1.

_ are indeed more likely than _ to

respond to stress by turning to others.
women; men
2. __ is a chief factor producing high levels
of occupational stress.
Work overload
3. Children who live and attend school in
noisy areas:
are more likely
to give up on
difficult tasks.
4. Chronic ______ in childhood or
adulthood has long been known to
increase health risks.
physical or
sexual abuse
5. Chronic strain may influence the
relationship between ____.
specific
stressors and
adverse
physical or
psychological
effects
6. Cognitive responses to stress include
____.
beliefs about
the harm or
threat an
event poses
and beliefs
about its
causes or
controllability
7. A common current way of studying
stress is to bring people into the _,
expose them to short-term stressful
events, and then observe the impact of
that stress on their physiological,
neuroendocrine, and psychological
responses.
laboratory
8. The degree of change that occurs in an
individual's autonomic,
neuroendocrine, or immune response
as a result of stress is called ________.
reactivity
9. Describe the exhaustion phase. when the
organism fails
to overcome
the threat and
depletes its
physiological
resources
10. Describe the nonspecific mobilization
phase.
promotes
sympathetic
nervous
system activity
11. Describe the resistance phase. when the
organism
makes efforts
to cope with a
threat
12. Events such as
noise,
crowding, and a
bad
relationship are
best described
as ________.
stressors
13. The fight-or-
flight response:
is not as relevant today because we are no
longer fleeing from predators.
14. GAS has been
criticized
because:
it does not pay attention to psychological
factors and appraisal of events.
15. Holmes and
Rahe developed
the Social
Readjustment
Rating Scale to
measure
________.
stressful life events
16. How can minor
hassles produce
stress and
aggravate
physical and
psychological
health?
the cumulative impact of small stressors
may wear down an individual; such events
may interact with major life events
17. How is the
buildup of
allostatic load
assessed?
decreases in cell-mediated immunity,
inability to shut off cortisol in response to
stress, lowered heart rate variability,
elevated epinephrine levels, a high waist-
to-hip ratio, hippocampal volume,
problems with memory, high plasma
fibrinogen, and elevated blood pressure
18. Like the fight-
or-flight
mechanism,
tend-and-
befriend may
depend on
underlying __.
biological mechanisms
19. People
undergoing
chronic life
stress show
_________ in
response to an
acute stress in
the laboratory.
natural killer cell activity
20. People who are
low in SES
typically have
____.
low-prestige occupations
Stress
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21. Person-environment fit is
determined by a person's:
perceived resources
being adequate to meet
a difficult situation.
22. Potential emotional reactions to
stress include ____.
fear, anxiety,
excitement,
embarrassment, anger,
depression, and even
stoicism or denial
23. Primary appraisal processes
are:
based on the premise
that psychological
appraisal determines
the meaning of a
stressful event.
24. Reactivity to stress can affect
vulnerability to _.
illness
25. Researchers are increasingly
focusing on __ quality as both
an indicator of chronic stress
and a consequence of chronic
stress.
poor sleep
26. Role conflict occurs when: a person receives
conflicting information
about work tasks or
standards from different
individuals.
27. A state in which a physiological
system body fluctuates to meet
demands from stress is called
________.
allostasis
28. Stress can affect ___, including
variability during sleep.
heart rate variability
29. Stress is the consequence of a
person's __.
appraisal processes
30. The three phases of the General
Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
are:
alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion.
31. What are appraisal processes? the assessment of
whether personal
resources are sufficient
to meet the demands of
the environment
32. What are daily hassles? minor stressful events
33. What are
some of the
problems of
using SLE
inventory?
some of the items on the list are vague;
because events have preassigned point
values, individual differences in the way
events are experienced are not taken into
account; inventories usually include both
positive and negative events; researchers
typically do not assess whether stressful
events have been successfully resolved
34. What are
some
solutions to
workplace
stressors?
work-based interventions that teach stress
management skills and build on social
support
35. What are
some
stressors in
the work
environment?
overload, ambiguity, role conflict, lack of
control, social relations, unemployment
36. What are
stressful life
events?
events that force an individual to make
changes in his/her life
37. What are
stressors?
stressful events
38. What are the
2 interrelated
systems that
are heavily
involved in
the stress
response?
sympathetic-adrenomedulary system and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
39. What are the
aftereffects of
stress?
performance and attentional decrements that
occur after a stressful event has subsided
40. What does
cortisol do?
acts to conserve stores of carbs and helps
reduce inflammation in the case of an injury
41. What does
the cerebral
cortex do?
sets off a chain of reactions mediated by these
appraisals
42. What is
challenge?
potential to overcome and even profit from
the event
43. What is
chronic
strain?
stressful experience that is a usual but
continually stressful aspect of life
44. What is
harm?
assessment of the damage that has already
been done by an event
45. What is
karoshi?
death from overwork
46. What is
oxytocin?
stress hormone, rapidly released in response
to at least some stressful events, and its
effects are especially influenced by estrogen,
suggesting a particularly important role in
the responses of women to stress
47. What is
personal-
environment
fit?
the degree to which the needs and resources of
a person and the needs and resources of an
environment complement each other
48. What is
primary
appraisal?
perception of a new or changing environment
as beneficial, neutral, or negative in its
consequences; first step in stress and coping
49. What is
reactivity?
degree of change that occurs in automatic,
neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as
a result of stress
50. What is role
conflict?
when a person receives conflicting info about
work tasks or standards from different
individuals
51. What is
secondary
appraisal?
assessment of one's coping abilities and
resources: whether they will be sufficient to
meet the harm, threat, and challenge of the
event
52. What is
stress?
negative emotional experience accompanied
by predictable biochemical, physiological,
cognitive, and behavioral changes that are
directed either toward altering the stressful
event or accommodating to its effects
53. What is
tend-and-
befriend?
in addition to fight or flight, humans respond
to stress with social affiliation and nurturant
behavior toward offspring
54. What is the
acute stress
paradigm?
consistently finds that when people perform
stressful tasks, they show both psychological
distress and strong indications of sympathetic
activity and neuroendocrine responses
55. What is the
allostatic
load?
physiological systems within the body
fluctuate to meet demands from stress
56. What is the
fight-or-
flight
response?
a response to a threat where the body is rapidly
aroused and motivated via the sympathetic
nervous system and the endocrine system to
attack or flee a threatening stimulus
57. What is the
general
adaptation
syndrome?
a profile of how organisms respond to stress
58. What is the
importance
of primary
appraisal?
experience of stress is illustrated in a classic
study of stress
59. What is
threat?
assessment of possible future damage that may
be brought about by the event
60. What three
phases are
the general
adaptation
syndrome
characterized
by?
nonspecific mobilization phase, resistance
phase, and exhaustion phase
61. When does
role
ambiguity
occur?
when a person has few clear ideas of what is
to be done and no idea of the standards used
for evaluating work
62. When events
are
encountered
that are
perceived as
harmful or
threatening,
they are
labeled as
such by the
__.
cerebral cortex
63. Why are
studies of
stress in the
workplace
important?
they help identify some of the most common
stressors of everyday life; they provide
additional evidence for the stress-illness
relationship; work stress may be one of our
preventable stressors and so provide
possibilities for intervention; economics
matter
64. Why is
research
relating
chronic
stress to
mental and
physical
health
outcomes
difficult to
conduct?
it is often hard to show that a particular
chronic stressor is the factor contributing to
illness
65. Why was the
general
adaptation
syndrome
criticized?
it assigns a very limited role to psychological
factors, and researchers now believe the
psychological appraisal of events is critical to
experiencing stress; the assumption that
responses to stress are the same; concerns
over whether it it is the exhaustion of
physiological resources or their chronic
activation that is most implicated in stress;
assessed stress as an outcome