EXPLAIN M09 1 Optimisation and Radio Network Functionality PDF

1 NOKIA 6-90209/ OPTIMISATION AND RADIO NETWORK FUNCTIONALITY/ v 1.
0
Optimisation and
Optimisation and
Radio Network Functionality
2 NOKIA 6-90209/ OPTIMISATION AND RADIO NETWORK FUNCTIONALITY/ v 1.0
Module objectives
UNDERSTAND THE REASON BEHIND OPTIMISATION
KNOW THE RADIO NETWORK KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONALITIES OF THE RADIO NETWORK
At the end of this module you will be able to
Content of Optimisation and
OPTIMISATION PROCESS
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
INTERFERENCE REDUCTION
RADIO NETWORK FUNCTIONALITY
Optimisation and Radio network
functionality
Network Optimisation
Improving network quality from a subscribers point of view
Improving network quality from an operators point of view
Optimisation needed to...
Maximise/Maintain network Quality
Radio Network has to follow city developements
Achieve Quality Criteria set by
Operator:
Key Performance Indicators balance investment versus achieved quality
Subscriber:
110% coverage propability everywhere
Optimisation Process
There are not strict processes for optimization because the activity is
driven by the network evolution!!!
Optimisation Flow Chart
Tools
KPI
Document
ation
Analyzation
N
Case
closed
Y
Solution
worked ?
Solution
More info
needed ?
Y
N
HW change
Parameter
change
Performance Analysis
O&M
FT CC
DB
Young Network Case
In a young network the primary target is normally the coverage
In this phase usually there is a massive use of drive test measurement
Check the signal and
The performance of the competitors
GPS
NMS
X
MMAC
Mature Network Case
In a mature network the primary targets are quality indicators
Drop call rate, average quality, handover failures
Important use the information from NMS
A general view of the network performance
Drive test measurements are still used
But not in a massive way
In areas where new sites are on air
Where interference and similar problems are pointed out by NMS data analysis
Dr op Cal l Rate (%)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed
Call Bids / 10000
Average
Busy Hour
Optimisation Inputs and Tools
Operation & Maintenance
Statistics
Alarms
Parameters (NMS/BSS)
Field Tests (TOM/NEMO, TEMS)
Drive tests
CW measurements
Customer Complaints
Database concistancy checks (NetAct)
Planning tool <-> BSS/NMS
Optimisation Solutions
Parameter changes
Frequency changes
Neighbour changes etc...
Hardware changes
Antenna tilt
Antenna orientation
Antenna changes
HW check
Adding/deleting cell
Adding/deleting site
Adding/deleting TRX
Automatic adjacency
plan
Manual analysis and error
correction
Final
result
Example: Adjacency Plan
Basics
Method
# of sites < 60 70 compute the
plan manually
Otherwise use a mixed solution again!
Always cross-check FP and AP!!!
NCC = Network Colour Code
BCC = Base station Colour Code
BSIC = Base station Identity Code = NCC + BCC
For each mobile, BSIC and ARCFN identify unambiguously a cell in the
whole network
BCC is made by 3 binary digits 8 possible values
BCCH\BCC re-use = RuF * 8 it's a really comfortable value!
The BCC plan can be done manually
Example: BCC Plan
Basics
Optimisation and Radio ...
NOKIA FEATURES
Performance Evaluation
Basics
Network is under permanent change
detect problems and symptoms early!
OMC
field tests
customer
complaints
Its far too late
when customers
complain!
Key Performance Indicators
KPIs are figures used to evaluate Network performance
Post processing of NMS data or
Drive test measurements data
Usually one short term target and one long term target
Check the network evolution and which targets are achieved
KPIs calculated with NMS data
Network performance on the operator side.
KPIs from drive test
Performance on the subscribers side
Usually turn key projects are evaluated according to some predefined
KPIs figures like drop call rate
With NMS
The most reliable KPIs to evaluate the network performance with NMS are:
SDCCH and TCH congestion
Blocking percentage [%]
Drop call rate [%]
Handover failure and/or success rate
Call setup success rate
Average quality DL and UL
The targets are always defined by the customer but the following figures can be
considered as satisfactory results:
Item Target Lowest acceptable
Dropped calls <2 % 4 %
Handover success >98 % 96 %
Good Qual samples (0..5) >98 % 95 %
With Drive Tests
Evaluate network performance from the subscriber point of view
KPIs information
DL quality, call success rate, handover success rate, DL signal level
Not statistically as reliable as NMS information
Added value of drive test measurement
Find out the geographical position of problems like bad DL quality to look for a
possible interference source in the area
Compare the performance of different networks (benchmarking)
Display the signal level on the digital maps to individuate areas with lack of
coverage eventually improve the propagation model
Verify the neighbour list parameter plan
Example: Interference
Definition
Signal quality =
sum of all wanted signals carrier
sum of all unwanted signal interference
=
GSM specifications : C / I >= 9 dB for nominal performance
wanted signal atmospheric
noise
other signals
Effects
Degradation of signal quality
Introduces bit errors
repairable errors: channel coding, error correction
Irreducible errors: phase distortions (random FM noise)
Interference situation is
Non-reciprocal: UL if. DL if.
Unsymmetrical: different situation at MS and BS
Concept of carrier-to-interference ratio : C/I
Sources
Re-use of (own) frequencies
Multipath components (long echoes)
External interferences
Network performance shall be interference-limited rather than
coverage-limited
Push interference limits
as far as possible
Co-channel
Unavoidable, home-made interference
Major contribution to total interferences
Caused by re-use of same frequency in the network
Simplified case: 7-cluster in regular hexagon pattern
Carrier : R
-
Interferer : 6* D
-
R
D
=
D
R
I
C
* 6
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
f3
f4
f5
f6
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
f2
f3
f4
f5
f7
f2
f3
f4
f5
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
Trade-Off
Trade-off of C/I versus frequency-efficiency and capacity
Low C/I values : tight re-use ==> high efficiency, high capacity
High C/I value : good signal quality, but low efficiency
6 9 12 15 18
C/ I ratio (dB)
quality
analog systems
digital systems
Strong echoes can cause excessive propagation delay
Uncritical, if within equalizer window
Can cause severe (self-) interference if out of equalizer
window
weak direct signal
strong reflected signal
equalizer window 16 s 4.8 km
amplitude
delay time
long echoes, out of equalizer window:
interference contributions
Long Delayed Echoes
Noise
Contributions to noise
Physics: thermal noise
N = k * T * B [k=1,38.10-23J/K]
Technology:
Amplifiers
Oscillators
Filters
Noise figure of receiver parts as quality criteria
f0
Signal Quality in GSM
RX Quality (RXQUAL parameter)
RXQUAL classes 0... 7 (bit error rate before all decoding/ corrections):
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range
class (%) from... to
0 0,14 < 0,2%
1 0,28 0,2 ... 0,4 %
2 0,57 0,4 ... 0,8 %
3 1,13 0,8 ... 1,6 %
4 2,26 1,6 ... 3,2 %
5 4,53 3,2 ... 6,4 %
6 9,05 6,4 ... 12,8 %
7 18,1 > 12,8 %
usable signal
unusable
signal
good
acceptable
PERFORMANCE EVALUTION
NOKIA FEATURES
Interference Reduction
Power control
Discontinuous tx (DTX)
Frequency hopping*
Adaptive antennas
Dynamic Channel Allocation
* as a side effect interference averaging
Good frequency plan
Antennas:
(Down-)tilting
Beamwidth reduction
Reorientation
bad location
good location
Proper choice
of
site locations !
1
st
Power Control, PC
GSM : 15 power steps (2 dB each)
BSC in command
Level or quality-driven or both
Use power control in both uplink & downlink
Doesn't affect the Power Budget
Minimise interference in network
Save battery life-time
PC not allowed
on BCCH carrier
time
signal
level
target level
e.g. -85 dm
Discontinuous Transmission, DTX
Switch transmitter off in speech pauses and silence periods
Both sides transmit only silence updates (SID frames)
comfort noise generated by transcoder
VAD: Voice Activity Detection (transcoder function)
Transcoder is informed on use of DTX/ VAD (in call set-up)
Battery saving
interference reduction
Frequency Hopping, FH
Diversity technique
Frequency diversity against fast fading effects
Useful for static or slow-moving mobiles
Base Band Hopping
Signal hops between TRXs, (min. 2 TRX)
NOT on BCCH timeslot
Radio Frequency (Synthesised) Hopping
Timeslots hop between different frequencies
NOT on 1st TRX (BCCH)
Need a wideband combiner
Frequency diversity for static mobiles
side-effect: interference averaging
Adaptive Antennas
Idea
to shape antenna radiation patterns such, that they focus on the users location (
in real-time ! )
Radiation patterns are controlled by phase-shifted signals fed to each partial
antenna
Direct nulls in ant. pattern towards interferers
Problems
Need huge computational power
Real-time operation
Status
Experimental stage in several networks
Commercially available not before 2005?
Dynamic Channel Allocation
Under research and development
Every BS measures interference situation in the entire band
BS allocates most suitable radio channel on a per-call basis
Constantly changing pattern of allocations and interferences
Eliminates need for fixed frequency allocation:
Every frequency is available in every cell
==> max. network capacity
spread spectrum situation, frequency re-use rate = 1
Interference Planning
Dimensioning criterion :
How much of area to be covered is tolerated to be interfered?
Calculate total cell outage area :
Outage area = 1 - serviced_area
Service_area = (1 - interfered_area) * (1 - uncovered_area)
8%
3%
4%
Service_area = 93% * 92%
Outage area = 1 - 0,8556 =14,4%
PERFORMANCE EVALUTION
NOKIA FEATURES
GSM radio network (BSS) has the following functional entites
Signaling
Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Mobility Management (MM)
BTS and MS Measurements
Power Control (PC)
Handovers (HO)
ETSI and Vendor specific capacity and functional improvement features
Signaling
Configuration/Parameter Planning is needed for
PCH, AGCH (especially when GPRS is launched)
SDCCH (remember also dynamic SDCCH)
RACH (impact of GPRS?)
in order to avoid signaling capacity bottlenecks!
Signaling example: Location Areas
Location Area Design 1/2
Location updating affects all mobiles
in network
LocUp in idle mode
LocUp after call completion
Location updating causes signaling and
processing load within the network
Avoid oscillating LocUpdate
Trade-off between Paging load
and Location Update signaling
Location area 1
Location area 2
major road
Location Area Design 2/2
Different MSC cannot use the same LAC.
Location areas are important input for transmission planners
Should be planned as early as possible
Never define location area borders along major roads!
Dual band or microcellular networks require more attention on LAC
planning
Co-located DCS and GSM cells are defined to the same LAC
Same MSC to avoid too much location updates which would cause very high
SDCCH blockings
Paging vs LocUp Traffic
Paging
LocUp
# of cells in Loc. area
signalling
traffic
optimum number
of cells in Loc. area
function of user density,
cell size, call arrival rate ...
function of
user mobility
Minimise signalling traffic
optimum varies with network evolution
Radio Resource Management
RRM functionality contains
IDLE and DEDICATED mode Ids (BTS ID, NCC, BCC, ...)
TRX layer allocation principles
TSL allocation principles
Overload principles
Queuing principles
ETSI specific features like Frequency hopping, DR, ...
Mobility Management
MM functionality contains
Network and cell search principles
Location areas (MCC, MNC, LAC, ...)
Location update principles.
Measurements
BTS is measuring in UL direction
From the serving cell
Received power level (dBm)
Quality (BER = GSM quality levels 0-7)
MS is measuring in DL direction
From the serving cell
Received power level (dBm)
Quality (BER = GSM quality levels 0-7)
From the neighbour cells
Received power levels (dBm) on BCCH
Handovers
Handover Types
Intracell same cell, other carrier or timeslot
Intercell between cells (normal case)
Inter-BSC between BSC areas
Inter-MSC between MSC areas
Inter- PLMN e.g. between UMTS and GSM systems
intracell
intercell
inter-BSC
Handovers
Handover Criteria & Priority
1. Interference (UL or DL)
2. UL quality
3. DL quality
4. UL level
5. DL level
6. MS-BS distance (max or min)
7. Turn-around-corner MS
8. Rapid field drop
9. Fast/Slow-moving MS
10. Better cell (Power budget or Umbrella)
11. PC due to Lower quality thresholds (UL and DL)
12. PC due to Lower level thresholds (UL and DL)
13. PC due to Upper quality thresholds (UL and DL)
14. PC due to Upper level thresholds (UL and DL)
Radio Resource HO
Imperative HO
Power control
Power control is done
Before handovers (PC has lower priority than HOs)
Independently in UL and DL
Periodically
Based on the measurements done by BTS and MS
Based on fixed and variable steps
ETSI and Vendor Specific Features
ETSI specific features
FH, DR
Half rate
Dual band
Extended cell range
Nokia specific features
IUO/IFH
Dynamic Hot Spot
Parameter Plan
Parameter planning means creating a default set of BSS parameters
related to functionalities (BSSPAR course)
It is performed right before the network launch
Needed BSS parameter changes for actual NW planning
BTS and cell ID
Frequency and BSIC (NCC, BCC)
Transmit power (BTS, MS)
Definition of neighbouring cells
Definition of location areas
Handover parameters
Power control parameters
Cell selection parameters
Exercises / Questions
Explain the optimisation process.
Calculate the average of the quality samples of 0, 0, 7 and 0!
List the key functionality areas of the radio network?
References
1. M. Mouly, M-B. Pautet, The GSM System for Mobile Communications, 1992.
2. ETSI, Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+), Function related to Mobile
Station (MS) in idle mode and group receive mode, GSM 03.22.
3. ETSI, Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+), Radio subsystem link
control, GSM 05.08.
4. ETSI, Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+), Radio transmission and
reception, GSM 05.05.
5. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planning
for GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.

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