respond to stress by turning to others. women; men 2. __ is a chief factor producing high levels of occupational stress. Work overload 3. Children who live and attend school in noisy areas: are more likely to give up on difficult tasks. 4. Chronic ______ in childhood or adulthood has long been known to increase health risks. physical or sexual abuse 5. Chronic strain may influence the relationship between ____. specific stressors and adverse physical or psychological effects 6. Cognitive responses to stress include ____. beliefs about the harm or threat an event poses and beliefs about its causes or controllability 7. A common current way of studying stress is to bring people into the _, expose them to short-term stressful events, and then observe the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses. laboratory 8. The degree of change that occurs in an individual's autonomic, neuroendocrine, or immune response as a result of stress is called ________. reactivity 9. Describe the exhaustion phase. when the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources 10. Describe the nonspecific mobilization phase. promotes sympathetic nervous system activity 11. Describe the resistance phase. when the organism makes efforts to cope with a threat 12. Events such as noise, crowding, and a bad relationship are best described as ________. stressors 13. The fight-or- flight response: is not as relevant today because we are no longer fleeing from predators. 14. GAS has been criticized because: it does not pay attention to psychological factors and appraisal of events. 15. Holmes and Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure ________. stressful life events 16. How can minor hassles produce stress and aggravate physical and psychological health? the cumulative impact of small stressors may wear down an individual; such events may interact with major life events 17. How is the buildup of allostatic load assessed? decreases in cell-mediated immunity, inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress, lowered heart rate variability, elevated epinephrine levels, a high waist- to-hip ratio, hippocampal volume, problems with memory, high plasma fibrinogen, and elevated blood pressure 18. Like the fight- or-flight mechanism, tend-and- befriend may depend on underlying __. biological mechanisms 19. People undergoing chronic life stress show _________ in response to an acute stress in the laboratory. natural killer cell activity 20. People who are low in SES typically have ____. low-prestige occupations Stress Study online at quizlet.com/_n26y5 21. Person-environment fit is determined by a person's: perceived resources being adequate to meet a difficult situation. 22. Potential emotional reactions to stress include ____. fear, anxiety, excitement, embarrassment, anger, depression, and even stoicism or denial 23. Primary appraisal processes are: based on the premise that psychological appraisal determines the meaning of a stressful event. 24. Reactivity to stress can affect vulnerability to _. illness 25. Researchers are increasingly focusing on __ quality as both an indicator of chronic stress and a consequence of chronic stress. poor sleep 26. Role conflict occurs when: a person receives conflicting information about work tasks or standards from different individuals. 27. A state in which a physiological system body fluctuates to meet demands from stress is called ________. allostasis 28. Stress can affect ___, including variability during sleep. heart rate variability 29. Stress is the consequence of a person's __. appraisal processes 30. The three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. 31. What are appraisal processes? the assessment of whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of the environment 32. What are daily hassles? minor stressful events 33. What are some of the problems of using SLE inventory? some of the items on the list are vague; because events have preassigned point values, individual differences in the way events are experienced are not taken into account; inventories usually include both positive and negative events; researchers typically do not assess whether stressful events have been successfully resolved 34. What are some solutions to workplace stressors? work-based interventions that teach stress management skills and build on social support 35. What are some stressors in the work environment? overload, ambiguity, role conflict, lack of control, social relations, unemployment 36. What are stressful life events? events that force an individual to make changes in his/her life 37. What are stressors? stressful events 38. What are the 2 interrelated systems that are heavily involved in the stress response? sympathetic-adrenomedulary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis 39. What are the aftereffects of stress? performance and attentional decrements that occur after a stressful event has subsided 40. What does cortisol do? acts to conserve stores of carbs and helps reduce inflammation in the case of an injury 41. What does the cerebral cortex do? sets off a chain of reactions mediated by these appraisals 42. What is challenge? potential to overcome and even profit from the event 43. What is chronic strain? stressful experience that is a usual but continually stressful aspect of life 44. What is harm? assessment of the damage that has already been done by an event 45. What is karoshi? death from overwork 46. What is oxytocin? stress hormone, rapidly released in response to at least some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by estrogen, suggesting a particularly important role in the responses of women to stress 47. What is personal- environment fit? the degree to which the needs and resources of a person and the needs and resources of an environment complement each other 48. What is primary appraisal? perception of a new or changing environment as beneficial, neutral, or negative in its consequences; first step in stress and coping 49. What is reactivity? degree of change that occurs in automatic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress 50. What is role conflict? when a person receives conflicting info about work tasks or standards from different individuals 51. What is secondary appraisal? assessment of one's coping abilities and resources: whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat, and challenge of the event 52. What is stress? negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects 53. What is tend-and- befriend? in addition to fight or flight, humans respond to stress with social affiliation and nurturant behavior toward offspring 54. What is the acute stress paradigm? consistently finds that when people perform stressful tasks, they show both psychological distress and strong indications of sympathetic activity and neuroendocrine responses 55. What is the allostatic load? physiological systems within the body fluctuate to meet demands from stress 56. What is the fight-or- flight response? a response to a threat where the body is rapidly aroused and motivated via the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system to attack or flee a threatening stimulus 57. What is the general adaptation syndrome? a profile of how organisms respond to stress 58. What is the importance of primary appraisal? experience of stress is illustrated in a classic study of stress 59. What is threat? assessment of possible future damage that may be brought about by the event 60. What three phases are the general adaptation syndrome characterized by? nonspecific mobilization phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase 61. When does role ambiguity occur? when a person has few clear ideas of what is to be done and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work 62. When events are encountered that are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are labeled as such by the __. cerebral cortex 63. Why are studies of stress in the workplace important? they help identify some of the most common stressors of everyday life; they provide additional evidence for the stress-illness relationship; work stress may be one of our preventable stressors and so provide possibilities for intervention; economics matter 64. Why is research relating chronic stress to mental and physical health outcomes difficult to conduct? it is often hard to show that a particular chronic stressor is the factor contributing to illness 65. Why was the general adaptation syndrome criticized? it assigns a very limited role to psychological factors, and researchers now believe the psychological appraisal of events is critical to experiencing stress; the assumption that responses to stress are the same; concerns over whether it it is the exhaustion of physiological resources or their chronic activation that is most implicated in stress; assessed stress as an outcome