JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

BORAWAN
Basic Electricals & Electronics Engineering
E!"#$
LAB %ANUAL
&I
st
' SE%ESTER(
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG+
JIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BORAWAN ' ,-.//0












LIST OF E*ERI%ENTS
.+ To st123 t4e 5ario1s Basic Instr16ent o7 8Electrical Science &
S369ols:+
/+ To ;eri<cation o7 =;L & =CL+
"+ To ;eri73 T4e5enin T4eore6+
,+ To ;eri73 S1>er>osition T4eore6+
-+ To st123 R!L!C series circ1it an2 )ra? its >4asor 2iagra6+
$+ St123 o7 Trans7or6er@ Na6e >late rating 2eter6ination o7 ratio an2
*olarit3+
A+To 2eter6ination o7 eB1i5alent circ1it >ara6eter o7 a single >4ase
trans7or6er 93 OC an2 SC test+
0+ % eas1re6ent o7 5ario1s line & >4ase B1antities 7or a "!>4ase circ1it+
C+ Se>aration o7 resistance an2 in21ctance o7 c4oDe coil+
.#+ I2enti<cation o7 2iEerent Electronics co6>onents+
..+ O9ser5ing in>1t an2 o1t>1t ?a5e7or6s o7 recti<ers+
./+ Transistor a>>lication as a6>li<er an2 s?itc4+
."+
;eri<cation o7 tr1t4 ta9le 7or 5ario1s gates+












JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY@
BORAWAN
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Na6e o7 St12entF ! GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Enroll6ent No+F!+GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG++
S19HectF ! +++GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Branc4F ! GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG+
Se6esterF ! G+G+++GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG+
SessionF ! G++GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Certi<cate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. ...
Ero!!"et No.. St#$yi% i .
The year &'. ( &'. of this istit#te has co")!ete$ )ractica! co#rse *ase$ o the
sy!!a*#s a$ %i+e a satisfactory acco#t of it i the ote*oo, cotaii% a recor$ of
the !a*oratory -or,.
Date.(..
Gra$e.(.
Professor Ichar%e













TABLE OF CONTENTS
E+NO+ )ATE TITLE OF THE E*RI%ENT *AGE
NO+
%AR=S
AWAR)E)
RE%AR=S

























































TOTAL %AR=S


















A;ERAGE %AR=S
















LAB CO%*LETE) )ATE












STAFF SIGNATURE F























JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF (
To st#$y the +ario#s /asic Istr#"et of 0E!ectrica! Sciece & Sy"*o!s1.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F!
De"ostratio of +ario#s istr#"ets !i,e A""eter2 3o!t"eter2 4att"eter2
Eer%y "eter2 Tacho"eter2 Rheostat2 AC a$ DC Po-er S#))!y.
T4eor3F!
&A( A66eter
A""eters are e")!oye$ for "eas#ri% c#rret i a circ#it a$ coecte$ i
series -ith the circ#it. As a""eter is coecte$ i series2 the +o!ta%e $ro)
across a""eter ter"ia!s sho#!$ *e as !o- as )ossi*!e. This re5#ires that the
resistace of the a""eter sho#!$ *e as !o- as )ossi*!e. The c#rret coi! of
A""eter has !o- c#rret carryi% ca)acity -hereas the c#rret to *e
"eas#re$ "ay *e 5#ite hi%h. For this reaso a !o- resistace is coecte$ i
)ara!!e! to the c#rret coi!.
&B( ;olt6eter
3o!t"eters are e")!oye$ to "eas#re the )otetia! $i6erece across ay t-o
)oits of the circ#it these are coecte$ i the )ara!!e! to the circ#it. The

















resistace of +o!t"eter is ,e)t +ery hi%h *y coecti% a hi%h resistace i
series of the +o!t"eter -ith the c#rret coi! of the istr#"et. The act#a!
+o!ta%e $ro) across the c#rret coi! of the +o!t"eter is o!y a fractio of the
tota! +o!ta%eapplied across the oltmeter !hich is to "e measured. #here are three types of
ammeters and oltmeters generally used:
$. %oing coil type
&. %oing iron type
'. Electronic (oltmeter
&C( Watt6eter
The "eas#re"et of rea! )o-er i AC circ#its is $oe *y #si% a istr#"et
#si% 4att"eter. The rea! )o-er i AC circ#its is %i+e *y e7)ressio
3I COS8
4here2COS8is )o-er factor.
A -att"eter is co")rises of t-o coi!s a"e!y c#rret coi! a$ )ress#re coi!.
The c#rret coi! is coecte$ i series -ith the !oa$ a$ the )ress#re coi! is
coecte$ across the !oa$. 4att"eter9s are a+ai!a*!e i $#a! ra%e for
+o!ta%es as -e!! as for c#rret :/;'A2 <<''/=''3. I or$er ta,e $o- the
correct rea$i% a "#!ti)!yi% factor is #se$. These "#!ti)!yi% factors are
accor$i% to the ra%e of istr#"et.















&)( Energ3 6eter
Eer%y "eter is a istr#"et -hich is #se$ o "eas#re the cos#")tio of
e!ectric eer%y i a AC circ#its. It "eas#res eer%y i >4?. The )rici)!e
of o)eratio of a eer%y "eter is @#st !i,e -att"eter e7ce)t that $#e to
)o-er thro#%h the "eter2 a $isc rotates. The #"*er of re+o!#tio "a$e *y
the $isc is co#te$.
&E( Tac4o6eter
Tacho"eter is a istr#"et to "eas#re the s)ee$ i R.P.M.2 The s)ee$ of a
rotati% shaft is "eas#re$ *y iserti% he ta)ere$ )ro@ecte$ of the
tacho"eter ito the ta)ere$ ho!e i a rotati% shaft of -hich s)ee$ is to *e
"eas#re$.
&F( R4eostat
Rheostats are "a$e #) of hi%h resisti+ity "ateria! !i,e ic,e!(chro"i#" iro
a!!oy c!ose!y -o#$ o+er a circ#!ar t#*e. These are a+ai!a*!e *oth i si%!e
t#*e a$ $o#*!e t#*e. Iter(t#r is#!atio is )ro+i$e$ to a+oi$ short
circ#iti% of t#rs. The t#*e of rheostat are "a$e of is#!ati% "ateria! !i,e
as*estos. These are e")!oye$ at )!aces -here resistace of a circ#it is to *e
+arie$ -itho#t *rea,i% the circ#it.














&G( Trans7or6er
A trasfor"er is a static $e+ice -hich cosists of t-o or "ore statioary
e!ectric circ#its iter!i,e$ *y a co""o "a%etic circ#it for a )#r)ose of
trasferri% e!ectrica! eer%y *et-ee the". The trasfer of e!ectric eer%y
ta,es )!ace fro" oe circ#it to aother circ#it -itho#t cha%e i fre5#ecy.
There are t-o ty)es of trasfor"er. Oe is ste) #) a$ the other is ste)
$o-.















CIRCUIT SY%BOLS
WIRES AN) CONNECTIONS






S+No+ CO%*ONENT
NA%E
CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* +IRE
#o pass current ery easily from
one part of a circuit to another.













)&* +IRES ,-INED
. /"lo"/ should "e dra!n !here
!ires are connected )0oined*, "ut it
is sometimes omitted. +ires
connected at /crossroads/ should "e
Staggered slightly to form t!o #-
0unctions, as sho!n on the right.













)'*
+IRES N-#
,-INED
In comple1 diagrams it is often
necessary to dra! !ires crossing
een though they are not
connected. I prefer the /"ridge/
sym"ol sho!n on the right "ecause
the simple crossing on the left may
"e misread as a 0oin !here you
hae forgotten to add a /"lo"/.













*OWER SU**LIES










S+No+ CO%*ONENT
NA%E
CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* 2E33
Supplies electrical energy. #he
larger terminal )on the left* is
positie )4*. . single cell is often
called a "attery, "ut strictly a
"attery is t!o or more cells 0oined
together.













)&* 5.##ER6
Supplies electrical energy. .
"attery is more than one cell. #he
larger terminal )on the left* is
positie )4*.













)'* D2 S7PP36
Supplies electrical energy. D2 8
Direct 2urrent, al!ays flo!ing in
one direction.













)9* .2 S7PP36
Supplies electrical energy. .28
.lternating 2urrent, 2ontinually
changing direction.









































):* ;7SE
. safety deice !hich !ill /"lo!/
)melt* if the current flo!ing
through it e1ceeds a specified
alue.















)<* #R.NS;-R%ER
#!o coils of !ire linked "y an iron
core. #ransformers are used to step
up )increase* and step do!n
)decrease* .2 oltages. Energy is
transferred "et!een the coils "y the
magnetic field in the core. #here is
no electrical connection "et!een
the coils.













)=* E.R#>)?R-7ND*
. connection to earth. ;or many
electronic circuits this is the @(
)Aero olts* of the po!er supply,
"ut for mains electricity and some
radio circuits it really means the
earth. It is also kno!n as ground.













O1t>1t )e5icesF La6>s@ Heater@ %otor@ etc+










S+No+ CO%*ONENT
NA%E
CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* 3.%P)3I?>#IN?*
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to light. #his
sym"ol is used for a lamp
proiding illumination, for
e1ample a car headlamp
-r torch "ul".













)&* 3.%P)INDI2.#-R*
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to light. #his
sym"ol is used for a lamp !hich is
an indicator, for e1ample a !arning
light on a car dash"oard.













)'* >E.#ER
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to heat.













)9* %-#-R
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to kinetic energy
)motion*.













):* 5E33
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to sound.





































)<* 57BBER
. transducer !hich conerts
electrical energy to sound.















)=*
IND72#-R
)S-3EN-ID, 2-I3*
. coil of !ire !hich creates a
magnetic field !hen current passes
through it. It may hae an iron core
inside the coil. It can "e used as a
transducer conerting electrical
energy to mechanical energy "y
pulling on something.













RESISTORS










S+No+ CO%*ONENT NA%E CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* RESIS#-R


. resistor restricts the flo! of
current, for e1ample to limit the
current passing through an 3ED. .
resistor is used !ith a capacitor in a
timing circuit.













)&*
(.RI.53E
RESIS#-R)R>E-S#.#*
#his type of aria"le resistor !ith &
contacts )a rheostat* is usually used
to control current. E1amples
include: ad0usting lamp "rightness,
ad0usting motor speed, and
ad0usting the rate of flo! of charge
into a capacitor in a timing circuit.













)'*
(.RI.53E RESIS#-R
)P-#EN#I- %E#ER*
#his type of aria"le resistor !ith '
contacts )a potentiometer* is
usually used to control oltage. It
can "e used like this as a transducer
conerting position )angle of the
control spindle* to an electrical
signal.













)9*
(.RI.53E
RESIS#-R)PRESE#*
#his type of aria"le resistor )a
preset* is operated !ith a small
scre!drier or similar tool. It is
designed to "e set !hen the circuit
is made and then left !ithout
further ad0ustment. Presets are
cheaper than normal aria"le
resistors so they are often used in
pro0ects to reduce the cost.




































CA*ACITORS






S+No+ CO%*ONENT
NA%E
CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* 2.P.2I#-R
. capacitor stores electric charge.
. capacitor is used !ith a resistor
in a timing circuit. It can also "e
used as a filter, to "lock D2 signals
"ut pass .2 signals.













)&*
2.P.2I#-R
P-3.RISED
. capacitor stores electric charge.
#his type must "e connected the
correct !ay round. . capacitor is
used !ith a resistor in a timing
circuit. It can also "e used as a
filter, to "lock D2 signals "ut pass
.2 signals.













)'*
(.RI.53E
2.P.2I#-R
. aria"le capacitor is used in a
radio tuner.













)9*
#RI%%ER
2.P.2I#-R
#his type of aria"le capacitor )a
trimmer* is operated !ith a small
scre!drier or similar tool. It is
designed to "e set !hen the circuit
is made and then left !ithout
further ad0ustment.













%ETERS AN) OSCILLOSCO*E










S+No+ CO%*ONENT
NA%E
CIRCUIT SY%BOL FUNCTION













)$* (-3#%E#ER . oltmeter is used to measure
oltage. #he Proper name for
oltage is /potential difference/, "ut
most people prefer to say oltage.













)&* .%%E#ER .n ammeter is used to measure
current.













)'* ?.3(.N-%E#ER . galanometer is a ery sensitie
meter !hich is used to measure
tiny currents, usually $m. or less.













)9* ->%%E#ER .n ohmmeter is used to measure
resistance. %ost multimeters hae
an ohmmeter setting.













):* -S2I33-S2-PE .n oscilloscope is used to display
the shape of electrical signals and it
can "e used to measure their
oltage and time period.







































Re>ortF!
;. 4hat are the *asic "eas#ri% istr#"etsA
&. 4hat is the -or,i% )rici)!e of -att"eter a$ eer%y "eterA
B. 4hat is the -or,i% )rici)!e of %eeratorA
=. 4hat are the +ario#s safety "eas#res -hi!e )erfor"i% )ractica! i
e!ectrica! sciece !a*A
:. Disc#ss the +ario#s ty)es of resistors a$ ca)acitorsA
<. DeCe the ter" i$ea! c#rret a$ +o!ta%e so#rceA











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF !
To 3erify >irchho69s 3o!ta%e La- & >irchho69s C#rret La-.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F !
DC Net-or, >it Po-er s#))!y2 Resistors a$ Coecti% Lea$s2 /rea$
/oar$2 A""eter2 3o!t"eter.
T4eor3F!
I "ay circ#its2 i -hich +ario#s co")oets are #se$ are i either )ara!!e!2
i series2 or i series )ara!!e! for e7a")!e2 a circ#it -ith t-o or "ore *atteries
coecte$ i its $i6eret *raches. Aother e7a")!e is a #*a!ace$ *ri$%e
circ#it. S#ch circ#its ca *e easi!y so!+e$ -ith he!) of >irchho69s !a- -hich
are as fo!!o-s.
;. >irchho69s c#rret La-
&. >irchho69s +o!ta%e !a-.
=;LF ! It states that the a!%e*raic s#" of )ro$#ct of c#rret a$ resistace i
each of the co$#ctors i ay c!ose$ )ath i a et-or, )!#s the a!%e*raic s#"
of the E.M.F. i the c!ose$ )ath is Dero.
EIRFEE.M.F. G'















=CL. ( It states that i ay e!ectrica! et-or, the a!%e*raic s#" of c#rrets
"eeti% at a )oit is Dero.
OR
It states that the s#" of the c#rrets eteri% ito ay o$e/)oit/@#ctio is
e5#a! to the s#" of the c#rrets !ea+i% that o$e/)oit/@#ctio.
I II JI II II . , / " -
Inco6ing c1rrentJo1tgoing c1rrent
Circ1it )iagra6F!
=;L!
=CL!














*roce21reF!
=;LF!
;. Coectios are "a$e as )er the circ#it $ia%ra".
&. Chec, yo#r coectios *efore s-itch o the s#))!y.
B. 3ary the re%#!ate$ s#))!y.
=. Meas#re the +o!ta%e #si% +o!t"eter.
:. Note the rea$i%s i the ta*#!atio.
<. Co")are the o*ser+atio rea$i% to theoretica! +a!#e.
H. S-itch o6 the )o-er s#))!y.
=CLF!
;. Ma,e the coectio accor$i% to the c,t $ia%ra".
&. Chec, yo#r coectios *efore s-itch o the s#))!y.
B. 3ary the re%#!ate$ s#))!y.
=. Meas#re the c#rret #si% a""eter.
:. Note the rea$i%s i the ta*#!atio.
<. Co")are the o*ser+atio rea$i% to theoretica! +a!#e.
H. S-itch o6 the )o-er s#))!y.
Ta91lationF!
=CLF(
Sr+No A>>lie2
;oltage
&;olts(
I.
&6A(
I/
&6A(
I"
&6A(
I
&6A(
RESULT
IJI II II . / "
&6A(




















































=;LF!
Sr+No A>>lie2
;oltage
&;olts(
;.
&5olts(
;/
&5olts(
;"
&5olts(
;
&5olts(
RESULT
;J; I; I; . / "
&5olts(




















































Res1ltF!
;. The ico"i% c#rret is fo#$ to *e e5#a! to the o#t%oi% c#rret.
&. The tota! i)#t +o!ta%e is e5#a! to the tota! +o!ta%e $ro) i the c,t.
*reca1tionsF!
;. S-itch o6 the s#))!y -he ot i #se.
&. Rea$i% sho#!$ *e ta,e caref#!!y.
B. A!! coectios sho#!$ *e ti%ht a$ correct.
Re>ortF!
;. 4hat are the +ario#s "etho$s of aa!ysis of et-or,s *ase$ o
>3L &>CLA
&. 4hat $o yo# "ea *y a!%e*raic s#"A
B. 4hat is the $i6erece *et-ee a "esh a$ a !oo)A











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF !
To +erify The+ei9s theore" a$ C$ o#t The+ei9s E5#i+a!et circ#it
#si% DC.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F !
DC Net-or, >it Po-er s#))!y2 Resistors a$ Coecti% Lea$s2 Traier
/oar$2 A""eter2 3o!t"eter.
T4eor3F!
T4e5eninKs t4eore6
Ay !iear acti+e et-or, -ith o#t)#t ter"ia!s ca *e re)!ace$ *y a si%!e
+o!ta%e so#rce 3 th i series -ith a si%!e resistace R . 3 th th is the The+eiIs
+o!ta%e. It is the +o!ta%e *et-ee the ter"ia!s o o)e circ#it co$itio2
?ece it is ca!!e$ o)e circ#it +o!ta%e $eote$ *y 3oc. R th is ca!!e$ The+ei9s
resistace. If a !oa$ resistace RL is coecte$ across o#t)#t ter"ia!s2 -e
ca C$ the c#rret thro#%h it I
P
G
J
@K
K
@K
LK
?
.
Circ1it )iagra6F!
















*roce21reF
;. Coectios are "a$e as )er the circ#it $ia%ra".
&. Chec, yo#r coectios *efore s-itch o the s#))!y.
B. Fi$ the The+ei9s +o!ta%e MorN o)e circ#it +o!ta%e.
=. Re)!ace +o!ta%e so#rce *y itera! resistor.
:. Deter"ie the The+ei9s resistace.
<. Fi$ IL *y #si% The+ei9s for"#!a.
H. Co")are the o*ser+atio rea$i% to theoretica! +a!#e.
O. S-itch o6 the s#))!y.
P. Discoect the circ#it.














Ta91lationF!
Ta*!e Mfor 3T?2 RT? & I N. L
Sr+No A>>lie2
;oltage
&;olts(
;TH RTH I &6A( L


















T4eoretical*ractical T4eoretical*ractical T4eoretical
*ractical



































































Res1ltF!
Th#s the The+ei9s theore" -as +eriCe$.
T4eoreticalF *racticalF
;t4 J ;t4 J
Rt4 J Rt4 J
IL J IL J
*reca1tionsF!
;. S-itch o6 the s#))!y -he ot i #se.
&. Rea$i% sho#!$ *e ta,e caref#!!y.
B. A!! coectios sho#!$ *e ti%ht a$ correct.
Re>ortF!
;. 4hat are the a$+ata%es a$ $isa$+ata%es of #si% The+ei9s theore"A
&. 4hy The+ei9s theore" ot a))!ie$ to o(!iear circ#itsA
B. ?o- The+ei9s theore" is a))!ie$ to et-or, cotaii% *oth
i$e)e$et a$ $e)e$et so#rcesA











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF !
To +erify the s#)er)ositio theore" a$ $eter"ie the c#rret fo!!o-i%
thro#%h the !oa$ resistace.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F !
DC Net-or, >it Po-er s#))!y2 Resistors a$ Coecti% Lea$s2 Traier
/oar$2 A""eter2 3o!t"eter.
T4eor3F!
S1>er>osition t4eore6
I a !iear circ#it cotaii% "ore tha oe so#rce2 the c#rret that Qo-s at
ay )oit or the +o!ta%e that e7ists *et-ee ay t-o )oits is the a!%e*raic
s#" of the c#rrets or the +o!ta%es that -o#!$ ha+e *ee )ro$#ce$ *y each
so#rce ta,e se)arate!y -ith a!! other so#rces re"o+e$.
Circ1it )iagra6F!
















*roce21reF!
;. Coectios are "a$e as )er the circ#it $ia%ra".
&. Chec, yo#r coectios *efore s-itch o the s#))!y.
B. Deter"ie the c#rret thro#%h the !oa$ resistace MI or I N. B L
=. No- oe of the so#rces is shorte$ a$ the c#rret Qo-i% thro#%h the
resistace I or I "eas#re$ *y a""eter. L B
:. Si"i!ar!y2 the other so#rce is shorte$ a$ the c#rret Qo-i% thro#%h
the resistace I L or I "eas#re$ *y a""eter. B
<. Co")are the +a!#e o*taie$ -ith the s#" of I &I ; & sho#!$ e5#a! to I or
I . B
H. Co")are the o*ser+atio rea$i% to theoretica! +a!#e.
O. s-itch o6 the s#))!y
P.
Discoect the circ#it.














TABULATIONF!
Ta*!e Mfor 3 2 3 2 I 2 I a$ IN. ; & ; &
Sr+No ;&5olt( I &6A( . I &6A( / I&6A(


















;. ;/
T4eoretical*ractical T4eoretical*ractical T4eoretical
*ractical



































































Res1ltF ! Th#s the s#)er)ositio theore" -as +eriCe$.
*reca1tionsF!
;. S-itch o6 the s#))!y -he ot i #se.
&. Rea$i% sho#!$ *e ta,e caref#!!y.
B. A!! coectios sho#!$ *e ti%ht a$ correct.











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF !
To st#$y R(L(C series circ#it a$ Dra- its )hasor $ia%ra".
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F !
A""eter2 Resistor2 I$#ctor a$ Ca)acitor2 3ariac2 Coecti% 4ires a$
Di%ita! M#!ti"eter2 E7)eri"et >it.
T4eor3F!
Cosi$er a ac circ#it cotaii% resistace of RR9 i S2 i$#ctace of RL9 i
heries a$ ca)acitace of RC9 i fara$s coecte$ i series2 as sho- i
circ#it $ia%ra". Let the c#rret Qo-i% thro#%h the circ#it is RI9 i a")ere
a$ s#))!y fre5#ecy RfT i ?D.
MaN3o!ta%e $ro) across resistace 3 R G IR i )hase -ith RIT.
M*N3o!ta%e $ro) across i$#ctace 3 G L UL !ea$i% RI9 *y
V
<
ra$ias orP'
=
.
McN3o!ta%e $ro) across ca)acitace2 3 C G ;/UC !a%%i% *ehi$ RI9 *y
V
<
ra$ia orP'
=
.
3L a$ 3C are ;O'
=
o#t of )hase -ith each other Mor re+erse i )haseN
therefore2 -he co"*ie$ *y )ara!!e!o%ra" they cace! each other. The
circ#it ca either *e e6ecti+e!y i$#cti+e or ca)aciti+e $e)e$i% #)o -hich
+o!ta%e $ro) M3L or 3 N is )re$o"iat. Let #s cosi$er the case -he 3 C L is
%reater tha 3C.
Phase a%!e






















*et-ee +o!ta%e a$ c#rret is %i+e *y. (



















JV V
AW
; '; L C L; +
R















Po-er factor of the circ#it is %i+e *y.
cos 8G R/J G R/ XR
<
FMY
P
<
Z Y N
G
<
Po-er cos#"e$ i the circ#it2
PG I R or 3I COS
&
8.
Circ1it )iagra6F!
*roce21reF!
;. Coect the circ#it as sho- i the circ#it $ia%ra".
&. Meas#re the +o!ta%e s#))!ie$ *y +ariac M3 N. ;
B. Meas#re the circ#it c#rret MIN #si% AC a""eter.
=. Note $o- the +o!ta%e $ro) across R2 L a$ C *y $i%ita! "#!ti"eter.
:. Cha%e the i)#t +o!ta%e a$ the a%ai ote $o- the +o!ta%e $ro)Mat
!east : rea$i%sN
<. Dra- the )hasor $ia%ra" *et-ee R3 9 R3 9 a$ R3 9 a$ ca!c#!ate the L 2 C R
)hase.
O9ser5ation ta9leF!
S+No+
;
&5olt(
;R ;L ;C
I
&A6>(
M J
V
[
R J
V
[
L J
V
\
[ c J
V
]
[
*+F+ J
V



























































Calc1lationF!
;. R G 3 /I R
&. Y G 3 /I L L
B. YcG 3 /I C
=. Po-er factor COS8G
3
K
:. P!ot the %ra)h o a %ra)h )a)er *et-ee 3 2 3 R L a$ 3C a$ ca!c#!ate its
)hase a%!e.
Res1ltF!
The +a!#e of RJ9 is .. A$ the +a!#e of ^MPhase a%!eN . a$ )o-er
factor is .
Re>ortF!
;. 4hat $o yo# #$ersta$ *y the ter" )o-er factor i referece to A.C.
Circ#itsA
&. 4hat is the i")ortace of )o-er factorA
B. 4hat $o yo# "ea *y a !a%%i% )o-er factor & !ea$i% )o-er factorA











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF (
St#$y of Trasfor"er2 Na"e )!ate rati% $eter"iatio of ratio a$ Po!arity.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F!
S+No+ Na6e o7 eB1i>6ent N1antit3 Range T3>e


















; ;(PhaseTrasfor"er ; &B'/;;:32;>3A She!! ty)e
















& A#to Trasfor"er ; '(&H'2;'A 3ariac ty)e
















B 3o!t"eter ; '(B'' 3 Mo+i% iro
















= 3o!t"eter ; '(;:' 3
Mo+i% iro





























T4eor3F!
&A(Theoretica!!y it "ay see" that trasfor"er "ay *e *#i!t to ha$!e ay
+o!ta%e or c#rret. /#t i rea!ity there are !i"its to *oth the +o!ta%e a$
c#rret. The a"e )!ate rati% of a )o-er trasfor"er #s#a!!y cotais2
;. 3o!t(a")eres..>3A
&. 3o!ta%e Ratio 3 /3 .+o!t or ,3 ; &
B. Fre5#ecy..?D
=. Ty)e ;(8 or B(8
:.
E5#i+a!et I")e$ace_















&B( Trans7or6ation RatioF!
The i$#ce$ E.M.F )er )hase i )ri"ary a$ seco$ary -i$i% of a
trasfor"er is %i+e *y i$#ce$ E.M.F i )ri"ary E G =.==f ; 8N . ;
I$#ce$ E.M.F i seco$ary E G =.==f8N . & &
For I$ea! trasfor"er E G 3 a$ E G 3 . ; ; & &
?ece the trasfor"atio Ratio M>N G 3 /3 & ; G N / N G I / I & ; ; &.
&C( *olarit3 TestF!
Each of the ter"ia!s of )ri"ary as -e!! as seco$ary -i$i% of a
trasfor"er is a!terati+e!y )ositi+e a$ e%ati+e -ith res)ect to each other.
It is essetia! to ,o- the re!ati+e )o!arities at ay istat of the )ri"ary
a$ seco$ary ter"ia!s for "a,i% correct coectios if the trasfor"er
are to *e o)ee$ i )ara!!e! or are to *e #se$ i a B( 8circ#it.
4he +ie-e$ fro" the )ri"ary si$e the ter"ia!s are "ar,e$ A ; a$ A . &
No- ter"ia! A; is coecte$ to oe e$ of the seco$ary -i$i% a$ a
+o!t"eter is coecte$ *et-ee A & a$ other e$ of the seco$ary -i$i%.
4he the +o!t"eter rea$s the $i6erece M3 (3 N2 the trasfor"er is sai$ to ; &
)ossess a s#*tracti+e )o!aritya$ -he +o!t"eter rea$s M3 F3 N the ; &
trasfor"er has a$$iti+e )o!arity. S#*tracti+e )o!arity "eas that sa"e
)o!arity ter"ia!s are coecte$. 4hi!e a$$iti+e )o!arity "eas that sa"e
)o!arity ter"ia!s are coecte$.
*roce21reF!
&A(Trans7or6ation Ratio TestF!
;. Coect the circ#it as )er C%.M*N a$ set #) A#to(trasfor"er to Dero
)ositio.
&. S-itch o A.C. s#))!y a$ a$@#st the A#totrasfor"er ti!! a s#ita*!e
M*e!o- rate$N +o!ta%e.
B. Recor$ the +o!ta%e 3 across the )ri"ary a$ 3 across seco$ary. ; &
=. 3ary the A#totrasfor"er a$ re)eat ste) B2 ta,e at !east : rea$i%s.
&B(*olarit3 TestF!
;. Coect the circ#it as )er C%.MaN a$ set #) A#totrasfor"er to Dero
)ositio.
&. S-itch o si%a! )hase A.C. s#))!y.
B. Recor$ the +o!ta%e 3 2 3 a$ 3 . ; &
B











If 3 is !ess tha the )o!arity is s#*tracti+e other-ise a$$iti+e. B
=. 3ary the A#totrasfor"er a$ re)eat ste)B. Ta,e at !east : rea$i%s.
:. S-itch o6 the s#))!y.
O9ser5ationF!
MAN Na"e P!ate Rati%s. ( 4rite $o- a!! s)eciCcatio "ar,e$ o a"e )!ate
rati%.
&B( Trans7or6ation Ratio TestF!
S+No+ ;. ;/ = J ; L; /
.















































































&C( *olarit3 TestF!
S+No+ ;. ;/ ;"
A22iti5e or S19tracti5e




















































Circ1it 2iagra6F!
Fi%. MAN












Fi%. M/N
Res1ltF
The trasfor"atio ratio of %i+e trasfor"er is .
*reca1tionF
;. Coectio sho#!$ *e ti%ht.
&. Do ot to#ch o !i+e -ire.
B. Loa$ o the trasfer sho#!$ ot icrease *eyo$ its ca)acity.












JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF (
To $eter"iatio of e5#i+a!et circ#it )ara"eter of a si%!e )hase
trasfor"er *y OC a$ SC test.
Na6e >late 2etails o7 trans7or6er.(
;^( TRANSFORMER






Ca)acity B >3A







I/P +o!ta%e &B'3







I/P c#rret ;B.'=A







O/P +o!ta%e ;;:3







O/P c#rret &<.'OA







Fre5#ecy :'?D














A>>arat1s reB1ire2F!
A>>arat1s ReB1ire2 7or SC Test






S+No+ Na6e Range T3>e
N1antit3
















M;N A#to Trasfor"er &B'/'(&H'32 =A ;(^
;
















M&N A""eter '(:A MI Ty)e
;
















MBN 3o!t"eter '(B''3 MI Ty)e
;
















M=N 4att"eter &''32 &.:A Dya"o"eter
;













































A>>arat1s ReB1ire2 7or OC Test






S+No+ Na6e Range T3>e N1antit3
















M;N A#to Trasfor"er &B'/'(&H'32 =A ;(^ -ire
4o#$
;
















M&N A""eter '(&.:A MI Ty)e ;
















MBN 3o!t"eter '(;:'3 MI Ty)e ;
















M=N 4att"eter ;:'32 &.:A Dya"o"eter ;





























T4eor3F!
Trasfor"er is a static $e+ice -hich trasfers e!ectrica! )o-er fro" oe
circ#it to aother circ#it either *y ste) #) or ste) $o- the +o!ta%e -ith
corres)o$i% $ecrease icrease i the c#rret2 -itho#t cha%i% the
fre5#ecy.
S4ort Circ1it Test
The "ai ai" of this test is to $eter"ie the f#!! !oa$ co))er !oss -hich is
he!)f#! i C$i% the R';2 Y';2 J';2 e`ciecy a$ re%#!atio of the
trasfor"er. Geera!!y !o- +o!ta%e si$e -i!! *e short circ#ite$ a$ s#))!y
-i!! *e %i+e to hi%h +o!ta%e si$e & it -i!! *e of :(;'_ of the rate$ +o!ta%e.
The -att"eter coecte$ i )ri"ary -i!! %i+e $irect!y the f#!! !oa$ co))er
!osses of the trasfor"er.
O>en Circ1it Test
The "ai ai" of this test is to $eter"ie the Iro !osses & No( !oa$ c#rret of
the Trasfor"er -hich are he!)f#! i C$i% Ro & Yo. I this test %eera!!y
s#))!y -i!! *e %i+e to )ri"ary a$ seco$ary ,e)t o)e. Sice seco$ary is
o)ee$ a s"a!! c#rret M"a%etiDi% c#rret -i!! Qo- a$ it -i!! *e : to ;'_
of f#!! !oa$ c#rret. The -att"eter coecte$ i )ri"ary -i!! %i+e $irect!y the
Iro !osses Mcore !ossesN.











*roce21reF!
S4ort Circ1it Test
;. Coect the circ#it as sho-.
&. Es#re that the $i""er stat )ositio is at R'9 MDeroN.
B. S-itch o the si%!e )hase AC. S#))!y.
=. S!o-!y icrease the o#t)#t +o!ta%e of the $i""erstat ti!! the a""eter
o )ri"ary si$e sho-s rate$ c#rret of =.B: A").
:. Note the a""eter2 +o!t"eter & -att"eter rea$i%s.
O>en Circ1it Test
;. Gi+e coectios as )er the circ#it $ia%ra".
&. Es#re that the $i""er stat Positio is at Dero.
B. S-itch o the si%!e )hase AC S#))!y.
=. A))!y rate$ +o!ta%e of &B'3 to the )ri"ary si$e of trasfor"er.
:. Note the a""eter2 +o!t"eter a$ -att"eter rea$i%s.
Circ1it 2iagra6F !
For S4ort Circ1it Test












For O>en Circ1it Test
O9ser5ationsF!
FOR S+C+ TEST &Rea2 on >ri6ar3 si2e(
S4ort circ1it 5oltage
;sc
Rate2 >ri6ar3 c1rrent
&i+e 71ll loa2 5al1e(
Isc
S4ort circ1it >o?er
Wsc
































FOR O+C+TEST &Rea2 on >ri6ar3 si2e(
Rate2 in>1t ;oltage
;#
No loa2 c1rrent
I#
No loa2 >o?er
W











































Calc1lationsF!
FOR O+C+ TEST
No !oa$ )o-er factor G COS^ G 4 / 3 I ' ' ' '
Ma%etisi% co")oet of I G Ia G I Si^ A")s. ' ' '
Core !oss co")oet of I G Ic G I COS^ a")s. ' ' '
Core !oss resistace R G 3 / Ic oh". ' '
Ma%etisi% reactace Y G 3 / Ia oh"s. ' '
Core !oss i trasfor"er at ay !oa$ G 4 '
FOR S+C+ TEST
Short circ#it )o-er factor COS^ SC G 4sc/ 3sc Isc
Short circ#it i")e$ece Jsc G3sc / Isc b.
Short circ#it resistace Rsc G 4sc / Isc b.
&
Short circ#it reactace Ysc G XJ
4G
<
Z R
4G
<
b.
Co))er !oss i trasfor"er at f#!! !oa$ G4sc -atts.
Co))er !oss i trasfor"er at ha!f f#!! !oa$ G 4sc/= -atts.
EOcienciesF!
;N At f#!! !oa$ a$ at '.O )o-er factor
G
cVVV VV V dVe fWg f ]hVi f Wgg
cVVV VV V dVe f Wg f ]hVi L ]VV VVVV L ]VVVV VVVV V VVVV VV V
&N A!! ha!f f#!! !oa$ a$ j.P.F.
J
k VV VV V dVe f Wg f ]hVi f Wgg
k VV VV V dVe f Wg f ]hVi L ]VV VVVV L ]VVVV VVVV V k VV VV V
Reg1lationsF!
;N At f#!! !oa$ a$ '.O )o-er factor !a%%i%.
3o!ta%e $ro) G Isc MRsc f cos^ F Ysc f si^N
_ Re%#!atio G
J"@rVec ?)"
3Vrc* T)%,V)- J"@rVecMJ"N
f;''
&N At f#!! !oa$ a$ '.O )o-er factor !ea$i%.
3o!ta%e $ro) G Isc MRsc f cos^ l Ysc f si^N
_ Re%#!atio G
J"@rVec ?)"
3Vrc* T)%,V)- J"@rVecMJ"N
f;
''











BN At f#!! !oa$ a$ j.P.F.
3o!ta%e $ro) G Isc f Rsc f cos^
_ Re%#!atio G
J"@rVec ?)"
3Vrc* T)%,V)- J"@rVecMJ"N
f;''
EB1i5alent circ1itF ! Dra- si")!iCe$ e5#i+a!et circ#it sho-i%. Ca!c#!ate$
+a!#es of a!! )ara"eters o it.
Res1ltF !
F#!! !oa$ e`ciecy at '.O ).f. G
F#!! !oa$ e`ciecy at j.P.F. G
F#!! !oa$ re%#!atio at '.O !a%%i% ).f. G
F#!! !oa$ re%#!atio at '.O !ea$i% ).f. G
F#!! !oa$ re%#!atio at j.P.F. G
Ro G Yo G
Rsc G Ysc G ..
*reca1tionF!
;. A!! the coectios sho#!$ *e )erfect!y ti%ht.
&. S#))!y sho#!$ ot *e s-itche$ ON #ti! & #!ess the coectios are
chec,e$ *y the teacher.
B. Do ot *e$ -hi!e ta,i% the rea$i%s.
=. No !oose -ires sho#!$ !ie o the -or, ta*!e.
:. Thic, -ires sho#!$ *e #se$ for c#rret circ#it a$ Qe7i*!e -ires for
+o!ta%e circ#its.
<. The "#!ti)!yi% factor of -att"eter sho#!$ *e correct!y #se$.











JAWAHARLAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BORAWAN
)E*ART%ENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Electrical & Electronics Engineering &B+E+ ! /#,(
Semester: - II
Enrollment No. Date:-
Remarks if any, Signature of Professor
E*ERI%ENT NO+
O9Hecti5eF (
To se)arate resistace a$ i$#ctace of Cho,e & C$ acti+e a$ reacti+e
)o-er.
A>>arat1s reB1ire2F!
S+No+ Na6e Range N1antit3















M;N AC A""eter '(; A") ;













M&N AC 3o!t"eter '(B'' 3 ;













MBN 4att"eter '(B'' 32 ; A ;













M=N Di""erstat ; )hase2 &B' 3 ;













M:N Cho,e &B' 32 :' ?D2 '.<H: A
;
























Connection 2iagra6F!
















T4eor3F!
A cho,e coi! is a co"*iatio of resistace a$ i$#ctace. These )ara"eters
$e)e$ o the siDe of -ire2 #"*er of t#rs2 ty)e of core etc. It is #se$ i a
+ariety of e5#i)"ets.
4he it is e7cite$ *y DC2 the ratio of a))!ie$ +o!ta%e to c#rret is the
resistace of the coi! a$ -he e7cite$ *y AC2 the ratio of +o!ta%e2 c#rret i
the i")e$ace.
*roce21reF!
;N Coect the circ#it as sho- i C%#re.
&N Es#re that the $i""erstat is at Dero )ositio.
BN S-itch o ;()hase ac s#))!y.
=N Icrease the o#t)#t +o!ta%e of the $i""erstat s!o-!y.
:N Note $o- the rea$i%s of a""eter2 +o!t"eter a$ -att"eter for +ario#s
3a!#es of o#t)#t +o!ta%es of $i""erstat.
O9ser5ation & calc1lationF!
Sr+
No+
;olt6eter
Rea2ing
&;(
A66eter
Rea2ing
&I(
Watt6eter
Rea2ing
;ICOS8&W(
Resistance
R J WLI
/
MJ;LI L J
X
V
m
Z
m
L&H(




















































Res1ltF!
The ca!c#!ate$ +a!#es of resistace2 i$#ctace acti+e )o-er a$ reacti+e )o-er of
cho,e coi! are fo#$ VVVVVVV.
*reca1tionsF!
;N A!! coectios sho#!$ *e )erfect!y ti%ht.
&N Do ot s-itch o the s#))!y #ti! a$ #!ess the coectios are chec,e$
*y the teacher.
BN Es#re the $i""er stat at Dero )ositio a$ a!! rheostats to "a7i"#"
resistace )ositio *efore s-itchi% the s#))!y ON.
=N A+oi$ error $#e to )ara!!e! -hi!e rea$i% the "eters.
:N The c#rret Qo-i% thro#%h the rheostat sho#!$ ot e7cee$ their rati%s.