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EE 2183-LaboratoryPractice IX

Economic Comparison of Different Power


Plants
Semester 3


















Instructed by: Mr. L.P.M.I. Sampath

Group Members:

Name : H.N.T. Wijesekara
Index No. : 120716 U
Group : G-22
Field : Electrical Engineering
Date of Perform : 04/09/2014
Date of Submission : 25/09/2014
H.N.T.Wijesekara 120716U
L.S.Wijesinghe 120720C
W.M.K.M.Wijesooriya 120724R
D.T.P.Wijesooriya 120726B
V.Y.Wong 120737J
K.L.I.M.P.B.Jayarathna 120240E


Calculations

4)
Load Factor =



For the practical;
Meter constant of energy meter = 600 revs/kWh
Let x be the no. of revolutions,
So, Energy for x revolutions =

kWh
Power for x revolutions =

kW

According to practical,
t = 1 min = (1/60) h
Andn be the no. of values which we observed throughout the practical

Average load =

(1)

Max. Load = Max ( x
1
,x
2
,.) x

(2)

Load Factor =











5)

Time
(min)
LOAD 1 LOAD2 LOAD 3 Total
Load
theoritical
Total
load
Practi
cal
Theoritical
(W)
Practical
(W)
Theoritical
(W)
Practical
(W)
Theoritical
(W)
Practical
(W)
0-1 150 140 75 68 225 208
1-2 120 110 75 68 195 178
2-3 150 140 120 110 270 250
3-4 75 68 60 55 100 90 235 213
4-5 135 127 120 110 75 68 330 305
5-6 120 110 150 140 40 34 310 284
6-7 100 90 40 34 40 34 180 158
7-8 150 140 60 55 40 34 250 229
8-9 60 55 60 55 120 110
9-10 120 110 100 90 220 200
10-11 120 110 135 127 255 237
11-12 60 55 115 104 175 159
Total 580 535 1210 1114 975 882 2765 2531

For Load 1:
Maximum Load = 150 W
Theoretical Average Load =

=48.33 W
Practical Average Load =

=44.58 W
Theoretical Load Factor =

x 100 = 32.22 %
Practical Load Factor =

x 100 = 29.72 %

For Load 2:
Maximum Load = 150 W
Theoretical Average Load =

=100.83 W
Practical Average Load =

=92.83 W
Theoretical Load Factor =

x 100 = 67.22%
Practical Load Factor =

x 100 = 61.87 %






For Load 3:
Maximum Load = 135 W
Theoretical Average Load =

=81.25 W
Practical Average Load =

=73.5 W
Theoretical Load Factor =

x 100 = 60.19 %
Practical Load Factor =

x 100 = 54.44 %

6)

Diversity Factor on the system Load =




Sum of individual Max. Demand = (150 + 150 + 135) W= 435 W
Sum of individual Max. Demand = (140 + 140 + 127) W= 407W



Max. Demand on power station = 330 W (Theoritical)
Max. Demand on power station = 305W (Practical)


therefore
Diversity Factor on the system Load(Theoretical) =

= 1.32
Diversity Factor on the system Load(Practicall) =

= 1.33


Table 2: New Load Distribution
Time
(min)
LOAD 1 LOAD2 LOAD 3 Total
Load
theoritica
l
Total
load
Practical
Theoritical
(W)
Practical
(W)
Theoritical
(W)
Practica
l
(W)
Theoritical
(W)
Practical
(W)
0-1 0 0 60 55 75 68 135 123
1-2 0 0 150 140 75 68 225 208
2-3 0 0 120 110 120 110 240 220
3-4 75 68 150 140 100 90 325 298
4-5 135 127 60 55 75 68 270 250
5-6 120 110 120 110 40 34 280 254
6-7 100 90 150 140 40 34 290 264
7-8 150 140 40 34 40 34 230 208
8-9 0 0 60 55 60 55 120 110
9-10 0 0 60 55 100 90 160 145
10-11 0 0 120 110 135 127 255 237
11-12 0 0 120 110 115 104 235 214
Total 580 535 1210 1114 975 882 2765 2531

Diversity Factor for the new load system =




Diversity factor(theoritical) =

= 1.34
Diversity factor(practical) =

= 1.37
We can observe a slight change (about 0.02) in the diversity factor in the new load system
comparing to the original load system.(practically it's 0.04). This is because the maximum
demand on power station has changed from 330 W to 325 W when the new load system has
been introduced. The maximum demand of the new load system is from 12.00 to 2.00pm.
9)
Practical Load factor

For Load 1:
Average Load(revolutions) = 0.446
Max. Load(revolutions) = 1.4

Load Factor =

x 100 = 31.86%

For Load 2:
Average Load(revolutions) = 0.928
Max. Load(revolutions) = 1.4

Load Factor =

x 100 = 66.29%

For Load 3:
Average Load(revolutions) = 0.735
Max. Load(revolutions) = 1.27

Load Factor =

x 100 = 57.87%

DISCUSSION
1)Load curve represent the variation of load with time . It is important factor of designing power
plants . in the graph, time usually is placed on the horizontal axis
load placed on the vertical axis
Daily, monthly and yearly load curves are used by power stations to determine the amount of
generators needed. Daily load curves look at a 24-hour period of time to find the load requirements
every half-hour or hour. A monthly curve records load changes during a one month time period versus
the number of days recorded, and a yearly load curve establishes the variations in power requirements
throughout one year based upon the monthly load variations.
Consumers use this energy to various kinds of activities. But utilization of electric energy differs with
their activities. so following type of load curve is obtained.

2)
Importance of a load curve
The load curve gives an idea about the energy consumption of a country with time. In the load curve
there are three peaks, morning peak, day peak and night peak. Although it is desirable to have a flat
load curve those peaks disturb the flatness of the curve. The most undesirable factor as far as load
curve is concern is the night peak. In order to supply maximum demand which is occur in between
6:30 pm-8:00pm diesel generators have to be run which cost more than 60 rupees per unit.
Its useful to determine the total installed capacity of the plant required,which should be capable of
meeting peak load. It also helps to decide the operating schedule of the power plant. Since to
shutdown the generator sets and to restart them involves certain loses and allow sets to run at partial
loads also involves loses. So load curves help to take decisions whether to shutdown certain generation
sets or continue them at reduce loads.Observing data from load curve will help to optimize the power
generating units in the most efficient manner as possible.
Other than that ,The area under a curve shows the amount of units that were generated during that
period of time and Average load also can be found from the load curve
3) How to identify good loads using load factors
Load factor is the ratio between the average load and the maximum load which is always less than one
as maximum load is always greater than or equal to average load.Its a measure of the uniformity and
efficiency with which electrical energy being used.
A good load factor implies a more constant rate of electrical use. A Bad load factor means that high
variation of consuming energy that implies there are peaks in shorter period of time.

4) Advantages(utility point of view and customer point of view)
In utility Point of View
Higher the load factor, its better. Load Factor is used for determining the overall cost per unit
generated .Higher the load factor, lesser will be the cost per unit. The plant has the ability to provide
greater outputs more efficiently.so the demand can be supplied properly.

In Consumer Point of View
When considering the consumer point of view, the load factor will play a key role in determining the
unit cost. The higher the load factor, the lesser will be the average unit cost.
5) Advantages of Having Better Diversity factor (in consumers point of view)
Diversity factor is the ratio between the sum of individual max demands and maximum demand on
power station. A power station supplies power to various consumers whose maximum demands do not
occur at the same time. Therefore the diversity factor is always greater than 1. If the diversity factor is
higher, the demand on the power station is much lesser than the sum of individual max demands. So
the power station has to generate less amount of power and the generated power is used most
efficiently. So the production cost of electricity is low. Therefore the unit cost will be less. That is,
when there is high diversity factor, it will be more economical for the consumers.

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