PBD03

PengantarBasis Data
Relational Data Model and

Relational Database Constraints
KS141304 PBD Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) 1
Review
Informal Definitions
Please identify the component of the Student
table below.
Key
Key of a Relation: Unique Identifier
Mahasiswa: NRP
Dosen: NIP
Rumah Tangga: Nomor KK
Warganegara: Nomor KTP
Wajib Pajak: ???
Pelanggan: ???
Nasabah Bank: ???
Kendaraan Bermotor: ???
Key
If there is no given ID, sequential number can
be assigned as Key.
This is called artificial key or surrogate key.
What is the key of table Student below.
Schema
The Schema of a Relation is denoted by Rand
attributes are A.
R(A1, A2, An) means that a relation named R
have n attributes.
Students(Name, SSN, Home_Phone, Address,
Office_Phone, Age, GPA)
Tuple
A tuple is an ordered set of values enclosed in
brackets <>. Denoted by t.
Set of tuples is known as r(R)
r(Students) ={t1, t2, t3, t4, t5}
ti =<v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7>
A row in Student relation is a 7-tuple, for
example:
<"Benjamin Bayer", "305-61-2435", "373-1616",
"2918 Bluebonnet Lane", NULL, 19, 3.21>
Domain
Domain adalah himpunan pembicaraan (all possible
column values).
Contoh: domain atribut Age dari Student adalah semua
bilangan asli antara 17 sampai 26 tahun.
Domain dari telepon adalah (nnn)nnn-nnnn dimana
n adalah bilangan asli. Domain dinotasikan dengan v.
Domain dari tanggal transaksi memiliki domain yang
berbeda-beda
dd/mm/yyyy
yyyy-mm-dd
Domain
Domain of Name, SSN, Home_phone, Address,
Office_phone attribute is varchar(50)
Domain of Age attribute is integer
Domain of GPA attribute is float/double
Formal Definitions
Summary
R =STUDENT
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7
Formal Definitions:
Latihan
Gambarlah schema dan state-nya dengan
notasi formal berikut di papan tulis.
FASHION(Nama, UkuranBaju, UkuranSepatu)
dom(Nama) ={Astrid, Azis, Alam}
dom(UkuranBaju) ={S, M, L, XL}
dom(UkuranSepatu) ={38, 40, 41}
r(FASHION) dom(Nama) X dom(UkuranBaju) X
dom(UkuranSepatu)
Relational Database
Schema
Is a set S of relation schema
S is the name of the whole database schema
S means himpunan semesta
S ={R1, R2, , Rn}
Definition Summary
Relational Integrity
Constraints
Constraints are conditionsthat must be held by all
valid relation states.
There are three main types of constraints
Key constraints
Entity integrity constraints
Referential integrity constraints
Another implicit constraint is in the domain
constraint.
Every value in a tuple must be from the domain of its
attribute (or null, if it is allowed)
Key Constraints
NRP Nama Kota
Kelahiran
No. KTP NPWP
521210007 Anna Berg 1231321 as4555543
521210008 Elsa Arandelle 2342324 qw123222
521210009 Sven Berg 3453453 pp544437
521210010 Rudolph Arandelle 4654564 ks332123
Superkey: A set of attribute which have no two
tuples same.
{NRP, Nama, No.KTP, NPWP}is a superkey
Key: A minimal superkey.
{NRP}is a key
Key Constraint
If a relation has several candidate keys, one is
chosen to be a primary key.
The primary key is underlined
Choose the smallest size from candidate keys
Entity Integrity
Constraint
Entity Integrity
Each of entity should have at least one primary
key, although it is weak or strong.
The primary key must not null
Function of primary key is to identify the
individual tuples
Referential Integrity
Constraint
A constraint involving two relations, displayed
as directed arc R1.FK to R2.
Singer
Album
Referential Integrity
Constraint
On update/delete cascade
On update/delete reject
On update/delete set null
All actions related to foreign key should be
consistent with the primary key and vice
versa.
Other types of
Constraint
Semantic Integrity Constraint
Maximum overtime hours is 4 hours
Maximum total working hours per week is 56
hours
Minimum wage of all employees is 24K
A certain language may have to be used to
express these.
Populated Database
State
Basic operation for changing database
INSERT
MODIFY/UPDATE
DELETE
All integrity constraint should be obeyed in
each of operation.
Mini World
Artist_ID Artist_Name
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
Artist_ID Album_ID Album_Name
1 1 Schizophrenic
3 2 Best of the best
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
Possible violations for
each operation
Domain constraint: if one of the attribute
values provided for the new tuple is not of the
specified domain
Insert <a2, Demi Lovato>into Singer
Insert <3, 22-08-2014, I heart you>into Album
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
Key constraint: if the value of a key attribute in
the new tuple already exist in another tuple in
the relation
Insert <3, Selena Gomez>into Singer
Insert <2, 3, Dark Sky>into Album
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
Referential integrity: if a foreign key value in
the new tuple references a primary key which
doesn't exist
insert <7, 5, Cherish>into Album
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
Entity integrity: if the primary key value is null
in the new tuple
Insert <null, One Direction>into Singer
Insert <4, null, Open Air>into Album
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
DELETE may violate
only referential
integrity: if the
primary key value of
the tuple being
deleted is referenced
from other tuples in
the database.
Singer
Album
each operation
Delete Singer tuple with Artist_ID =2
(wont violate)
Delete Singer tuple with Artist_ID =3
(referenced by Album two times)
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
Can be remedied by
several actions
RESTRICT: reject the
deletion
CASCADE: propagate the
new primary key value
into the foreign keys of
the referencing tuples
SET NULL: set the foreign
keys of the referencing
tuples to NULL
Singer
Album
each operation
UPDATE/MODIFY: inherit all possible violations
from INSERT and DELETE
It can be remedied by RESTRICT, CASCADE, SET
NULL
each operation
Modify the Artist_Name of the Singer tuple
with Artist_ID =3 to Neno. (wont violate)
Modify the Artist_ID of the Album tuple with
Album_ID =3 to 5. (violate key constraint)
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
each operation
Modify the Artist_ID of the Album tuple with
Album_ID =3 to Neno. (violate 2
constraints: domain dan inferential)
What are they? How to remedy?
1 Bono
2 Cher
3 Nuno
4 The Corrs
1 1 Schizophrenic
4 3 Radio
3 4 Love
TuliskanNotasi Aljabar
Pertanyaan
Apakah boleh menambahkan karakter
pada penamaan field/attribute?
Mengapa boleh? Atau Mengapa tidak boleh?
Review Time!
Formal and Informal Definition
Type of Constraints
Type of Violations

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PengantarBasis Data

Relational Data Model and

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