Base Isolation Libre

i
2012
Mahmoud S. Ahmed
M.A.Sc., B.Sc.
BUILDINGS WITH BASE ISOLATION TECHNIQUES

ii


By

Mahmoud SAYED AHMED

Ph.D. Candidate, Civil Engineering Department, Ryerson University,
Toronto, ON, Canada, m.sayedahmed@ryerson.ca
m.sayedahmed@engineer.com

Project Report
Presented to Ryerson University

In partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Tall Building course

In the program of
Civil (Structural) Engineering

Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2012
Mahmoud SAYED AHMED, 2012

iii
Mahmoud SAYED AHMED
C.Eng.(Egypt), M.A.Sc., B.Sc.
Abstract
Base isolation (BI) system for buildings is introduced to decouple the building structure
from potentially damaging induced by earthquake motion, preventing the building
superstructures from absorbing the earthquake energy. The mechanism of the base isolator
increases the natural period of the overall structure, and decreases its acceleration response to
earthquake / seismic motion. A steel building with structural rubber bearing is introduced
throughout this study. The study analysis performed to check for the adequacy of the base
isolation against building lateral drift and inter-story drift as per allowance in National Building
Code of Canada 2010. Two buildings were analyzed using the nonlinear time history response
analysis using the dynamic MODAL analysis for fixed base (FB) building, and Isolated base (IB)
building with rubber bearing. The analysis represents a case study for symmetric steel building
to show the ultimate capacity of the selected structural bearing, and to make a comparison for
the difference between the isolated base and the fixed base buildings. Initial results show that
the presence of the structural rubber bearing reduces significantly the vertical displacement,
moment and shear generated for the same mode.

Keywords: building, base isolation, rubber bearing, earthquake, dynamics, time history response
Citation:
Sayed-ahmed, Mahmoud. Building with Base Isolation Techniques. Journal of Al-Azhar University
Engineering Sector (JAUES), Vol. 7, No. 1, Dec. 2012, pp. 147-159.

iv

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. K.M. Anwar Hossain, P.Eng. for his helpful
directions during the course of this research. The author also appreciate the support from
Ryerson University, ON, Canada; library for support and making the available database for
literature review and civil engineering department for offering the SAP2000 to run the modal
analysis.

Disclaimer
The proposed information is for research purpose only, in which its presented data may
provide guidance for a future detailed design procedure. Furthermore any design or analysis
needs a registered professional engineer to design, revise, and stamp for approval. Author claim
no liability to anyone.

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Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... iv
Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ iv
List of tables.................................................................................................................................... vii
List of figures .................................................................................................................................. vii
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ ix
List of Symbols ................................................................................................................................. ix
Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 The problem .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 The objectives ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 The scope ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 The contents and the arrangement of the report ................................................................. 3
Chapter II: Literature review ........................................................................................................... 4
2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 History of base isolation ........................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Base-isolation review ..................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Common types of structural bearing .................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Types of structural bearings ......................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Design of elastomeric structural bearing ..................................................................... 13
2.3.4 Bearing Motion ............................................................................................................. 17
2.4 Earthquake load .................................................................................................................. 18
2.4.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.2 OBC code requirements for earthquake load .............................................................. 20
2.5 Vibration and basic concept ................................................................................................ 25
2.5.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 25
2.5.2 Vibration ....................................................................................................................... 25
2.5.3 Time-History analysis: basic concept ............................................................................ 27
2.5.4 Analysis of dynamics response by mode superposition ............................................... 31
2.6 Base isolation ....................................................................................................................... 34

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Chapter III: Parametric Study ........................................................................................................ 44
3.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 44
3.2 Reinforced concrete structure case study ........................................................................... 44
3.2.1 Project description ....................................................................................................... 44
3.2.2 Base-Isolated building .................................................................................................. 48
3.2.3 Fixed base building ....................................................................................................... 55
3.2.4 SAP2000 Model Analysis .............................................................................................. 62
Chapter IV: Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 67
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 67
4.2 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 67
4.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 68
References ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................... 70
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 71
A: Earthquake ............................................................................................................................ 71
B: Structural bearing .................................................................................................................. 75
C: Earthquake time history ........................................................................................................ 77

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List of tables
Chapter II
Table 2. 1 Influential loads on buildings ........................................................................................ 18
Table 2. 2 Importance factor for earthquake load ........................................................................ 22

Chapter III
Table 3. 1 High damping bearing Properties ................................................................................. 45
Table 3. 2 Modal participating mass ratio (MPMR) for fixed and isolated base building ............. 62
Table 3. 3 Modal moment and shear values for edge column B.1 ................................................ 63
Table 3. 4 Joint displacement in column B.1 ................................................................................. 64
Table 3. 5 Joint reactions for column B.1 at the base (Joint 13) ................................................... 65

List of figures
Chapter I
Figure 1. 1 Design procedure for Base Isolation buildings according to NBCC 2005 ...................... 2

Chapter II
Figure 2. 1 Three functions of a bearing [cedengineering.com] ..................................................... 4
Figure 2. 2 Building structure with hybrid control system [Pozo et al 2005] ................................. 7
Figure 2. 3 Base-isolated structure founded on shallow soil layer ................................................. 8
Figure 2. 4 Analytical model for base-isolated structure including soil impedances ...................... 8
Figure 2. 5 External forces of isolated system [Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006] ....................................... 9
Figure 2. 6 Elastomeric bearing [pretread.com] ........................................................................... 11
Figure 2. 7 Roller Bearing [rwsh.de] .............................................................................................. 11
Figure 2. 8 Bolt Rocker bearing [bt-bautechnik-gmbh.de] ............................................................ 12
Figure 2. 9 Pot bearing [agom.it] ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 10 Spherical bearing [Dongil Rubber Belt] ..................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 11 Internal forces which act to displace the rubber from the vertical height lost in
deflection to the unloaded sides [Farat] ....................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 12 Load-deflection for one and three layer units reinforced with steel plate [Farat] ... 15
Figure 2. 13 The shape factor [Farat] ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 2. 14 Lift-off: bearlng behavlor assumed ln : selsmlc llnear model" [nCP8 396]........... 15
Figure 2. 15 Maximum average pressure on a layer of elastomeric bearing at SLS without
rotation [CHBDC] ........................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 16 Building movement ................................................................................................... 17
llgure 2. 17 rlnclpal plaLes ln earLhs crusL ................................................................................. 19

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Figure 2. 18 Tectonic plate movement .......................................................................................... 19
Figure 2. 19 Seismic design data for selected locations in Ontario, Canada ................................. 21
Figure 2. 20 Rigid base SDOF system subject to translational component of earthquake ground
motion ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 2. 21 Effective load due to horizontal earthquake ground acceleration ........................... 30
Figure 2. 22 Earthquake base shear [Tedesco, J.W.] ..................................................................... 30
Figure 2. 23 Mechanical model representing MDOF building structure subject to ground
acceleration ................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 2. 24 Response spectrum for ground motion recorded on Sep 19, 1985 at SCT site in
Mexico City and spectral ordinates for fixed-base and isolated building [] .................................. 36
Figure 2. 25 Natural vibration modes for two buildings [] ............................................................ 37
Figure 2. 26 Friction pendulum sliding (FPS) isolator .................................................................... 39
Figure 2. 27 Relative displacement during chi-chi earthquake [Tsai et al 2003] .......................... 39
Figure 2. 28 Typical Friction Pendulum System ............................................................................. 40
Figure 2. 29 Pasadena City Hall ..................................................................................................... 41
Figure 2. 30 Plan view & cross-section [Forell/Eleseer Engineering, Inc.] .................................... 42

Chapter III
Figure 3. 1 3D Finite element model ............................................................................................. 45
Figure 3. 2 Plan and elevation view ............................................................................................... 46
Figure 3. 3 Combo (Dead plus live) effect on the N-S for Grid A.1 or A.4 ..................................... 47
Figure 3. 4 Response histories (a) displacement of column (joint 15, 13), (b) displacement of
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear ...................................................................... 49
Figure 3. 5 Isolated-base Mode 1 Period 2.81065 ................................................................... 50
Figure 3. 6 Isolated-base Mode 2 Period 2.7975 ..................................................................... 51
Figure 3. 10 Methods to transfer force from column to foundation [Honeck, W.C., Westphal, D.]
....................................................................................................................................................... 55
column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear ...................................................................... 56
Figure 3. 12 Fixed-base Mode 1 Period 0.49310 ..................................................................... 57
Figure 3. 17 Base Isolation joint reactions in joint local coordinate system (MODAL) Mode 1 . 66

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List of Abbreviations
BI Base isolation
CHBDC Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code
CSI control-structure interaction
CQC complete quadratic combination
FEM finite element method
FPS friction pendulum system
HDR high damping rubber
IBC International Building Code
in Inch
kip 1000 pounds-force (4.4482216 kN)
LBR lead rubber bearing
MDOF Multi-degree-of-freedom
NBCC National Building Code of Canada
OBC Ontario Building Code
PGA Peak ground acceleration

PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
SFRS seismic force resisting system
SDOF Single-degree-of-freedom
SRSS square root of sum of squares

List of Symbols
A area
A pseudo-acceleration
Bx Torsional sensitivity
c damping constant
E modulus of elasticity
f cyclic frequency
F force
g acceleration due to gravity
G shear modulus
h height of floor / layer
H total height
I moment of inertia
Ie earthquake importance factor
J base overturning moment reduction factor
k stiffness
L length
m mass
M moment
M total weight
Mv factor for higher mode
R
d
ductility-related force modification factor
R
o
overstrength-related force modification factor

S shape factor
S(Ta) spectral response acceleration
Ta fundamental lateral period
u displacement
V shear force
W width
W weight
X,Y,Z directions
natural circular frequency
rotation
damping
deflection
stress

1
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 General
Base isolation (BI) is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new
structure. The BI system decouple the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by
earthquake, and offer a very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in
connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, T
a
, dissipates
the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the
inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration. The Structural Engineers Association of Northern
Callfornla (LCnC) publlshed a slmple regulaLlon LlLled 1enLative Isolation Design
8equlremenLs" ln 1986, whlch laLer was added as provisions in the Uniform Building Code 1997,
FEMA 273 with exception of permit to pushover, and IBC2000.
The structural bearing criteria include vertical and horizontal loads, lateral motion, and lateral
rotation that transferred from the superstructure into the bearing and from the bearing to the
substructure. Bearing allows for stress-free support of the structure in terms of (1) they can
rotate in all directions, (2) they deform in all directions, (3) they take horizontal forces (wind,
earthquake).

1.2 The problem
Reducing the effect of the horizontal forces generated from wind pressure or
earthquake load is of great concern to designers. The structural bearing technique is one of
those tools to reduce the lateral displacement of the building, to increase the structural safety,
and to increase the human comfort during the occurrence of such event. This study tries of

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clarify the advantage of the base isolation technique with respect to buildings since only few
researches were done into this area. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the design
process for building against earthquake loading as governed by the National Building Code of
Canada 2010 part 4. Clause 4.1.1.4 in NBCC 2010 specifies that buildings and their structural
members shall be designed by one of the following methods (i) analysis based on generally
established theory, (ii) evaluation of a given full-scale structure or a prototype by loading tester
or (iii) studies of model analogues. Throughout this model analogue study the selected building
height will be less than 60 m for regular shape building.

Figure 1. 1 Design procedure for Base Isolation buildings according to NBCC 2005

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1.3 The objectives
The main objectives of this study work can be stated as follow:
1- To contribute to the efficient design of structural base isolated techniques for buildings
2- To model and investigate a behavior of building with base isolation.

1.4 The scope
The scope of this study includes:
1- Conducting literature review on previous work, and codes of practice to structural
behavior of Base Isolated Buildings
2- Carrying out finite element modeling (FEM) study on two identical building with
different base conditions

1.5 The contents and the arrangement of the report
Chapter II of this report summarizes the literature review on the structural bearing, and
application for buildings with related codes and standards. Chapter III present a case study
conducted on two identical steel buildings, one with base isolation, and other was fixed base for
comparison of the results. Chapter V presents the conclusions of this research, and the
recommendation for future study.

4
Chapter II: Literature review
2.1 General
Base isolation (BI) system for buildings is introduced to decouple the building structure
from potentially damaging induced by earthquake motion, preventing the building
superstructures from absorbing the earthquake energy. The mechanism of the base isolator
increases the natural period of the overall structure, and decreases its acceleration response to
earthquake / seismic motion. Base-isolation relies on the structural bearing, which is the
connection element between the superstructure and substructure to dissipate the horizontal
displacement, rotation or translation, as shown in Figure 2.1. The bearing that prevents
translation is called a fixed bearing or fix point bearing if it is fixed in all directions; it is called a
unidirectional movable bearing or a guided bearing. Base shear introduced due to seismic
ground acceleration for fixed base building or base-isolated building is investigated throughout
this chapter.

Figure 2. 1 Three functions of a bearing [cedengineering.com]

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2.2 History of base isolation
1he flrsL base lsolaLlon was reglsLered as a paLenL ln 1800s, and Lhe one of Lhe flrsL few
bulldlngs LhaL used Lhe base lsolaLlon was ln early 1900s ln 1okoyo lmperlal PoLel, in which
after that structural bearing commercially used in bridge construction. The first material used
for BI was made of lead rubber bearing (LBR) providing high flexibility and damping. In early
1980s Lhe hlgh damplng rubber (Pu8) was used ln u, buL Lhe drawback was LhaL Lhese
products have no restoring force where they dislocate after the shaking force. The developed
friction pendulum system (FPS) in shape of spherical surface overcomes this demerit of sliding
bearing, and providing a restoring force. lnce 1840s Lhe naLural rubber has been used for base
isolation, through the process of material development synthetic rubber or
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which is developed by DuPont was used, and designed for 50
years or more. About 40 years ago, the elastomeric (layered rubber and steel) was used in
bridges, providing an increase of 7% in stiffness after 37 years from installation, with oxidation
restriction to 10 mm to 20 mm. Few design equations were developed for base isolation and
bearing by codes committees like UBC, IBC2000, FEMA273, NZS4203, CHBDC S6, AISI and
AASHTO LRFD for brldges. Accordlng Lo Lhe CP8uC, clause 11.6.11, lL sLaLes 8earlng shall
supporL and Lransfer all loads whlle accommodaLlng LranslaLlons and roLaLlons ln Lhe sLrucLure",
also added ln clause 1.8.3.3 LhaL 8rldges wlLh supersLrucLures supporLed on bearings shall be
designed to permit the jacking of the superstructure. Jack and shimming locations shall be
shown on the drawings. The design shall allow for movement at the permanent bearing
locaLlons sufflclenL Lo permlL bearlng replacemenL". 8ulldlng should have the same provisions
for bearing and its replacement as per CHBDC as well. Nevertheless more provision must be
added for building since it is more complex structure than that of bridges. Due to the presence
of the base isolation, the superstructure of the building above ground needs a transfer slab

6
acting as upper part of the foundation slab, to carry loads from column/frame system. A normal
practice is to locate a bearing at the reaction points at the transfer slab, sometimes lateral
movement is restrained at selected bearing. Design procedures of BI building can be listed as:
(1) response spectrum method, (2) time history analysis, (3) ultimate capacity of isolator, where
a study for the restoring system must be considered.

2.2.1 Base-isolation review
For earthquake resistant construction using base isolation [Noel J, R. 1992] it was found
that more attention should be paid to four points: 1. preparation of guidelines for evaluation
and approval of base isolation structures; 2. preparation of guidelines related to the
performance of base isolation devices; 3. facilities to encourage exchange, collection and
dissemination of technical information on the response-control structure; and 4. study of
methods of evaluation of performance of response-control structures. A study run by Murat &
Senol for the active-passive base-isolation systems used for the seismic response control of
structures appears to be effective for small to medium strength earthquakes. Hybrid base
isolation systems, as shown in Figure 2.2, which use an active system together with the passive
base isolation system, may be used to control the response of structures subjected to larger
ground motions created by larger magnitude earthquakes. The hybrid base isolation system
using passive base isolation pads together with hydraulic type actuators is proposed. The
system, placed between the foundation of the building and its superstructure, is used to
minimize the forces imposed on the superstructure by the earthquake induced ground motion
[Murat, S & Senol, U. 1995] [Pozo et al 2005]. In application for the base-isolation system, the
Historical buildings have relatively low height, are usually massive and their natural vibration
period is rather low.

7

Figure 2. 2 Building structure with hybrid control system [Pozo et al 2005]
Hence if such buildings are located in a seismically active region, using base isolation systems
will be a very effective way for improving their dynamic response. In some cases the
displacements at the base isolation level are rather big and exceed the allowed limits. In such
cases it is recommended to add dampers to the base isolation system [Iskhakov, I. & Ribakov, Y.
2007]. Analytical seismic responses of structures retrofitted using base isolation devices are
investigated by Vasant & Jangid and the retrofitting of various important structures as historical
buildings, bridges, and liquid storage tanks are selected to investigate the effectiveness of the
base isolation in seismic retrofitting. It is observed that the seismic response of the retrofitted
structures reduces significantly in comparison with the conventional structures depicting
effectiveness of the retrofitting done through the base isolation technique [Vasant A & Jangid,
R.S. 2008]. Chia-Ming and Billie F. presented development and experimental verification of an
active base isolation system for a seismically excited building and modeling the complex nature
of control-structure interaction (CSI) [Chia-Ming & Billie F. 2010]. Hyung-Jo et al investigated a
smart base-isolation system using magnetorheological (MR) elastomers, which are a new class
of smart materials whose elastic modulus or stiffness can be adjusted depending on the

8
magnitude of the applied magnetic field. The results further suggest that the feasibility of using
MR elastomers as variable stiffness elements for enhancing the performance of conventional
base-isolation systems [Hyung-Jo et al 2011]. Yannian et al studied the influence of the action of
coupling earthquake to sliding base-isolation structure for 6 story building. The results by
exemplification show that the peak values of relative acceleration, relative displacement and
inter-storey shear force of sliding base-isolation structure increase in different degree under the
action of coupling earthquake [Yannian et al 2011]. Regarding the slide-limited friction base
isolation technology, Gui-Feng & Yu-Hong studied the total restoring force model of isolation
device. They analyzed the influential factors such as friction coefficient, elastic stiffness and yield
displacement of displacement-constraint device on base isolation system [Gui-Feng & Yu-Hong
2011]. Spyrakos et al investigated and developed 2-DOF (degree-of-freedom) for the effect of
soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the response of the base isolated multistory building founded
on elastic soil layer overlaying rigid bedrock and subjected to harmonic ground motion
[Spyrakos et al 2009].

Figure 2. 3 Base-isolated structure founded
on shallow soil layer
Figure 2. 4 Analytical model for base-isolated
structure including soil impedances

9

Figure 2. 5 External forces of isolated system [Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006]
Li & Wu investigated the limitation of height-to-width ration (HWR) for base-isolated building
with elastomeric rubber bearing. It was found that the isolated building with longer period may
have a relatively HWR value: and the stiffness of the superstructure affects HWR limit value little
[Li, H.-N & Wu X.-X 2006]. The main two key conditions, which determine the HWR limit for an
isolated structure, are: (1) the outermost rubber pads of the isolated layer cannot bear tensile
force; (2) the compressive force that the outermost rubber pads bear cannot exceed their
ultimate antipressure strength.

2.3 Common types of structural bearing
2.3.1 General
Base-isolation may be referred to its function, main material, or may receive a combined
terms. The main functions maybe listed as: Point rocker bearing, Sliding bearing, Pot bearing,
Spherical bearing, Deformation bearing, Fixed bearing, Movable bearing, Restraints, and Guide
bearing. The Base-Isolation can be referred to the main material: Steel bearing, PTFE bearing
(polytetrafluoroethylene), and Elastomeric bearing (reinforced/not reinforced). The Base

10
Isolation can also be referred as of combined terms: point rocker sliding bearing, pot sliding
bearing, spherical sliding bearing, and deformation sliding bearing.

2.3.2 Types of structural bearings
In revision to the CHBDC clause 11, the code requires that the bearings (1) carry high
permanent compression load with minimum compression deflection; (2) to accommodate
horizontal movement by shear deflection with low shear stiffness to prevent excessive loads on
the buildings footings due to thermal expansion and contraction; (3) to accommodate rotational
deflections due to the transfer slab hogging and sagging; (4) to accommodate live loads with
minimal additional compressive deflection; (5) to have a natural frequency particular to the
application. The standards recognized the bearing as follows:
- Plain elastomeric
o Natural Rubber (polyisoprene)
o Neoprene (polychloroprene)
- Steel reinforced elastomeric
- Roller bearing
- Rocker bearing
- Pot bearing
- Disc bearing
- Spherical and cylindrical bearing
- Other (require approval)
Where factors affecting the selection criterion include: dead load, total load, lateral load, uplift,
rotations, translations, cost and durability.

11
Pot bearings are designed to carry combinations of vertical loads, horizontal loads,
longitudinal and transversal movements, and rotations. This type of bearing can carry very high
loads of over 50,000 kN. A completely encased natural rubber pad is positioned in a steel pot.
Under high pressure the pad behaves like a liquid. The elasticity of the rubber allows tilting
movement (rotation) of the piston in the horizontal axis [agom.it]. Rolling bearing is a bearing
which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of
the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little
sliding [wikipedia.org]. Elastomeric bearing developed in 1936 and consists from circular or
rectangular laminated pads, layers made of reinforced rubber, and layers made of steel plates,
the horizontal displacement is resisted by the friction forces F which depends on the
compressive force C of these bearing, and its coefficient of friction p, with F = Cp. Spherical
bearing consists from three main parts; the pan, the sphere part, and the upper plate made of
constructional steel. The horizontal displacement causes friction resistance, and moment due to
rotation.

Figure 2. 6 Elastomeric bearing
[pretread.com]
Figure 2. 7 Roller Bearing [rwsh.de]

12

Figure 2. 8 Bolt Rocker bearing [bt-bautechnik-
gmbh.de]
Figure 2. 9 Pot bearing [agom.it]

Figure 2. 10 Spherical bearing [Dongil Rubber Belt]
Rocker bearing consist of one or more rollers of steel along with a rocker arrangement which
permits a longitudinal and rotational movement. There are three types of Linear Rocker
Bearings: fixed, guided-sliding and free-sliding Linear Rocker Bearings. Disc Bearing
accommodates rotation by deformation of a single elastomeric disc, molded from a urethane
compound. It may contain a device for partially confining the disc against lateral expansion.

13
2.3.3 Design of elastomeric structural bearing
Rubber bearings is displaced around the edge of the bearing resulting in a bulging when
it is subjected to vertical loading, as shown in Figure 2.11, since rubber itself is incompressible.
Figure 2.12 shows the amount of compressive deflection per unit compressive load (kN/mm)
depends on the bulge of the rubber i.e. shape factor and the shear modulus of the rubber
compound. To achieve an appropriate natural frequency to achieve the required deflection,
elastomeric layer should not be more than 25 mm, in which after that a need to add horizontal
reinforcing plates are moulded into the rubber bearing to reduce the shape factor relative to the
overall height of the bearing and to increase the compressive stiffness of such bearing.
The elastomeric bearing design procedures was adopted for AASHTO LRFD bridge
deslgn speclflcaLlon by Lhe nCP8 8eporL 396 8oLaLlon llmlLs for elasLomerlc bearlng", and by
the Amerlcan lron and Leel lnsLlLuLe (All), Leel brldge bearlng selecLlon and deslgn gulde".
[1]

Where S is the shape factor, L is the length of the bearing parallel to the span of the bay, W is
width of the bearing, measured perpendicular to the length, as per Figure 2.13. Rubber is not
compleLe lncompresslble, and Lhe effecL of compresslblllLy lndex, \, developed ln LanLon and
Lund [2006]
[2]

Where K is the bulk modulus of the rubber, and G is the shear modulus of the rubber. In
designing for rubber bearing the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification introduced two
methods; Method A that specifies that shear modulus of the elastomer should be between
0.080 ksi and 0.250 ksi, and nominal hardness should be between 50 and 70 on the Shore A

14
scale, and all other physical properties should conform to ASTM D 4014. The service level axial
stress is limited by
[3]
ksi
Where
a
= the average axial stress, and G = the shear modulus of the elastomer. This stress can
be increased by 10% if the bearing is fixed against shear displacement. The shear deflection is
governed by
[4]

Where hrt is the total thickness of the elastomer. To ensure the lift-off as shown in Figure 2.14
is prevented, the rotation and axial stress must satisfy
[5]

Where
x
is the rotation applied to the bearing about x-axis, h
rt
is the thickness of one rubber
layer, and n is the number of internal rubber layers. Finally the length and the width of the
bearing must be greater than three times the total thickness to prevent instability.
Method B specifies that the shear modulus of the elastomer should be between 0.080 0.175
ksi, and the nominal hardness should be between 50 60 on Shore A scale, and all other
properties to conform ASTM D 4014. The bearing that is subjected to shear deformation, total
axial stress is governed by:
[6]
ksi
Live load stress is required to less than 0.66 GS, and the total stress can be increased to 2.0 GS
and 1.75 ksi if the shear displacement is prevented. The combination of the axial load and
rotation are governed by the need to prevent the lift-off and to avoid excessive shear strain in
the compressive side of the bearing. The governing equation to prevent lift-off
[7]

15

Figure 2. 11 Internal forces which act to displace the rubber from the vertical height lost in
deflection to the unloaded sides [Farat]

Figure 2. 12 Load-deflection for one and three layer units reinforced with steel plate [Farat]

Figure 2. 13 The shape factor [Farat] Figure 2. 14 Lift-off: bearing behavior
assumed ln : selsmlc llnear model"
[NCHRP 596]

16

Figure 2. 15 Maximum average pressure on a layer of elastomeric bearing at SLS without
rotation [CHBDC]

And for preventing excessive shear strain on the compressive side
[8]
]
These two equations bound the axial stress, rotation pair lying between them will neither lift off
nor cause excessive local compression. In the Canadian Standards CHBDC a set of limitation for
bearing stresses are plotted in Figure 2.15.

17
2.3.4 Bearing Motion
Bearings are allowed to move and rotate with respect to the support plane, rotation and
displacement should be considered in three directions at a right angle to each other. Type of
bearing must be selected prior to the calculation of the bearing movement. The selection
criterion of the bearing depends on a preliminary estimation for the displacement as listed in
below table, and based on the next fix-point: (1) Steel structure: 0.50 mm/m, (2) Concrete
structures: +0.30 mm/m, -0.60 mm/m, (3) Prestressed concrete structures: +0.30 mm/m, -1.20
mm/m [Eggert, H & Kauschke, W. 2002].

Figure 2. 16 Building movement
Since by code provisions, it is required to make an access to the bearing elements underneath
the superstructure for replacement after their service life. Small columns are likely to be
constructed above the foundation slab to carry the load bearing. Above the bearing, there is a
transfer slab that carries all gravity loads. The bearing deformation at the top of the carrying
base or columns can be expressed as follow:
[9]

Where T is the bearing net thickness, A is the bearing area, G is the shear modulus, L,E,I are the
carrying structural element data, F
H
is the horizontal force, and f is the displacement between
substructure and superstructure.

18
Table 2. 1 Influential loads on buildings
S
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

Outer loads Dead loads
Wind & Earthquake
In Z direction
Horizontal
Restraints Temperature
Shrinkage
Prestressing
Creep
Support settlement
In all directions
In all directions
In prestressing direction
In prestressing direction
In Z direction
S
u
b
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

Outer loads Dead loads
Wind & Earthquake
Shock
In Z direction
Horizontal
Horizontal
restraints Temperature
Subsoil motion
In all directions
Z (settlement) direction and rotation about
horizontal axis (rotation of the foundation)

2.4 Earthquake load
2.4.1 General
Earthquake is the sudden release of accumulated energy in the tectonic plates of the
earth crust and resulting in propagation of seismic waves; P waves, S waves and surface waves.
Earthquake occurs at the faults at boundaries the tectonic plates, causing colliding, separation,
sliding, or subducting between the adjacent plates. Epicenter is the ground surface point that
intersects vertically in a line to the depth of the hypocenter, which considered being a significant
factor of seismic hazard. Earthquake magnitude was first introduced with Richter [Richter 1935]
for local magnitude (M
L
). Richter magnitude can measure the amount of seismic released energy
up to M
L
6.5. The surface-wave magnitude (M
s
) was developed to solve the saturation problem
of Richter magnitude above M
L
of 6.5 [Gutenberg 1945]. However this scale was also saturated
at M
s
> 8. The short-period body-wave magnitude (M
blg
) developed by [Kanamori 1983] for

19

Figure 2. 17 rlnclpal plaLes ln earLhs crusL

(a) Plate collide (b) Plate separate

(c) Plate slide (d) Plate subduct
Figure 2. 18 Tectonic plate movement

20
North America and Canada tectonic plate, however this scale also get saturated at magnitude
levels less than that of M
s
. The moment magnitude (M
w
or M) was developed by [Kanamori
1977; Hanks and Kanamori 1979] where it relies on the seismic moment with the following
equation
[10]

Where D is the average displacement over the entire fault surface, A is the area of the fault
surface, and ls Lhe average shear rlgldlLy of Lhe faulLed rock. 1he selsmlc momenL represenLs
the amount of energy released at the source.
[11]

Where M
w
is the moment magnitude and M
o
is the seismic moment.

Duration (T
a
) of the ground motion, the peak ground acceleration (PGA), and the seismic
maps are parameters of great interest to assess the seismic hazardous for the given location.
Based on past seismic events, the Annual Maxima Series (AMS) and the annual probability of
occurrence of earthquakes data for their magnitude, period and location would assess the
acceptable risk for design loads. Codes allow using the static push-off analysis for regular
building less than 60 m of height as in NBCC 2005, and to use the response spectrum method for
other types of buildings.

2.4.2 NBCC code requirements for earthquake load
The static base shear load for structural elements due to earthquake motion shall be
determined according to the procedure given in the following equations [NBCC 2010]
[12]

21
[13]

And for and the seismic force resisting system (SFRS) with an R
d
equal to or greater than 1.5, V
need not to be greater than
[14]

Where S
(Ta)
is the 5% damped spectral response acceleration, expressed as a ratio to
gravitational acceleration, for a period of T; M
v
is the factor for higher mode effect on base
shear [Humar & Mahgoub 2003]; I
E
is the earthquake importance factor; W is the dead load plus
25% of the design snow load plus 60% of the storage load for area used for storage; R
d
is the
ductility-related force modification factor; R
o
is the overstrength-related force modification
factor [Mitchell et al 2003]; and V is the lateral earthquake design force at the base of the
structure.

Figure 2. 19 Seismic design data without PGA for selected locations in Ontario, Canada
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
S

Period, T
Toronto
Alexandria
White River

22
Figure 2.15 shows the parameters used to represent seismic hazard for specific geographical
locations are the 5%-damped horizontal spectral acceleration values for 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
seconds periods that have the 2% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. The four spectral
parameters are deemed sufficient to define spectra closely matching the shape of the Uniform
Hazardous Spectra (UHS). Hazardous values are the 50
th
percentile (median) value based on
statistical analysis of the earthquake that have been experienced in Canada. The median was
chosen over the mean because the mean is affected by the amount of epistemic uncertainty
incorporated into the analysis. It is the view of the Geological Survey of Canada and the
members of the Canadian National Committee on Earthquake Engineering that the estimation of
the epistemic uncertainty is still too incomplete to adopt into the Code [NBCC 2010].
Buildings are classified by one of the major occupancy and classified in more than one
Importance Category. Table 2.2 shows the importance factor for earthquake loads and effects,
I
E
, forming part of sentence 4.1.8.5(1) in NBCC 2010. Low Importance Category buildings are
defined as building with low human-occupancy farm buildings as having an occupant load of 1
person or less per 40 m
2
of floor area. Normal Importance Category building is used for
residential buildings, High Importance Category building is used for petrochemical facilities, and
Post-disaster Importance Category building is used for hospitals and special buildings.

Table 2. 2 Importance factor for earthquake load
Importance category Ultimate limit state
Low 0.8
Normal 1.0
High 1.3
Post-disaster 1.5

23

The fundamental lateral period, Ta, in the direction under consideration for steel moment frame
[15]

The weight, W, of the building shall be calculated using the formula
[16]

The total lateral seismic force, V, shall be distributed such that a portion, F
t
, shall be assumed to
be concentrated ath the top of the building, where F
t
, is equal to 0.07 T
a
V but need not exceed
0.25V and may be considered as Zero, where the fundamental lateral period, T
a
, doesnL exceed
0.7 s; the reminder V-F
t
, shall be distributed along the height of the building, including the top
level, in accordance with the formula
[17]

The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the earthquake forces
determined in the below formula, and the overturning moment at level x, M
x
, shall be
determined using the below equation
[18]

Where
for h
x
0.6h
n
, and
for h
x
< 0.6h
n

Where J is the base overturning moment reduction factor

Torsional effect are considered by applying torsional moments about a vertical axis at distance
0.10D
nx
from the centers of mass at each floor derived for each of the following load cases
considered separately [Humar et al 2003] to avoid torsional moment due to accidental
eccentricities:

[19]

24
Where Fx is the lateral force at each level and D
nx
is the plan dimension of the building at level x
perpendicular to the direction of seismic loading being considered. Torsional sensitivity will be
considered then by calculating the ration Bx for each level x for each orthogonal direction
[20]

Where 8 ls Lhe maxlmum of all values of 8x ln boLh orLhogonal dlrecLlons, max ls Lhe maxlmum
story displacement at the extreme points of the structure, at level x in the direction of the
earthquake induced by equivalent static force at distance 0.10D
nx
from the center of mass at
each floor, and ave ls Lhe average dlsplacemenL aL Lhe exLreme polnL of Lhe sLructure at level x
by the above mentioned forces.
Based on the lateral deflection calculated for base shear, the largest interstory deflection at any
level shall be limited to 0.01h
x
for post-disaster buildings, 0.02 h
x
for schools, and 0.025 h
x
for all
other buildings.

2.4.2.1. Method of analysis
The Equivalent static force per NBCC 2010, article 4.1.8.7 for the superstructure conditioned to
(a)

(b) Regular structure where h < 60m, and Ta < 2 sec in each of its two orthogonal
directions.
In NBCC 2010, article 4.1.8.16 for foundations required that the foundations shall be capable to
transfer earthquake loads and effects between the building and the ground without exceeding
the capacities of the soil. In case at site where
, foundations or basement
walls shall be designed to resist earthquake lateral pressure from backfill or natural ground.

25
2.5 Vibration and basic concept
2.5.1 General
The seismic base isolation is limited by uncoupling the structure from the ground
induced motion in the horizontal directions. By arranging the horizontally active elements
(bearings) between the superstructure (the building and the secondary foundation slab) and the
substructure (base foundation), which may reach to 300 mm, and reduce the dangerous
horizontal acceleration transmitted into the structure to a permissible level and the natural
frequency down to 1.4 Hz.
Ground motion has magnitude, fault mechanism, and fault distance consistent with site
and represented by the maximum considered ground motion, which is known as earthquake-
induced load. Seismic load performs orthogonal horizontal loading on the building, where it uses
the model response history analysis to capture 90% of the mass structural in each of the two
orthogonal directions [ASCE 7-05]. By the presence of the base isolation systems, the structural-
borne noise must be considered, for example the rail traffic generates a soil-bound vibration
signals ranges 10-80 Hz when building is less than 25 m away from the track beds, while the
average range is approximately 60-250 Hz. The necessary spring compression z to provide a
certain vertical natural frequency can be determined by
with f
z
in Hz and z in mm.

2.5.2 Vibration
The structure undergoes vibration when it is disturbed from its static equilibrium
position and to allow it to vibrate. The vibration analysis is resulting in describing the natural
frequency and damping ratio. This motion that vibrates the building could be resulted from the
wind or earthquake-induced force. The time for the undamped system to complete one cycle of

26
vibration is the natural period of vibration donated as T
n
, in units of seconds, which is related to
Lhe naLural clrcular frequency of vlbraLlon,
n
, in radians per seconds.
[21]

The natural cyclic frequency of vibration is donated by f
n
for a system executes 1/T
n
cycles in 1
second. The cyclic frequency f
n
its units is (Hz) [cycles per seconds (cps)]
[22]

1he naLural clrcular frequency
n
, natural cyclic frequency f
n
, and natural period T
n
can be
expressed differently as follow
[23]
(rad/sec),
(Hz),
(sec)
Where
st
= mg/k,
st
is the lateral displacement of the mass due to lateral force mg, g is the
acceleration due to gravity, m is the mass, k is the stiffness
[24]
and

Where ls Lhe damplng raLlo, c ls Lhe damplng consLanL measured by Lhe energy dlsslpaLed ln a
cycle of free vibration or in a cycle of forced harmonic vibration, and c
cr
is the critical damping
coefflclenL. WlLh decaylng of moLlon afLer vlbraLlon Lhe becomes small,
and this
gives an approximate equation of .

27
2.5.3 Time-History analysis: basic concept
The earthquake response is a base excitation, subjected to an arbitrary ground displacement
x
g
(L). newLons second law seLs forLh Lhe equlllbrlum condlLlon [Tedesco, J.W. 1998].
[25]

Where F
1
= inertia force =
,
F
D
= damping force = ,
F
s
= elastic restoring force = ks,
F(t) = externally applied force = 0.
And x(t) is the relative displacement of the mass and x
t
(t) is the total (absolute) displacement of
the mass. Thus, the equilibrium condition may be expressed
[26]

The effective load that induces the dynamic response of this system is defined in recognition of
the fact that the inertia form term (F
t
) is proportional to the total motion of the system, while
the damping force (F
D
) and elastic restoring force (F
s
) are proportional to the relative motion of
the system. Therefore,
[27]

It follows that
[28]

Hence it may be written as

28
[29]

Or
[30]

Where F
eff
(t) is the effective load, attributed to the horizontal ground acceleration, applied to
the mass m and is given by
[31]

lnce
2
= k/m and
[32]

Thus, for any arbitrary acceleration of the support
, the relative displacement of the mass

x(t) can be computed from the Duhamel integral expression, for zero initial conditions, as
[33]

It is noted that the relaLlve response of Lhe sLrucLure ls characLerlzed by lLs naLural frequency ,
Lhe damplng facLor , and Lhe naLure of Lhe base exclLaLlon
. Generally, the undamped

natural frequency is used in place of the damped frequency, and the negative sign is ignored.
[34]

Where
[35]

29
And R(t) is called the earthquake response integral. The relative displacement x(t) is important in
the earthquake analysis of structures because of strains (and stresses) in the structural
members are directly proportional to the relative displacement. For example, the total shear
force, or base shear, V transferred to the foundation by elastic constraints
[36]
Notice that the base shear is equivalent to the elastic restoring force in the system, F
s
(t). The
exact relative velocity of the mass is obtained by differentiating the relative displacement
x(t), with respect to time, resulting in
[37]

The absolute acceleration of the mass,
, is obtained by differentiation of , with respect

to time and noting that
this yields
[38]

These equations represent the earthquake time-history response for a SDOF structure, where
the effective earthquake force and the elastic restoring force are equivalent at any instant of
time.
[39]

30

Figure 2. 20 Rigid base SDOF system subject to
translational component of earthquake ground
motion
Figure 2. 21 Effective load due to
horizontal earthquake ground acceleration

Figure 2. 22 Earthquake base shear [Tedesco et al 1998]

31
Finally, if the stiffness term k is expressed in terms of the natural circular frequency of the
sysLem , Lhen Lhe effecLlve earLhquake force is equivalent to
. Notice here that the

effective earthquake force is expressed as the product of the mass m and the pseudo-
acceleration
, but not the absolute acceleration
.

2.5.4 Analysis of dynamics response by mode superposition
In many cases, designers are interest in study the response of the support motions rather than
the applied actions by earthquake. For the base isolation, a typical multi-degree-of-freedom
MDOF system is selected to study the vibration of the tall building. In this mode the mass m
i
are
lumped (localized) at the floor levels and are interconnected with massless columns that have
the equivalent spring constant K
i
. Dashpots represented by the damping constant c
i
model the
energy dissipation in the system. The shear force at every level is denoted by V
i
, and V
n

corresponding to the base shear acting between the structure and the soil, or acting at the base
isolation;
is the ground acceleration, and xi represents the relative displacement of the

building at story level i. The other parameters assess the dynamic response of the structure
subjected to base excitation are the relative velocities
and total acceleration x

ti
at each story.
[40] []{ } []{}
[]{ } []{}
Where
is the ground acceleration and {I} is the unit vector of dimension n. At any floor I
the effective load acting on the mass can be expressed as
[41]

The complete effective load vector is given by the product of the mass matrix and the ground
acceleration
as follow:
[42] {
} []{}

32
Thus the first equation can be written as
[43] []{ } []{ } []{} []{}
}
The model equations of motion can be expressed as following
[44] []{ } []{ } []{} {
}
Where [M] and [K] are the model mass and stiffness matrices respectively, [C] is the model
damping matrix, and the effective model force vector {
} is given by
[45] {
} []
[]{}
[]
}
Where Lhe Lerm ls called Lhe naLural clrcular frequency of Lhe sysLem, wlLh unlLs of radlans
per second, k is the stiffness and is given by
[46]
rad/sec
The motion is periodic and repeats itself every T seconds, where
[47]

[48]

[49] [] []
[][] [

Since the model mass, model stiffness, and modal damping matrices are diagonal, the n
uncoupled equation can be written as follows
[50]
r = 1,2,..,n
Where
[51]
{}
[]{}

The response of the rth mode in normal coordinates at any time t may be obtained by
evaluation of the Duhamel integral expression for the given ground motion

33
[52]

For undamped system, the above equation can be reduced to
[53]

The system response in physical coordinate, for relative displacement is then given as
[54] {} {}

Figure 2. 23 Mechanical model representing MDOF building structure subject to ground
acceleration [Tedesco et al 1998]

34
2.6 Base isolation
The concept of base isolation systems is quite simple by interposing structural elements
with low horizontal stiffness between the structure and the foundation to decouple the
structure from the horizontal components of the ground motion which gives the structure a very
low frequency than both its fixed base and the ground motion [Naeim, F & Kelly, J.M. 1999]. The
deformation of first dynamic mode happens in base isolation while the structure above is rigid;
the deformation of higher modes happens in the structure which is orthogonal to the first mode
and to the ground motion, these higher modes do not participate in the motion; therefore, the
high energy in the ground motion cannot be transmitted to the structure. The base isolation
system does not absorb the energy from the earthquakes but it deflects it through the system
dynamics which is not depending on the damping level, but dampers are important to suppress
resonance at the isolation frequency [Naeim, F & Kelly, J.M. 1999].
For the structural building with fixed base: lumped mass m, lateral stiffness k, and the
lateral damping c, for single-degree-of-freedom ul sysLem wlLh naLural frequency
n
, natural
period T
n
, and damplng raLlo . 1he subscrlpL f lnsLead of n Lo emphaslze for flxed base (wlLhouL
isolation system). The base shear V
b
for fixed base building is function of the mass and the
pseudo-acceleration response
.
[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

35
For the structural building with base isolation; the base slab transfer slab has mass
m
b
with lateral stiffness k
b
and linear viscous damping c
b
. Two parameters, T
b
the natural
vibration period and
b
the damping ratio, are introduced to represent the base isolation for one
story building. The base isolation system reduces the base shear because of the natural period
of the first mode, the isolation mode, thus increase in the response period, leading to a smaller
spectral ordinate. The design spectrum gives the pseudo-acceleration
and deformation
as expressed below
[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

Base-Isolation Building [Lu et al 2012]

36
Effectiveness of base isolation
The main function of the base isolation is to reduce the base shear, for this purpose the
T
b
/T
f
period ratio should be as large as practical, otherwise it will be harmful. Case study 1; for
example during 1985 in Mexico City and for one-story building the recorded earthquake with
pseudo-acceleration value
= 0.25g associated with T

f
= 0.4 sec and
f
= 2% for the fixed-
base structure, and
= 0.63g associated with T

b
= 2.0 sec and
b
= 10% for the isolated
structure. The ratio
= 0.63g/0.25g = 2.52. This means that the base shear in

the base-isolated building is 2.52 times the base shear in the fixed-base building as T
b
>>T
f
,
where it is appropriate to select system with the studied factors [Chopra, A.K. 2001].

Figure 2. 24 Response spectrum for ground motion recorded on Sep 19, 1985 at SCT site in
Mexico City and spectral ordinates for fixed-base and isolated building [Chopra 2001]

37

(a) fixed-base building; (b) isolated building
Figure 2. 25 Natural vibration modes for two buildings [Chopra 2001]

An example for multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system, case study 2; is a five-story shear
frame building with lumped mass m = 100 kips/g at each floor, and stiffness k for each floor, the
fundamental period T
f
= 0.4 sec, the classical damping matrix c
f
= a
1
k
f
with 2% of damping a
1
for
the fundamental mode. The base slab m
b
= m. The isolation system has a fundamental period of
T
b
= 2.0 sec and
b
= 10%. The modal damping ratios for both systems are shown in Figure 2.25.
1he flrsL mode for boLh sysLems of damplng
b
= 10% shows that earthquake-induced force for
the first mode is increasing non-linearly for the fixed-base, and almost increased in constant rate
for the base-isolated structure all-over its height. For the other modes, the base mass is acting
as a fixed base afterward. In calculating of the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) base

38
shear V
b
with respect to the building weight W for the fixed-based building V
b
/W = 1.613, and
the V
b
/W = 0.361 for the isolated building. This means that the base shear in the base-isolated
building is 3.49 times less than the base shear for the fixed-base building, where T
f
>>T
b
.
For moderate-to-high-rise building, the effect of higher modes can be approximately
distributed using the general modal relationship shown in Table 2.3, where the fundamental
period of vibration may be calculated using the code formulas, and the periods for the second
through the fifth modes can be estimated by using tabular values.

Table 2. 3 General modal relationship
Mode 1 2 3 4 5
Ratio of period to 1
st
mode period 1.000 0.327 0.186 0.121 0.083
Participation factor at roof 1.31 -0.47 0.24 -0.11 0.05
Base shear participation factor 0.828 0.120 0.038 0.010 0.000

Case study 3: Seismic Rehabilitation of Pasadena City Hall
The friction pendulum sliding FPS isolator, as shown in Figure 2.26 has a great impact in
reducing the base shear effect as shown in Figure 2.27. Figure 2.28 show structural detailing for
the proposed system, which was successfully used in In California, U.S., for the historical
Pasadena City Hall, as shown Figures 2.29 & 2.30. The building was rehabilitated with the
seismic isolation that consists of removal of the original basement floor slab, excavation and
installation of new foundation, placement of a new basement transfer system, and installation
of 240 friction pendulum sliding (FPS) isolators between the foundation and basement level.

39

Figure 2. 26 Friction pendulum sliding (FPS) isolator

Figure 2. 27 Relative displacement during chi-chi earthquake [Tsai et al 2003]

40

Figure 2. 28 Typical Friction Pendulum System

41

(a) Main entrance

(b) Top view
Figure 2. 29 Pasadena City Hall

42

Figure 2. 30 Plan view & cross-section [Forell/Eleseer Engineering, Inc.]

43
Table 2. 4 List of major retrofitting buildings projects completed using base isolations [Matsagar
& Jangid 2008]

44
Chapter III: Parametric Study
3.1 General
This chapter is a study analysis for a steel structure building subjected to earthquake-
induced load, with two scenarios; (a) fixed base building and (b) base-isolated building with
rubber bearing. Both buildings are identical expect in the base fixation, and were modeled by
SAP2000 (ver. V14.1.0 Advanced) for nonlinear time history analysis.

3.2 Reinforced concrete structure case study
3.2.1 Project description
A two story building made of steel structure, Figure 3.1, with 3 bays of 30 feet in each
direction, the story height is 12 feet, as shown in Figure 3.1. The structural steel has the
following spec; the modulus of elasticity E = 29000 ksi (A992Fy50), Poisson ratio equals to 0.3,
the beam section is W24x55, the column section is W14x90. The horizontal slabs are reinforced
concrete of 4000 psi and 6 in, 10 in of thickness for the roof and the floor respectively. The
vertical loads for roof is 75 psf for the dead load (DL) and 20 psf for live load (LL), while for the
floor is 125 psf for DL, and 100 psf for LL. Diaphragm constraints at each level is assigned to
make all diaphragm rigid. This project was subjected to nonlinear time history analysis, where
seismic load is applied by SAP2000 for lacc_nor-1 file data in the X-direction and lacc_nor-2 file
data in the Y-direction simultaneously. Each time history is given in units of cm/sec
2
, where
there are 3000 time steps, at equal spacing of 0.02 sec, for total of 60 sec. There are 8
acceleration points per line. This building is analyzed under two cases; case 1 with fixed base,
and case 2 with isolated base. The rubber isolator has specification listed in table 3.1.

45
Table 3. 1 High damping bearing Properties
Vertical (axial) stiffness 10,000 k/in (linear)
Initial shear stiffness in each direction 10 K/in
Shear yield force in each direction 5 kips
Ratio of post yield shear stiffness to initial shear stiffness 0.2

Figure 3. 1 3D Finite element model

46

(a) Plan view

(b) Elevation view
Figure 3. 2 Plan and elevation view

47

(a) Moment 3-3 Diagram

(b) Axial Force Diagram
Figure 3. 3 Combo (Dead plus live load) effect on the N-S for Grid A.1 or A.4

Figure 3.2 shows the plan and elevation views for the 2story 3 bays building. Further in this
chapter will focus on column at axis B.1, second column from the left, where the base joint is
called as Joint 13, and the first floor joint is called Joint 14, and the roof joint is called Joint 15.
Figure 3.3.a shows the bending moment for columns and beams for the structural frame for the
gravity load (dead + live load), the bending moment for column B.1 is -52.402, 54.384, -29.742
and 42.203 kip-in at Joints 13, 14, 14, and 15 respectively. Figure 3.3 depict the axial force for

48
columns on axis 1 and 4. It was observed that axial load due gravity load is -76.917 and -220.477
kip for the second and first floor respectively.

3.2.2 Base-Isolated building
The base isolation extends the fundamental lateral period resulting in reducing the base
shear forces, enhancing the total building drift to the total height and the inter-story drift if
compared with the conventional foundations. Figure 3.4.a depicts the time response history for
column B.1 with its three joints; Joint 13-15, the figure shows that the column from the base to
the roof level moves laterally in a same rate, thus no deflection occurs at the joint 14, Figure
3.4.b depicts the B.1 column movement with respect to the base, and shows that to great extent
the column move with base. Figure 3.4.c depicts the displacement of the base shear to the
earthquake with respect to time.
It is worth mention that the change in the fundamental period changes the moment, and
consequently changes the building deformation. Figures 3.5 through 3.9 depict the moment 3-3
diagram and the deformation shape for five different MODAL with different periods -. It was
observed that with the decrease of the period, the structure laterally deforms more. Lateral
deformation for building is usually assessed by the shear rigidity index (SRI), bending rigidity
index (BRI), the drift index (DI) and the inter-story drift (ISD). The last two criterions can be
expressed as following:
[64]

[65]

Where
i
is the deflection at the roof; H
i
is the total height of the building, h
i
is the floor height.

49

column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear

50

(a) Moment 3-3 Diagram (MODAL) Model 1 Period 2.81065

(b) Deformation shape (MODAL) Mode 1 Period 2.81065
Figure 3. 5 Isolated-base Mode 1 Period 2.81065

51



52



53



54



55
3.2.3 Fixed base building
The fixed base for the steel columns, as shown in Figure 3.10 which relies on the steel
plate and anchored bolts, reduce the fundamental lateral period resulting in increasing the base
shear forces, increasing the total building drift to the total height and the inter-story drift if
compared with the base-isolated foundations. Figure 3.11.a depicts the time response history
for column B.1 with its three joints; Joint 13-15, the figure shows that the column from the base
to the roof level moves laterally in an independent rate, thus deflection occurs at the joint 14,
Figure 3.11.b depicts the B.1 column movement with respect to the base, and shows that Joint
13 move the base while joint 14, and 15 move independently. Figure 3.11.c depicts the
condensed wave displacement of the base shear in response to the earthquake-induced load. It
is worth mention that the change in the fundamental period changes the moment, and
consequently changes the building deformation. Figures 3.12 through 3.15 depict the moment
3-3 diagram and the deformation shape for five different MODAL with different periods -. It was
observed that with the decrease of the period, the structure laterally deforms more.

Figure 3. 10 Methods to transfer force from column to foundation [Honeck, W.C., Westphal, D.]

56

column w.r.t. base, (c) displacement of base shear

57


Figure 3. 12 Fixed-base Mode 1 Period 0.49310

58



59



60



61



62
3.2.4 SAP2000 Model Analysis
The fundamental lateral period was solved using the finite element analysis (FEA)
software, SAP2000. Table 3.3 shows that the fundamental period (T) and the corresponding
frequency (=1/T) for the Modal participating mass ratio (MPMR) solved for Ritz Vector Analysis,
for the steel building under investigation in this study which has two scenarios; (a) fixed base,
and (b) the isolated base. It was found that the isolated base is 5.699, 6.337, 6.895, 1.64, 1.766
times for Modal 1 through 5 respectively. The first three modes were significantly higher, where
they absorb more than 95% of the earthquake-induced load.
Table 3. 2 Modal participating mass ratio (MPMR) for fixed and isolated base building
Modal
Mode
Period, T [seconds] Frequency, [Hz]
Fixed Base Isolated Base Fixed Base Isolated Base
1 0.49310 2.81065 2.0279 0.35578
2 0.35973 2.79750 2.7799 0.35746
3 0.35117 2.42137 2.8476 0.41298
4 0.19916 0.32664 5.0211 3.06147
5 0.14006 0.24728 7.1397 4.04399
Where 1 Hz for rigid building, < 1 Hz for flexible building
Moment and shear forces generated from each mode are of great concern to designers, to
predict the failure modes, progressive collapse of the building, or to add extra bracing to resist
such lateral loading. Table 3.4 analyze the moment and shear values for column B.1 and its 3
joints under five different MODAL periods (modes) for minor (V3, M2) and major (V2, M3).
Selection the moment and shear values for the roof, it was found that the moment for the fixed
base building is higher than that of the isolated base building by 51.38, 20455, 0.31, 2.34 and
2.23 for mode 1 through 5 respectively for the minor (M2), and 70, 106, 66, 13.7, and 2.289 for
mode 1 through 5 respectively for the major (M3). Hence the base isolation enhances the
building capacity to resist the earthquake-induced load, and that reduction in moment could be
used towards reducing the selection members sizes, reducing the total building weight and cost.

63
Table 3. 3 Modal moment and shear values for edge column B.1

H
Modal 1 Modal 2 Modal 3 Modal 4 Modal 5
Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear
I
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
-
B
a
s
e

M
i
n
o
r

(
V
3

,

M
2
)

288 10.95 -0.146 -0.012 2.4E-4 -3.452 0.047 1104.155 -15.399 -423.458 5.990
144 -10.06 -0.146 0.022 2.4E-4 3.375 0.047 -1110.116 -15.399 437.875 5.990
144 29.27 -0.411 -0.035 5.2E-4 -8.186 0.115 1431.488 -20.376 -536.685 7.627
0 -29.27 -0.411 0.040 5.2E-4 8.403 0.115 -1502.657 -20.376 561.644 7.627

M
a
j
o
r

(
V
2
,

M
3
)

288 4.5E-3 2.3E-4 14.804 -0.19 22.168 -0.28 -0.246 0.022 2765.094 -37.176
144 0.038 2.3E-4 -12.55 -0.19 -18.120 -0.28 2.864 0.022 -2588.261 -37.176
144 -0.086 1.4E-3 32.193 -0.457 49.083 -0.698 -4.993 0.072 3107.763 -45.283
0 0.112 1.4E-3 -33.644 -0.457 -51.388 -0.698 5.389 0.072 -3413.022 -45.283

F
i
x
e
d
-
B
a
s
e

M
i
n
o
r

(
V
3

,

M
2
)

288 562.661 -7.645 245.464 -3.435 1.067 -0.023 -2586.53 38.47 944.549 -13.976
144 -538.23 -7.645 -249.23 -3.435 -2.209 -0.023 2921.005 38.47 -1068.03 -13.976
144 1133.21 -16.52 403.782 -5.849 2.217 -0.023 1862.977 -25.378 -691.367 9.451
0 -1245.9 -16.52 -438.537 -5.849 -1.082 -0.023 -1791.469 -25.378 669.645 9.451

M
a
j
o
r

(
V
2
,

M
3
)

288 -0.315 0.021 -1569.76 20.652 -1477.367 19.656 3.372 -0.038 -6329.895 94.133
144 2.776 0.021 1404.129 20.652 1353.073 19.656 -2.092 -0.038 7225.272 94.133
144 -3.192 0.031 -2430.91 37.054 -2251.606 34.076 0.841 -8.2E-3 4966.383 -66.903
0 1.321 0.031 2904.872 37.054 2655.291 34.076 -0.348 -8.2E-3 -4667.693 -66.903

H is the building height in [in], M is the moment in [kip-in], V is the shear force in [kip]

64
Table 3. 4 Joint displacement in column B.1
Modal
Mode
Joint Fixed Base Isolated Base
[Height] U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3
15 [288] -9.2E-14 -0.7459 -0.0032 -2.2E-11 -0.4699 -0.0001
1 14 [144] -5.4E-14 -0.4597 -0.0025 -2.2E-11 -0.4642 -0.0001
13 [0.00] 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.2E-11 -0.4518 -4.8E-5

15 [288] 0.8412 -0.2804 -0.0026 -0.4659 1.9E-11 2.3E-5
2 14 [144] 0.4806 -0.1602 0.0021 -0.4625 1.8E-11 2.1E-5
13 [0.00] 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.456 1.8E-11 1.1E-5

15 [288] 0.7684 1.6E-13 -0.0013 -0.5141 0.1714 6.7E-5
3 14 [144] 0.4362 9.0E-14 -0.001 -0.5088 0.1696 6.0E-5
13 [0.00] 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.4987 0.1662 2.9E-5

15 [288] 1.19E-14 0.5858 0.0073 -3.3E-14 -0.6543 -0.0086
4 14 [144] -1.03E-14 0.5853 0.0043 -1.8E-15 -0.1044 -0.0073
13 [0.00] 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.6E-14 0.5306 -0.0031

15 [288] 0.6114 -0.2038 -0.0062 -0.727 0.2423 0.0066
5 14 [144] -0.6612 0.2204 -0.0034 -0.1064 0.0355 0.0056
13 [0.00] 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0025 -0.1926 0.5778

Where U1, U2, U3 are displacement in x, y, z directions respectively in [in]; Height in [in]

Drift is another point of interest to designers and must conform to code requirements. Table 3.5
shows the deflections in x, y, z directions for the edge column B.1 under the different 5 MODAL
(periods) for the fixed base and the isolated base building. The major observation to this table is
LhaL Lhe deflecLlon for Lhe base lsolaLed bulldlng doesnL sLarL from zero, Lhus reduces
significantly the drift index for the building. For example in studying the drift index (DI) for
MODAL mode 1, the drift index for the isolated base = (0.46999 0.4518)/288 = 0.063159E-3 in,
while for the fixed base building DI = (0.7459 0)/288 = 2.589E-3 mm, which means that the
deflection in base isolated building is less by 40.99 times than that of the conventional fixed
structure. The joint reactions in Table 3.5 are obtained using modal combination applied

65
individually to each joint. The joint reactions are represented as R
i,m
where is (i) is for the
direction, and (m) for mode. The total reaction follows this equation
[66]

Table 3. 5 Joint reactions for column B.1 at the base (Joint 13)
Structure Type Type
Joint reaction [kip]
1 2 3
Isolated Base
Modal1 0.000 0.678 0.480
Modal 2 0.684 0.000 -0.108
Modal 3 0.748 -0.249 -0.291
Modal 4 0.000 -0.796 31.454
Modal 5 -0.867 0.289 -24.722
Gravity 0.000 0.000 361.487
Fixed Base
Modal 1 -3.134E-2 16.522 13.514
Modal 2 37.054 5.849 10.948
Modal 3 -34.076 2.291E-2 5.603
Modal 4 8.258E-3 25.378 -22.900
Modal 5 66.903 -9.451 18.251
Gravity 0.179 0.404 360.799
Directions 1, 2, 3 represent X, Y, Z axis respectively; Gravity load equals to dead and live load
For example the joint reaction , Figure 3.17, for the isolated base building in X-direction equals
to SQRT (0.684
2
+0.748
2
+0.867
2
) = 1.33 kips, while for the fixed base building it is equal to SQRT
(3.134E-2
2
+37.054
2
+34.076
2
+8.258E-3
2
+66.903
2
) = 83.727 kips. Apparently, the joint reaction in
fixed base building for column B.1 in X-direction is higher by 62.95 times than that of the base
isolated building. While the base reactions for response spectrum are computed for each mode
and then the modes are combined using CQC or SRSS modal combination rule:
[67]

[68]

Where for the base reaction, all join reactions from all columns must be computed [CSI 2012].

66

Figure 3. 17 Base Isolation joint reactions in joint local coordinate system (MODAL) Mode 1

67
Chapter IV: Conclusions
4.1 General
This study presents both theoretical investigation and modeling for building subjected
to earthquake-induced load with fixed base and with base-isolated method using rubber
bearing. The objective of this work is to contribute to the efficient design of base-isolated
structure subjected to seismic ground motion. The following sections summarize the conclusions
resulting from this research work as well as recommendations for future research.

4.2 Conclusions
Based on the theoretical and modeling findings, the following conclusions can be drawn:
The main observation from the modeling study on the accuracy of seismic effect and
lateral load patterns utilized in the Multi-Modal Pushover analysis (MPA) in predicting
earthquake effect showed that the accuracy of the pushover results depends strongly
on the load path, properties of the structure and the characteristics of the ground
motion.
The lateral deflection for MDOF for multi-story building can be represented as SDOF
once the equivalent mass and stiffness is obtained.
The plastic hinge location varies by the type of loading, and the change in MODAL
period. It can be located at any point along the span of member as well as the end of the
member.
Drift index and inter-story drift should be predicted using the multi-modal (SRSS) and
the elastic first mode with long period for the lateral load pattern which corresponds to
the average in most cases.

68
Base-isolated structure exhibit less lateral deflection, as the lateral displacement at the
base never equals to zero, and less moment values than the fixed base structure.
The base isolation decouples the building from the earthquake-induced load, and
maintain longer fundamental lateral period than that of the fixed base.

4.3 Recommendations
1. Study the influence of the structural bearing properties and the stresses generated from
tilting of the superstructure due to lateral loading.
2. Study the potential for liquefaction of the soil and its consequences on base-isolated
buildings.
3. Establish design procedures and guidelines for Base-Isolation structure.

69
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Bibliography
Mahmoud has more than 12 years of experience in the field of civil engineering. He has worked
as civil (structural) engineer for 9 years in The Engineers Brothers Company, Cairo, Egypt. He also
worked as Research & Graduate Assistant in Ryerson University, ON, Canada. He worked in
EPCM (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Management) industry for ICI (industrial,
commercial & institutional) Buildings. He conducted research in the field of sandwich structure,
glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP), post-tensioning, and bridges. Mahmoud has published 3
technical papers.

71
Appendix
A: Earthquake

A.1 Canadian seismic hazard map

72

A.2 Seismic acceleration in Canada

A.3 Spectral response acceleration map Sa(0.2)

73



74


2010 National Building Code of Canada seismic hazard maps
[Source: www.earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca]

The four spectral acceleration seismic hazard maps show levels of ground shaking at periods of
0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 seconds (equivalent to frequencies of 5, 2, 1, and 0.5 Hertz). A high-rise of
ten stories or more may sway with a natural period of 1 or 2 seconds, whereas in response to
the same earthquake a brick bungalow across the street may vibrate at nearly 10 Hertz.

75
B: Structural bearing

B.1 Selection guide for small rotation [AISI]

B.2 Selection guide for moderate rotation [AISI]

76

B.3 Selection guide for large rotation [AISI]

77
C: Earthquake time history

C.1 Time history function LACC0

C.2 Time history function LACC1

Citation:
Sayed-ahmed, Mahmoud. Building with Base Isolation Techniques. Journal of Al-Azhar University
Engineering Sector (JAUES), Vol. 7, No. 1, Dec. 2012, pp. 147-159.

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i

, the relative displacement of the mass

. Generally, the undamped

, is obtained by differentiation of , with respect

. Notice here that the

, but not the absolute acceleration

is the ground acceleration, and xi represents the relative displacement of the

and total acceleration x

= 0.25g associated with T

= 0.63g associated with T

= 0.63g/0.25g = 2.52. This means that the base shear in

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