
: .
waiter
: .

(Dialogue) 2
: .
:
.


353
(Dialogue) 3
: .
?
:
.

Unit 9, Task 1
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
time write down the numbers

12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
21. 22.

Unit 9, Task 2
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.

Unit 9, Task 3
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
10.

time write down the numbers

11. 12. 13.
14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19.
20.

Unit 9, Task 4
1.A : ?
B : .

2.A : ?
B : .

3.A : ?
B : .

4.A : ?

354
B : .

5.A : ?
B : .
6.A : ?
B : .

7.A : ?
B : .

8.A : ?
B : .
9.A : ?
B : .

10.A : ?
B : .

11.A : ?
B : .

12.A : ?
B : .

Unit 9, Task 6
(Dialogue) 1
: .
shop assistant
:
.
: .
(Here your are.)
: ?
: .

(Dialogue) 2
: .
:
.
: .
: ?
: .

(Dialogue) 3
: .
:

.
: .
: ?
: .

(Dialogue) 4
: .
:


355
.
: .
: ?
: .

Unit 9, Task 15
1. : ?
1 : .

2. : ?
2 : .

3. : ?
3 : .
: ,
?
3 : .

4. : ?
4 : .
: ?
4 :
.
: , .
.

Unit 10, Task 7
1. A : ?
B : .

2. A : ?
B : .

3. A : ?
B : .

4. A : ?
B : .

5. A : ?
B : .

6. A : ?
B : .

7. A : ?
B : .

8. A : ?
B : .

9. A : ?
B : .
10. A : ?

356
B : .

11. A : ?
B : .

12. A : ?
B : .

Unit 10, Task 8
(Dialogue) 1
A : ?
B : .
A : ----.

?
B :
.

(Dialogue) 2
A : ?
B : .
A : ----.

?
B :
.

(Dialogue) 3
A : ?
B : .
A : ----.

?
B :
.

(Dialogue) 4
A : ?
B : .
A : ----.

?
B :
.

(Dialogue) 5
A : ?
B : .
A : ----.

?
B :
.


357
The last form is for you. The
clerk will ask you your name
and birthdate. Tell them to her
and write them down on the
form.

(Dialogue) 6
A : ?
B : _________________.
A :
?
B : _______
_______ ______.

Unit 10, Task 9
1. :
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .

2. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .

3. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .

4. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .


358

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

360
Notes for Verb and Adjective Tables

An asterisk (*) following a word in the table is used to indicate an exception
to the conjugation rule. For example, is the very polite form of eat
(not ).

Where headings do not distinguish between a question or statement form,
the same form is used for both.

An x indicates that the conjugation for that cell is not applicable. For
example, there is no formal very polite form of (cheap), ,
because the subject of the sentence would not be a human being and
therefore we cannot use an honorific form.

A q following a word in the table is used to indicate that the form given
only applies to questions. For example, ? can only be used to
say Do you find it delicious? and not That food is delicious, because the
subject of the sentence is not a human being and therefore we cannot use an
honorific form.

The Korean words for handsome, old (human being), old (things), thin
(people) and ugly are often used with , so this has been added to the
stems of each (stem+):

+
+
+
+
+
APPENDIX

361
For certain perception words such (interesting) and (tired),
the very polite statement form(+) cannot be used for third persons.
Therefore, this form has been omitted from the tables, where the +/
form can be used as the alternative.
(hate; dislike) is listed under the title of adjectives since it is an adjective
in Korean and does not follow the same conjugation rules as a verb.

Instead of dictionary form, the verb or adjective stem has been provided in
the following appendices. Therefore, you will need to add to the stem to
look up a particular word in the dictionary. For example,would appear
under .
APPENDIX

362
Special Conjugation Rules of Verb & Adjective

rule
When the stem ends in, the is removed when the next
syllable starts with a vowel. For example, (build) becomes
( build) and (if you build).

Rule
syllable starts with a vowel . For example, becomes
(listen).

rule
syllable starts with , , , , or . For example, (long)
becomes (is long) and (because its long).

rule
When the stem ends in, the changes into before +
and before +. For example, becomes (help)
and becomes(beautiful).

rule
When the stem ends in , the is deleted when the next
syllable starts with a vowel. For example, (big)
becomes(is big) and (sick) becomes (is sick).

rule
When forming the +/ form of stems that end in, is
deleted and +/are added to the stem. For example
becomes (cut) and becomes (sing).

rule
For stems ending in , can be found instead of in
some formal writing.

APPENDIX

363

rule
When the adjective stem ends in , the is deleted when the
next syllable starts with or . For example,
becomes (ifis blue).

The following rules are less common:

rule
When forming the +/form of (go) to give a
command, is used.

rule
When forming the +/form of (come) to give a
command, is used.

rule
When forming the + or +form of some stems such as
and , + and + are used instead. For example,
(reach so that); (is blue so that).

rule
When forming the + or +form of some stems such as
, is deleted. For example(scoop up and).

APPENDIX

364
Appendix 1: Copular be

Present Tense (is and are)
Casual
Question
Casual
Question
Casual Polite Very Polite
be +?
+?
+?
+?
+
+
+
+
+
+
be not ? ?

Past Tense (was and were)
Casual
Question
Casual
Question
be +?
+?
+?
+?
+
+
+
+
+
+
be not ? ?

Future Tense (will be)
Casual
Question
Casual
Question
be x x +
+
+
+
+
+
be not x x

With +() ending
Present Past Future (Suppostition)
be +()
+()
+()
+()
+ ()
+ ()
be not () x ()

APPENDIX

365

Formal
Statement

Formal
Statement
Very Polite
Formal
Question

Formal
Question
Very Polite
be +
+
+
+
+?
+?
+?
+?
be not ? ?

Formal
Statement

Formal
Statement
Very Polite
Formal
Question

Formal
Question
Very Polite
be +
+
+
+
+?
+?
+?
+?
be not ? ?

Formal
Statement

Formal
Statement
Very Polite
Formal
Question

Formal
Question
Very Polite
be +
+
+
+
x x
be not x x

With +ending
Present Past Future (Suppostition)
be +
+
+
+
+
+
be not

APPENDIX

366
Appendix 2: Verb Present Tense Endings

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
ask
()
build
()
buy
()
call
()
choose
()
clean
()
come
()
cook
() ()
dance
() ()
do
()
draw
()
drink
() *
eat
() *
give
()
go
()
go regularly
()
help
()
leave
()
listen
()
live
()
marry
()
meet
()
order
()
APPENDIX

367

Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

* *
* *

APPENDIX

368

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Polite

+/
Very Polite

+()
play
()
quit (job)
()
quit (smoking)
()
read
()
rest
()
sing
()
sit down
()
sleep
() *
smoke
()
speak
()
stand up
()
start
()
study
()
swim
()
take (vehicle)
()
talk
() *
wait
()
walk
()
watch
()
wear
()
wear (shoes)
()
work
()
write
()

APPENDIX

369
Formal
Statement
+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

* *

* *

APPENDIX

370
Appendix 3: Verb Past Tense Endings

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
ask
()
build
()
buy
()
call
()
choose
()
clean
()
come
()
cook
() ()
dance
() ()
do
()
draw
()
drink
() *
eat
() *
give
()
go
()
go regularly
()
help
()
leave
()
listen
()
live
()
marry
()
meet
()
order
()

APPENDIX

371

Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

* *
* *

APPENDIX

372

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
play
()
quit (job)
()
quit
(smoking)
()
read
()
rest
()
sing
()
sit down
()
sleep
() *
smoke
()
speak
()
stand up
()
start
()
study
()
swim
()
take (vehicle)
()
talk
() *
wait
()
walk
()
watch
()
wear
()
wear (shoes)
()
work
()
write
()

APPENDIX

373
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

* *

* *

APPENDIX

374
Appendix 4: Verb Future Tense Endings

Stem Casual

+()
Polite

+()
Very Polite

+()
ask

build

buy

call

choose

clean

come

cook
()
dance
()
do

draw

drink
*
eat
*
give

go

go regularly

help

leave

listen

live

marry

meet

order

APPENDIX

375

Formal Statement

+()
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+() ?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+() ?
?

* *
* *

APPENDIX

376

Stem Casual

+()
Polite

+()
Very Polite

+()
play

quit (job)

quit (smoking)

read

rest

sing

sit down

sleep
*
smoke

speak

stand up

start

study

swim

take (vehicle)

talk
*
wait

walk

watch

wear

wear (shoes)

work

write

APPENDIX

377
Formal Statement

+()
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+() ?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+() ?

* *

* *

APPENDIX

378
Appendix 5: Verb with +()()?; +()(),

Stem Shall we?

+()() ?
I want to /
Do you want to?
+()()
ask
() ()
build
() ()
buy
() ()
call
() ()
choose
() ()
clean
() ()
come
() ()
cook
() () ()
dance
() () ()
do
() ()
draw
() ()
drink
() ()
eat
() ()
give
() ()
go
() ()
go regularly
() ()
help
() ()
leave
() ()
listen
() ()
live
() ()
marry
() ()
meet
() ()
order
() ()
APPENDIX

379
+()()?; +()?; +()(),+
Would you like to?
(Very Polite)
+()?
Would you like to?
(Very Polite Formal)
+()?
I will

+()()
I will
+
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
APPENDIX

380

Stem Shall we?

+()() ?
I want to /
Do you want to?
+()()
play
() ()
quit (job)
() ()
quit (smoking)
() ()
read
() ()
rest
() ()
sing
() ()
sit down
() ()
sleep
() ()
smoke
() ()
speak
() ()
stand up
() ()
start
() ()
study
() ()
swim
() ()
take (vehicle)
() ()
talk
() ()
wait
() ()
walk
() ()
watch
() ()
wear
() ()
wear (shoes)
() ()
work
() ()
write
() ()

APPENDIX

381
Would you like to?
(Very Polite)
+()?
Would you like to?
+()?
I will

+()()
I will
+
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * () *
()
()
()
()
()
()
()

APPENDIX

382
Appendix 6: Verbs with +; +

Stem Lets
+
and
+
ask

build

buy

call

choose

clean

come

cook
()
dance
()
do

draw

drink

eat

give

go

go regularly

help

leave

listen

live

marry

meet

order

APPENDIX

383

Stem Lets
+
and
+
play

quit (job)

quit (smoking)

read

rest

sing

sit down

sleep

smoke

speak

stand up

start

study

swim

take (vehicle)

talk

wait

walk

watch

wear

wear (shoes)

work

write

APPENDIX

384
Appendix 7: Verbs with +(),+/()

Stem and / but
(present)
+()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
ask
() () ()
build
() () ()
buy
() () ()
call
() () ()
choose
() () ()
clean
() () ()
come
() () ()
cook
() () () ()
dance
() () () ()
do
() () ()
draw
() () ()
drink
() () ()
eat
() () ()
give
() () ()
go
() () ()
go regularly
() () ()
help
() () ()
leave
() () ()
listen
() () ()
live
() () ()
marry
() () ()
meet
() () ()
order
() () ()

APPENDIX

385
& +() ()

Stem and / but
(present)
+()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
play
() () ()
quit (job)
() () ()
quit (smoking)
() () ()
read
() () ()
rest
() () ()
sing
() () ()
sit down
() () ()
sleep
() () ()
smoke
() () ()
speak
() () ()
stand up
() () ()
start
() () ()
study
() () ()
swim
() () ()
take (vehicle)
() () ()
talk
() () ()
wait
() () ()
walk
() () ()
watch
() () ()
wear
() () ()
wear (shoes)
() () ()
work
() () ()
write
() () ()
APPENDIX

386
Appendix 8: Verbs with +(),+/()

Stem Its because
(present)
+()
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(future)
+() ()
ask
() () ()
build
() () ()
buy
() () ()
call
() () ()
choose
() () ()
clean
() () ()
come
() () ()
cook
() () () ()
dance
() () () ()
do
() () ()
draw
() () ()
drink
() () ()
eat
() () ()
give
() () ()
go
() () ()
go regularly
() () ()
help
() () ()
leave
() () ()
listen
() () ()
live
() () ()
marry
() () ()
meet
() () ()
order
() () ()

APPENDIX

387
&+() ()

Stem Its because
(present)
+()
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(future)
+()
play
() () ()
quit (job)
() () ()
quit (smoking)
() () ()
read
() () ()
rest
() () ()
sing
() () ()
sit down
() () ()
sleep
() () ()
smoke
() () ()
speak
() () ()
stand up
() () ()
start
() () ()
study
() () ()
swim
() () ()
take (vehicle)
() () ()
talk
() () ()
wait
() () ()
walk
() () ()
watch
() () ()
wear
() () ()
wear (shoes)
() () ()
work
() () ()
write
() () ()
APPENDIX

388
Appendix 9: Casual Verb Endings+/,+/,

Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
Future
+()
ask

build

buy

call

choose

clean

come

cook
()
dance
()
do

draw

drink

eat

give

go

go regularly

help

leave

listen

live

marry

meet

order

APPENDIX

389
+() ; +()?; +(); +()
Shall we?
+()?
I want to
+()
I will
+()

APPENDIX

390

Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
Future
+()
play

quit (job)

quit (smoking)

read

rest

sing

sit down

sleep

smoke

speak

stand up

start

study

swim

take (vehicle)

talk

wait

walk

watch

wear

wear (shoes)

work

write

APPENDIX

391
Shall we?
+()?
I want to
+()
I will
+()

APPENDIX

392
Appendix 10: Adjective Present Tense Endings

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
afraid
()
bad
()
beautiful
()
big
()
boring
()
bright
()
busy
()
cheap
()
q

clean
()
close
()
cloudy
()
cold(thing)
()
cold
()
complicated
()
cool
()
cute
()
dangerous
()
dark
()
deep
()
delicious
()
q

APPENDIX

393

Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x x

x

x

x

APPENDIX

394

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
difficult
()
diligent
()
dirty
()
easy
()
expensive
()
far
()
fat
()
fine(weather)
()
fun
(enjoyable)
()
good
()
handsome
+ ()
happy
()
happy
()
hate/dislike
()
q

heavy
()
high
()
hot
()
hot (spicy)
()
hot
(temperature)
()
q

interesting
(fun )
()

APPENDIX

395
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

APPENDIX

396

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
interesting
(attention)
()
q

kind
()
lazy
()
light
()
long
()
low
()
narrow
()
noisy
()
numerous
()
old (people)
+ ()
old (thing)
+ () x
pretty
()
quick
()
quiet
()
sad
()
q

salty
()
shallow
()
short
()
sick
()
slim
()

APPENDIX

397
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

x x

x

APPENDIX

398

Stem Casual
Question
+?
Casual
Question
+?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
slow
()
small
()
small
(quantity)
()
smart
()
strong
()
tall
()
tasteless
()
q

thick
()
thin (people)
+ ()
thin (thing)
()
thirsty
()
q

tired
()
q

ugly
+ ()
warm
()
weak
()
wide
()
young
()

APPENDIX

399
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

x
x

APPENDIX

400
Appendix 11: Adjective Past Tense Endings

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
afraid
()
bad
()
beautiful
()
big
()
boring
()
bright
()
busy
()
cheap
()
q

clean
()
close
()
cloudy
()
cold (thing)
()
cold
()
q

complicated
()
cool
()
cute
()
dangerous
()
dark
()
deep
()
delicious
()
q

APPENDIX

401

Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x x

x

x

APPENDIX

402

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
difficult
()
diligent
()
dirty
()
easy
()
expensive
()
far
()
fat
()
fine
(weather)
()
fun
(enjoyable)
()
good
()
handsome
+ ()
happy

()

happy
()
hate/dislike
()
q

heavy
()
high
()
hot
()
hot (spicy)
()
hot
(temperature)
()
q

interesting
(fun )
()
q

APPENDIX

403
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

*

q

x

APPENDIX

404

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
interesting
(attention)
()
kind
()
lazy
()
light
()
long
() *
low
()
narrow
()
noisy
()
numerous
()
old (people)
+ ()
old (thing)
+ () x
pretty
()
quick
()
quiet
()
sad
()
q

salty
()
shallow
()
short
()
sick
()
slim
()

APPENDIX

405
Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

x x

x

APPENDIX

406

Stem Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
Question
+/?
Casual
(Polite)
+/()
Very Polite

+()
slow
()
small
()
small
(quantity)
()
smart
()
strong
()
tall
()
tasteless
()
q

thick
()
thin
(people)
+ ()
thin (thing)
()
thirsty
()
q

tired
()
q

ugly
+ ()
warm
()
weak
()
wide
()
young
()

APPENDIX

407

Formal Statement

+/
Formal Statement
Very Polite
+()
Formal Question

+/?
Formal Question
Very Polite
+()?

x

x
x

APPENDIX

408
Appendix 12: Adjective Future Tense Endings
Stem

Supposition
Casual
+()
Supposition
Polite
+()
afraid

bad

beautiful

big

boring

bright

busy

cheap

clean

close

cloudy

cold(thing)

cold

complicated

cool

cute

dangerous

dark

deep

delicious

APPENDIX

409

Supposition
Very Polite
+()
Supposition
Polite Formal
+()
Supposition
Very Polite Formal
+()

APPENDIX

410
Stem

Supposition
Casual
+()
Supposition
Polite
+()
difficult

diligent

dirty

easy

expensive

far

fat

fine(weather)

fun (enjoyable)

good

handsome
+
happy

happy

hate/dislike

heavy

high

hot

hot (spicy)

hot (temperature)

interesting (fun )

APPENDIX

411
Supposition
Very Polite
+()
Supposition
Polite Formal
+()
Supposition
Very Polite Formal
+()

APPENDIX

412
Stem

Supposition
Casual
+()
Supposition
Polite
+()
interesting
(attention)

kind

lazy

light

long

low

narrow

noisy

numerous

old (people)
(future)
+ (supposition)

old (thing)
(future)
+ (supposition)

pretty

quick

quiet

sad

salty

shallow

short

sick

slim

APPENDIX

413
Supposition
Very Polite
+()
Supposition
Polite Formal
+()
Supposition
Very Polite Formal
+()

* *

/
*

x

x

APPENDIX

414
Stem

Supposition
Casual
+()
Supposition
Polite
+()
slow

small

small (quantity)

smart

strong

tall

tasteless

thick

thin(people)
+
thin(thing)

thirsty

tired

ugly
+
warm

weak

wide

young

APPENDIX

415
Supposition
Very Polite
+()
Supposition
Polite Formal
+()
Supposition
Very Polite Formal
+()

APPENDIX

416
Appendix 13: Adjectives with +; +()
Stem and
+
Exclamation
+()
afraid
()
bad
()
beautiful
()
big
()
boring
()
bright
()
busy
()
cheap
()
clean
()
close
()
cloudy
()
cold(thing)
()
cold
()
complicated
()
cool
()
cute
()
dangerous
()
dark
()
deep
()
delicious
()

APPENDIX

417

Stem and
+
Exclamation
+()
difficult
()
diligent
()
dirty
()
easy
()
expensive
()
far
()
fat
()
fine(weather)
()
fun (enjoyable)
()
good
()
handsome
+ ()
happy
()
happy
()
hate/dislike
()
heavy
()
high
()
hot
()
hot (spicy)
()
hot (temperature)
()
interesting (fun )
()

APPENDIX

418
Stem and
+
Exclamation
+()
interesting
(attention)
()
kind
()
lazy
()
light
()
long
()
low
()
narrow
()
noisy
()
numerous
()
old (people)
+ ()
old (thing)
+ ()
pretty
()
quick
()
quiet
()
sad
()
salty
()
shallow
()
short
()
sick
()
slim
()

APPENDIX

419
Stem and
+
Exclamation
+()
slow
()
small
()
small (quantity)
()
smart
()
strong
()
tall
()
tasteless
()
thick
()
thin(people)
+ ()
thin(thing)
()
thirsty
()
tired
()
ugly
+ ()
warm
()
weak
()
wide
()
young
()

APPENDIX

420
Appendix 14: Adjectives with +()(),
Stem and / but
(present)
+()()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
afraid
() () ()
bad
() () ()
beautiful
() () ()
big
() () ()
boring
() () ()
bright
() () ()
busy
() () ()
cheap
() () ()
clean
() () ()
close
() () ()
cloudy
() () ()
cold(thing)
() () ()
cold
() () ()
complicated
() () ()
cool
() () ()
cute
() () ()
dangerous
() () ()
dark
() () ()
deep
() () ()
delicious
() () ()

APPENDIX

421
+() & +() ()
Stem and / but
(present)
+()()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
difficult
() () ()
diligent
() () ()
dirty
() () ()
easy
() () ()
expensive
() () ()
far
() () ()
fat
() () ()
fine(weather)
() () ()
fun (enjoyable)
() () ()
good
() () ()
handsome
+ () () ()
happy
() () ()
happy
() () ()
hate/dislike
() () ()
heavy
() () ()
high
() () ()
hot
() () ()
hot (spicy)
() () ()
hot (temperature)
() () ()
interesting (fun )
() () ()

APPENDIX

422

Stem and / but
(present)
+()()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
interesting
(attention)
() () ()
kind
() () ()
lazy
() () ()
light
() () ()
long
() () ()
low
() () ()
narrow
() () ()
noisy
() () ()
numerous
() () ()
old (people)
+ () () ()/
()
old (thing)
+ () () ()
()
pretty
() () ()
quick
() () ()
quiet
() () ()
sad
() () ()
salty
() () ()
shallow
() () ()
short
() () ()
sick
() () ()
slim
() () ()

APPENDIX

423

Stem and / but
(present)
+()()
and / but
(past)
+/()
and / but
(future)
+() ()
slow
() () ()
small
() () ()
small (quantity)
() () ()
smart
() () ()
strong
() () ()
tall
() () ()
tasteless
() () ()
thick
() () ()
thin(people)
+ () () ()
thin(thing)
() () ()
thirsty
() () ()
tired
() () ()
ugly
+ () () ()
warm
() () ()
weak
() () ()
wide
() () ()
young
() () ()

APPENDIX

424
Appendix 15: Adjectives with +(),
Stem Its because
(present)
+().
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(past)
+() ()
afraid
() () ()
bad
() () ()
beautiful
() () ()
big
() () ()
boring
() () ()
bright
() () ()
busy
() () ()
cheap
() () ()
clean
() () ()
close
() () ()
cloudy
() () ()
cold(thing)
() () ()
cold
() () ()
complicated
() () ()
cool
() () ()
cute
() () ()
dangerous
() () ()
dark
() () ()
deep
() () ()
delicious
() () ()

APPENDIX

425
+/() & +() ()
Stem Its because
(present)
+().
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(past)
+() ()
difficult
() () ()
diligent
() () ()
dirty
() () ()
easy
() () ()
expensive
() () ()
far
() () ()
fat
() () ()
fine(weather)
() () ()
fun (enjoyable)
() () ()
good
() () ()
handsome
+ () () ()
happy
() () ()
happy
() () ()
hate/dislike
() () ()
heavy
() () ()
high
() () ()
hot
() () ()
hot (spicy)
() () ()
hot
(temperature)
() () ()
interesting (fun )
() () ()

APPENDIX

426
Stem Its because
(present)
+().
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(past)
+() ()
interesting
(attention)
() () ()
kind
() () ()
lazy
() () ()
light
() () ()
long
() () ()
low
() () ()
narrow
() () ()
noisy
() () ()
numerous
() () ()
old (people)
+ ()() () ()/
()
old (thing)
+ ()() () ()
()
pretty
() () ()
quick
() () ()
quiet
() () ()
sad
() () ()
salty
() () ()
shallow
() () ()
short
() () ()
sick
() () ()
slim
() () ()

APPENDIX

427
Stem Its because
(present)
+().
Its because
(past)
+/()
Its because
(past)
+() ()
slow
() () ()
small
() () ()
small (quantity)
() () ()
smart
() () ()
strong
() () ()
tall
() () ()
tasteless
() () ()
thick
() () ()
thin(people)
+ () () ()
thin(thing)
() () ()
thirsty
() () ()
tired
() () ()
ugly
+ () () ()
warm
() () ()
weak
() () ()
wide
() () ()
young
() () ()

APPENDIX

428
Appendix 16: Casual Adjective Endings
Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
Future / Supposition
+()
afraid

bad

beautiful

big

boring

bright

busy

cheap

clean

close

cloudy

cold(thing)

cold

complicated

cool

cute

dangerous

dark

deep

delicious

APPENDIX

429
+/, +/, +()
Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
+()
difficult

diligent

dirty

easy

expensive

far

fat

fine(weather)

fun (enjoyable)

good

handsome
+
happy

happy

hate/dislike

heavy

high

hot

hot (spicy)

hot (temperature)

interesting (fun )

APPENDIX

430
Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
+()
interesting
(attention)

kind

lazy

light

long

low

narrow

noisy

numerous

old (people)
+ /

old (thing)
+

pretty

quick

quiet

sad

salty

shallow

short

sick

slim

APPENDIX

431
Stem Present
+/
Past
+/
+()
slow

small

small
(quantity)

smart

strong

tall

thick

thin(people)
+
thin(thing)

thirsty

tired

tasteless

ugly
+
warm

weak

wide

young

APPENDIX

432
Appendix 17: Particles and Suffixes
+/
+ (honorific)
Topic Particles
(after nouns, pronouns)
.
.
+/
+ (honorific)
Subject Particles
.
.
+/ Object Particles
.
+/

+ (honorific)
Direction Particles
(with people)
to (a person)
.
.
+()/() Source Particles

from (a person)
.
+ Destination Particle

to (a location)
.
+() Dictection Particle

to, towards
.
+ Location Particle

in; at; on
.
+ Location Particle
(with action verb)
in; at; on
.
+() Instrument Particle by means of
.
+ Possessive
Particle
's

... Delimiter Particle from ... to (distance)

Delimiter Particle from ... to (time)

+ Delimiter Particle only
10
+ (with negative) Delimiter Particle only; no more than
10 .
+ Delimiter Particle each, every, all

+ Emphasis Particle also, too

APPENDIX

433

+ (+)
+ (+)
+ (+)
Combined Emphasis
Particles

+ Plural Suffix students

+
+/
+()
Conjunction Particles
(between nouns)
and

with

+() Conjunction Particle
(between nouns)
or

+ Comparision Particle rather than, compared with

Reasons

because of

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