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Table of Contents
MT S THUT NG VIT TT .................................................................................................................. 4
LI NI U ................................................................................................................................................. 6
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG ................................................................................... 7
I. Thnh phn trong mng vin thng ................................................................................................ 7
1. Khi nim mng Vin thng ....................................................................................................... 7
2. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng ........................................................................................ 7
II. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng .................................................................. 7
1. Thit b u cui ......................................................................................................................... 7
2. H thng truyn dn ................................................................................................................... 8
3. Trung tm chuyn mch........................................................................................................... 11
4. H thng bo hiu .................................................................................................................... 12
5. Cc loi dch v ........................................................................................................................ 12
6. Trung tm iu hnh - Qun l - Bo dng ............................................................................ 13
7. Cc thit b ph tr .................................................................................................................. 14
CHNG 2.TNG QUAN MNG VIN THNG VIETTEL .......................................................................... 14
I. Mng di ng Viettel ..................................................................................................................... 14
1. S cu trc mng di ng Viettel ........................................................................................ 14
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng di ng Viettel .................................................... 14
II. Mng truyn dn Viettel ............................................................................................................... 18
1. S cu trc mng truyn dn ca Viettel ................................................................................ 18
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng truyn dn ........................................................... 20
III. Mng InternetViettel ..................................................................................................................... 20
1. S cu trc mng InternetViettel ........................................................................................ 20
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng Internet ............................................................... 22
IV. Mng PSTNViettel .......................................................................................................................... 22
1. S cu trc mng PSTNViettel ............................................................................................. 22
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng PSTN.................................................................... 23
V. S kt ni tng th mng vin thng Viettel theo cu trc phn lp ...................................... 23
1. S kt ni .................................................................................................................................. 23
2. Mt s dng ng i ca cuc thoi ...................................................................................... 25
CHNG 3. THUT NG THNG DNG TRONG MNG VIN THNG .............................................. 25
I. Thut ng thng dng trong mng di ng ................................................................................ 25
1. Thu bao attach ....................................................................................................................... 25
2. Thu bao registered ................................................................................................................. 25
3. Erlang (Erl) ................................................................................................................................ 26
4. Gi peak (gi cao im) ........................................................................................................... 26
5. TU (Traffic Utilisation - hiu sut s dng ti nguyn) ............................................................. 26
6. HSDPA Throughput (High Speed Downlink Packet Access Throughput) ................................. 26
7. HSUPA Throughput (High Speed Uplink Packet Access Throughput) ...................................... 26
II. Thut ng thng dng trong mng ADSL& PSTN ........................................................................ 27
1. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line - ng thu bao s bt i xng) ......................... 27
2. DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line Access Multiplexer) ................................................................. 27
3. BRAS (Broadband Access Sever - server truy nhp bng rng) ............................................... 27
4. Thi lng gin on thng tin mng A/P (TF) ........................................................................ 27
5. S c ng dy thu bao ....................................................................................................... 27
6. Thi gian thit lp dch v ........................................................................................................ 27
7. T l hon thnh sa cha li .................................................................................................. 28
8. FTTx Fiber To The x ............................................................................................................... 28
9. Office WAN .............................................................................................................................. 28
10. Leasedline Internet, leasedline knh trng ............................................................................. 28
III. Thut ng thng dng trong mng truyn dn ........................................................................... 28
1. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy - phn cp s ng b) .................................................. 28
2. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing - ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao) 28
3. Lung E1 ................................................................................................................................... 28
4. Lung STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) .......................................................... 29
5. Lung STM-n (n = 4, 16, 64) ..................................................................................................... 29
CHNG 4: QUY NH QUN L CHT LNG MNG VIN THNG ................................................... 29
I. Mt s khi nim c bn ............................................................................................................... 29
II. Danh mc dch v vin thng bt buc qun l cht lng .......................................................... 29
III. C quan qun l Nh nc v cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng .................................... 29
IV. Trch nhim cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin thng .................................................................. 30
1. Trch nhim ca cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin thng ......................... 30
2. Trch nhim ca cc i l ....................................................................................................... 30
3. Trch nhim ca doanh nghip c cp php ....................................................................... 30



MT S THUT NG VIT TT

Ch
vit tt
Thut ng ting Anh Ting Vit tng ng
2G
The second mobile network
generation
Mng thng tin di ng th h th 2
3G
The third mobile network
generation)
Mng thng tin di ng th h th 3
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subcriber
Line
ng thu bao s bt i xng
AUC AuthenticationCenter Trung tm nhn thc
BGM Background Music Nhc nn
BSC Base Station Controller B iu khin trm gc (mng 2G)
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm thu pht gc (mng 2G)
CRBT Colour Ringback Tone Nhc chung ch a m.
DSLAM
Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer
B ghp knh truy nhp ng thu
bao s
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
mt cao
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Nt h tr GPRS cng
GMSC
Gateway Mobile Switching
Center
Trung tmchuyn mch di ng cng
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gitng hp
GSM
Global System of Mobile
Communications
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
HLR Home Location Register B ng k v tr thng tr
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
Truy nhp gi ng xung tc
cao
HSPA High Speed Packet Access Truy nhp gi tc cao
Ch
vit tt
Thut ng ting Anh Ting Vit tng ng
HSUPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet
Access
Truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc lin mng (giao thc IP)
MCA Missed Call Alert Bo cuc gi nh
ME Mobile Equipment Thit b di ng (mng 2G)
MS Mobile Station Trm di ng
MSC Mobile Switching Center Trung tm chuyn mch di ng
MSS Mobile Softswitch Solution Gii php chuyn mch mm di ng
Node B Node B Trm thu pht gc (mng 3G)
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone
Network
Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng
RNC Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
SIM Subscriber Identity Module Khi nhn dng thu bao
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s ng b
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr GPRS phc v
SMSC Short Message Service Center Trung tmdch v tinnhn ngn
STM-1 Synchronous Transport Module 1 Phn cp s tc STM-1
STP Signaling Transfer Point im chuyn giao bo hiu
TD Terminal Device Thit b u cui
UE User Equipment
Thit b ngi dng di ng (mng
3G)
VLR Visiter Location Register B ng k v tr tm tr
VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal Thit b ng ten v tinh VSAT
Ch
vit tt
Thut ng ting Anh Ting Vit tng ng
WAP Wireless Application Part Phn ng dng khng dy

LI NI U

Trong xu th pht trin mnh m ca ngnh vin thng quc t hin nay, Tp
on Vin thng Qun i - Viettel c nhng bc chuyn mnh t ph theo kp
vi tc tng trng chng mt ca ngnh vin thng quc t. l s ci tin v mt
cng ngh, khng ngng sng to nng cao cht lng dch v nhm cung cp cho khch
hng nhng dch v tt nht. Mun lm c nh vy chng ta cn c mt chin lc
pht trin ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca th gii, m rng hp tc vi cc hng vin
thng ln trong khu vc v th gii, khng ngng hc hi trao i kinh nghim v tin b
cng ngh vi cc quc gia khc trong qu trnh hi nhp. Bn cnh cng tc o to
cng cn phi c ch trng c bit, bi v mt doanh nghip vng mnh lun song
hnh vi i ng nhn vin c phm cht tt v chuyn mn gii.
Nhm m bo ngun ti liu o to phc v cho cc i tng mi tuyn dng
khng c o to v k thut Vin thng nhng c tuyn dng lm vic trong
lnh vc Vin thng, Ban K thut - Trung tm o to Viettel bin son ti liu Tng
quan mng Vin thng Viettel, ti liu bao gm 4 chng sau:
- Chng 1: Tng quan v mng vin thng.
- Chng 2: Tng quan mng vin thng Viettel.
- Chng 3: Thut ng thng dng trong mng Vin thng .
- Chng 4: Qun l cht lng mng vin thng.
Hy vng rng, ti liu ny c ngha thit thc cho cc nhn vin sau tuyn dng
bc u lm quen vi cu trc mng Vin thng ca Viettel.
Trong qu trnh bin son chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong
nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc ng ch Lnh o cc cp v ng nghip
ln ti bn sau c hon thin hn.






Mi kin ng gp xin gi v:
Trung tm o to Viettel
M1 - An Khnh - Hoi c - H Ni
Tel: 04.62650.291 0988.888.319
Fax: 04.62650.174
Email: Hoangvv2@viettel.com.vn
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG

I. Thnh phn trong mng vin thng
1. Khi nim mng Vin thng
H thng vin thng l tp hp tt c cc phng tin k thut truyn dn
tin tc t ni pht n ni thu.
Vic truyn thng tin gia cc i tng qua mt khong cch bao gm bt k
hot ng lin quan ti vic pht/nhn tin tc (m thanh, hnh nh, ch vit, d
liu...) bng cc phng tin truyn thng nh hu tuyn nh ng dy kim loi,
cp quang hoc v tuyn hoc cc h thng in t khc.
2. Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng
Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng bao gm:
- Thit b u cui.
- H thng truyn dn.
- Trung tm chuyn mch(tng i).
- H thng bo hiu.
- Cc loi dch v.
- Trung tm iu hnh - Qun l - Bo dng.
- Cc thit b ph tr.
II. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng
1. Thit b u cui
Thit b u cui (Terminal Device) l thit b giao tip vi ngi s dng (cn
c gi l i tng s dng, c th l con ngi hoc my mc t ng) v l cu
ni gia ngi s dng v mng.
1.1. Chc nng
Thit b u cui c chc nng thu/pht cc bn tin v chuyn cc bn tin di
dng tn hiu in thnh dng thng tin m con ngi c th hiu c nh: hnh
nh, m thanh, vn bn... v ngc li.
1.2. Phn loi
Thit b u cui c nhiu loi, chng rt khc nhau v chc nng v yu cu
dch v. Thit b u cui gm hai loi chnh sau:
- Thit b u cui hu tuyn nh: my in thoi c nh, Fax, telex, PC, my rt tin
t ng ATM, camera,

Hnh 1- 1: Thit b u cui hu tuyn
- Thit b u cui v tuyn nh: Mobile, Wifi,

Hnh 1- 2: Thit b u cui v tuyn
2. H thng truyn dn
2.1. Chc nng
L h thng m nhim chc nng truyn ti thng tin t im ny n im
khc trong mng vin thng. Mng truyn dn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cc h
thng vin thng. N l nn tng, l c s h tng cho vic thc hin truyn ti thng
tin, dch v.
2.2. Phn loi
C hai phng thc truyn dn c s dng chnh l: truyn dn hu tuyn
v truyn dn v tuyn.
a. Truyn dn hu tuyn
Truyn dn hu tuyn thng s dng hai mi trng truyn dn quan trng
nht l: cp ng v cp quang.
- Cp ng: S dng 2 kiu chnh l cp i xng v cp ng trc. Tn hiu truyn
trn cp ng l tn hiu in.
u im: n gin v mt cng ngh, thit b, trin khai lp t v sa cha.
Nhc im: Gy tn hao ln dn n kh nng truyn xa nh, d b nh hng
bi nhiu t cc i dy khc v t mi trng ngoi, bo mt thng tin km,
dung lng knh truyn v bng thng thp. Ch yu cp ng s dng lp
ngi s dng nh: t DSLAM n thu bao internet, t tng i mng PSTN
n thu bao in thoi.

Hnh 1- 3: Cp i xng
- Cp quang: S dng cp si quang truyn tn hiu. Tn hiu truyn trn si quang
l tn hiu nh sng v th khc phc c nhng nhc im ca vic truyn tn hiu
in trn cp ng.
u im: Tn hiu suy hao nh khong cch gia hai trm lp tng ln nhiu ln,
gim c nh hng ca nhiu, bo mt thng tin cao, dung lng knh
truyn dn ln vi tc cao v th thng c s dng trong cc tuyn truyn
dn t lp Access tr ln.
Nhc im: Phc tp v mt cng ngh, thit b.

Hnh 1- 4: Cu trc ca cp quang
b. Truyn dn v tuyn
Trong mng vin thng Viettel hin ang s dng truyn dn v tuyn c hai
loi l: Truyn dn Viba v truyn dn qua V tinh (VSAT).
- Truyn dn Viba: Truyn dn v tuyn chuyn tip bng Viba ca Viettel thng s
dng nhng bng tn s 7GHz, 15GHz, 17GHz.

Hnh 1- 5: Trm chuyn tip v tuyn bng Viba
STT Khong cch tuyn Loi Viba
Loi anten
(ng knh)
1 < 5 Km 17 GHz 0,3m v 0,6m
2 >5 Km 15GHz 0,3m v 0,6m
3 > 20 Km 7GHz 1,2m
Bng 1- 1: Thng s v khong cch ca tuyn truyn vi tn s v loi anten
u im: u im ln nht ca truyn dn v tuyn so vi truyn dn cp l
khng cn bt k mt ng dy dn no. C th trin khai trong cc trng hp
m truyn dn hu tuyn khng th thc hin nh: Truyn dn gia o vi t
lin, hoc ti cc ni khng th xy dng c tuyn ct trin khai cp (v d
nh khng c ng i li). Cc h thng v tuyn c lp t nhanh gn, chi
ph u t t.
Nhc im: Dung lng thp, cht lng ng truyn khng n nh, suy hao
ln do nh hng ca thi thit: Ma, gi, bo,
c. Truyn dn V tinh
- Trong thng tin v tinh, thit b chuyn tip trung gian chuyn ng theo qu o
xung quanh tri t thay v c thit lp c nh trn mt t. Trm mt t truyn
thng tin n v tinh bng mt tn s, v tinh ti to v truyn thng tin tr v
bng mt tn s khc. Cc bng tn s dng trong truyn dn v tinh:
STT Bng tn
Uplink
(t di t pht ln)
Downlink
(t v tinh pht xung)
1 Bng C 5GHz (5,925 - 6,425) 3GHz (3,7 - 4,2)
2 Bng C+ 5GHz (5,850 - 6,925) 3GHz (3,4 - 3,7)
3 Bng Ku 14GHz (14 - 14.5) 11GHz (11.7 - 12.2)
4 Bng Ku+ 14GHz (13.75 - 14.5) 11GHz (12.25 - 12.75)
Bng 1- 2: Cc bng tn s dng trong truyn dn v tinh
- Cc v tinh s dng trong vin thng thng c nh v ti qu o a tnh, v tr
c coi l khng thay i ti mi thi im nu nhn t im quan st ti trm mt
t. Khong cch n qu o ny khong 36000km tnh t tri t, sng in t
truyn ht khong 240ms nn tr truyn dn xp x 240ms t trm mt t pht n
trm V tinh thu. Ngi ni phi ch tr li khong 0,5 giy, iu ny lm gin on
thng tin lin tc. Mt vn khc i vi truyn thng v tinh l ting vng, thng
thng ting vng cng b tr khong 0,5 giy.
- Trong mng vin thng Viettel s dng thng tin v tinh trong mt s trng hp
sau:
Truyn dn thng tin sang mng vin thng Quc t (Gateway).
Tch hp trm BTS qua ng v tinh.

Hnh 1- 6: Trm chuyn tip v tuyn bng V tinh
- u im: Do tnh phc tp ca a hnh, a l ti mt s ni nh min ni, hi
ogii php truyn dn bng cp quang, cp ng hay viba khng c tnh kh thi
cao v khng ti u. Chnh v th, vic kt ni truyn dn gia BTS v BSC thng
qua ng truyn v tinh l ti u nht cho vic pht sng trm mi m rng vng
ph v gii php ny c gi l truyn dn A
bis
qua ng v tinh.
- Nhc im: Dung lng ng truyn thp, cht lng tn hiu b nh hng ca
thi tit, tr ln, chi ph cao.
3. Trung tm chuyn mch
thit lp mt tuyn kt ni theo yu cu t mt thu bao ny ti mt thu
bao khc mng phi c thit b chuyn mch la chn mt tuyn kt ni ph hp.
Trong mng in thoi, cc h thng chuyn mch ny c gi l cc tng i. Thu
bao s nhn c kt ni theo yu cu nh vo cc thng tin bo hiu truyn qua
ng dy thu bao, hay truyn trn cc mch kt ni cc tng i vi nhau.
Trong thc t hin nay, c 2 cng ngh chuyn mch ang c p dng. l
cng ngh chuyn mch knh (CS - Circuit Switching) v cng ngh chuyn mch gi (PS
- Packet Switching).
4. H thng bo hiu
Trong mng vin thng, bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng
tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan
n thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh:
- Chc nng gim st (gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k...).
- Chc nng tm chn (iu khin v chuyn thng tin a ch).
- Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng.
Bo hiu c chia thnh hai loi l bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin
i.
- Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu dng cho cc thit b u cui, thng l bo
hiu gia my in thoi vi tng i ni ht.
- Bo hiu lin i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. c chia thnh 2 loi l:
Bo hiu knh kt hp (knh lin kt) (CAS - Channel Asociated Signaling): L
h thng bo hiu trong tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi hoc trong mt
knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh thoi (knh ln cn). Bo hiu knh kt hp
c mt s hn ch nh tng i chm, ch thch hp vi mng in thoi c
dung lng va v nh.V d: H thng bo hiu R2.
Bo hiu knh chung (CCS - Common Channel Signaling): L h thng bo hiu
trong tn hiu bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh thoi. Knh
bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh thoi v c
truyn trn tuyn c tc cao. Bo hiu CCS c th truyn thng tin bo hiu
theo 2 chiu, mc d cc knh thoi c bn hay khng. V d: H thng bo hiu
s 7 (SS7).
5. Cc loi dch v
5.1. Dch v c bn
L dch v c truyn tc thi thng tin qua mng vin thng (bao gm c
Internet) m khng lm thay i loi hnh hoc ni dung thng tin. y l loi dch v
ti thiu (n gin nht) m nh cung cp dch v cp cho khch hng, da trn nng
lc c bn ca nh cung cp dch v.
5.2. Dch v gi tr gia tng
L dch v lm tng thm gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng dch v bng cch
hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin hoc cung cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc
thng tin trn c s s dng mng vin thng. Nhng dch v ny thun tin hn
cho ngi s dng, khng ch kt ni thit b u cui, c kh nng cung cp rng
khp v tnh cc linh hot.
5.3. Mt s dch v c bn v dch v gi tr gia tng m mng vin thng
Viettel ang cung cp
Cc dch v c bn Cc dch v gi tr gia tng
- Dch v khai thc trn mng di ng
2G v 3G:
- Dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng di
ng 2G v 3G:
Cc dch v c bn Cc dch v gi tr gia tng
Thoi
Hin th s gi n
Nhn tin ngn
Gi cuc gi
Ch cuc gi
Chn cuc gi n v i
Chuyn cuc gi
Hp th thoi (Voice mail)
Gi hi ngh
Gi khn cp
Video Call
D-com 3G...
- Dch v truy cp Internet (ADSL,
FTTx)
- Dch v in thoi c nh, Fax, dch
v in thoi c nh khng dy
(Homephone), dch v VoIP.
Dch v thng bo cuc gi nh
MCA
Dch v nhc chung ch I-Muzik
Dch v thanh ton cc tr sau
bng th ATM (thanh ton in t)
Dch v Call Me Back
Dch v ng tin
Dch v thanh ton cc tr sau
bng th np tin tr trc (Pay
199)
Dch v da trn nn cng ngh
GPRS: Truy cp Web, WAP,
MMS, Email, ti d liu (nhc
chung, hnh nn), games online,
video streaming, Mobi TV...
- Mng ring o
- Dch v cu truyn hnh
- Dch v cho thu knh truyn
(Leased Line).
Bng 1- 3: Bng mt s cc dch v ca Viettel
6. Trung tm iu hnh - Qun l - Bo dng
6.1. Qun l li (Fault Management)
- Thu thp y cc cnh bo t tt c cc phn t mng v lc cnh bo, phn mc
cnh bo theo mu sc.
- T ng nhn dng cc cnh bo c nh ngha trc.
- Tra cu cnh bo.
- Khi li lm pht sinh cc li khc th h thng c chc nng nhm cnh bo lin
quan 1 s kin c th.
- Thng k cng vic bo dng hng ngy: logbook (i thc hin, Trung tm ch
theo di tin thc hin).
- Bo co thng k li.
6.2. Qun l cu hnh (Configuration Management)
- Qun l topo mng theo m hnh phn cp.
- Qun l tham s - cu hnh phn cng, version phn mm bao gm c cu hnh
backup v s thay i trong qu trnh khai thc.
- Qun l c tnh nt mng
- Bo co cu hnh h thng (yu cu thc hin bo co theo phng thc qun l
c cc ti nguyn ang s dng trn mng).
6.3. Qun l cht lng (Performance Management)
- Bo co cht lng: Bo co cht lng ngy hoc theo gi chi tit mc Cell, BTS,
BSC, MSC, bo co theo vng a l.
- Gim st ti: Gim st ti/ti nguyn s dng ca BSC, MSC.
- t mc ngng cht lng mng.
- Qun l s c v cht lng mng: Theo di v bo co cc s c cht lng mng
gip: Phn tch s c, bo co thng k s c (bao gm c cc s c trong qu kh).
- Bo co cht lng mng.
6.4. Qun l bo mt
- Nhn thc ngi dng: Qun tr h thng qun l account, chnh sch bo mt, pht
hin v ngn chn s xm nhp tri php vo h thng
- Cc s kin tc ng ln h thng u c lu tr trong logfile (a ch IP login,
thi gian login, logout, thng tin v account).
- Qun l cc account truy nhp theo a ch IP.
- Lu tr cc s kin, thi gian bt u, kt thc chy cc ng dng trn h thng.
7. Cc thit b ph tr
Cc thit b ph tr trong mng vin thng bao gm:
- B ngun AC/DC.
- Thot st/bo v qu p.
- Cnh bo chy n.
- H thng lm mt cho trm BTS

CHNG 2.TNG QUAN MNG VIN THNG VIETTEL

I. Mng di ng Viettel
1. S cu trc mng di ng Viettel
S cu trc mng di ng Viettel c th hin s lc qua m hnh cu
trc c chia lm 4 lp nh sau (hnh 2.1):
- Lp ngi dng: Gm thit b u cui ngi dng, thit b di ng
- Lp truy nhp: Gm cc trm BTS, BSC (mng 2G), NodeB, RNC (mng 3G).
- Lp li: Gm c khi chuyn mch MSC/VLR, HLR/AUC, GMSC, STP, cc nt h
tr GPRS (SGSN, GGSN)
- Lp ng dng: Cc h thng mng thng minh (IN/OCS), cc h thng qun l tin
nhn (SMS/MMS) v cc h thng dch v gi tr gia tng khc (CRBT, MCA,
BGM)
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng di ng Viettel
Trong phn ny trnh by chc nng ca mt s thnh phn chnh trong mng di
ng Viettel:
2.1. Lp ngi dng
Lp ny bao gm cc trm di ng (MS). MS bao gm Thit b di ng (ME)/u
cui ngi dng (UE) v Khi nhn dng thu bao (SIM)
- ME (mng 2G): y l my in thoi di ng, kt ni vi BTS qua giao din v
tuyn (giao din U
m
).
- UE (mng 3G): y khng ch l in thoi di ng m cn c th l cc thit b u
cui truy nhp Internet nh modem (Dcom 3G, Homegateway), kt ni vi NodeB
qua giao din v tuyn U
u
.
- SIM: L th nh thng minh s dng trn ME/UE, lu tr nhng thng tin nh s
in thoi, m s mng di ng, cc m s phc v cho vic nhn thc thu bao
2.2. Lp truy nhp
a. BTS (mng 2G)
- Chc nng: BTS thc hin nhiu chc nng nh: Kt ni vi my u cui ngi
dung qua ng truyn v tuyn, nh x knh logic vo knh vt l, m ha/gii m
nhm bo mt thng tin trn ng truyn v tuyn
- Kt ni vi BSC qua giao din A
bis
.
- Tn s s dng: 900MHz hoc 1800MHz.
b. BSC
L khi chc nng iu khin, gim st cc BTS, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
trong h thng, thc hin mt s chc nng nh:
- Qun l mt trm BTS
- Qun l mng v tuyn: X l cc bn tin bo hiu, iu khin
- Qun l knh v tuyn: n nh, khi to, gii phng knh v tuyn
- Qun l chuyn giao khi ngi s dng (ang thc hin cuc gi) di chuyn t vng
ph ca trm BTS ny sang trm BTS khc
- Tp trung lu lng.
BSC kt ni vi MSC qua giao din A cho dch v thoi, kt ni n SGSN qua
giao din G
b
cho dch v truy cp d liu (data).


Hnh 2- 1: Mng di ng Viettel
c. NodeB (mng 3G)
- Chc nng: NodeB thc hin mt s chc nng nh: Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn,
iu khin cng sut sao cho tn hiu nhn c t cc u cui ngi dng l tng
ng
- Kt ni vi RNC qua giao din Iu bng mng Metro Ethernet hoc IP trn SDH.
- Tn s: 2110 - 2170 MHz.
d. RNC
RNC thc hin mt s cc chc nng sau:
- Qun l mt s NodeB v iu khin cc ti nguyn ca chng nh: Cp pht, gii
phng knh, cp pht ti nguyn.
- Mt nhim v quan trng na ca RNC l bo v s b mt v ton vn. Sau th tc
nhn thc v tha thun kha, cc kha bo mt v ton vn c t vo RNC.
- RNC kt ni vi nhau qua giao din I
ur
. RNC c ni n lp li bng hai kt ni,
mt kt ni ti MSC bng giao din I
u
-CS (thoi) v mt kt ni n SGSN bng giao
din I
u
-PS (d liu).
2.3. Lp li
a. MSC
MSC c trch nhim kt ni v gim st cuc gi n MS v t MS i. C nhiu
chc nng c thc hin trong MSC nh:
- Qun l di ng.
- Qun l chuyn giao khi ngi s dng in thoi di chuyn t vng ph ca trm
BTS ny sang trm BTS khc m 2 BTS ny thuc 2 MSC khc nhau.
- X l cuc gi.
- X l tnh cc.
- Tng tc mng (IWF - Internet Working Functions): GMSC
Cc tng i MSC th h mi ca Viettel hin s dng cng ngh Chuyn mch
mm di ng (MSS). Trong phn iu khin (c qun l bi MSC-S - MSC server)
tch ri vi phn Chuyn mch (c qun l bi MGw - Media Gateway)
b. SGSN
L nt chnh trong min chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched Domain), chu trch
nhim cho tt c cc kt ni d liu ca thu bao. SGSN cha thng tin thu bao v
thng tin v tr thu bao.
SGSN kt ni n BSC qua giao din G
b
, kt ni n RNC qua giao din I
u
-PS, kt
ni vi HLR/AuC qua giao din G
r
v kt ni vi GGSN qua giao din G
n
.
c. GGSN
L mt nt cng d liu gia mng PS kt ni vi mng internet, cc d liu
truyn t thu bao ra mng ngoi u qua GGSN. GGSN cha thng tin thu bao v
thng tin v SGSN qun l thu bao. GGSN cng ng thi tham gia vo qu trnh nhn
thc v tnh cc.
d. GMSC
L MSC c chc nng cng ni ra cc mng ngoi nh PSTN hoc mng di
ng khc.
Tng i GMSC c giao din kt ni vi ngoi mng cho c di ng, c nh v
kt ni ti tng i quc t IGw.
e. HLR/AuC
L c s d liu thng tin v thu bao v nhn thc thu bao.
f. STP (Signaling Tranfer Point - im trung chuyn bo hiu)
Chc nng chnh ca STP l chuyn tip cc bn tin bo hiu (hay chc nng
nh tuyn bo hiu). STP hot ng nh mt Hub gi cc bn tin bo hiu ti cc nt
mng khc. STP nh tuyn cc bn tin thng qua vic kim tra thng tin nh tuyn
c gn km vi mi bn tin bo hiu v gi chng ti im bo hiu cn thit. Thay
v cc nt mng li u ni bo hiu trc tip vi nhau to ra mt mng mesh phc
tp, STP s ng vai tr nt trung tm trong mng bo hiu, gip mng bo hiu trong
sng hn, qun l mng bo hiu d dng hn.
2.4. Lp ng dng
Bao gm nhiu h thng thc hin chc nng cung cp cc dch v, ng dng
trn nn di ng nh:
- IN: H thng qun l v tnh cc thu bao tr trc
- OCS: H thng qun l tnh cc trc tuyn dnh cho thu bao tr trc
- SMSC: H thng tin nhn.
- MCA (Missed Call Alert): H thng bo cuc gi nh.
- BGM (Background Music): H thng nhc nn.
- CRBT (Colour Ringback Tone): H thng nhc chung ch.
II. Mng truyn dn Viettel
1. S cu trc mng truyn dn ca Viettel
S mng truyn dn Viettel c cho nh hnh sau:


Hnh 2- 2: Mng truyn dn Viettel
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng truyn dn
Mng truyn dn l h tng truyn ti thng tin cho cc mng nh: Mng
IP/A/P/F, Mobile N cung cp cc ng kt ni t BTS BSC, Node B RNC, DSLAM
Site Router, gia cc core vng v trung tm, gia cc khu vc vi nhau
Mng truyn dn ca Viettel c chia lm 4 lp:
- Lp trc quc gia (National Backbone Layer): Kt ni lu lng cc vng min,
truyn ti dch v Bc-Nam, kt ni cc hng i Quc t (dung lng N x STM-64)
- Lp lp lin tnh (Inter-Provincial Layer):Tp trung lu lng dch v cc Tnh,
chuyn ti v cc trung tm dch v ti cc thnh ph H Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh
(dung lng 400 Gbps, hin ti ch dng 50 Gbps).
- Lp ni tnh (Provincial Layer): L lp li ca tng tnh,kt ni lp lin tnhv lp
truy nhp, chuyn ti lu lng dch v t lp truy nhp ln lp lin tnh (dung
lngSTM-16 tr ln).
- Lp truy nhp (Access Layer): L lp trc tip kt ni vi cc node access ca cc
mng dch v (BTS/Node B, DSLAM, PSTN, khch hng thu knh). Dung lng:
STM-1, STM-4.

III. Mng InternetViettel
1. S cu trc mng InternetViettel
Mng Internet ca Viettel c m t di dng phn lp nh sau:

Hnh 2- 3: Mng Internet Viettel
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng Internet
- DSLAM: Tp trung ng dy ADSL ca cc thu bao.
- Site Router:
Kt ni n DSLAM, Node B, cc khch hng s dng dch v cp quang v
chuyn d liu t cc thnh phn ln mng li.
- Core x, Core huyn, Core tnh, Core khu vc:
Tp trung lu lng t lp di v chuyn ln lp trn.
nh tuyn d liu.
- Router P: Dng chuyn mch nhanh gia cc vng, cc khu vc; kt ni sang
phn chuyn mch gi ca lp Core di ng.
- BRAS: Dng qun l a ch, tnh cc, iu khin bo mt
IV. Mng PSTNViettel
1. S cu trc mng PSTNViettel

Hnh 2- 4: Mng PSTN Viettel
Ch : Ti cc tnh cn li, do dung lng cng nh s lng thu bao thp nn thnh
phn Host s kim chc nng qun l thu bao v trung chuyn lu lng.
2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng PSTN
- DLU: Dng tp trung lu lng cc thu bao.
- Host: L mt dng tng i trung chuyn lu lng trong ni tnh.
- Tandem: Dng chuyn lu lng ca cc thu bao lin tnh. Vi cc tnh tr HNI
v HCM, Tandem cng dng trung chuyn lu lng trong ni tnh.
- TOLL: Dng chuyn lu lng gia cc khu vc nh t HNI n DNG.

V. S kt ni tng th mng vin thng Viettel theo cu trc phn lp
1. S kt ni
Pha trn, cc phn trnh by tng mng ring bit ca Viettel. Sau y l s
tng th mng vin thng ca Viettel, s ny s cho ngi c thy s lin kt
gia cc mng vi nhau:

Hnh 2- 5: Tng qut mng Viettel
2. Mt s dng ng i ca cuc thoi
2.1. Di ng Viettel C nh Viettel
- Trng hp cng khu vc: Di ng BTS/Node B BSC/RNC MSC
GMSC TOLL Tandem Host C nh.
- Trng hp khc khu vc: Di ng BTS/Node B MSC GMSC(1)
TOLL(1) TOLL(2) Tandem(2) Host(2) C nh.
2.2. Di ng Viettel Homephone Viettel
Trng hp cng khu vc:
- Trng hp cng MSC: Di ng BTS BSC MSC BSC BTS
Homephone.
- Trng hp khc MSC:
Tng i chuyn mch mm s dng cng ngh IP: Di ng BTS BSC
MSS MSS# BSC BTS Homephone.
Tng i chuyn mch mm s dng cng ngh TDM: Di ng BTS BSC
MSC GMSC MSC# BSC BTS Homephone.
2.3. Di ng Viettel Di ng mng khc
Di ng Viettel BTS BSC MSC GMSC Viettel GMSC mng khc
MSC BSC BTS Di ng mng khc.
2.4. Di ng Viettel C nh mng khc
Di ng Viettel BTS BSC MSC GMSC Viettel TOLL Viettel
TOLL mng khc Tandem Host C nh mng khc.
2.5. C nh Viettel C nh mng khc
C nh Viettel Host Tandem TOLL Viettel TOLL mng khc
Tandem Host C nh mng khc
2.6. T thu bao di ng 3G truy nhp internet
Di ng Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Internet
CHNG 3. THUT NG THNG DNG TRONG MNG VIN THNG

Phn thut ng thng dng l nhng thut ng c bn c s dng thng
xuyn v thng nht cch hiu trong mng vin thng Viettel. Ti liu ny gii thch
mt s thut ng thng dng m ngi lm vic trong lnh vc vin thng cn bit.

I. Thut ng thng dng trong mng di ng
1. Thu bao attach
L thu bao ang bt my m h thng tng i ang quan l.
2. Thu bao registered
L thu bao attach hoc thu bao attach va tt my cha qu h.
3. Erlang (Erl)
L n v o ca lu lng (Traffic), c tnh nh sau:

Trong : - A l lu lng o bng Erl.
- n l s cuc gi.
- t l di trung bnh cua mi cuc goi.
- T l thi gian o (thng T=1gi 3600s).
V d: Trong 1 gi, thu bao trung bnh goi 1,2 cuc, mi cuc goi di s, th Erl
cua thu bao l: A = 1,2*60/3600 0.020Erl = 20 (mErl).
T Erl ta c th bit c s pht goi:
h gi = lu lng (Erl )*60 h
V d: Vi mng 2G, 1cell trong 1 gi c lu lng l , Erl th trong gi
cell phuc vu c , , (pht goi)
Vy nu bit c lu lng cua cell trong 1 gi (V d: 16,63 Erl) v Erl trung
bnh ca thu bao trong gi (V d: 0,020 Erl) th ta c th tnh c s thu bao
ang thuc cell = 16,63/0,020 = 831 thu bao trong 1 gi
4. Gi peak (gi cao im)
L gi m lu lng mng ln nht (thng l khong thi gian nhiu thu bao
gi nht. Trong mt ngy, thi gian cao im l khong t h n 20h00).
5. TU (Traffic Utilisation - hiu sut s dng ti nguyn)
TU c s dng nh gi hiu sut s dng ti nguyn mng v nh gi
nghn ca cc Cell. Hiu sut s dng ti nguyn v tuyn (cell, BTS/Node B, cc KV,
ton mng) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
TU = (Lu lng thc t gi cao im/Lu lng c kh nng h tr)*100
Trong :
- Lu lng thc t gi cao im: c ly t s liu thng k hng ngy.
- Lu lng c kh nng h tr c tra t bng Erlang B ng vi s TCH
ton tc v cp dch v (GoS) l 2%.
6. HSDPA Throughput (High Speed Downlink Packet Access Throughput)
L thng lng ca dch v HSDPA (truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao). Hin
nay tc HSDPA ca Viettel ln ti 7,2Mbps.
Phng php tnh: Tnh thng lng ng xung ca dch v HSDPA ca 1 cell.
n v tnh: b/s hoc Kb/s hoc Mb/s (hoc bps/Kbps/Mbps).
7. HSUPA Throughput (High Speed Uplink Packet Access Throughput)
L thng lng ca dch v HSUPA (truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao). Tc
upload c th ln ti 5,76 Mbps.
Phng php tnh: Tnh thng lng ng ln ca dch v HSUPA ca 1 cell.
n v tnh: bps hoc Kbps hoc Mbps.

II. Thut ng thng dng trong mng ADSL& PSTN
1. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line - ng thu bao s bt i
xng)
L mt dng trong DSL, ADSL cung cp mt phng thc truyn d liu vi
bng thng rng so vi phng thc truy nhp qua ng dy in thoi truyn
thng theo phng thc quay s (dial-up).
ADSL c tc ti xung (download) cao hn tc ti ln (upload) nn gi l bt
i xng (V d: Tc download/upload ti a ca gi Home N+ hin nay l 3072/512
Kbps. Ta thy tc download l 3072 Kbps ln hn tc upload l 512 Kbps).
2. DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line Access Multiplexer)
L thit b ca nh cung cp dch v Internet kt ni vi khch hng s dng
dch v ADSL. y l thit b tp trung cc ng dy thu bao k thut s truy nhp
a thnh phn. Thit b ny cung cp nhiu loi truy nhp dch v khc nhau nh:
Internet tc cao xDSL, VoD, video multicasting, E-commerce
3. BRAS (Broadband Access Sever - server truy nhp bng rng)
L thit b qun l ngi dng, iu khin tnh cc, qun l a ch (MAC, IP),
iu khin dch v v qun l bo mt
4. Thi lng gin on thng tin mng A/P (TF)
L tng thi gian thu bao b gin on dch v trong ngy (k t 17
h
ngy hm
trc n 17
h
ngy hm sau):
- i vi mng ADSL: Do li phn mng truy nhp t DSLAM ti mng Core gy ra.
- i vi mng PSTN: Do li phn mng truy nhp t DLU, TF c tnh cho cc s
c trong ngy (i vi cc s c xy ra ngy hm trc, kt thc vo ngy hm sau
th TF c tnh cho ngy hm sau).
- n v tnh: User*h.
5. S c ng dy thu bao
L s c xy ra trong ngy mng ngoi vi ca nh cung cp.
6. Thi gian thit lp dch v
- Thi gian thit lp dch v c tnh t lc doanh nghip cung cp dch v v khch
hng k hp ng cung cp dch v (truy nhp Internet ADSL) cho ti khi khch
hng c th s dng c dch v ny.
- Ch tiu:
Thi gian thit lp dch v trong 2 ngy: 90%.
Thi gian thit lp dch v trong 3 ngy: = 100%.
7. T l hon thnh sa cha li
- Thi gian sa cha li dch v c tnh t lc DNCCDV nhn c phn nh ca
khch hng ti Call Center n lc DNCCDVkhc phc xong li dch vv khch
hngs dng dch v bnh thng.
- Ch tiu: Thi gian sa 6h, t l hon thnh khc phc li dch v 95%.
8. FTTx Fiber To The x
y l cc dch v truyn dn cp quang n tn thu bao khch hng. Vi FTTx,
nh cung cp c th a ra nhng dch v bng rng, tc cao. Mt s dch v FTTx
nh: FTTH (Fiber To The Home), FTTO (Fiber To The Office),
9. Office WAN
y l dch v cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng chi nhnh ca mt doanh
nghip vi nhau thnh mng ni b.
10. Leasedline Internet, leasedline knh trng
- L dch v cho thu knh ring, bng thng kt ni ca khch hng c m bo
khng b chia s vi cc thu bao khc.
- Leasedline Internet l knh dng truy nhp Internet cn Leasedline knh trng l
truyn d liu theo ngi dng.

III. Thut ng thng dng trong mng truyn dn
1. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy - phn cp s ng b)
y l mt chun quc t v truyn dn ng b tc cao cho cc mng vin
thng quang. SDH c mt s c im sau:
- Tiu chun ha cao ton mng v giao din, ni cho s v u cui tp trung nn d
lp t v bo dng.
- Kh nng tch/ghp ti thnh phn t cc tn hiu ton th d dng, trc tip.
- Mng ng b tc cao c kh nng chuyn ti hiu qu v mm do cc dch v
bng rng.
- C cc cp tc STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, STM-64
2. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing - ghp knh theo bc
sng mt cao)
y l k thut cho php cc tn hiu quang cc bc sng khc nhau c th
cng ghp vo si quang pha pht nh b ghp knh. V tn hiu ghp ny s truyn
dc theo si quang ti pha thu. Ti pha thu, lung tn hiu ny s qua b tch
bc sng thu c cc bc sng ring r. Mi bc sng h tr n 10Gb/s.
3. Lung E1
y l lung truyn dn c ghp t 32 lung PCM 64Kb/s. E1 c tc 2,048
Mb/s.
4. Lung STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1)
STM-1 l mt chun truyn dn cp quang SDH theo ITU. Mt lung STM-1 c
tc 155,52 Mb/s.
5. Lung STM-n (n = 4, 16, 64)
L lung Truyn dn quang c tc n x 155 Mbit/s.

CHNG 4: QUY NH QUN L CHT LNG MNG VIN THNG

I. Mt s khi nim c bn
- Dch v bu chnh, vin thng l dch v bu chnh, dch v chuyn pht, dch v
chuyn pht nhanh v dch v vin thng.
- Doanh nghip bu chnh; doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v chuyn pht, doanh
nghip kinh doanh dch v chuyn pht nhanh; doanh nghip vin thng c B
Bu chnh, Vin thng cp giy php cung cp dch v; doanh nghip vin thng
c B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp giy php thit lp mng v cung cp dch v
c gi chung l doanh nghip c cp php.
- Cc i l dch v bu chnh, i l dch v chuyn pht, i l dch v chuyn pht
nhanh, i l dch v vin thng c gi chung l i l.

II. Danh mc dch v vin thng bt buc qun l cht lng
- Dch v in thoi trn mng vin thng c nh mt t (Tiu chun bt buc
p dng l QCVN 35:2011/BTTTT).
- Dch v in thoi trn mng vin thng di ng mt t (Tiu chun bt buc
p dng l QCVN 36:2011/BTTTT).
- Dch v truy nhp Internet ADSL (Tiu chun bt buc p dng l QCVN
34:2011/BTTTT).
(Tham kh QCVN 35:2011/BTTTTQUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIAV CHT LNG
DCH V IN THOITRN MNG VIN THNG C NH MT T ban hnh km
theo Thng t s 11/2011/TT-BTTTT ngy 26/05/2011 ca B Thng tin v Truyn
thng).

III. C quan qun l Nh nc v cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng
- Cc Qun l cht lng Bu chnh, Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin trc thuc
B Thng tin truyn thng l c quan qun l nh nc v cht lng dch v bu
chnh, vin thng trn phm vi c nc.
- Cc S Bu chnh, Vin thng qun l nh nc v cht lng dch v bu chnh,
vin thng trn a bn qun l ca mnh theo chc nng, nhim v v ni dung c
phn cng.

IV. Trch nhim cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin thng
1. Trch nhim ca cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v bu chnh, vin
thng
- Thc hin nghim chnh cc quy nh v qun l cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin
thng theo cc vn bn quy phm php lut c lin quan.
- m bo v duy tr cht lng dch v nh mc cng b. Thng xuyn t kim
tra, gim st cht lng dch v do mnh cung cp. Khi c s c hoc khi pht hin
mc cht lng dch v khng ph hp vi mc cng b phi thc hin ngay cc
bin php khc phc m bo cht lng dch v.
- Phi hp vi cc n v, doanh nghip c lin quan trong vic duy tr cht lng dch
v lin mng.
- Chu trch nhim v cht lng dch v do cc i l ca mnh cung cp theo cc quy
nh ca php lut.
2. Trch nhim ca cc i l
Cc i l phi thc hin nghim chnh cc quy nh v qun l cht lng dch
v bu chnh, vin thng theo quy nh. C th nh sau:
- Cc i l dch v bu chnh, i l dch v chuyn pht, i l dch v chuyn pht
nhanh phi m bo cht lng dch v tha thun trong hp ng i l.
- Cc i l dch v vin thng l i l hoa hng c trch nhim m bo cht lng dch
v theo mc cht lng dch v m doanh nghip c cp php cng b.
- Cc i l dch v vin thng l i l bn li chu trch nhim v cht lng dch v
do mnh cung cp.
3. Trch nhim ca doanh nghip c cp php
Doanh nghip c cp php c trch nhim cng b cht lng theo tiu
chun bt buc p dng i vi cc dch v vin thng thuc Danh mc dch v vin
thng bt buc qun l cht lng, dch v bu chnh cng ch. Mc cht lng cng
b khng c tri vi mc quy nh ca tiu chun bt buc p dng. Th tc cng
b cht lng i vi cc dch v bu chnh, vin thng quy nh nh sau:
- Doanh nghip c cp php gi h s cng b cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin
thng n cc Qun l cht lng Bu chnh, Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin. H
s bao gm: bn sao giy php cung cp dch v; cng vn v vic cng b cht
lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng; Bn cng b cht lng dch v bu chnh,
vin thng (theo mu ti ph lc II ca quy nh ny); Danh mc cc ch tiu cht
lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng.
- Trong thi hn 5 ngy lm vic k t khi h s hp l c chp thun, doanh
nghip c cp php s c cp Bn tip nhn cng b cht lng dch v bu
chnh, vin thng.
- Sau khi c cp Bn tip nhn cng b cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng,
doanh nghip c cp php c trch nhim:
Cng b Bn cng b cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng v Danh mc
cc ch tiu cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng trn trang tin in t
(website) ca doanh nghip c cp php;
Nim yt Bn cng b cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng v Danh mc
cc ch tiu cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng ti ni d dng c c
tt c cc im giao dch.
T cng b cht lng theo tiu chun t nguyn p dng trn trang in t
(website) ca doanh nghip i vi cc dch v bu chnh, vin thng khc.
Ch : Tham kho thm ti:
- Quyt nh s 27/2008/Q-BTTTT ngy 22/04/2008 ca B trng B Thng tin v
Truyn thng v vic quy nh danh mc dch v vin thng bt buc qun l cht lng.
- Quyt nh s 33/2006/Q-BBCVT ngy 06/09/2006 ca B trng B Bu chnh,
Vinthng quy nh v qun l cht lng dch v bu chnh, vin thng).