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C L R /
2
1
R
C
(Vcb)
L
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TRV (p.u.)
R / (L / C)
0.5
=
10
4
2
1
0.75
0,5
0,3
t / RC
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
By lowering the resistance in the equivalent circuit, for example
when adding a resistance of low ohmic value in parallel to the
interrupting chamber(s), it is possible to effectively reduce the
rate-of-rise of TRV. This possibility has been widely used for
many years to ease the current interruption by air-blast circuit
breakers.
When longer time frames are considered, typically several
hundreds of micro-seconds, reflections on lines have to be
taken into account. Lines or cables must then be treated as
components with distributed elements on which voltage waves
travel after current interruption. These traveling waves are
reflected and refracted when reaching an open circuit or a
discontinuity.
Key Descriptors of TRV
TRV Peak
TRV Rate of rise (RRRV)
Long term (100ms) recovery voltage.
4 parameter TRV
Typical TRV problem apps
Series inductor (reactor) limited fault i.e. the fault
impedance is largely from a lumped inductor (eg.
TLIs, CLRs, flow control Inductors) (RRRV concern)
Short Line Faults (SLF) at lower currents (critical
currents) (RRRV concern)
Transformer limited faults ( where a transformer is a
major part of the fault impedance and there are no parallel lines or
cables to slow the TRV) (RRRV concern)
Switching small inductive currents (shunt reactors) (current
chopping, reignitions, RRRV)
Lines with series capacitors (high TRV peak)
Very long lines with a large Ferranti effect (>250
miles) (high TRV peak)
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
7.2 Series reactor limited fault
The system TRV may exceed the standard capability curve, which is
described by a two-parameter envelope where u
c
and t
3
are defined in
ANSI C37.06 for 10% short-circuit breaking capability, maximum
voltage. For currents between 10% and 30% of rated short-circuit
current, values of u
c
and t
3
can be obtained by linear interpolation.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TIME (s)
V
O
L
T
A
G
E
(
k
V
)
SYSTEM TRV CURVE
TRV CAPABILITY FOR A STANDARD BREAKER
Simple oscillatory LRC Circuit
Natural frequency f = 1/(2LC )
Natural impedance = (L/C)
R
L
C
CB
Elementary Traveling Wave
Concepts
Surge impedance Z = the instantaneous ratio of voltage
to current on a distributed parameter line
Reflection and transmission coefficients
open circuit positive voltage reflection
short-circuit negative voltage reflection.
Voltage reflection coefficient = (Z2 - Z1)/(Z2 + Z1)
Voltage transmission coefficient = 2Z2/(Z1 + Z2)
Z1 is the surge impedance of the source line
Z2 is the surge impedance of the "receiving" line
ITRV and Short Line Faults
All SF6 breakers have some difficulty
handling the steep rates of rise of TRV
caused by short line faults. Line-to-ground
capacitors and/or capacitors across the
open gap have been used to delay the
initial TRV ramp.
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Traveling waves on a faulted line after current interruption
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Voltage distribution on the line at different times after current interruption
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Time variations of voltages at three locations on the faulted line
VOLTAGE AT CIRCUIT BREAKER
TERMINAL POINT C x = 0
VOLTAGE HALF WAY
TO FAULT x = 0.5 L
VOLTAGE 3/4 OF WAY
TO FAULT x= 0.75 L
TIME
VOLTAGE (p.u.)
0
2
- 2
t
L
0.5 t
L
t
L
/4 3 t
L
/4 1.5 t
L
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Annex D Calculation of SLF quantities
Result of digital simulation
TRV HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
TRVs for line faults are determined on a single-phase basis.
The fault current for a line side fault is somewhat reduced from that
obtained for a bus fault due to the additional reactance of the line.
I
T
= fault current through the circuit breaker for a single-phase fault at
the breaker terminal
I
L
= the reduced current for a line fault.
S L
LG
L
X X
V
I
+
=
V
LG
X
S
X
L
T
LG
S
I
V
X =
T LG L
LG
L
I V X
V
I
/ +
=