Iec60 1

60-1 IEC 1989
- 1-
tiu chun
IEC
quc t
60-1
xut bn
ln th hai
1989-11
K thut
th nghim cao p
Phn 1 :
Cc nh ngha v
m t tng qut
v cc php th
1989
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Hiu nh li ti liu ny
Ni dung cc n phm IEC phi c IEC xem xt li thng xuyn ,
nh vy m bo rng ni dung phn nh tnh trng cng ngh hin
hnh .
Thng tin v cng vic xem xt ny , vic pht hnh cc n phm
c xem xt li v cc t bn sa i c th c nhn t cc U
ban quc gia IEC v t cc ngun IEC sau :
Thng bo ca IEC
Nin gim ca IEC
Ca-ta-l ca cc n phm IEC xut bn hng nm
H thng thut ng
i vi h thng thut ng chung , cc c gi nn tham kho n

phm IEC 50 : Thut ng k thut in Quc t (IEV) c xut bn
thnh dng cc chng ring l mi chng gii quyt mt lnh vc
ring bit , Bng mc lc tng qut c xut bn nh mt quyn ring
l . Cc chi tit y ca IEV c cp theo yu cu .
Nhng thut ng v nh ngha cha trong n phm hin ti
c ly ra hoc t IEV hoc c tn ng v mc tiu ca n
phm ny .
Cc k hiu th v ch
i vi cc k hiu th , v k hiu ch v cc du c IEC
tn ng s dng chung , cc c gi tham kho :
- n phm IEC 27 : Cc k hiu ch c dng trong k thut in ;
- n phm IEC 617 : Cc k hiu th i vi cc s .
Nhng k hiu v cc du nm trong n phm hin ti hoc c
ly t n phm IEC hoc 617 , hoc c tn ng c bit i vi
mc tiu ca n phm ny .
Cc n phm ca IEC c son tho bi cng U ban k thut
Cc c gi ch ti ba mt sau lit k cc n phm ca IEC
c pht hnh bi U ban k thut son tho n phm ny .
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Ni dung
Phn 1 : Tng qut
1
2
Phm vi p dng............................................
Mc tiu........................................................
Phn 2 : Cc nh ngha tng qut

3
Cc xung.......................................................
3.1 Cc xung st v xung thao tc...............................
4 Cc c tnh lin quan n cc in p
phng in nh thng v th nghim...............
4.1 Phng in nh thng........................................
4.2 c tnh ca in p th nghim......................
4.3 in p phng in nh thng ca mt i
tng th nghim..........................................................
4.4 c tnh thng k ca in p phng in
nh thng.................................................................
4.5 in p chu ng ca mt i tng th
nghim.......................................................................
4.6 in p phng in nh thng m bo ca
mt i tng th nghim............................................
5 Phn loi cch in trong cc i tng th
nghim............................................................
5.1 Cch in bn ngoi............................................
5.2 Cch in bn trong............................................
5.3 Cch in t hi phc..........................................
5.4 Cch in khng t hi phc...............................
Phn 3 : Cc yu cu chung v php th
6 Cc yu cu chung i vi cc th tc th
nghim............................................................
7 B tr chung ca i tng th nghim..........
8 Cc th nghim kh.....................................
9 Cc th nghim t........................................
9.1 Th tc th nghim t tiu chun.........................
9.2 Cc th tc truyn thng i vi cc th
nghim t vi cc in p xoay chiu.........................
10 Cc th nghim nhim nhn to................
10.1 Chun b i tng th nghim........................
10.2 Cc th tc th nghim....................................
10.3 Mc nhim bn..........................................
11 Cc iu kin kh quyn............................
11.1 Kh quyn tham chiu tiu chun.....................
11.2 H s hiu chnh kh quyn..........................
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11.4 Cc yu cu i khng i vi th nghim

cch in bn trong v bn ngoi..............................
11.5 o m...........................................................
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Phn 4 :
- 6-
Cc php th vi in p mt chiu
12 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim
in p mt chiu............................................
12.1 Gi tr ca in p th nghim.......................
12.2 Gn sng.............................................................
13
in p th nghim...................................
13.1 Cc quy nh i vi in p th nghim.......
13.2 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim.......................
13.3 o lng in p th nghim..............................
13.4 o lng dng in th nghim........................
14 Cc th tc th nghim................................
14.1 Cc th nghim in p chu ng................
14.2 Cc th nghim in p phng in nh
thng..........................................................................
thng m bo..........................................................
Phn 5 : Cc php th vi in p xoay chiu
in p xoay chiu...........................................
15.1 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim
in p xoay chiu....................................................
15.2 Gi tr nh.....................................................
15.3 Gi tr hiu dng...............................................
16 in p th nghim......................................
16.1 Cc yu cu i vi in p th nghim..........
16.2 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim.....................
16.3 Php o in p th nghim.........................
17 Cc th tc th nghim...............................
thng..........................................................................
thng m bo..........................................................
Phn 6 : Th nghim vi xung st
xung st..........................................................
18.1 Cc nh ngha c tnh p dng chung.........
18.2 Cc nh ngha ch p dng cho cc xung
b ct.........................................................................
18.3 Cc ng cong in p / thi gian.................
19 in p th nghim......................................
19.1 Xung st tiu chun.........................................
19.2 Cc dung sai......................................................
19.3 Xung st tiuchun b ct..............................
19.4 Cc xung st c bit....................................
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19.5 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim.....................

19.6 o lng in p th nghim v xc nh
dng xung....................................................................
19.7 o lng dng in trong cc th nghim vi
cc in p xung........................................................
20
Cc th tc th nghim.............................
20.2 Cc th tc i vi cc th nghim in p
phng in n tia m bo.....................................
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Phn 7 : Th nghim vi xung thao tc

xung thao tc....................................................
21.1 Xung thao tc...................................................
21.2 Gi tr ca in p th nghim......................
21.3
Thi gian t ti nh TP................................
21.4 Khong thi gian t ti na gi tr T2.............
21.5 Khong thi gian t ti trn 90% Td.................
21.6 Khong thi gian ti Z- ro To.............................
21.7 Khong thi gian ti ct TC.................................
21.8 Xung c u sng tuyn tnh........................
22 in p th nghim......................................
22.1 Xung ng ct tiu chun..............................
22.2
Cc dung sai....................................................
22.3
Cc xung thao tc c bit..........................
22.4 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim.......................
22.5 Php o in p th nghim v xc nh
dng xung....................................................................
23 Cc th tc th nghim..............................
Phn 8 : Th nghim vi dng in xung
dng in xung...............................................
24.1 Dng in xung..............................................
24.2
Gi tr ca dng in th nghim................
24.3
Khong thi gian u sng T1........................
24.5 Thi gian ti na gi tr T2................................
24.6
Khong thi gian ca mt dng in xung
ch nht Td.................................................................
24.7
Khong thi gian tng ca mt dng in
xung ch nht Tt.........................................................
25 Dng in th nghim................................
25.1 Cc dng in xung tiu chun......................
25.2
Cc dung sai...................................................
25.3 o lng dng in th nghim.......................
25.4
o lng in p trong cc th nghim vi
dng in xung.........................................................
Phn 9 : Th nghim kt hp
26 Cc th nghim in p t hp...................
26.1
Gi tr ca in p th nghim U..................
26.2 Tr thi gian t.................................................
26.3 Cc dng in p thc.....................................
26.4 B tr i tng th nghim.............................
26.5 Cc h s hiu chnh kh quyn...................
27 Cc th nghim tng hp.............................
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Ph lc A : S l thng k v kt qu th nghim
A.1 Phn loi th nghim..................................
A.2 c tnh thng k ca phng in n tia
50
A.3 Phn tch cc kt qu th nghim...............
A.4 p dng cc phng php y nh tht.................
Ph lc B : cc bin php th vi nhim
B.1 Sn ra sng m mui....................................
B.2 Th tc l t v ph tin ng cu bn.........
B.3 o mc nhim bn..................................
Ph lc C : Kim nh thit b th
C.1 B tr chung ca mt khe h mi nhn / mi
nhn................................................................
C.2 Cc gi tr tham kho...................................
C.3 Th tc so chun.........................................
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- 10 U ban k thut in quc t

______________
K thut th nghim cao p

Phn 1 : Cc nh ngha chung v cc yu cu th nghim
Li ni u
1) Nhng quyt nh hoc tho thun chinh thc ca IEC v cc
vn k thut , c son tho bi cc U ban k thut trong
tt c nhng U ban Quc gia c quan tm c bit n vn
c i din tham gia , biu th s nht tr quc t ht
sc cao v cc ch xem xt .
2) Nhng quyt nh ny c dng l cc khuyn ngh i vi s
dng quc t v c cc U ban Quc gia chp nhn theo ngha
.
3) Nhm thc y s thng nht quc t , IEC biu th s mong
mun l tt c cc U ban Quc gia nn chp nhn vn bn khuyn
ngh ca IEC lm quy tc quc gia mnh chng no iu kin
quc gia cho php . Bt k s sai khc no gia khuyn ngh ca
IEC v cc quy tc quc gia tng ng trong mc c th phi
c ch r rng trong quy tc quc gia mnh .
Li ta
Tiu chun ny c son tho bi Ban k thut s 42 : Cc k thut
th nghim cao p.
Vn bn ca tiu chun ny c da trn nhng ti liu sau :
Quy tc su thng
42 (CO) 40
Bo co b phiu
42 (CO) 41
Thng tin y v b phiu tn ng tiu chun ny c th tm

thy trong bo co b phiu c ch ra bng trn .
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Cc k thut th nghim cao p

Phn1:
Cc nh ngha tng qut v cc yu cu th nghim
Phn on 1 : Tng qut
1
Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny p dng cho :

- cc th nghim in mi i vi in p mt chiu ;
- cc th nghim in mi i vi in p xoay chiu ;
- cc th nghim in mi vi in p xung ;
- cc th nghim vi dng in xung ;
- cc th nghim vi t hp nhng th nghim trn .
Tiu chun ny ch p dng cho cc th nghim trn thit b c in
p cao nht i vi thit b Um trn 1kV.
Tiu chun ny khng c nh c s dng i vi cc th
nghim tng thch in trn thit b in hoc in t .
Mc tiu
Mc tiu ca tiu chun ny l :

- nh ngha nhng thut ng c p dng cho c hai chung
v c bit ;
- biu th nhng yu cu chung i vi cc mc tiu th
nghim v cc th tc th
nghim ;
- m t cc phng php i vi sn sinh v o lng cc in
p v dng th nghim ;
- m t ccth tc th nghim ;
- m t cc phng php nh gi nhng kt qu th
nghim v ch ra cc tiu chun chp nhn hoc t
chi .
Cc nh ngha v yu cu lin quan n cc thit b o lng
c chp nhn v cc phng php kim tra cho trong n
phm IEC 60-3 : K thut th nghim cao p - Cc dng c o .
Cc th tc th nghim xoay chiu c th c i hi t c nhng kt qu c th ti to li v c ngha . La chn mt
th tc th nghim thch hp nn c thc hin bi Ban k thut
c lin quan .
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Phn on 2 : Cc nh ngha tng qut

3 Cc xung
Mt xung l mt in p hoc dng in qu phi chu k c p
t c nh tng bnh thng nhanh ti mt gi tr nh , ri
gim i chm hn v z r .
i vi cc mc tiu c bit , cc xung c cc u sng gn tuyn
tnh , hoc cc qu c dng dao ng hoc gn ch nht c s
dng .
Thut ng "xung" phi c phn bit vi thut ng "qu in p"
da vo cc hin tng qu sn ra trong nnhng thit b in
hoc cc li in ang lm vic .
3.1 Cc xung st v xung thao tc
Phn bit cc sung st v thao tc trn c s khong thi gian u
sng . Cc xung vi khong thi gian u sng ln ti 20 s c xc
nh nh cc xung st v nhng xung c khong thi gian u sng
di hn nh l nhng xung thao tc .
Ni chung , nhng xung thao tc cng c c trng bi nhng
khong thi gian tng cng di hn ng k vi khong thi gian
xung st .
4
Cc c tnh lin quan n cc in p phng in nh

thng v th nghim
4.1 Phng in nh thng

Trong tiu chun ny , thut ng "phng in nh thng " ( i khi
da vo "chc thng in " lin quan n hin tng c kt hp vi
s c cch in di ng sut in , trong nhng hin tng s
nh thng bc cu hon ton cch in trong th nghim , gim
nh in p gia nhng in cc thc t v z r . Tiu chun p
dng cho nh thng in trong cc in mi kh, lng, rn, v t
hp ca cc phng in nh thng .
Phng in nh thng khng duy tr , trong i tng th
nghim c bc cutc thi bi mt tia la hoc h quang , c th
c sinh ra . in p cc u cc i tng ang th nghim khi
c gim tc thi v z r hoc v mt gi tr rt nh . Tu thuc
vo nhng c tnh ca mch th nghim v ca i tng , s phc
hi cng in mi c th sy ra v ngay c cho php in p
th nghim t n mt ga tr cao hn . iu ny phi c coi nh
mt phng in nh thng nu khng c iu g khc c Ban k
thut c lin quan quy nh .
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Cc phng in khng nh thng nh cc phng in gia nhng

in cc hoc ca cc dy dn trung gian cng c th sy ra khng
gim in p th nghim v z r . Khng nn coi phng in ny
nh phng in nh thng nu khng c quy nh bi Ban k
thut c lin quan .
Vi phng in khng nh thng c gi l "Cc phng in tng
phn " v c gii quyt trong n phm IEC 270 : Cc php o
phng in tng phn .
Thut ng "Phng in " c s dng nh mt phng in nh
thng sy ra trong mt cht kh hoc lng .
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Thut ng "Phng in vng " c dng khi mt phng in nh

thng sy ra trn mt ca mt in mi trong mt mi cht kh
hoc lng .
Thut ng "chc thng " c dng khi mt phng in nh thng
sy ra qua mt in mi cng .
Mt phng in nh thng trong mt in mi rn sn ra mt
tn tht vnh cu ca cng in mi ; trong mt in mi lng
hoc kh tn tht c th ch tm thi .
4.2 c tnh ca in p th nghim
Nhng c tnh ca mt in p th nghim l nhng c tnh
c xc nh trong tiu chun ny xc nh nhng kiu khc
nhau ca in p th nghim .
4.2.1 Cc c tnh gi nh ca mt in p th nghim
Nhng c tnh gi nh ca mt in p th nghim gy ra
phng in nh thng l nhng c tnh c th nhn c nu
khng c phng in nh thng no sy ra . Khi mt c tnh gi
nh c s dng , iu ny phi lun lun c cng b r .
4.2.2 c tnh thc ca mt in p th nghim
c tnh thc ca mt in p th nghim l nhng c tnh sy
ra trong th nghim u cc ca i tng ang th nghim .
4.2.3 Gi tr ca in p th nghim
Gi tr ca in p th nghim c xc nh trong nhng mc c
lin quan ca tiu chun hin ti .
4.3 in p phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th
nghim
in p phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th nghim l gi
tr ca in p th nghim gy ra phng in nh thng , nh c
quy nh , i vi nhng th nghim khc nhau , trong nhng mc
c lin quan ca tiu chun hin ti .
4.4 c tnh thng k ca in p phng in nh thng
Cc in p phng in nh thng l thuc vo nhng bin i
ngu nhin v ni chung , phi tin hnh mt s quan st c
mt gi tr c ngha v mt thng k ca in p . Nhng th tc
th nghim , c m t trong tiu chun hin ti , thng c da trn
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nhng xem xt thng k . Thng tin v nh gi thng k ca cc

kt qu th nghim c cho trong Ph lc A .
4.4.1 Xc sut phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th nghim
Xc sut phng in ca mt i tng th nghim l xc sut m
mt p t mt gi tr in p gi nh no ca mt dng
cho s gy ra mt phng in nh thng trong i tng th
nghim . Tham s p c th c biu th phn trm hoc mt phn
s .
4.4.2 Xc sut chu ng q ca mt i tng th nghim
Xc sut chu ng q ca mt i tng th nghim l xc sut m mt
p t mt gi tr in p gi nh ca mt dng cho khng gy
ra mt phng in nh thng trn mt i tng th nghim . Nu xc
sut phng in nh thng l p , xc sut chu ng q l (1-p) .
4.4.3 in p 50% ca phng in nh thng U50 ca mt i tng th
nghim
Gi tr ca in p gi nh c mt xc sut 50% ca vic to ra mt
in p nh thng trn i tng th nghim .
4.4.4 p% in p phng in nh thng Up ca mt i tng th
nghim
p% in p phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th nghim
gi tr in p gi nh c xc sut p% ca sn sinh ra mt phng
in nh thng trn i tng th nghim .
4.4.5 lch quy c z ca in p phng in nh thng ca mt
i tng th nghim
lch quy c z ca in p phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th nghim l hiu s gia in p phng in nh thng
50% v 16% ca n . N thng c biu th theo n v hoc gi
tr phn trm , da vo 50% in p phng in nh thng .
ghi ch - Nu hm xc sut phng in nh thng (xem ph lc
A) gn vi hm GAUSS , z tng ng gn vi lch tiu chun ca
n .
4.5 in p chu ng ca mt i tng th nghim
in p chu ng ca mt i tng th nghim l mt gi tr in
p gi nh c quy nh c trng cch in ca i tng i vi
mt th nghim chu ng .
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Nu khng c iu g khc quy nh , cc in p chu ng c

da vo cc iu kin kh quyn tham chiu tiu chun (xem mc
11.1) .
4.6 in p phng in nh thng m bo ca mt i tng th nghim
in p phng in nh thng ca mt i tng th nghim l mt
gi tr in p gi nh c trng tnh nng ca n i vi mt th
nghim phng in nh thng .
5
Phn loi cch in trong cc i tng th nghim
H thng cch in ca thit b v cc cu trc cao p v c bn

phi c phn loi thnh cch in t hi phc v khng t hi phc
v c th gm cch in bn ngoi v/ hoc cch in bn trong .
5.1 Cch in bn ngoi
Cch in bn ngoi l cch in khng kh v nhng mt b phi
by ra ca cch in cng ca thit b , nhng mt ny chu ng
c hai vo ng sut in mi v vo nhng hu qu ca cc iu
kin kh quyn v bn ngoi khc nh nhim , m v cn trng .
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5.2 Cch in bn trong

Cch in bn trong bao gm nhng phn t cch in rn , lng
hoc kh ca thit b bo v chng vi nhng hu qu ca cc iu
kin kh quyn v bn ngoi khc nh nhim bn , m v cn
trng .
5.3 Cch in t hi phc
Cch in t hi phc l cch in khi phc hon ton tnh cht cch
in sau mt phng in nh thng gy ra bi s p t ca mt
in p th nghim .
5.4 Cch in khng t hi phc
Cch in khng t hi phc l cch in mt tnh cht cch in ca
n , hoc khng khi phc tnh cht cch in hon ton , sau mt
phng in nh thng gy ra bi s p t in p th nghim .
ghi ch - Trong thit b cao p , cc phn ca c hai cch in t hi
phc v khng t hi phc lun lun vn hnh trong t hp v vi
phn c th b ging loi bi cc p t in p c lp li hoc
lin tc . Tnh cht cch in v mt ny phi c tnh n bi U
ban k thut c lin quan khi quy nh nhng th tc th nghim c p dng .
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- 18 -
Phn on 3 : Cc yu cu chung lin quan n cc th tc th

nghim
v cc i tng th nghim
6
Cc yu cu chung i vi cc th tc th nghim
Nhng th tc th nghim p dng cho cc kiu c bit ca cc i

tng th nghim , v d , tnh phn cc c s dng , th t thch dng
nu c hai tnh phn cc c s dng , s cc p dng v khong cch
gia nhng p dng phi c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan,
c tnh n cc yu t nh :
- chnh xc yu cu ca cc kt qu th nghim ;
- tnh cht ngu nhin ca hin tng quan st c v bt k s ph
thuc cc tnh no ca nhng c tnh o c;
- kh nng h hng tng ln vi cc p dng in p c lp li.
B tr chung ca i tng th nghim
Ti thi im ca mt th nghim , i tng th nghim phi c

hon chnh trong tt c cc chi tit cn thit, v n phi c x l
theo cch bnh thng i vi thit b tng t.
Nhng c tnh phng in nh thng cu mt i tng c th
b tc ng bi b tr chung (v d , bi khong cch vi cc cu
trc gn mang in hoc ni t, bi chiu cao ca n trn
t v b tr ca dy dn in p cao ca n). B tr chung nn
c quy nh bi ban k thut lin quan.
Mt khong cch ti cc cu trc bn cnh t nht bng 1,5 ln chiu
di ca on i ngn nht c th trn i tng th nghim thng
lm hiu ng gn khng ng k. Trong cc th nghim trong ma
hoc nhim bn, hoc khi phn b in p dc theo i tng th
nghim v trng in xung quanh in cc c np in ca n
khng ph thuc y vo cc nh hng bn ngoi, cc khong
cch nh hn c th c chp nhn, vi iu kin l cc phng
in khng sy ra cho cc cu trc gn.
Trong trng hp cc th nghim xung thao tc xoay chiu hoc dng trn 750 kv (nh) nh hng ca mt cu trc gn c th c xem nh khng ng k nu khong cch ca n vi in cc c
np in cng khng nh hn chiu cao ca in cc ny trn
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- 19 -
mt t . Mt gii hn thc t thp hn i vi khong cch ny

cho trong hnh 1. nh mt hm ca in p th nghim cao nht.
Mt th nghim chu ng c th chp nhn c khi c thc hin
mt cch kt qu vi khong cch ngn hn vi cc i tng c ni
t.
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8
- 20 -
Cc th nghim kh
i tng th nghim phi kh v sch. Nu khng c iu g khc c quy nh bi ban k thut c lin quan, th nghim phi c thc
hin nhit xung quanh v th tc i vi p t in p phi
c quy nh nh trong cc mc c lin quan ca tiu chun ny.
9
Cc th nghim t
Th tc th nghim t thch dng, c m t trong 9.1 c d nh

m phng nh hng ca ma t nhin ln cch in bn ngoi v l
mt s xem xt li cc phng php th nghim trc . Khuyn ngh
i vi cc th nghim vi tt c cc kiu cc in p th nghim v
ln tt c cc kiu thit b, nhng hoc l ca cc phng php th
nghim khc c cho di l c php nu c quy nh bi ban k
thut c lin quan.
Hai phng php th nghim trc , khng c nh m phng ma t
nhin, c m t trong 9.2 . Chng c s dng trong nhiu nm i
vi cc th nghim vi cc in p xoay chiu ln thit b c Um ln
ti 420 KV v nhiu d liu th nghim nhn c bi nhng phng
php ny tn ti.
i vi thit b xoay chiu c kch c ln, nh thit b c Um cao hn
800 Kv , khng c th tc th nghim t thch hp no c gi tr hin
ti.
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh b tr i tng th nghim
trong th tc th nghim.
9.1 Th tc th nghim t tiu chun
i tng th nghim phi c phun nc c in tr sut v nhit nh
quy nh(xem bng 1), ri xung n di dng git nh (trnh sng m
v ma bi) v c hng sao cho thnh phn thng ng v nm ngang
ca cng phun sp s bng nhau. Nhng cng ny c o bng
mt bnh thu gn c hai ngn c l m 100cm2ti 750cm2 mt nm
ngang v mt thng ng, l m thng ng i din vi s phun .
V tr ca i tng th nghim i vi cc thnh phn ma thng
ng v nm ngang phi c quy nh bi ban k thut c lin
quan.
Ni chung, vic ti to nhng kt qu th nghim t nh hn i vi
phng in in p cao khc hoc cc th nghim chu ng .
cc tiu ho s tn x, cn phi c cc phng sau:
- Bnh thu c t gn i tng th nghim nhng trnh tp hp
cc git hoc bn tc t bnh . Trong thi k o, nn dch
chuyn bnh chm trn mt mt kh rng c gi tr
trung bnh ca s phun ri khng ng u ca s phun t
cc ming ring l tuy nhin khng che giu hon ton tc ng
ca khng ng u . Min o phi c chiu rng bng chiu
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- 21 -
rng ca i tng th nghim v c mt chiu cao cc i l

1m.
- i vi nhng i tng th nghim c chiu cao nm gia 1m
v 3m, nhng php o ring l phi c thc hin v pha trn
, pha gia v pha di ca i tng th nghim . Mi mt min
o ch c bao trm 1 phn 3 chiu cao ca i tng th
nghim .
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 22 -
- i vi cc i tng th nghim vt qu 3 m v chiu cao , s

nhng min o phi c tng ln ph ton b chiu cao ca
i tng th nghim nhng khng ph chm ln nhau .
- Nhng th tc trn phi c thch nghi mt cch hp l i vi
cc i tng th nghim c cc kch c nm ngang ln .
- S tn x cc kt qu c th gim i nu i tng th nghim
c lm sch bng mt thuc ty tc ng b mt phi c lau
sch trc khi bt u lm m .
- S tn x cc kt qu c th cng b nh hng bi cc sut phun
ma (cao hoc thp ) khng bnh thng cc b . Khuyn ngh
pht hin nhng sut ny bng cc php o cc b ho v
ci thin tnh ng nht ca s phun ma , nu cn .
Thit b phun ma phi c hiu chnh sn sinh , trong nhng
dung sai quy nh , cc iu kin ma i tng th nghim cho
trong bng 1 .
Bt k s b tr no ca cc ming vi phun tho mn nhng yu cu
trong bng 1 u c s dng . Cc v d ca nhiu ming vi thy
tho mn trong thc tin c ch r trong cc hnh 2a ,2b v 5c ,
cng vi s liu thc hin kiu mu i vi mi kiu . Cc khong cch
phun ln hn c th nhn c nu cc ming vi c hng ln trn
mt gc khong 15o 25o so vi mt ngang . Ghi ch rng nu p
sut nc c tng ln trn nhng gii hn khuyn ngh , tia nc c th
c phn chia sm hn v v gy ra mt s phun khng tho mn
trn i tng th nghim .
Bng 1 - Cc iu kin ma i vi th tc th nghim tiu chun
Sut ma trung bnh ca tt c cc php o
- thnh phn thng ng
min/min
ti 2,0
- thnh phn nm ngang
mm/min
2,0
Cc gi hn i vi bt k php o ring l
v i vi mi thnh phn
t trung bnh
mm/min
o
Nhit ca nc
xung quanh 15
in tr sut ca nc
100 15
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1,0
1,0 ti
0,5
Nhit
60-1 IEC 1989
- 23 -
Nhit v in tr sut ca nc phi c o trn mt mu th

nghim thu thp c ngay trc khi nc t n i tng th nghim .
Chng cng c th c o cc v tr khc (v d , trong mt bnh
cha ) vi iu kin l mt kim tra bo m rng khng c s thay
i ng k no sy ra cho n khi nc t n i tng th
nghim .
i tng th nghim phi c lm t trc khi lc ban u t nht l 15
pht trong nhng iu kin quy nh trn v nhng iu kin ny
phi gi trong nhng dung sai quy nh trong tt c cc th nghim
c tin hnh khng ngt phun ma . Thi gian lm m trc khng c
bao gm thi gian cn thit hiu chnh phun ma . Ta cng c
th thc hin mt s phun ma trc vi nc bnh thng trongvng 15
pht , c tip sau khng gin on bi s phun ma trc th hai trong
vng t nht 2 pht trc khi th nghim bt u .
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 24 -
bng cch dng nc vi tt c cc iu kin ma ng n , chng

nn c o ngay trc khi bt u th nghim .
Nu khng c iu g khc c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin
quan , th tc th nghim i vi cc th nghim t phi ng nht
vi cc th nghim c quy nh vi nhng th nghim kh tng ng . Thi gian th nghim i vi mt th nghim dng xoay
chiu phi l 60 s , nu khng c iu quy nh no khc . Ni
chung i vi cc th nghim chu ng in p xoay chiu v mt
chiu , khuyn ngh rng mt phng in l c php min l
trong mtth nghim lp li khng c phng in no khc xy ra .
9.2 Cc th tc truyn thng i vi cc th nghim t vi cc
in p xoay chiu
i vi cc th nghim in p xoay chiu , hai th tc khc cng c
s dng , cc chi tit ca cc th nghim ny c cho trong bng 2.
Chng khc vi th tc tiu chun 9.1 ch yu bi s tht l sut ma
ln hn v thi gian lm m trc ch l 1 pht.
Ch c thnh phn thng ng ca ma c quy nh, xc nh
thnh phn nm ngang c thay th bng mt s nh gi bng
mt ca gc phun ln i tng th nghim nn xp x 450 .
Bng 2 - Cc iu kin ma i vi cc th tc truyn thng vi cc
in p xoay chiu.
Cc c tnh
Thc dng
Thc dng
Chu u
(U.S.A)
Sut ma trung bnh ca tt c cc php o:
- thnh phn thng ng
5 0.5
3 0.3
mm/min
Cc gii hn i vi bt k php o ring l no mm/min

5 1,25
0
Nhit nc
xung quanh 15
in tr sut nc
178 27
Kiu ming vi phun nh c ch trong cc hnh

2b, 2c
hnh 2d
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3 0,75
Nhit
100 10
2a,
60-1 IEC 1989
- 25 -
Khong thi gian th nghim chu ng ma

10
60
10 Cc th nghim nhim nhn to

Cc th nghim nhim nhn to c nh cung cp thng tin v
tnh cht ca cch in bn ngoi trong cc iu kin tiu biu ca
nhim trong khi lm vic, tuy nhin chng khng nht thit m
phng bt k iu kin lm vic no.
Nhng quy nh sau cho vi hng dn tng qut v th nghim
nhim bn nhn to. li cho ban k thut c lin quan a vo
cc bin i hoc cho nhiu yu cu ring bit hn i vi cc loi
c bit ca thit b. Thng tin c bit nh vy c cho trong tiu
chun IEC 507, "Cc th nghim trong nhim ca cc cch in
i vi in p cao ginh cho cc li in c dng xoay chiu ".
Nhng tc ng ca vic ra cc ci cch in trong khi lm vic
bng ma t nhin khng c xem xt trong bt k th tc c quy
nh no.
10.1 Chun b i tng th nghim
Trc khi th nghim ln u tin, cc phn kim loi ca i tng th
nghim , v bt k mi ni xi mng no, c th c qut sn chu
nc mn m bo rng khng mt sn phm n mn no lm
bn mt cch in trong khi mt th nghim.
Nn lau cn thn i tng th nghim vi nc ca vi nc c b sung
bng pht pht tri .so.i-um (Na3 PO3) v c ra li bng nc sch.
Sau khng c r m bng tay. Thng thng nhng mt cch
in c th c xem nh kh sch v khng c m hoc vt liu lm
bn khc nu cc b mt lm t lin tc ln c quan st thy trong
khi phun ma.
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quyt nh xem c nn th nghim
thit b v tr thng ng, nm ngang hoc nghing.
10.2 Cc th tc th nghim
Cc th tc nhim bn nhn to i hi p dng nhim bn v p
t in p ng thi hoc sau . Ni chung bt k cc phng
php no, trong in p th nghim c gi khng i trong t
nht vi pht, l c khuyn ngh. Cc phng php khc , trong
in p c nng ln dn n phng in l khng c ngh
lm tiu chun ho nhng c th c s dng i vi cc mc tiu
c bit.
Th nghim nhim bn c th c thc hin hoc xc nh
mc cc i ca nhim bn ca i tng th nghim cho php
mt in p th nghim cho phi c chu ng, hoc xc
nh in p chu ng i vi mc nhim bn xc nh. i
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- 26 -
vi mc tiu so snh nhng kt qu ca nhiu th nghim , hoc

thc hin nhiu i tng th nghim , th tc trc thch dng hn.
Th tc th nghim c chp nhn l th tc m s cc php o
c nhng gi tr trung bnh c ngha c tnh n tnh cht
ngu nhin ca hin tng . S cc th nghim yu cu phi c ban k
thut c lin quan quy nh.
Cc th nghim nhim bn ri vo gia hai loi, phng php sng
m nc v phng php nhim bn tin ng cu.
a) Phng php sng m mui
i tng th nghim c t trong mt phng c bit c th c
lm y bng sng m mui . Phng php sn sinh ra sng m
c m t trong ph lc B1 . Nhit xung quanh trong bung lc
bt u th nghim khng c nh hn 50C , khng ln hn 300C v
i tng th nghim v nc mui phi cn bng nhit vi nhit
xung quanh.
i tng th nghim phi c thm t trn vn bng nc vi sch . H
thng mui - sng m, c cp bi nc c mn quy nh , c
bt u khi i tng th nghim cn t v, ng thi , in p c
t vo i tng th nghim , c nng ln nhanh chng ti gi tr
quy nh v gi khng i trong thi gian quy nh , thng thng
l
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 27 -
1 gi hoc ti khi phng in sy ra . Th tc ny c lp li nhiu

ln. Trc mi th tc i tng th nghim c lau sch bng nc vi
sch ty ra i bt k vt mui no.
i vi phng php mui - sng m, khong cch nh nht gia bt k
phn no ca i tng th nghim v bt k i tng c ni t
no khc nhng vi nc v cu trc ci cch in khng c nh
hn 0,5m trn 100 kv ca in p th nghim v, trong bt k trng
hp no khng nh hn 2m.
Nu th nghim c nh xc nh mc mn cc i i vi
in p chu ng quy nh, ton b th tc phi c lp li bng
cch dng cc mn khc nhau.
Tin th nghim ca i tng th nghim bng cc phng in
trong khi p t nhim bn l cn thit trc khi th nghim thc
bt u. Tin th nghim ny nn c tip sau bng mt s ra
sch.
b/ Phng php lm bn c ng cu trc.
i tng th nghim c ph mt lp ng u hp l c huyn ph
dn in v c phi kh li. Nhit xung quanh trong phng
th nghimlc bt u th nghim khng c nh hn 50C khng
c ln hn 300C v i tng th nghim nn cn bng nhit vi xung
quanh. Vic phun ma phi c hon tt bng mt my pht sng hi
cung cp mt phn b sng ng u trn ton b chiu di v
xung quanh i tng th nghim . Nhit ca sng trong vng ln
cn ca i tng th nghim khng c vt qu 400C . t c s
phun ma cn thit trong mt thi gian hp l, sng hi phi c
a vo bn trong phng th nghim - sut pht hi phi c ban k
thut c lin quan quy nh.
Trong mt th tc in p c t vo trc i tng th nghim c
phun bng sng m v k tc cho ti khi phng in hoc trong
khong hai ln thi gian ci cch in thc hin tnh dn in
cc i ca n. Trong mt th tc khc, in p th nghim ch c
t vo khi tnh dn in t c gi tr cc i ca n khong
20 ti 40 pht k t khi bt u phun sng m. in p phi c gi
khng i trong khong thi gian th nghim 15 pht quy nh
hoc cho ti khi sy ra phng in.
Nhng ph lc B2v B3 ln lt cho mt mt nhng m hnh p dng
ca lp v lm m, mt khc m hnh o in tr sut b mt.
Phng php trn c lp li nhiu ln, trc mi mt th nghim , i
tng phi c ra sch, c ph li ri sau phi kh.
Khi th nghim c xc nh mc nhim bn cc i i vi
in p chu ng quy nh , s ph, phun ma v cc th tc th
nghim phi c lp li bng cch dng cc in tr sut huyn ph
khc nhau.
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- 28 -
Khong cch nh nht gia bt k phn no ca i tng th nghim

v bt k i tng c ni t no khc cu trc i tng th
nghim khng c nh hn 0,5 m trn 100kv ca in p th
nghim.
10.3 Mc nhim bn
Mc nhim bn ca mt i tng th nghim c quy nh bi
mn (g/L) ca sng m mui, bi tnh dn in b mt (S)
hoc bng tng lng mui (Na Cl) trn cm2 ca b mt cch in
(gm/ cm2) . Lng ny bnh thng c ch nh bi mt ng
cn mui (S.D.D) Salt Deposit Density) . Thng tin v cc phng
php ny c cho trong ph lc B.
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 29 -
11 Cc iu kin kh quyn
11.1 Kh quyn tham chiu tiu chun
Kh quyn tham chiu tiu chun l:
Nhit
t0 = 200C
p sut
b0= 101,3 kPa (1013 mbar)
m tuyt i
h0= 11 g/m3
Ghi ch- p sut 101,3 KPa tng ng vi cao 760mm trong
phong v biut thu ngn O0C. Nu chiu cao phong v biu l
H mm thu ngn, p sut khi quyn tnh bng kilo pt- can l gn
ng:
b= 0,1333 HkPa
Hiu chnh v nhit i vi chiu cao ca ct thu ngn c
xem l khng ng k.
11.2
H s hiu chnh kh quyn
Phng in nh thng cch in bn ngoi ph thuc vo cc

iu kin kh quyn. Thng thng in p phng in nh thng
i vi mt ng cho trong khng kh c tng ln bng mt s
tng hoc v t trng khng kh hoc m. Tuy nhin, khi m
tng i vt qu khong 80% , in p phng in n tia tr thnh
khng bnh thng, c bit khi phng in n tia sy ra trn b
mt cch in.
Bng cch p dng cc h s hiu chnh, in p phng in nh
thng n tia o c trong cc iu kin th nghim cho (nhit
t, p sut b, m h) c th dn ti gi tr nhn c trong nhng
iu kin kh quyn tham chiu c chun ho (t0,b0, h0) . Ngc li,
mt in p th nghim c quy nh i vi nhng iu kin
tham chiu c th dn ti mt gi tr tng ng trong nhng iu
kin th nghim.
in p phng in nh thng t l vi h s hiu chnh kh
quyn Kt, suy ra t tch hai h s hiu chnh:
- h s hiu chnh t trng khng kh k1 (xem 11.2.1)
- h s hiu chnh m
k2 (xem 11.2.2).
Kt = k1.k2
Nu khng iu g khc c quy nh bi ban k thut c lin
quan., in p U c t vo trong mt th nghim v cch in
bn ngoi c xc nh bng cch nhn in p th nghim quy
nh U0 vi Kt:
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 30 U= U0Kt
Cng tng tr, cc in p phng in nh thng U c hiu

chnh v U0 tng ng vi kh quyn tham chiu tiu chun bng
cch chia cho Kt:
U0 = U/Kt.
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 31 -
Bo co th nghim phi lun lun cha ng nhng iu kin khi

quyn hin ti trong khi th nghim v nhng h s hiu chnh c
p dng
11.2.1 H s hiu chnh t trng khng kh k1
H s hiu chnh t trng khng kh k1 ph thuc vo t trng
khng kh tng i v thng c th c biu th nh:
k1 = m
trong m l mt lu tha cho trong 11.2.3 .
Khi nhit t v t0 c biu th thnh Celsius v p sut kh
quyn b v b0 c biu th trong cng nhng n v (ki-l-pas-can
hoc mi-li-bar) t trng tng i ca khng kh l:
b
273+t0
b
273+t
11.2.2 h s hiu chnh m k2
H s hiu chnh m c th c biu th nh:
K2 = Kw
trong w l mt s m cho trong 11.2.3 v K l mt tham s
ph thuc vo kiu in p th nghim v, i vi cc mc tiu thc
dng , c th gn nhn c nh theo t s ca m tuyt i h vi
t trng tng i ca khng kh , bng cch dng nhng ng cong
ca hnh 3. i vi cc gi tr ca h/ cao hn 15g/m3 , nhng hiu
chnh m cn ang c xem xt, v nhng ng cong ca
hnh 3 c th c xem nh cc gii hn trn.
11.2.3 Cc s m m v w
V cc h s hiu chnh ph thuc vo kiu tin phng in, s
tht ny c th a vo tnh ton bng cch xem xt tham s:
g=
UB
500Lk
trong UB l 50% in p phng in nh thng (o c hoc
c nh gi ) cc iu kin kh quyn thc, tnh bng ki-l-vn,
L ng phng in ti thiu tnh bng mt,vi nhng gi tr thc
i vi t trng tng i khng kh v i vi tham s k. Trong trng hp ca mt th nghim chu ng ti vic nh gi 50%
in p phng in nh thng l khng dng c , UB c th c
gi nh l 1,1 ln in p th nghim .
Nhng s m m v w cn ang c xem xt, cc gi tr sp s c
cho trong hnh 4.
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- 32 -
11.3 Cc th nghim trong ma, cc th nghim trong nhim

bn nhn to v cc th nghim vi cc in p t hp
Khng c hiu chnh m no c p dng i vi cc th nghim
trong mua hoc i vi cc th nghim vi nhim bn nhn to. Vn
hiu chnh t trng trong cc th nghim nh vy ang c xem
xt. i vi cc th nghim vi cc in p t hp xem mc 26.5 .
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- 33 -
11.4 Cc yu cu i khng i vi th nghim cch in

bn trong v bn ngoi
Khi nhng mc chu ng c quy nh trong cc iu kin kh
quyn tiu chun, cc trng hp s ni ln khi p dng cc hiu chnh
khi quyn (do cao th nghim hoc do cc i kin kh hu cc
tr) dn ti mt mc chu ng i vi cch in bn trong cao hn
nhiu mc cch in bn ngoi c kt hp . Trong cc trng hp nh
vy cc bin php nng cao mc chu ng ca cch in bn
ngoi phi c chp nhn cho php p dng in p th nghim
chnh xc vo cch in bn trong. Nhng bin php ny bao gm
vic ngm cch in bn ngoi trong cht lng hoc kh nn v
phi c quy nh bi ban k thut c lin quan theo nhng nhu cu
ring cho cc kiu thit b khc nhau. Trong nhng trng hp
in p th nghim cch in bn ngoi ln hn in p ca cch
in bn trong, cch in bn ngoi ch c th c th nghim mt
cch chnh xc nu cch in bn trong c thit k c bit vi
bn c tng cng. Nu khng, cch in bn trong phi c th
nghim vi gi tr c nh mc v cch in bn ngoi c th
nghim bng cc hnh mu nu ban k thut c lin quan khng
cng b no khc, trong trng hp nh vy Ban k thut phi quy nh
th tc th nghim c s dng.
11.5 o m
m phi c xc nh mt cch thch dng vi ng h o trc
tip m tuyt i vi mt sai s tuyt i khng ln hn 1g/m 3 .
o m tng i kt hp vi nhng php o nhit cng cho
php xc nh m tuyt i v c th c dng min l
chnh xc ca xc nh m tuyt i trong trng hp ny l nh
nhau theo yu cu trn
Ghi ch- Php o ny cng c th c thc hin bng mt thu
k c bu kh v t . m tuyt i nh mt hm ca cc s o
ca cc nhit k, c xc nh t hnh 5, cng cho php xc
nh m tng i. iu quan trong l cp dng kh thch hp
nhm t c mt trng thi n nh v c cc nht k
mt cch cn thn nhm trnh cc sai s qu mc trong vic xc
nh m.
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- 34 -
Phn on 4 : Cc th nghim vi in p mt chiu

12
Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim in p mt
chiu
12.1
Gi tr ca in p th nghim
Gi tr ca in p th nghim c xc nh nh gi tr trung bnh

s hc ca n.
12.2 Gn sng
Gn sng l lch chu k i vi gi tr trung bnh s hc ca
in p. Bin ca gn sng c xc nh nh na hiu s gia gi
tr cc i v cc tiu. H s gn sng l t s bin gn sng vi
gi tr trung bnh s hc.
13
in p th nghim
13.1 Cc quy nh i vi in p th nghim

13.1.1 Dng ca in p
in p th nghim, nh c t vo i tng th nghim , nn l
in p mt chiu vi h s gn sng khng qu 3% , nu khng c
iu quy nh no khc ca ban k thut c lin quan. Lu l h s
gn sng c th b nh hng bi s c mt ca i tng th nghim
v bi nhng iu kin th nghim, c bit l trong cc th
nghim trong ma v trong cc th nghim trong nhim bn nhn
to.
13.1.2 Cc dung sai
i vi cc khong thi gian th nghim khng vt qu 60s, nhng gi
tr o c ca in p th nghim phi c duy tr trong 1% mc
c quy nh trong sut th nghim . i vi cc khong thi gian th
nghim vt qu 60s, gi tr o c ca in p th nghim phi c
duy tr trong 3% ca mc c quy nh trong sut th nghim .
Ghi ch- Phi nhn mch l dung sai to ra hiu s cho php gia gi tr quy
nh v cc gi tr o c thc. Hiu s ny nn c phn bit vi sai s o
l s sai khc gia gi tr o c vi gi tr thc.
13.2 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim

in p th nghim ni chung nhn c bng cc b chnh lu, nh vy
i khi cc my pht tnh in c dng. Nhng yu cu cn tho
mn bi ngun in p th nghim ph thuc mt cch ng k vo
kiu thit b c th nghim v vo nhng iu kin th nghim .
Nhng yu cu ny c xc nh ch yu bng gi tr v tnh cht
ca dng th nghim c cp , cc cu thnh quan trng ca chng
c ch ra 13.4 .
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 35 -
Nhng c tnh ngun nn nh vy cho php np in dung ca

i tng th nghim trong mt thi gian ngn hp l. Trong trng hp
cc i tng c in dung cao, cc thi gian np trong nhiu pht
i khi phi c chp nhn. Ngun, bao gm in dung tch tr ca
n cng nn thch hp cp cc dng in r v hp th v cc
dng in phng in khng nh thng bn ngoi v bn trong .
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khng c cc ging in p vt qu 10% . Trong cc th nghim n

cch in bn trong, nhng dng in ny thng nh, nhng khi th
nghim cc cch in trong ma , cc dng in r mc vi chc
mi-li-m.pe hoc cc xung do cc phng in trc cp 10-2C c th
gp phi mt cch ngu nhin.
Cc tham s ngun i vi cc th nghim nhim bn mt chiu
ang c nghin cu.
13.3 o lng in p th nghim
13.3.1 o lng vi cc thit b c chun y trong n phm IEC 60-3:K
thut th nghim cao p- cc thit b o.
Php o gi tr trung bnh s hc, gi tr cc i , h s gn sng
v bt k st in p qu no ca in p th nghim ni chung
nn c thc hin bng cc thit b kinh qua th tc th nghim
da vo n phm IEC 60 -3 : " K thut th nghim cao p - Cc dng
c o'' . Nn ch ti cc yu cu v c tnh p ng ca thit b
c dng o gn sng, cc i lng qu hoc n nh in
p.
13.3.2 So chun ca mt thit b o khng c ph chun vi mt
thit b o c ph chun
Th tc thng gm thit lp mt mi tng quan gia s hin th ca
vi thit b c lin quan vi in p th nghim v mt php o
cng in p c thc hin ph hp vi 13.3.1 vi mt khe h hnh cu
, c dng ph hp vi n phm IEC 52, hoc vi khe h mi nhn/ mi
nhn c dng ph hp vi 13.3.3.
Mi tng quan ny c th tu thuc vo s c mt ca i tng th
nghim , khe h hnh cu hoc khe h mi nhn/ mi nhn, vo lng
ma trong th nghim ma.v.v. .. do , iu quan trng l nhng
iu kin ny l nh nhau trong khi so chun v th nghim hin
thc, tr ci trong khi th nghim, khe h hnh cu hoc khe h mi
nhn/ mi nhn nn c m ra ngn nga phng in. Quan
h gia in p cung cp v in p u ra c th khng n
nh i vi cc mc tiu o.
Cn ch n cc phng cn thit khi dng khe h hnh cu
in p mt chiu , do sy ra cc phng in cc gi tr in p
thp hn sinh ra tri ln do s c mt cc phn t c si rt nh. Ta
phi thc hin vi p dng in p v gi tr in p cao nht c
ly lm s o thc.
Ghi ch 1- Vn cc phn t c si c th b vt qu bng cch
to ra mt dng khng kh khng nh hn 3m/s qua khe h.
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- 37 -
Ghi ch 2- Nn nh rng khi c cc gn sng, khe h phng in

hnh cu khng o c gi tr s hc trung bnh ca in p.
Vic so chun c tin hnh thch dng hoc gn 100% ca in
p th nghim , nhng i vi cc th nghim trn cc i tng vi cch
in khng t hi phc, mt ngoi suy c th c tin hnh t mt
gi tr khng thp hn 50% ca in p ny.
Ngoi suy c th khng tho mn nu dng in trong mch th
nghim thay i khng tuyn tnh vi in p t vo.
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- 38 -
13.3.3 Khe h phng in mi nhn/mi nhn l mt dng co c ph chun

Khe h phng in mi nhn/ mi nhn vi cc kch c nh cho
trong Ph lc C v c dng ph hp vi Ph lc ny l mt dng c o
c ph chun o lng cc in p mt chiu .
13.4
o lng dng in th nghim
Khi nhng php o dng in qua i tng th nghim c th

hin , nhiu thnh phn ring bit c th nhn bit c . Nhng
thnh phn ny khc nhau bi nhiu mc ln i vi cng i tng
th nghim v in p th nghim . Chng l :
- dng in in dung , do p dng ban u in p th
nghim v do gn sng no hoc do cc dao ng khc xp
chng ln n ;
- dng in hp th in mi , do cc dch chuyn in tch
chm trong cch in v tn ti trong khong thi gian vi giy
n vi gi . Qu trnh ny thun nghch tng phn , cc dng
in c cc tnh i khng c quan st thy khi i tng th
nghim b phng in v ni ngn mch ;
- dng in r lin tc , l dng in mt chiu n nh cui
cng t c in p t vo khng i sau nhng thnh
phn trn gim xung ti khng .
- cc dng phng in tng phn
o ba thnh phn u i hi s dng cc dng c bao trm mt di
rng cc bin dng in . iu quan trng l m bo rng dng
c , hoc php o ca bt k mt thnh phn dng in no khng
b nh hng bi cc thnh phn khc . Thng tin c lin quan n
iu kin cch in i khi c th nhn c bng quan st cc
bin i dng in theo thi gian , trong cc th nghim khng ph
hu .
Bin tng i v tm quan trng ca mi thnh phn dng in
ph thuc vo kiu v trng thi ca i tng th nghim , mc tiu
cn tm trong qu trnh th nghim v trong khong thi gian th
nghim . Cho nn nhng quy nh i vi cc php o v nguyn
tc c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan , c bit l khi n
c yu cu phn bit mt thnh phn c bit .
Cc php o cc dng xung phng in tng phn c thc hin vi
cc dng c c bit c x l trong n phm IEC 270 (1981) :
Cc php o phng in tng phn .
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- 39 -
ghi ch - Nn ch ti gi tr c th ca dng in chy qua trong trng hp ca

phng in nh thng c th ph hu mt ng h dng in nu khng
c bo v thch hp .
14 Cc th tc th nghim
14.1
Cc th nghim in p chu ng
in p phi c t vo i tng th nghim xut pht mt gi

tr kh thp ngn nga tt c tc ng ca qu in p do cc
qu thao tc . N nn c nng ln chm cho php c
ca cc dng c , nhng khng qu chm gy ra mt s ko di
khng cn thit ng sut ln i tng th nghim gn vi in p th
nghim U . Nhng yu cu ny ni chung c tho mn nu tc
tng vo khong 2% ca U trn giy.
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- 40 -
khi in p t vo trn 75% U . in p ny phi c duy tr trong

khang thi gian quy nh v sau c gim i bng cho phng
in dung ca mch , bao gm c in dung ca i tng th
nghim , qua mt in tr thch hp .
Khong thi gian th nghim phi c quy nh bi Ban k thut c
lin quan c xem xt n khong thi gian cn thit t n
phn b in p ch xc lp tu thuc vo in tr v cc
in dung ca cc thnh phn cu i tng th nghim . Khi khng
c iu g khc c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan ,
khong hi gian ca mt th nghim chu ng phi l 60s .
Cc tnh ca in p hoc th t trong nhng in p ca mi
cc tnh c t vo , cng nh tt c cc bin i cn thit i vi
cc quy nh trn , phi c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan .
Nhng yu cu th nghim phi tho mn nu khng c phng in
nh thng no sy ra trn i tng th nghim .
14.2
Cc th nghim in p phng in nh thng
in p phi c t vo v tng ln mt cch lin tc cho ti khi mt

phng in nh thng sy ra trn i tng th nghim . Ta phi ghi
gi tr in p t c lc phngin nh thng .
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh tc tng ca in p, s
cc p dng in p v th tc nh gi nhng kt qu th nghim
(xem Ph lc A).
14.3 Cc th nghim in p phng in nh thng m
bo
Ta phi p dng in p , tng in p mt cc lin tc cho ti khi
mt in p nh thng sy ra trn i tng th nghim , v ghi gi
tr in p t c lc phng in nh thng .
Nhng yu cu th nghim ni cung c tho mn nu in p ny
khng vt qu in p phng in nh thng m bo trn mt s
quy nh cc p dng in p .
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh s cc p dng in p s
cc p dung in p v tc tng in p .
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- 41 -
Phn on 5 : Cc th nghim vi in p xoay chiu
15 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim in p xoay

chiu
15.1 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim in p xoay
chiu
15.1.1
Gi tr ca in p th nghim c xc nh nh gi tr nh ca
n c chia cho 2 .
ghi ch - Ban k thut c lin quan c th di hi mt php o gi
trhiu dng ca in p th nghim thay th cho gi tr nh
i vi cc trng hp gi tr hiu dng cth quan trng , v
d , khi c lin quan n tc ng nhit .
15.2 Gi tr nh
Gi tr nh ca mt in p xoay chiu l gi tr cc i . Tuy
nhin ta c th khng tnh n cc dao ng nh tn s cao xut
hin v d nu c cc phng in khng nh thng trong mch .
15.3 Gi tr hiu dng
Gi tr hiu dng ca mt in p xoay chiu l cn bc hai gi tr
trung bnh ca cc bnh phng cc gi tr in p trong mt chu
trnh y .
16 in p th nghim
16.1
Cc yu cu i vi in p th nghim
16.1.1 Dng ca sng in p

in p th nghim phi l mt in p xoay chiu ni chung c mt
tn s trong di 45 ti 65 Hz , binh thng da vo in p th
nghim tn s cng nghip . Cc th nghim c bit c th i
hi cc tn s di hoc trn ng k di ny , nh c quy nh
bi Ban k thut c lin quan .
Dng sng ca in p phi st vi hnh sin c hai na chu k hu
nh ng nht . Nhng kt qu ca mt th nghim in p cao
c coi l khng b tc ng bi cc sai lch nh khi hnh sin nu
t s nh vi gi tr hiu dng bng 2 trong vng 5% .
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i vi vi mch th nghim thng dng cc lch ln hn phi c

chp nhn . Ghi ch l i tng th nghim , c bit l nu c cc
c tnh tr khng khng tuyn tnh , c th nh hng ng k
n lch khi hnh sin .
ghi ch - Ni chung c th gi nh rng nhng yu cu trn v lch khi
hnh sin phi c tho mn nu gi tr hiu dng ca nhng sng hi khng vt
qu 5% gi tr hiu dng ca sng c bn .
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- 43 -
16.1.2 Cc dung sai

quan nhng gi tr o dc ca in p th nghim phi c duy tr
trong 1% ca mc quy nh sut qu trnh th nghim . i vi cc
khong thi gian th nghim vt qu 60s gi tr o c ca in p
th nghim phi c duy tr trong 3% ca mc quy nh trong
sut qu trnh th nghim .
ghi ch - Phi nhn mnh rng dung sai to ra sai s cho php gia
gi tr quy nhv gi tr o c thc t . S sai khc ny nn
phn bit vi sai s o lng l hiu s gi tr o c v gi tr
thc .
16.2
Sn sinh ra in p th nghim
16.2.1 Cc yu cu tng qut

in p th nghim ni chung c cp t mt my bin p nng p .
Do , n c th c sinh ra bi mt mch cng hng ni ni tip .
in p trong mch th nghim phi n nh thc t khng
b tc ng bi dng in r . Cc phng in khng nh thng
trong i tng th nghim khng lm gim in p th nghim v
mt mc nh th v trong mt thi gian nh vy in p phng
in nh thng o c ca i tng th nghim b nh hng mt
cch ng k .
Trong trng hp cc phng in khng nh thng , nu khng c
iu g khc do Ban k thut c lin quan quy nh , mt th
nghim chu ng c xem l tho mn khi n c ch ra rng gi
tr nh ca in p th nghim khng sai khc 5% trong cc chu
k k tip v ging in p tc thi trong mt phng in
khng nh thng vt qu 20% in p nh . Nhng c tnh
ca mch th nghim cn thit tho mn nhng yu cu trn ph
thuc vo kiu th nghim (kh, t ,v.v..) , mc in p th nghim
v c tnh ca i tng th nghim .
Ghi ch - Nn ch ti kh nng ca cc phng in khng nh thng nh vy
c th gy ra cc qu in p ln trn u cc ca i tng th nghim . Hin
tng ny c th ko theo s tht bi ca i tng th nghim hoc ca my
bin p th gnhim . Ta c th sa cha bng cch thay i tn s ring ca
ngun in p hoc bng cch a vo mt s tt dn no trong mch .
16.2.2
p
Cc quy nh lin quan n mch th nghim vi my bin
cho in p th nghim thc tin khng b thay i bi s bin

i ca cc dng in r , gi tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch
c to ra bi my bin p khi i tng th nghim b ni ngn mch
in p th nghim phi ln so vi nhng dng in r tn
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s cng nghip trong bt c trng hp no lin quan n tiu chun

hng dn sau :
- i vi cc th nghim kh trn cc mu nh c cch in cht
rn , cht lng hoc t hp ca c hai , dng in ngn mch
mc 0,1A (hiu dng ) l thch hp
- i vi cch in t hi phc bn ngoi (cc ci cch in , dao
cch ly , v.v..) dng in ngn mch khng nh hn 0,1 A (gi tr
hiu dng ) i vi cc th nghim kh v 0,5 A (hiu dng ) i
vi cc th nghim t l thch hp ; tuy nhin , i vi cc th
nghim t trn cc i tng c cc kch thc ln c th dn ti cc
dng in r cao , mt dng ngn mch ln ti 1A c th l cn
thit .
Ghi ch Khi mch th nghim c cp bi mt my pht quay , dng in
ngn mch qu (xem IEC 34.4) nn c xem xt .
in dung tng ca mt i tng th nghim v ca bt k t in

b sung no phi m bo rng in p nh thng o c khng b thay i bi cc phng in khng nh thng tng
phn hoc cc tin phng in trong i tng th nghim . Mt
in dung trong di t 0,5 ti 1,0 nF ni chung l .
Ghi ch - Trong trng hp m in tr ngoi ca bo v ca my bin p th
nghim khng vt qu 10k in dung hiu dng nhn t ngoi ca My bin
p c th c xem nh song song vi i tng th nghim .
i vi cc th nghim nhim nhn to , cc gi tr ln hn ca

dng in ngn mch , ti 15A hoc hn , l cn thit (xem n
phm IEC 507) ; v nguyn tc , trm th nghim cng phi tho mn
nhng iu kin sau :
- t s ca in tr trn in khng (R/X) ln hn hoc bng 0,1 ;
- t s ca dng in in dung trn dng in ngn mch phi
nm trong 0,001 v 0,1 .
C th kim tra s n nh in p bng ghi trc tip in p
t vo i tng th nghim bng mt h thng o lng cao p
thch hp .
16.2.3 Mch cng hng ni tip
Mch cng hng ni tip nht thit bao gm mt cun cm ni ni
tip vi mt in dung , i tng th nghim hoc ti v c ni vi
mt ngun nng lng in p trung bnh . Cch khc n c th gm
mt t in ni ni tip vi i tng th nghim in cm . Bng
cch thay i nhng tham s mch in hoc c th c iu
chnh n cng hng , khi mt in p ln hn ng k in p
c ngun v ca dng thc cht hnh sin thc s c t vo i tng th nghim .
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S n nh ca nhng iu kin cng hng v ca in p th

nghim ph thuc vo s khng thay i ca tn s ngun cp v
ca nhng c tnh mch th nghim .
Khi mt phng in sy ra , ngun cp cho mt dng in tng i
thp hn ch s h hi cho in mi ca i tng th nghim .
Mch cng hng ni ni tip c bit l hu dng khi th nghim
cc i tng nh cc cp , cc t in hoc h thng c cch in
bng kh trong nhng dng in r trn cch in bn ngoi l
rt nh so vi cc dng in in dung qua i tng th nghim
hoc nng lng to ra phng in nh thng l rt nh . Mt
mch in cng hng ni tip cng hu ch th nghim cc
cun khng .
Mch in c th khng thch hp i vi cch in bn ngoi trong
cc iu kin m t hoc b nhim bn , tr phi nhng quy nh
ca tiu mc 16.2.1 c tho mn .
16.3
16.3.1
60-3
Php o in p th nghim
Php o vi cc dng c c ph chun trong n phm IEC
Php o gi tr nh , gi tr hiu dng , lch vi hnh sin v

cc ging qu ni chung nn c tin hnh vi cc thitb kinh
qua cc th tc chp thun da vo n phm IEC 60-3.
Nn ch ti nhng yu cu v cc c tnh p ng ca cc thit
b c dng o cc ging in p qu .
16.3.2 So chun ca mt dng c o khng c ph chun vi mt
dng c o c ph chun
Th tc thng thng gm vic thit lp mi quan h gia s ch ca
vi thit b lin quan n in p th nghim v mt php o cng
in p c thc hin ph hp vi 16.3.1 hoc vi mt khe h phng
in hnh cu c dng ph hp vi n phm IEC 52 .
Mi quan h ny c th tu thuc vo sc mt ca i tng th
nghim v khe h phng in hnh cu , lng ma trong cc th
nghim t v.v.. Do iu quan trng l nhng iu kin ny l
nh nhau trong khi so chun v th nghim thc , tr khi , trong th
nghim , khe h phng in hnh cu c th c m ra
ngn nga phng in .
Mi quan h gia in p cung cp v in p u ra c th khng
n nh i vi cc mc tiu o lng .
So chun c tin hnh thch dng hoc gn 100% in p th
nghim , nhng i vi cc th nghim trn cc i tng vi cch in
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khng t hi phc , ngoi suy c th c tin hnh t mt gi tr thp

hn 50% ca in p ny . Ngoi suy c th khng tho mn nu
dng in trong mch th nghim thay i khng tuyn tnh vi
in p t vo , hoc nu sy ra mt thay i no v dng
hoc tn s ca in p gia nhng in p so chun v th
nghim .
17
Cc th tc th nghim
17.1
in p phi c t vo i tng th nghim xut pht t mt gi

tr thp ngn nga tt c tc ng ca cc qu in p do
cc qu thao tc . V nguyn tc , in p ny tng ln kh chm
cho php c s ch ca dng c o nhng khng qu chm
to ra mt s ko di khng cn thit ca ng sut ca i tng th
nghim gn vi in p th nghim U . Nhng yu cu ny ni
chung c tho mn nu tc tng khong 2 % U trn giy , khi
in p t vo trn 75% U . in p phi c duy tr trong
khong thi gian quy nh v sau gim i rt nhanh , nhng
khng b gin on t ngt bi v iu ny c th sinh ra cc qu
thao tc c th gy ra s h hi hoc cc kt qu th nghim tht
thng .
Khong thi gian th nghim phi c quy nh bi Ban k thut
clin quan v phi c lp vi tn s trong di t 45 ti 65 Hz . nu
khng c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan khong thi gian
ca mt th nghim chu ng phi l 60 giy .
Nhng yu cu ca th nghim c tho mn nu khng c phng
in nh thng no sy ra trn i tng th nghim .
17.2
Cc th nghim in p phng in nh thng
in p phi c t vo v nng ln mt cch lin tc cho ti khi

mt phng in nh thng sy ra trn i tng th nghim . Gi tr
ca in p th nghim t ti lc phng in nh thng phi c
ghi li .
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh tc tng in p , s cc
p dng v th tc nh gi nhng kt qu th nghim (xem
Ph lc A) .
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17.3 Cc th nghim in p phng in nh thng m

bo
in p phi c t vo v c nng ln lin tc cho ti khi mt
phng in nh thng sy ra trn i tng th nghim . Gi tr ca
in p th nghim t c ti thi im phng in nh thng
c ghi li .
Nhng yu cu ca th nghim ni chung c tho mn nu in p
ny khng cao hn in p phng in nh thng trn mi mt
ca mt s quy nh cc p dng in p
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh s cc p dng in p v
tc tng in p .
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Phn on 6 : Cc th nghim vi in p xung st
18 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim xung st

18.1
Cc nh ngha c tnh p dng chung
Nhng nh ngha ny p dng cho cc xung khng dao ng hoc

vt qu hoc cho ng cong trung bnh c v qua nhng dao ng
v vt qu .
18.1.1 Xung st trn y
Mt xung st trn y l mt xung st khng b gin on bi mt
phng innh thng (xem hnh 6) . Xem mc 3 i vi nh ngha
xung v 3.1 i vi phn bt gia cc xung st v thao tc
18.1.2 Xung st b ct
Mt xung st b ct l mt xung st trong mt phng in nh
thng gy ra mt sp nhanh in p , thc t v gi tr z r
(xem cc hnh 7-9) . S sp ny c th sy ra u sng ,
nh hoc ui sng .
ghi ch - S ct c th hon thnh bi khe h phng in ct bn ngoi hoc
c th sy ra do mt phng in trong cch in bn trong hoc bn ngoi
ca mt i tng th nghim .
18.1.3 Gi tr ca in p th nghim
i vi mt xung st khng dao ng , gi tr ca in p th
nghim l gi tr nh ca n . Xc nh gi tr nh trong trng
hp dao ng hoc vt qu cc xung st tiu chun c xem xt
trong 19.2 .
i vicc dng xung khc (v d xem cc hnh 10 e-h) Ban k thut
c lin quan phi xc nh gi tr in p th nghim c tnh n
iu kin th nghim v i tng th nghim .
18.1.4 Thi gian u xng T1
Thi gian u sng T1 ca mt xung st l mt tham s gi nh c xc nh bng 1,67 ln khong thi gian T gia nhng thi im
khi xung l 30% v 90% gi tr nh (cc im A v B, cc hnh 69) .
18.1.5 Gc to quy c O1
Gc to quy c O1 ca mt xung st l thi im trc tng ng vi
im A (xem cc hnh 6-9) bi mt thi gian 0,3 T 1. i vi cc ghi c
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- 49 -
cc thang o thi gian tuyn tnh , y l giao im vi trc thi

gian ca mt ng thng v qua cc im A v B tham kho trn
u sng .
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18.1. 6 Thi gian na gi tr T2

Thi gian na gi tr T2 ca mt xung st l mt tham s quy c c
xc nh nh khong thi gian gia im gc to quy c O1 v
thi im khi in p suy gim i v mt na gi tr nh .
18.2
Cc nh ngha ch p dng cho cc xung b ct
Mt xung st b ct l mt xung st trong mt phng in n

tia gy ra mt sp nhanh in p khi in p st xung z r
hoc gn z r , vi hoc khng c dao ng (xem cc hnh 7-9) .
Ghi ch - Vi vi i tng th nghim hoc cc b tr th nghim , c th c
mt nh bng phng hoc lm trn in p trc khi sp in p v z
r . Cc hu qu tng t cng c th quan st thy do cc khim khuyt ca
h thng o . Xc nh chnh xc cc tham s lin quan ti ct (18.2.1 ti
18.2.5 ) i hi s c mt ca c hai mt gin on t ngt v mt h thng
o c bit . Cc trng hp khc c giao cho Ban k thut c lin quan xem
xt .
18.2.1 Thi im ct
Thi im ct l thi im ti mt sp in p nhanh c
trng s ct sy ra u tin .
18.2.2 Khong thi gian ti ct Tc
Khong thi gian ti ct Tc l mt tham s quy c xc nh nh khong
thi gian gia im gc quy c O1 v thi im ct .
18.2.3 Cc c tnh lin quan ti sp in p trong khi ct
Cc c tnh quy c ca sp in p trong khi ct c xc
nh bi hai im C v D nm 70% v 10% in p lc ct
(xem hnh 7) . Khong thi giam st nhanh in p l 1,67 ln
khong thi gian gia nhng im C v D . dc st nhanh in
p l t s in p ti thi im ct ti khong thi gian st nhanh
in p .
Ghi ch - S dng cc im C v D ch i vi mc tiu nh ngha ; vic s
dng cc im ny khng i hi rng khong thi gian v dc ca ct c
th o c v chnh xc no bng dng nhng mch o quy c .
18.2.4 Xung b ct c mt u sng tuyn tnh

Mt in p tng ln vi mt dc xp x khng i , cho ti khi
in p b ct bi mt phng in n tia , c m t nh mt
xung b ct c u sng tuyn tnh .
xc nh mt xung nh vy , ta vch ng thng thch hp nht
trong phn u sng ca xung nmg gia 30% v 90% ca bin
nh ; nhng dao im ca ng ny vi nhng bin 30% v
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90 % khi c ch nh ln lt bi nhng im E v F (xem hnh

9) .
Xung b ct c xc nh bi :
- in p nh U ,
- khong thi gian u sng T1,
- dc quy c S:
S = U/T1
y l dc ca ng thng chy qua nhng im E v F , thng
c biu th bng ki l vn trn mi cr giy .
Xung b ct ny c xem nh gn tuyn tnh nu u sng , t bin
30% ti thi im ct , hon ton nm gia hai ng thng
song song vi ng EF , nhng c dch chuyn v thi gian bng
0,05 T1 (xem hnh 9) .
Ghi ch - Gi tr v dung sai v dc quy c S phi c xc
nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan .
18.3
Cc ng cong in p / thi gian
18.3.1 Cc ng cong in p / thi gian i vi cc in p xung

c u sng tuyn tnh
ng cong in p / thi gian i vi cc xung c u sng tuyn
tnh l ng cong ni in p nh vi thi gian u sng T 1 . ng
cong nhn cbng p dng cc xung vi cc u sng tuyn tnh c
cc dc khc nhau .
18.3.2 ng cong in p / thi gian i vi cc xung c dng gi
nh khng i
ng cong in p / thigian i vi cc dng gi nh khng i l
ng cong gn in p phng in ca i tng th nghim vi
khong thi gian ti ct , vic ct c th sy ra u sng ,
nh hoc ui sng . ng cong nhn c bng p dng cc xung
st in p c dng khng i nhng vi cc gi tr nh gi nh
khc nhau (xem hnh 11) .
19 in p th nghim
19.1
Xung st tiu chun
Xung st tiu chun l mt xung st trn y c mt khong thi

gian u sng l 1,2s v mt khong thi gian ti na gi tr 50s ,
c gi l xung 1,2/50 .
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19.2
- 52 -
Cc dung sai
Nu khng c iu g khc c Ban k thut quy nh , cc sai

khc sau c chp thun gia cc gi tr quy nh i vi xung tiu
chun v xung ghi c thc :
Gi tr nh
Thi gian u sng
3%
30%
Thi gian ti na gi tr 20%

Ghi ch 1 - Nhn mnh rng nhng dung sai trn gi tr nh , khong thi
gian u sng v khong thi gian ti na gi tr to ra nhng sai khc cho
php gia cc gi tr quy nhv cc gi tr ghi c thc bng cc php o .
S sai khc ny nn c phn bit vi cc sai s o lng l sai khc gia nhng
gi tr ghi c thc v nhng gi tr thc . i vi thng tin v cc sai s o lng xem n phm IEC 60-3 v 60-4 .
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Vi vi mch th nghim , cc dao ng hoc mt vt qu c th sy

ra nh ca xung , xem cc hnh 10a ti d ; nu tn s ca cc
dao ng nh vy khng nh hn 0,5 MHz v khong thi gian vt qu
khng qu 1s , mt ng cong trung bnh c vch ra trong cc
hnh 10a v b v , i mc tiu o lng , bin cc i ca ng
cong ny c chn lm gi tr nh xc nh gi tr ca in p
th nghim .
Vt qu hoc cc dao ng vng ln cn nh , c o bng mt
h thng theo n phm IEC 60-3 , l cho php vi iu kin l bin
ca mi mt ca cc nh ca chng khng c vt qu 5% gi
tr nh . Trong cc mch my pht xung thng dng , cc dao ng
v phn ca u sng trong in p khng vt qu 90% ca
gi tr nh c nh hng ni chung khng ng k ln cc kt qu
th nghim . Nu ban k thut c lin quan thy nhng gi tr ln
ng k , khuyn ngh rng nhng bin ca chng c o bng
mt thit b o thch hp , nh c quy nh trong n phm IEC 60-3
di ng thng qua nhng im A' B' (xem hnh 12) . Nhng
im ny ln lt trn nhng ng thng ng ca cc im A v B
c xc nh ph hp trong 18.1.4 , khong cch AA' bng 25% v BB'
5% ca gi tr nh .
Xung nht thit theo mt hng , nhng xem Ghi ch 2.
ghi ch 2 - Trong cc trng hp c bit , nh trong cc th nghim trn cc i
tng c mt tr khng thp hoc trn cc mch in p rt cao c kch c ln ,
khng th hiu chnh dng ca xung trong cc sai s khuyn ngh , nn gi
cc dao ng v / hoc vt qu trong nhng gii hn quy nh hoc trnh
mt o ngc cc tnh . Cc trng hp nh vy nn do Ban k thut c lin quan
gii quyt .
19.3
Xung st tiuchun b ct
Mt xung st tiu chun b ct l mt xung tiu chun b ct bi

mt khe h bn ngoi sau 2 ti 5s . Cc khong thi gian khc ti ct
c th c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan. Bi v cc kh
khn thc t v o lng , khong thi gian sp in p khng
c chun ho.
19.4
Cc xung st c bit
Trong vi trng hp cc xung st dao ng c th c t vo . iu

ny a ra kh nng sn sinh ra cc xung vi cc khong thi gian u
sng ngn hn hoc vi gi tr nh tng ng vi mt hiu sut
ca my pht xung ln hn 1 .
19.5
Sn sinh ra in p th nghim
Xung thng c sn ra bi mt my pht xung nht thit gm mt s

cc t in c np in song song t mt ngun in p mt
chiu v sau c phng in mc ni tip vo mt mch bao
gm i tng th nghim .
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19.6
- 54 -
o lng in p th nghim v xc nh dng xung
19.6.1
o lng bng cc dng c c ph chun theo n phm IEC
60-3
o gi tr nh , nhng tham s thi gian v s vt qu hoc cc dao
ng trn in p th nghim ni chung nn c tin hnh bng cc
dng c kinh qua th tc ph chun c da vo n phm IEC 60-3
. Php o nn c tin hnh vi i tng th nghim trong mch v,
ni chung , dng xung phi c kim tra i vi mi mt i tng th
nghim . Khi mt s cc i tng th nghim c cng mt thit k v
kch c c th nghim trong cc iu kin ng nht , dng xung
ch cn c kim tra mt ln .
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Ghi ch - Xc nh dng xung bng tnh ton t cc tham s mch th nghim

khng c xem l tho mn.
19.6.2 So chun ca mt dng c o khng c ph chun vi mt

dng c o c ph chun
Th tc thng bao gm vic thit lp mt quan h gia s ch ca
vi dng c ni vi in p th nghim (v d in p np cc i
ca giai on th nht ca my pht xung) v mt o lng c cng
in p c thc hin ph hp vi 19.6.1 hoc vi mt khe h phng
in hnh cu, c dng ph hp vi n phm IEC 52.
Mi tng quan c th tu thuc vo s c mt ca i tng th
nghim, ca khe h phng in hnh cu v.v.. Do , iu quan
trng l nhng iu kin ny l ging nhau trong khi so chun v
th nghim thc, tr khi trong th nghim khe h phng in hnh
cu c m ra ngn nga phng in.
i vi cc th nghim trn cc i tng vi cch in t hi phc, vic
so chun nn c tin hnh hoc gn 100% ca in p th
nghim. i vi cc th nghim trn cc i tng vi cch in khng
t hi phc, php ngoi suy c th khng trnh khi nhng php ngoi
suy nh vy phi c thc hin vi in p khng c nh hn 50%
in p th nghim. Php ngoi suy ch cho php nu n c th c ch ra rng in p th nghim t l vi bin s c la chn.
19.7 o lng dng in trong cc th nghim vi cc in p
xung
Ban k thut c lin quan phi quy nh nhng c tnh ca mt
dng in chy qua trong i tng th nghim nn c o trong cc
th nghim vi cc in p xung cao. Khi kiu o ny c dng i
vi cc mc tiu so snh, dng sng dng in l quan trng v php
o gi tr tuyt i ca dng in ny c th t quan trng hn.
20
Cc th tc th nghim
20.1
Th tc th nghim khuyn ngh ph thuc vo tnh cht ca i tng th nghim nh xc nh trong mc 5. Ban k thut c lin
quan phi quy nh th tc no phi c p dng.
Trong cc th tc A,B v C in p c t vo i tng th nghim
ch l gi tr chu ng quy nh, trong khi trong th tc D
nhiu mc in p phi c t vo.
20.1.1
Th nghim in p chu ng : th tc A
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Ba xung c dng v cc tnh quy nh mc in p chu ng c t vo i tng th nghim. Nhng yu cu th nghim c

tho mn nu khng nhn c mt ch th s c no, bng cch dng
cc phng php pht hin c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin
quan.
Ghi ch - Th tc ny c khuyn ngh i vi cc th nghim trn mt cch
in c th b suy gim hoc khng t hi phc.
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20.1.2
Th nghim in p chu ng : Th tc B
Mi lm xung c dng v cc tnh quy nh mc in p chu
ng c t vo i tng th nghim . Nhng yu cu ca th
nghim c tho mn nu khng qa hai phng in nh thng
(n tia) sy ra trong phn t hi phc ca cch in v nu khng c
ch th h hng no trong cch in khng t hi phc nhn c bi
nhng phng php d tm c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin
quan .
20.1.3 Th nghim in p chu ng : Th tc C
Ba xung c dng v cc tnh quy nh mc in p chu ng c t vo i tng th nghim. Nu khng c phng in n tia
(nh thng) no sy ra, i tng th nghim kinh qua th
nghim . Nu nhiu hn mt phng in n tia sy ra trong phn
cch in t hi phc khi chn xung b sung c t vo v
nu khng c phng in n tia no sy ra, i tng th nghim
kinh qua th nghim.
Nu bt k d tm h hng no trong phn cch in khng t hi
phc c quan st thy vi nhng phng php d tm c quy nh
bi Ban k thut c lin quan trong bt k phn no ca th nghim,
i tng th nghim tht bi kinh qua th nghim .
Ghi ch- Th tc ny tng ng vi mt thc tin ca M c thay i sao cho tng ng v mt thng k vi th tc B.
20.1.4 Th tc in p chu ng : Th tc D
i vi cch in t hi phc 10% in p phng in n tia xung
U10 c th c nh gi bng cch dng cc th tc th nghim thng
k c m t trong ph lc A.
Nhng phng php th nghim ny cho php hoc s nh gi trc
tip ca U10 v U50 hoc s nh gi gin tip ca U10.
Trong trng hp sau cng ny ,U10 c suy ra t gi tr U50 bng cch
dng cng thc :
U10 = U50 (1- 1,3z)
Ban k thut lin quan phi quy nh gi tr c gi nh i vi
lch quy c z ca phng in n tia . i vi th nghim kh trn
cch in khng kh khng c bt k cch in no khc c lin
quan, ta c th s dng gi tr trn n v z = 0,03.
i tng th nghim c cho l tho mn nu U10 nh hn in p
chu ng xung quy nh.
Nhng phng php th nghim sau c th c dng nh gi
U50:
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a/ Phng php mc bi nhiu nc (xem mc A.1.1) vi n 4 mc

in p v m10 xung trn mc ;
b/ Phng php a ln v a xung (mc A.1.2) vi m =1 xung
trn nhm v n 20 cc p dng hu ch.
nh gi U10 , phng php chu ng a ln v a xung vi m=
7 xung trn nhm v t nht tm nhm hu dung, c th c s
dng.
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Trong mi trng hp khong in p gia cc mc U nn sp s t

1,5 ti 3% ca gi tr c nh gi ca U50.
20.2 Cc th tc i vi cc th nghim in p phng in
n tia m bo
Nhng th tc i vi th nghim in p phng in m bo l
tng t vi cc th tc c m t trong 20.1 vi nhng thay i thch
hp gia cc iu kin phng in v chu ng .
Ban k thut c lin quan cng c th quy nh cc th tc khc i
vi cc i tng th nghim.
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Phn on 7: Cc th nghim vi
xung thao tc
21 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim xung thao tc

21.1
Xung thao tc
Mt xung thao tc ( phn bit vi xung st ) c xc nh trong

3.1 Nhng c tnh ca mt xung thao tc c biu th bng cc
tham s c xc nh trong 21.2 ti 21.7 (xem hnh 13)
Cc tham s b sung c th c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin
quan khi xem xt cc th nghim t bit.
21.2

quan, gi tr ca in p th nghim l gi tr nh gi nh.
21.3
Thi gian t ti nh TP
Thi gian ti nh TPl khong thi gian gia gc (to ) thc v

thi im khi in p t c gi tr nh ca n.
21.4
Khong thi gian t ti na gi tr T2
Khong thi gian ti na gi tr T2 i vi mt xung thao tc l khong

thi gian gia gc thc v thi im khi in p ln tin gim
i v na gi tr nh.
21.5
Khong thi gian t ti trn 90% Td
Khong thi gian trn 90% l khong thi gian trong in p

xung vt qu 90% gi tr nh ca n.
21.6
Khong thi gian ti Z- ro To
Khong thi gian ti Z-r To l khong thi gian ti im gc thc v

thi im khi in p u tin qua Z- r.
Quy nh khong thi gian trn 90% v khong thi gian ti Z -r
thay th cho khong thi gian ti na gi tr c xem l hu dng, v
d , khi dng ca xung c p t bng cc hin tng bo ho trong
i tng th nghim hoc mch th nghim, hoc khi khc
nghit ca th nghim trn cc phn quan trng ca cch in bn
trong ca i tng th nghim c xem nh ph thuc cao vo cc
tham s ny. Khi quy nh mt xung thao tc, ch mt tp hp cc
tham s lin quan ti dng sng ni chung c cho. Cc tham s thi
gian c bit c xc nh nu c ch ra r rng bng tham kho,
v d, vi mt xung TP /T2 hoc TP/Td/To.
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Ghi ch - Lin quan 21.3 ti 21.6- Khong thi gian u sng i vi cc xung
thao tc i khi c xc nh theo cng cch nh sng ca cc xung st
(18.1.4) hoc theo vi tng t cc im tham kho khc v cc h s nhn
khc. i vi cc xung thao tc vi cc tham s thi gian nh cho trong 22.1,
thi gian ti nh l gia 1.4 v .1.8 ln thi gian u sng .
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21.7 Khong thi gian ti ct TC

Khong t hi gian ti ct Tc ca mt xung thao tc l khong thi
gian gia gc thc v thi im ct.
21.8
Xung c u sng tuyn tnh
nh ngha mt xung c u sng tuyn tnh (p dng cho c hai

xung st v xung ng ct ) c cho trong 18.2.4
22 in p th nghim
22.1
Xung ng ct tiu chun
Xung ng ct tiu chun l mt xung c mt khong thi gian ti

nh TP l 250 s v mt thi gian ti n gi tr T2 l 2500 s . N c
m t nh mt xung 250 /2500
22.2
Cc dung sai
Nu khng c iu g khc c quy nh bi ban k thut c lin

quan, s khc nhau sau c chp nhn gia cc gi tr quy nh v
cc gi tr c ghi li thc, c hai i vi cc xung tiu chun v c
bit (xem ghi ch 1 ti 19.2)
Gi tr nh
3%
Khong thi gian ti nh
20%
Khong thi gian ti na gi tr 60%

Trong vi trng hp, v d vi cc i tng th nghim c tr khng
thp, c th kh hiu chnh dng ca xung v trong nhng dung
sai khuyn ngh. Trong cc trng hp nh vy cc dung sai khc hoc
cc dng xung khc c th c quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin
quan .
Ghi ch- Phng in n tia c khe h di trong khng kh c th b nh hng
bi c hai khong thi gian ti nh v khong th gian ti na gi tr ca
mt xung thao tc . Nh vy khuyn nghi i vi cc i tng th nghim nh vy
xung ng ct p t c c trng bi cc tham s thi gian thc.Cc dung
dai ln hn trong khong thi gian gi nh ti na sng c th c php trong
trng hp ca mt phng in n tia sy ra trc hoc nh.
22.3
Cc xung thao tc c bit
i vi cc mc tiu c bit , khi dng xung tiu chun khng c

xem l hoc thch hp, cc xung ng ct c bit c dng
hoc phi chu k hoc dao ng c th c m t bi Ban k thut
c lin quan .
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Ghi ch- Khi mt phng in c khi u bng mt knh bo trc trong khng
kh t mt in cc c np in dng , hai xung ni chung c th c xem
nh tng ng, khi chng c cng gi tr nh v cng khong thi gian gia
hai im ca u sng 70% v 100% ca gi tr nh.
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22.4 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim

Cc xung ng ct ni chung c sn ra bi mt my pht xung quy
c (xem 19.5). Chng cng c th c sinh ra bi p dng mt xung
in p vo cun dy h p ca mt my bin p th nghim (hoc
ca mt my bin p c th nghim). Cc phng php khc ca cc
xung thao tc sinh ra c th c s dng, v d, i hi ct nhanh
chng dng in trong mt cun dy my bin p.
Nhng phn t ca mt mch i vi cc xung ng ct sinh ra nn
c la chn trnh c bin dng qu mc ca dng xung do cc
dng phng in khng nh thng (n tia) trong i tng th
nghim. Cc dng in nh vy c th t n cc gi tr hon ton
ln, c bit khi cc th nghim nhim bn ln cch in bn ngoi
cc in p cao. Trong cc mch th nghim c tr khng ni cao,
chng c th gy ra s mo nghim trong ca in p hoc ngay
c ngn nga mt phng in nh thng khi sy ra.
22.5 Php o in p th nghim v xc nh dng xung
Php o in p th nghim v xc nh dng xung nn c tin
hnh nh c m t trong 19.6.1 v 19.6.2 . Ghi ch rng tuy n phm
IEC 52, 1960 , khng cho thng tin g c bit lin quan ti php
o gi tr nh ca cc xung thao tc, cc php o ch cho rng
khe h hnh cu c th c xem nh mt dng c o c ph chun
i vi cc in p xung ng ct.
23
Cc th tc th nghim
Nhng th tc th nghim ni chung l nh nhau i vi th nghim

xung st v cc xem xt thng k tng t c p dng (xem mc 20
v ph lc A). Nu khng c iu g khc c quy nh bi Ban k
thut c lin quan, lch quy c ca phng in n tia (nh
thng) i vi cc th nghim kh v t trong cch in khng kh,
khng lin quan vi bt k cch in no khc, c th c gi nh
l:
z = 0,06
Do , cc khong in p ln hn U c th c p dng khi p
dng cc th tc mc bi hoc th tc a ln v a xung.
Ghi ch- Vi cc xung thao tc, cc phng in n tia sy ra thng xuyn cc
khong thi gian ngu nhin trc nh nhiu. Khi trnh din nhng kt qu
ca cc th nghim phng in theo 20.1.4 , quan h gia xc sut phng
in n tia v in p ni chung c biu th theo gi tr nh gi nh.
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Tuy nhin phng php khc cng c dng trong phng in n tia thc
i vi mi xung c o; phn b xc sut cc gi tr in p o c khi
c xc nh bi phng php c m t i vi cc th nghim loi 3 trong ph
lc A.
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Phn on 8: Cc th nghim vi dng in xung
24 Cc nh ngha i vi cc th nghim dng in xung

24.1
Dng in xung
Hai kiu dng in xung c s dng . Kiu th nht c mt dng

tng t z-r ti gi tr nh trong mt thi gian ngn, v sau
gim v z- r hoc sp s theo s m hoc theo cch ca mt ng cong hnh sin tt dn mnh . Kiu ny c xc nh bng thi
gian u sng T1 v thi gian ti na gi tr T2 (xem 24.3 v 2.4.5)
Kiu th hai c dng sp s ch nht v c xc nh bng khong
thi gian nh v khong th gian tng (xem 24.6 v 24.7)
24.2
Gi tr ca dng in th nghim
Gi tr ca dng th nghim bnh thng c xc nh bng gi tr

nh. Vi vi mch th nghim , s vt qu hoc cc dao ng c
th c mt trn dng sng dng in. Ban k thut c lin quan phi
quy nh hoc gi tr ca dng th nghim nn c xc nh bng
nh thc hoc bng mt ng cong bng phng c vch ra qua
nhng dao ng.
24.3
Khong thi gian u sng T1
Khong thi gian u sng T 1 ca mt dng in xung l mt tham

s quy c c xc nh l 1.25 ln khong thi gian T, gia nhng
thi im khi xung l 10% v 90% ca gi tr nh (xem hnh
14a). Nu c nhng dao ng trn u sng, nhng im tng
ng vi 10% v 90% phi c ly trn ng cong trung bnh c vch
ra qua nhng dao ng ny theo mt cch tng t vi cch c dng
i vi cc xung st vi cc dao ng trn u sng.
24.4
Gc quy c O1
Gc quy c O1 ca mt dng in xung i trc bng khong thi gian

0,1 T1 l thi im ti dng in t 10% gi tr nh ca n.
i vi cc ghi c thang o thi gian tuyn tnh , ay l giao im
vi trc thi gian ca mt ng thng i qua cc im tham kho
10% v 90% ca u sng.
24.5
Thi gian ti na gi tr T2
Thi gian ti na gi tr T2 ca mt dng in xung l mt tham s

quy c c xc nh nh khong thi gian gia gc quy c O1 v thi
im ti dng in gim ti na gi tr nh
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24.6
Td
- 67 -
Khong thi gian ca mt dng in xung ch nht
Khong thi ca nh ca mt dng in xung ch nht Td l mt

tham s quy c c xc nh nh thi gian khong thi gian ny dng
in ln hn 90% gi tr nh ca n (xem hnh 14b).
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24.7
Khong thi gian tng ca mt dng in xung ch
nht Tt
Khong thi gian ca mt dng in xung ch nht Tt l mt tham
s quy c c xc nh nh l thi gian trong khi dng in ln
hn 10% gi tr nh ca n (xem hnh 14b). Nu c cc dao ng
trn u sng, mt ng cong trung bnh nn c vch ra nhm
xc nh thi gian ti dng in t c gi tr l 10%.
25 Dng in th nghim
25.1
Cc dng in xung tiu chun
Bn dng in xung tiu chun tng ng vi kiu th nht ca xung,

c xc nh trong 24.1, c s dng
-1/20 xung :thi gian u sng: 1s, thi gian ti na gi tr :
20s ;
-4/10 xung :thi gian u sng:4s, thi gian ti na gi tr :
10s ;
-8/20 xung :thi gian u sng:8s; thi gian ti na gi tr :
20s;
-30/80 xung :thi gian u sng:30 s; thi gian ti na gi tr :
80s ;
Cc dng in xung ch nht c khong thi gian ca nh Td l
500s,1000s hoc 2000s hoc gia 2000/s v 3200s
25.2
Cc dung sai

quan, nhng sai khc sau c chp nhn gia nhng gi tr quy
nh i vi cc dng in xung tiu chun v cc gi tr c ghi
thc t:
i vi cc xung 1.20, 4/10 , 8/20 v 30/80.
gi tr nh 10%
thi gian u T1 10%
thi gian ti na gi tr T2 10%
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- 69 -
Mt vt qu nh hoc cc dao ng c b qua min l bin

nh n ca n trong vng ln cn ca nh xung khng ln hn
5% gi tr nh . Bt k o ngc cc tnh no sau khi dng in
qua z r khng c ln hn 20% ca gi tr nh.
i vi cc xung ch nht:
gi tr nh
+ 20%
;
-0%
khong thi gian nh
+ 20%
;
-0%
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Mt vt qu hoc cc dao ng l c php min l bin nh

n ca chng khng ln hn 10% ca gi tr nh. Khong thi
gian tng ca mt xung ch nht khng c ln hn 1.5 ln khong
thi gian nh v o ngc cc tnh nn c hn ch v 10% gi tr
nh.
25.3
o lng dng in th nghim
Dng in th nghim phi c o bng mt thit b kinh qua

th tc ph chunda vo n phmr IEC 60-3
25.4
o lng in p trong cc th nghim vi dng in
xung
Nn o nhng in p xut hin u cc ca i tng th
nghim trong nhng th nghim vi cc dng in xung cao bng
mt dng c c ph chun o cc in p xung theo th tc
cho trong n phm IEC 60-3.
Ghi ch- Dng in xung c th cm ng cc in p kh cao trong mch o
in p, gy ra cc sai s ng k. Nh mt kim tra, do khuyn ngh rng
dy dn bnh thng ni b chia in p i vi u mang in ca i tng
th nghim , nn c tch khi im ny v c ni thay th vo vi u
c ni t ca i tng th nghim , nhng vn duy tr sp s cng vng ni.
Ni cch khc, i tng th nghim c th c ni ngn mch hoc c thay
th bng mt dy dn kim loi cng . Hnh hc mch th nghim nn c thay
i cho ti khi in p o c khi my pht b phng in trong bt k iu
kin ny l b qua so vi in p qua i tng th nghim , t nht trong phn
ca xung c tc ng c tnh quyt nh ln nhng kt qu th nghim.
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Phn on 9 : Cc th nghim t hp v cc th nghim

tng hp
26 Cc th nghim in p t hp
Th nghim in p t hp l mt th nghim trong ta t vo
hai u cc ca i tng th nghim (v d mt my ct v tr
m, xem hnh 15a) hai in p c sn ra bi hai ngun ring
bit.Trong th nghim ny c th c t hp hai ca cc in p
xung st v thao tc , cc in p mt chiu hoc in p xoay
chiu c tn s cng nghip.
in p th nghim c t trng bi bin ca n, mt tr thi
gian T cng nh bi dng sng, gi tr nh v tnh phn cc ca
mi thnh phn.
Khi cc th nghim in p t hp c thc hin trn thit b ng
ct, chng c d nh m phng nhng iu kin trong mt
cc ca dao ct m phi chu ng in p tn s cng nghip
quy nh v cc khc chu ng hoc qu in p st hoc qu
in p ng ct.Mch th nghim phi m phng tnh trng ny
trn c hai cch in bn trong v bn ngoi. Trong cc trng hp
c bit Ban k thut c lin quan c th cho php in p tn s
cng nghip c m phng bi cc xung thao tc c dng thch hp.
26.1
Gi tr ca in p th nghim U
Gi tr ca in p th nghim U l th hiu cc i gia cc cc

mang in ca i tng th nghim (xem hnh 15b).
26.2
Tr thi gian t
Tr thi gian t ca mt in p t hp l khong thi gian gia

nhng thi im khi hai thnh phn ca n t c gi tr nh
ca n, o c k t lc ca mt nh m (xem hnh 20). N c
mt dung sai l 0,05 TPmax, khi TP l thi gian ti nh hoc thi gian
u sng i vi mt xung v mt phn t chu k i vi mt in p
xoay chiu , v TPmaxl gi tr ln nht TP i vi hai thnh phn .
Hai in p ca mt th nghim in p xung t hp c gi l
ng b khi tr thi gian t bng Z r, trong dung sai quy nh .
26.3
Cc dng in p thc
Do vic ngu hp gia hai mch pht in, nhng dng v nhng
bin ca hai thnh phn ca mt in p t hp khc vi in p
c sn ra bi cc ngun nh nhau c s dng ring l. Nh vy chng
phi c o trong t hp, thch dng hn bng cc h thng o
ring l i vi t.
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Mi mt h thng o phi ng thi thch nghi vi php o dng

sng ca mi thnh phn nhm trnh nhng sai s khi ghi nh hng
ln nhau ca chng.
Nhng lch cho php cc i vi dng in p m t phi c
quy nh bi Ban k thut c lin quan.
Ghi ch- Trong trng hp ca mt phng in n tia sy ra khi mt th nghim
cc in p t hp, nn tnh n tng tc trc tip gia hai ngun in p
nu khng c cc phn t bo v b sung(v d cc in tr hoc khe h bo
v) trong mch . Trong bt k trng hp no s phn b in p gia hai ngun
in p s thay i hon ton khi c mt phng in n tia.
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26.4
- 73 -
-89B tr i tng th nghim
B tr i tng th nghim , c bit l i vi cc cu trc c ni

t phi c Ban k thut c lin quan quy nh .
26.5
Cc h s hiu chnh kh quyn
Trong mt th nghim in p t hp , nhng h s hiu chnh kh

quyn lin quan vi thnh phn c gi tr cao nht phi c t vo
gi tr in p th nghim.
27 Cc th nghim tng hp
Mt in p tng hp l in p sinh ra t hai ngun in p khc
nhau c ni thch hp , c t vo mt u cc ca i tng th
nghim i vi t .
nh ngha cc tham s ca n c li cho Ban k thut c lin
quan .
Ghi ch - Cc th nghim tng hp cng c th c thc hin bng cch p
t in p v cc ngun xung -dng in vo i tng th nghim .
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Ph lc A : X l thng k cc kt qu th nghim
A.1
Phn loi th nghim
Cc th tc th nghim phng in n tia c th chia thnh ba loi

i vi mc tiu nh gi thng k .
A.1.1 Loi 1 ; Cc th nghim mc bi
Trong mt th nghim loi 1 , m i thc cht bng cc ng sut in p
(v d cc xung st) c t vo mi mt ca n mc in p Ui
(i=1,2,..n) . Trong khi th tc ny thng c dng vi cc in p
xung , vi th nghim vi cc in p xoay chiu v mt chiu cng
ri vo loi ny .
Nhng kt qu th nghim l nhng n s p t in p m i v
nhng s tng ng ca phng in n tia di mi mc in p Ui .
A.1.2 Loi 2 : Cc th nghim a ln v a xung
Trong mt th nghim loi 2 , n nhm ca m in p thc cht bng
mt mc in p Ui . Mc ca mi nhm c tng ln hoc gim i
bi mt lng nh U d cho , i vi mc trc theo kt qu ca nhm
p dng trc ca in p .
Thng thng ta dng mt trong hai th tc sau . Th tc th nghim
chu ng nhm xc nh cc mc in p tng ng vi xc
sut nh ca phng in n tia trong khi th tc phng in
n tia tng ng vi cc xc sut cao ca phng in n tia . Trong
mt th nghim chu ng , mc in p c nng ln mt i lng
U nu ta khng quan st thy bt k phng in n tia no trong
mt nhm ca m p dng ; trong trng hp ngc li mc in p dc
gim i cng mt lng . Trong mt th nghim phng in , mc
in p c tng ln U nu sy ra mt hay nhiu chu ng sy
ra , trong trng hp ngc li mc c gim i cng mt lng .
Trong trng hp m = 1 , hai th tc trng nhau v tng ng vi th
tc a ln + a xung dn ti mt in p 50% phng in n tia .
Cc th nghim cng c thc hin vi cc gi tr khc ca m xc
nh in p tng ng vi xc sut phng in n tia khc nhau .
Nhng kt qu l nhng s k i ca nhm ng sut in p c t
nhng nhm in p Ui . Mc u tin Ui c xem xt l mc ti
ti thiu hai nhm in p c p dng . S tng ca cc nhm
hu dng l n = ki .
A.1.3 Loi 3 : Cc th nghim phng in k tip
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Trong mt th nghim loi 3 , mt th tc dn ti mt phng in n

tia trn i tng th nghim c p dng n ln . in p th nghim
c th c nng ln lin tc cho ti khi mt phng in n tia sy ra
hoc gi khng i mc no cho ti khi mt phng in n
tia c quan st thy . Nhng kt qu l n gi tr in p U 1 hoc
khong thi gian ti ti phng in n tia sy ra .
Cc in p ny c thc hin vi cc in p mt chiu , xoay chiu
hoc xung . Cc th nghim ti cc phng in n tia sy ra trn
u sng ca xung ri vo loi ny .
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A.2
- 76 -
c tnh thng k ca phng in n tia
Khi p, xc sut phng in n tia trong mt th tc th nghim

cho , ch ph thuc vo in p th nghim , U, c tnh ca i
tng th nghim c th c c trng bng mt hm s p(U) c xc
nh bi nhng qu trnh ca pht trin phng in . Trong thc
tin , hm ny, hm xc sut phng in n tia , c th c biu
th theo ton hc bng cc biu thc ph thuc t nht vo hai tham
s U50 v z . U50 l 50% in p phng in i vi in p ny p(U)
= 0,5 v z l lch quy c , z = U50 - U16 trong U16 l in p
i vi in p ny p(U) = 0,16.
ghi ch 1 - Cc v d tiu biu ca cc hm ny c th c suy ra t cc hm
phn b xc sut Gauss (hoc chun ) , Weibull hoc Gumbel . Kinh nghim
chng t rng i vi 0,15<p < 0,85 phn ln cc hm phn b l thuyt l tng ng . Cc phn b c bit Weibull hoc Gumbel l cc sp s chp
nhn c vi Gauss c U50 v z cho i vi p nm gia 0,02 v 0,98 . Ngoi
nhng gii hn ny c mt t thng tin hu dng .
ghi ch 2 - i khi p l mt hm s ca hai hoc nhiu tham s , v d U v
dU/dt . Trong cc trng hp nh vy khng c hm n gin no c th c s
dng m t p . Cc chi tit ca cc trng hp nh vy c th thy trong gio
trnh k thut .
Hm p(U) v nhng tham s U 50 v z c th c suy ra t cc th

nghim vi cc s ln cc p dng in p , min l nhng c tnh
ca i tng th nghim duy tr khng i trong sut nhng th
nghim .
Trong thc t s cc p dng in p thng b hn ch v nhng
nh gi ca U50 v z c da trn dng c gi nh ca p(U) , phi
tu thuc vo tnh khng chc chn thng k .
A.2.1 Cc gii hn tin cy v sai s thng k
Nu mt tham s y c nh gi t n kt qu th nghim , ta c th
xc nh mt khong tin cy cc u cc y u v yi v trong c
mt xc sut C tm c gi tr thc . Ta gi mc tin cy l xc sut C
v sai s thng k l na khong tin cy ep = ( yu - yi ) /2 .
Ni chung C c ly bng 0,95 (hoc 0,90) v nhng gii hn tng
ng c gi l 95% (hoc 90%) cc gii hn tincy .
Sai s thng k ep ph thuc vo c hai n v gi tr ca lch quy c . lch quy c z nn c nh gi khi c th t cc th nghim c tin hnh trong cc iu kin thc . Ni chung nh gi l z tt
hn khi s th nghim tng ln . Nn tnh n khi mt s ri cc th
nghim c ko di bng cc thay i cc iu kin xung quanh c
th , trong chng mc no , b li li ch v mt chnh xc nhn
c bng tng s cc th nghim .
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Bi v s nh gi chnh xc z t mt s ri hn ch ca cc th
nghim l khng th , cc gi tr c nh gi t cc kt qu tp hp
chung ca nhiu th nghim thng c Ban k thut c lin quan cp
.
Sai s thng k et c th c t hp vi cc nh gi cc sai s khc
( v d cc sai s o ) xc nh nhng gii hn sai s tng th
xc nh mt tham s c bit .
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A.3 Phn tch cc kt qu th nghim

Mc ny c th p dng cho cc trng hp trong nhng kt qu
th nghim c th xem nh cc nh gi c lp , ngha l khi kt
qu th n khng b nh hng bi ci c th sy ra trong cc th
nghim th (n-1) v th (n - j) .
A.3.1
X l cc kt qu t cc th nghim loi 1
Trong trng hp ny tn s phng in fi = di/mi mt mc in p

Ui c ly lm mt nh gi p(U) xc sut phng in mc in
p Ui . n nh gi ca p(Ui) nhn c trong mt th nghim loi 1 khi
c th thch hp vi mt hm phn b xc sut gi nh p(U) v
nhng tham s U50 v z c xc nh .
iu ny c th c thc hin bng mang fi theo Ui trn mt t giy
th c bit cho mt ng thng khi nhng nh gi xc sut
tun theo mt hm phn b xc sut cho p(U) . Mt v d
bit l t giy xc sut Gauss hoc chun c mt th ng
thng i vi cc nh gi ph hp vi hm phn b Gauss :
u
p(U) = (1/ z2 )
exp[ (u- U50)2 / 2z2 ]du
ghi ch - Cc t xc sut chun khng c thang o tung gm

nhng gi tr p = 0 hoc p =1 . Do , cc th nghim cc
mc in p gy ra tt ccc phng in d i = mi hoc khng c
cc phng in di = 0 khng th c v th trc tip . Ta c
th dng nhng kt qu ny bng cch t hp vi nhng gi tr
nhn c i vi mt mc in p gn v v chng nh in p
trung bnh c gia trng .
Xc nh thng k cng c th c thc hin bng phng php
bnh phng ti thiu hoc phng php ging nh thc (xem A.4) c
th c s dng tm U50, z v nhng gii hn tin cy ca nhng
nh gi ny .
Trong bt k trng hp no phng php thch hp (nh h s hi quy
quy c hoc cc gii hn tin cy ) nn c dng kim tra nu cc
hm xc sut gi nh ph hp vi nhng im o vi mc chnh xc
. Tham kho vn bn k thut c lin quan .
Theo quy tc chung , sai s thng k c xu th thay i nghch
o vi cn bc hai s cc p t in p mi mc m i v nghch
o vi s cc mc in p c dng n , Cng ghi ch rng nu tt c
cc gi tr ca fi khc vi z r v n v , vi 10 p dng in p
(m=10) mi mt ca nm mc (n=5) 95% gii hn tin cy s l :
i vi U50 :
(U*50 - 0,75 z* ) (U50* + 0,75z* )
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v i vi z :
0,4z* z 2,0z*
trong U*50 v z* l nhng nh gi ca U50 v z nhn c bng
hiu chnh cc kt qu th nghim theo mt hm gi nh ca xc
sut phng in p(U) . Ngoi ra , sai s thng k c xu th hng v
cc gi tr thp i vi cc nh gi ca U p trong vng ln cn ca p
= 0,5 hoc 50% .
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A.3.2 X l cc kt qu t cc th nghim loi 2

Mt th nghim loi 2 dn ti mt nh gi U p , in p ti xc
sut phng in n tia l p . U*p , nh gi ca Up c cho bi :
U*p = (ki Ui ) / n
trong ki l s cc nhm in p c t vo mc in p U i .
i vi mt cng thc chnh xc hn xem vn bn k thut .
trnh cc sai s ln , mc in p thp nht c xem xt khng
nn khc U*p ln hn 2U .
Th tc chu ng c m t trong A.1.2 cp mt nh gi ca U p
i vi mt xc sut phng in n tia p c cho bi :
p = 1 - (0,5)1/m
trong khi th tc phng in cho Up i vi :
p = (0,5)1/m
Nhng gi tr ca p m Up c th c nh gi i vi p trong cc th
nghim a ln v a xung c hn ch bi yu cu rng m l mt
s nguyn . Cc v d cho trong Bng A1 .
Bng A1
m
=
p=
p=
70
34
14
0,0
1
0,0
2
0,0
5
0,10
0,1
5
0,2
0
0,3
0
0,50
0,9
9
0,9
8
0,9
5
0,90
0,8
5
0,8
0
0,7
0
( th tc
chu
ng )
0,50
(th tc
phng
in )
Cc th tc nh gi z v khong tin cy ca n nhng khng c khuyn ngh i vi s dng chung .

A.3.3
X l cc kt qu t th nghim loi 3
Kt qu ca mt th nghim loi 3 thng l mt s ri ca n in p Ui

xut pht t s ri ny ta c th xc nh nhng tham s U50 v z ca
mt hm xc sut phng in n tia . i vi mt phn b Gauss
(hoc chun ) , cc nh gi nhng tham s U50 v z c cho bi :
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- 81 U*50 = Ui / n
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- 82 -
z* = [ (Ui - U*50 )/ (n -1 )]1/2

i vi cc phn b khc cc phng php ging nh tht c th c s
dng nh gi U50 v z (xem A.4) . Cng biu thc v phng php
nh nhau c p dng trong cc trng hp cc thi gian ti sy ra
mt phng in n tia ti phi c phn tch .
Cc gii hn tin cy i vi cc phn b Gauss c th thy bng cch
dng cc phn b Student hoc Chi- bnh phng nh c m t trong
vn bn k thut .
lm mt v d , trong trng hp ca mt phn b Gauss , nhng
gii hn tin cy 95% i vi nhng nh gi U 50 v z nhn c t mt
th nghim vi n = 20 l :
(U*50 - 0,47z* ) U50 (U*50 + 0,47z*)
v
0,76 z* z 1,46 z*
A.4
p dng cc phng php y nh tht
Cc phng php y nh tht c th c s dng phn tch nhng

kt qu ca tt c nhng loi th nghim trn . Nhng phng php
ny cho php nh gi U50 v z v do Up mt khi c la chn l
mt hm phn b xc sut p (U ; U50 , z) .
Hn na , c th dng tt c nhng kt qu nhn c v cc gii hn
tin cy tng ng vi bt k mc tin cy mong mun C no c th
nhn c .
A.4.1
Hm y nh tht
i vi cc th nghim Loi 1 v Loi 2 , ta bit s cc phng in d i

v s cc chu ng wi nhn c ti cc mc in p U i . Nu ta bit
(hoc gi gi nh ) dng ca hm phn b xc sut phng in
p(Ui ; U50 , z) xc sut phng in n tia mc U i l p(Ui ; U50, z) v
xc sut mt chu ng l (1-p(U i ; U50 , z)) . Hm y nh tht Li tng
ng vi di phng in v wi chu ng mc in p khi l :
Li = p(Ui ; U50 ,z)di(1- p(Ui ; U50 ,z )wi
V Ui ,di v wi bit Li ch l mt hm s ca U50 v z .
Ging nh tht ca mt tp hp y cc kt qu gm n gi tr ca
Ui l :
L = L1L2...Li...Ln = L(U50 , z)
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i cc th nghim loi 3 , mi mt mc in p Ui xut hin trong

nhng kt qu tng ng vi mt phng in n tia . Ni chung , mt
mc in p Ui s xut hin mi ln khi mi 1 . Tnh y nh tht L khi
tr thnh :
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L = f(Ui ; U50 ,z)mi f(U2 ; U50 , z)m2 ...f(Um ; U50 , z)mm

trong
f = dp/du
Cc phng php tnh ton L t mt tp hp y cc kt qu
bng cch xem xt cc nhm kt qa nm trong mt s cc khong
in p c th thy trong sch .
A.4.2
nh gi U50 v z
nh gi U* v z l nhng gi tr U50 v z* cc i ho L.
Nhng nh gi ny lun lun tm c bng dng mt my tnh
thc hin cc tnh ton lp li ca L i vi cc gi tr gi nh ca
U* 50 v z* . Vi U*50 v z* c nh , Up tng ng vi bt k gi tr mong
mun no ca xc sut phng in , p , c th tm c t hm
phn b xc sut phng in gi nh vi U 50 = U*50 v z = z* . Cc
phng php xc nh nhng gii hn tin cy ca U *50 v z* c
thy trong sch . i vi trng hp C = 0,9 phng trnh L(U50 ; z) =
0,1Lmax cho php xc nh nhng gii hn tin cy ny .
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Ph lc B : Cc th tc th nghim nhim bn
B.1
B.1.1
Sn ra sng m mui
Chun b dung dch mui
Dung dch mui nn c tin hnh theo mn yu cu t mui

(Nacl c sch thng mi ) v nc my bnh thng . Nng nn
trong phm vi 5% ca mt trong nhng gi tr sau : 2,5g , 3,5g ,
5g , 7g, 10g, 14g, 20g, 28g, 40g, 56g, 80g, 112g, 160g hoc 224g
trn lt dung dch.
Nng c th c xc nh bng cch o in tr sut hoc
khi lng th tch ca dung dch mui . Nhng hnh 16 v 17 , cho
ln lt nhng gi tr in tr sut v khi lng th tch theo nng
mui v 10oC , 20oC v 30oC .
B.1.2
Cc chi tit ca h thng phun ma
Sng m c sn ra trong phng th nghim bng mt s cc vi nh

ch ra trong hnh 18 v c m t di . Mi vi c hai l , mt
ci tc ng nh l khng kh v l khc nh mt l cho dung dch mui
. Khng kh nn nh vy chy qua l dung dch v sinh ra mt sng
m nh ca dung dch .
Nhng l khng kh phi c cp qua cc b lc , bng khng kh
loi dn mt p sut 700kPa vi mt dung sai 4% . Nhng l dung
dch nn c cp vi dung dch mui quy nh mt p sut c
hiu chnh sao cho dng dung dch qua mi l , l 0,5 L/ pht 10%
trong thi k th nghim ; dung sai trn dng tng cho tt c cc vi
phun l 5% ca gi tr danh nh. Do , p sut dung dch cng
phi gi khng i trong sut c mt th nghim .
Nhng vi phun cch nhau 0,60m c t trn hai tay vn , song
song vi trc gia ca di tng th nghim (mi ci mt pha) , mi
tay vn cch n 3m v trong cng mt phng , vi nhng vi trong
mi tay vn c hng vo nhau . Mi tay vn nn c m rng t nht
0,6m ngoi nhng u ca phn cch in ca i tng th
nghim . i tng c t thng ng , nm ngang hoc vi mt
nghing theo nhng quy nh ca Ban k thut c lin quan v
nn c ddt sao cho vi thp nht t nht l 0,6m bn trn sn .
B.2
B.2.1
Th tc l t v ph tin ng cu bn
Chun b vt liu ph
Mt trong hai tng hp sau ca huyn ph nn c s dng :
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 86 -
a) - 100g Kieselgur (t i-at-mic , ia-tmic) ,

- 10g bi-xt si-licium rt tn x , kch thc ca cc phn t 2- 20
m ,
- 1000g nc kh khong
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 87 -
Sut dn in th tch ca huyn ph phi c hiu chnh bng

cch thm mt lng mui (Nacl) thch hp c gi tr chn la t
gi tr ca bng sau , tng ng vi dn in lp tham kho yu
cu . Huyn ph c hnh thnh nh vy khi c t vo b mt
cch in sn ra mt lp c d dy thch hp thc hin sut dn
in tham kho .
Sut dn in
lp tham kho
20oC bng s
(dung sai : 15%
)
Cc gi tr sut
dn in th
tch tng ng
ca huyn ph
c ph 20oC
bng ms/cm
7,5
10
15
20
30
40
60
80
2,2
5
3,0
4,5
6,0
9,0
12,0
8,0
24,0
b) - 40g kao-lanh hoc T-n-k

- 1000g nc c kh khong
Sut dn in th tch ca huyn ph phi c hiu chnh bng
cch thm mt lng mui (Nacl) thch hp c mt ng cu
mui tham kho yu cu .
Huyn ph khi phi c t vo b mt ca ci cch in
to ra mt lp c b dy thch hp hon thnh mt ng cu mui
tham kho .
B.2.2
c tnh ch yu ca vt liu tr
Cc gii ca cc gi tr i vi cc c tnh ch yu ca cc vt liu

tr , xc nh nhng kiu ca Kieselgur Kao-lanh v To-n-k nn
c dng i vi cc huyn ph cho trong bng sau :
Cu thnh v trng lng
theo % ca
Php o ht bng m
(phn b lu tch )
Vt liu
tr
Sio2
Al12O3
Fe2O3
H2O
16%
50%
84%
Ki-zengur
7090
5-25
0,5-6
714
0,10,2
0,4-1
2-10
245271886.doc
87 / 75
dn
in
th tch
20OC
bng
s/cm
15-200
60-1 IEC 1989

Kao lanh
T-n-k
B.2.3
4050
6070
- 88 3040
1020
0,3-2
4-8
714
-
0,10,2
0,81,5
0,4-1
2-10
15-200
3-5
8-15
20-100
Th tc p dng lp ph v lm t
Huyn ph c th ng cu trn b mt sch ca i tng th

nghim bng cch ngm , phun ma , hoc phng php nhim bn
ng cu trc . Lp tng hp cng phi phn b ng u ht sc
c th trn ton b b mt cch in ca i tng th nghim .
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 89 -
Lp ph phi c lm kh trc khi bt u th nghim .

B.3
o mc nhim bn
Mc nhim bn trn b mt ca i tng th nghim c th c xc

nh hoc l bi phng php cho trong B.3.1 hoc phng php
cho trong B.3.2 .
B.3.1
Sut dn in b mt ca mt cch in
xc nh sut dn in b mt , ta o dn in r G o gia
hai in cc c t trn i tng th nghim . Sut dn in c
tnh t dn in ny bng cch dng h s hnh dng suy ra t
hnh hc ca mt cch in , xem di .
c cc kt qu thch hp , in p c dng o dn
in in nn c thc hin vi mt in p gn 2kV/m ca ng
r in .
dn in b mt K c suy ra t :
K0 = G0f
trong f l h s hnh dng c cho bi :
L
f=
dx
B( x )
trong :
L = chiu du tng ca ng r in
dx = chiu di ca mt phn t ng r , mt khong cch x vi
mt in cc (0 x L ).
B(x) = chiu di chu vi ng r khong cch x .
Sut dn in b mt K c a v sut dn in K20 , tng ng
20oC theo cng thc :
K20 =
1,6
K
1+0,03
trong l nhit b mt cch in ca i tng th nghim

tnh bng Sen-si-ut (Celsius) .
ghi ch - Xc nh sut dn in b mt t dn in v h
s hnh dng c th cho nhng kt qu khng chnh xc nu
sut dn in b mt khng l hng s dc theo chiu di
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 90 -
ca i tng th nghim hoc ca phn chiu di o c ca

n .
B.3.2
in
Lng tng ng ca clo-rua so-ium trn cm2 b mt cch

(S.D,D. mg/cm2) .
B mt cch in b nhim bn hoc mt phn ca b mt

c ra sch bng nc c lc , tng lng cht lng c thu li cn
thn . in tr sut ca nc ny
c o v c a v 20oC , lng tng ng ca C ca clo-rua-soium tnh bng gram trn lt trong dung dch c xc nh . T
, lng tng ng m ca clo-rua so-ium trn b mt n v c xc nh theo mili-gram trn cm2 bng
M = CV/A
trong
A = din tch ca mt c lm sch tnh bng cm2
V = Th tch ca nc thu hi bng cm3 .
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 91 -
Ph lc C : So chun ca mt thit b o khng c chp

thun vi mt
khe h mi nhn/ mi nhn
C.1
B tr chung ca mt khe h mi nhn / mi nhn
B tr chung ca mt khe h mi nhn/ mi nhn c m t trn

hoc hnh 19a (khe h thng ng ) hoc hnh 19b (khe h nm
ngang ) .
Mi nhn bng thp hoc ng thau , c mt tit din vung , vi
cnh gia 15 mm v 25mm c mt trc chung . Nhng u cui c
ct theo gc vung so vi trc ny .
Khong cch t u ca mi nhn cao p vi cc i tng v tng c
ni t , khc vi mt t , khng c nh hn 5m .
C.2
Cc gi tr tham kho
in p phng in n tia Uo i vi in p mt chiu dng v

m kh quyn tham kho tiu chun cho , hoc i vi khe h
thng ng hoc vi khe h nm ngang theo cng thc sau :
Uo - 2 + 0,534d
(C-1)
trong Uo l in p phng in n tia bng kil-vn
v d l khong cch ca khe h tnh bng milimet
Phng trnh (C-1) ch c dng i vi :
250 mm d 2500 mm
1 g/m3 h/ 13g/m3
Trong nhng iu kin ny tnh khng xc thc ca php o c
nh gi di 3% .
Khe h phng in mi nhn / mi nhn khng c dng nh dng c
o c ph chun i vi nhng khong cch d di 250 mm bi khng
c phng in c ui ko di . Khng c s liu thc no
chng t vic s dng n vi cc khong cch ln hn 2500 mm .
C.3
Th tc so chun
Khong cch d gia nhng mi nhn phi c hiu chnh v in

p c t vo v c nng ln sao cho khong thi gian gia 75%
v 100% ca in p phng in n tia l vo khong 1 pht .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 92 -
Mi s o in p ti lc phng in c tin hnh trn dng c o

khng c ph chun trong khi so chun . in p , kh quyn tham
chiu tiu chun , tng ng vi trung bnh 10 gi tr ny c cho bi
phng trnh (C-1) . in p nyphi c hiu chnh i vi iu
kin kh quyn thc ph hp vi 11.2 .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 93 -
Cc hnh
U (kV) nh
Hnh 1 - Khong cch ti thiu D ca cc vt ang mang in hoc

gia t vi in cc ang mang in ca mt i tng th
nghim , trong mt th nghim in p xoay chiu hoc
in p xung thao tc dng ti in p cc i c t vo
trong khi th nghim .
245271886.doc
93 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 94 -113-
Cc kch thc tnh bng mi-li-met

A = vt kha ming vi phun
B = ng cp nc
C = ming vi c th thay th c
Hnh 2a)
Ming vi phun kiu 1
Cc kch thc tnh bng millimet

A = ming vi plat tic gim ri ro
ca tc bi bn
B = cao su bt kn
C = np kho nc
Hnh 2b)
Ming vi phun kiu II .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 95 -
Cc kch thc tnh bng mm
Hnh 2 c)
Ming vi phun kiu III [ cc chi tit ca ming (l ) ]
ghi ch - Chiu di ca tia nc c th t c ph

thuc vo ng knh ca ming vi v vo p sut nc
. p sut ti u , thng l 300kPa - 400kPa nhng ph
thuc vo nhn chn ca ming vi v b tr ca
ng cung cp , chiu di tia xp x c th nhn c vi
cc ming vi c ch trn cc hnh 2a ti 2d dc cho
trong bng sau :
Kiu ming vi
I v II
I v II
II
(hnh nn )
245271886.doc
ng knh ca
ming l
mm
0,5
0,8
1,0
1,0
95 / 75
Chiu di ca tia
nc
m
4
6
10
9-11
60-1 IEC 1989
- 96 -
Filetage pour tuyaux de 3/8

ng ren ng tiu chun 3/8
Kch c bng inch
Hnh 2 d) Ming vi kiu IV (mc tiu chung ) .

ghi ch - Ming vi kiu IV trong hnh 1d (i vi thc tin
kiu M ) c ming vi ng tm vi cc kch c cho
trong hnh . Vi p sut nc 250kPa - 450kPa , n cho chiu
di tia nc t 2m ti 3m .
245271886.doc
96 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 97 -
in p xoay chiu
in p xung
in p mt chiu
in p
Di m g/m3
Xung
1 + 0,010 (h / 11)
1 h/ <15
Xoay chiu
Mt chiu
1 + 0,012(h / 11)
1 < 15
1 < 13
1 + 0,014 (h / 11)
i vi nhng gi tr h / ln hn 15g/m3 , sai

s c th sy
ra ti -15% .
h/ (g/m3)
Hnh 3
k nh mt hm s ca t s m tuyt i h vi mt
khng kh tng i .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 98 -
Hnh 4 Cc gi tr ca s m m i vi hiu chnh khi lng th

tch khng kh v w i vi hiu chnh m nh hm
s ca tha m s g : xem 11.2.3 .
ghi ch - Nhng gi tr ca cc s m m v w c suy ra
t cc gi tr thc nghim nhn c trong cc iu kin
khc nhau . Tuy nhin chng b gii hn ti cc cao trn
b mt bin t nht l 2000 m .
245271886.doc
98 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 99 -
Humidite basolue de lair : m tuyt i ca khng kh

Temperature du thermometre : Nhit ca nhit k c bu m
humide oC
Nhit xung quanh - nhit bu kh
Hnh 5
m tuyt i ca khng kh theo cc ch s ca nhit
k kh v m ; xem 11.5 . Nhng ng cong m tng i cng
cho .
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60-1 IEC 1989
Hnh 6
- 100 -
Xung st y
Hnh 7
245271886.doc
Xung st b ct trn u sng
100 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 101 -
Hnh 8
Xung st b ct ui
Hnh 9
Xung b ct c u sng tuyn tnh
245271886.doc
101 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
Hnh 10
- 102 -
Cc v d ca xung st vi cc dao ng hoc vt qu .

a,b Gi tr ca in p th nghim c xc nh bi ng cong trung bnh (ng chm chm ) .
c ,d gi tr ca in p th nghim c xc nh bng
gi tr nh .
e,f,g,h Khng c hng dn chung no c th c cho
xc nh gi tr nh ca in p th nghim .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 103 -
Hnh 11
ng cong in p / thi gian i vi cc in p xung c
dng gi nh khng i .
245271886.doc
103 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 104 -
Hnh 12
sng" .
" Bin cc i cho php ca cc dao ng trn u
Hnh 13
Xung thao tc y
245271886.doc
104 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 105 -
Hnh 14 a) Xung dng - hm s m
Hnh 14 b) Xung dng hm Ch nht
245271886.doc
105 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 106 -
Circuit breaker : My ct
Transformateur dessai : My bin p th nghim
Impulse generator : My pht xung
Oscilloscop : Dao ng k
Dao ng k
Hnh 15 a) V d ca mch th nghim i vi cc th nghim in

p t hp .
Hnh 15 b) V d ca cc sng in p trong khi cc th nghim

in p t hp cho gi tr in p th nghim U .
245271886.doc
106 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 107 -
Resistivity : in tr xut
Salinity : mn
Hnh 16
in tr sut ca mt dung dch clo-rua so-ium trong nc , nh l mt hm s ca mn nhit t ca dung

dch l 10o C , 20oC , v 30oC .
ghi ch - mn c biu th bng gam trn lt c xc
nh nhit 20o C .
245271886.doc
107 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 108 -
Density : Mt
Salinity : mn
mn
Hnh 17
Mt ca dung dch clo-rua so-dium trong nc , nh l

hm ca mn nhit t dung dch l 10oC , 20oC , v
30oC .
ghi ch - mn dc biu th bng gram trn lt nh c xc
nh nhit l 20oC .
245271886.doc
108 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 109 -
Square-cut and polished : Mt ct vung gc v nhn

Compressed air : Kh nn
Clamping hole : L nh v
Solution : dung dch
L c nh (kp)
Dung dch
Kch c tnh bng mili-mt

A = vt bng cht do Pec-pch (lm knh my
bay )
B = ghp ni tiu chun i vi mt ng c ng
knh bn trong l 8 mm (thp inx).
C = thp i-nx (ren danh nh SI 6 mm vi mt ng
c ng knh ni 1,6 mm )
D = ny-lng (ren danh nh SI 6mm vi mt ng
ng tm bng thp i-nx) .
E = ci cht bng pec-pch
245271886.doc
109 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989

Hnh 18
- 110 -
ng phun sng m mui ; xem Ph lc A .
245271886.doc
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60-1 IEC 1989
- 111 -
Insulator : s cch in
Hnh 19 a ) B tr thng ng khe h phng in mi nhn / mi

nhn .
Hnh 19 b) B tr nm ngang ca khe h phng in mi nhn /

mi nhn .
245271886.doc
111 / 75
60-1 IEC 1989
- 112 -
Xc nh tr thi gian t .
a) T hp ca hai in p xung .
b) T hp ca mt in p xung v mt in p xoay chiu tn
s cng nghip .
Hnh 20
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60-1 IEC 1989
245271886.doc
- 113 -
113 / 75

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60-1 IEC 1989

60-1 IEC 1989

60-1 IEC 1989

i vi h thng thut ng chung , cc c gi nn tham kho n

60-1 IEC 1989

Phn 2 : Cc nh ngha tng qut

60-1 IEC 1989

11.4 Cc yu cu i khng i vi th nghim

60-1 IEC 1989

60-1 IEC 1989

19.5 Sn sinh ra in p th nghim.....................

60-1 IEC 1989

Phn 7 : Th nghim vi xung thao tc

60-1 IEC 1989

60-1 IEC 1989

- 10 U ban k thut in quc t

K thut th nghim cao p

Thng tin y v b phiu tn ng tiu chun ny c th tm

60-1 IEC 1989

Cc k thut th nghim cao p

Tiu chun ny p dng cho :

Mc tiu ca tiu chun ny l :

60-1 IEC 1989

Phn on 2 : Cc nh ngha tng qut

Cc c tnh lin quan n cc in p phng in nh

4.1 Phng in nh thng

60-1 IEC 1989

Cc phng in khng nh thng nh cc phng in gia nhng

60-1 IEC 1989

Thut ng "Phng in vng " c dng khi mt phng in nh

60-1 IEC 1989

nhng xem xt thng k . Thng tin v nh gi thng k ca cc

60-1 IEC 1989

Nu khng c iu g khc quy nh , cc in p chu ng c

Phn loi cch in trong cc i tng th nghim

H thng cch in ca thit b v cc cu trc cao p v c bn

60-1 IEC 1989

5.2 Cch in bn trong

60-1 IEC 1989

Phn on 3 : Cc yu cu chung lin quan n cc th tc th

Nhng th tc th nghim p dng cho cc kiu c bit ca cc i

B tr chung ca i tng th nghim

Ti thi im ca mt th nghim , i tng th nghim phi c

60-1 IEC 1989

mt t . Mt gii hn thc t thp hn i vi khong cch ny

60-1 IEC 1989

Th tc th nghim t thch dng, c m t trong 9.1 c d nh

60-1 IEC 1989

rng ca i tng th nghim v c mt chiu cao cc i l

60-1 IEC 1989

- i vi cc i tng th nghim vt qu 3 m v chiu cao , s

60-1 IEC 1989

Nhit v in tr sut ca nc phi c o trn mt mu th

60-1 IEC 1989

bng cch dng nc vi tt c cc iu kin ma ng n , chng

Cc gii hn i vi bt k php o ring l no mm/min

Kiu ming vi phun nh c ch trong cc hnh

60-1 IEC 1989

Khong thi gian th nghim chu ng ma

10 Cc th nghim nhim nhn to

60-1 IEC 1989

vi mc tiu so snh nhng kt qu ca nhiu th nghim , hoc

60-1 IEC 1989