than their neutral atom counterparts. 1) Anion 2. __________ are significantly smaller than their neutral atom counterparts. 1) Cations 3. __________ atoms have less room to stabilize charge by spreading it out; this makes them bond more strongly to water resulting in greater __________ __________ __________. 1) Small 2) Heats of hydration 4. The __________ elements make ions by forming the closest __________ __________ electron configuration. 1) Representative 2) Noble gas 5. __________ form cations; __________ form anions. 1) Metals 2) Nonmetals 6. "[ ]" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates concentration 7. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates standard state conditions 8. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates that a reaction that can reach equilibrium 9. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates resonance structures 10. "" reaction symbol. 1) Indicates change 11. "" when placed above or below a reaction arrow. 1) Indicates the addition of heat 12. 99.98% of naturally occurring hydrogen is __________. 1) Protium 13. According to the photoelectric effect, if the __________ is low enough, no electrons at all will be emitted regardless of the number of photons. 1) Frequency 14. All Group 4A elements but __________ can form two additional bonds with Lewis bases. 1) Carbon 15. All metals but __________ exist as solids at room temperature. 1) Mercury 16. All the 1+ ions formed by Group 1B. 1) Cu+ 2) Ag+ 3) Au+ 4) Hg2+ 17. All the 2+ ions within the periodic table. 1) Mn2+ 2) Fe2+ 3) Co2+ 4) Ni2+ 5) Pt2+ 6) Cu2+ 7) Zn2+ 8) Cd2+ 9) Sn2+ 10) Pb2+ 18. All the 3+ ions within the periodic table. 1) Cr3+ 2) Fe3+ 3) Au3+ 4) Hg3+ 5) Al3+ 6) Bi3+ 19. The amount of actual product formed after a real experiment runs to completion. 1) Actual yield 20. The amount of charge experienced by an electron (the second electron) after shielding. 1) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) 21. The amount of product (expected) to be produced when a reaction runs to completion. 1) Theoretical yield 22. Applied the quantized energy theory to create an electron ladder model for hydrogen with each rung representing an allowed energy level for the electron. 1) Neils Bohr 23. Approximately the mass of one proton or one neutron. 1) Atomic mass unit (amu) 24. Arises from the dual nature of matter and states that there exists an inherent uncertainty in the product of the position of a particle and its momentum, and that this uncertainty is on the order of Planck's constant. 1) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 25. An atom of a specific isotope. 1) Nuclide 26. A bond where two electrons are shared by two nuclei. 1) Covalent bond 27. The building blocks of all compounds that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means. 1) Elements 28. Characteristic of metals that allows them to be easily hammered into thin strips. 1) Malleability 29. Characteristic of metals that allows them to be shiny. 1) Luster EK (C) Lec. 1 - Atoms, Molecules, and Quantum Mechanics - Notecards Study online at quizlet.com/_rb4b3 30. Characteristic of metals that allows them to transfer energy in the form of electricity. 1) Electrical conductivity 31. Characteristic of metals that allows them to transfer energy in the form of heat. 1) Thermal conductivity 32. Characteristic of metals that make them easily stretchable. 1) Ductility 33. A chemical written above a reaction arrow. 1) Indicates a catalyst 34. The combination of protons and neutrons within the nucleus. 1) Nucleons 35. Completely unreactive, sometimes even being called inert gases. 1) Noble gases 36. Crystal that are single metal atoms bonded together by delocalized electrons, which allow then to efficiently conduct heat and electricity, and be malleable and ductile. 1) Metallic crystals 37. Crystal that consists of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces; salts are a common example 1) Ionic crystal 38. Crystals that are composed of individual molecules held together by intermolecular bonds; ice is a common example. 1) Molecular crystals 39. Crystals that consist of an infinite network of atoms held together by polar and nonpolar bonds; diamond and crystal SiO2 are common examples. Network covalent crystals 40. Defined by carbon-12, where one atom of 12C has an atomic weight of 12 amu. 1) Atomic mass unit (amu) 41. Demonstrates that electromagnetic energy is quantized (i.e. comes only in discrete units related to the wave frequency). 1) Planck's quantum theory 42. Describes the electrostatic forces holding an electron to its nucleus. 1) Coulomb's law 43. Designates the shell level of an atom. 1) Principal quantum number (n) 44. Designates the subshell in an atom and the shape. 1) Azimuthal quantum number (l) 45. Designes the precise orbital of a given subshell within an atom. 1) Magnetic quantum number (ml) 46. Each horizontal row in the periodic table. 1) Period 47. Each vertical column in the periodic table. 1) Groups or families 48. Electron affinity values for the noble gases are ___________. 1) Endothermic 49. An electron can only transition to a higher energy level through absorbing a ___________. 1) Photon 50. An electron that absorbs energy will jump to a higher energy level, entering an __________ state. 1) Excited 51. Electrons move easily from one __________ atom to the next transferring energy or change in the form of heat or electricity. 1) Metal 52. The electrons which contribute most to an element's chemical properties located in the outermost shell of an atom. 1) Valence electrons (VE) 53. Element that can form two, three, four, or even six bonds through the ability of pi bonding. 1) Sulfur 54. Element unique in that its chemical and physical characteristics do not conform well to any family; it is a nonmetal that is a colorless, odorless, diatomic gas. 1) Hydrogen 55. Elements that are harder, more dense, and melt at higher temperatures than alkali metals. 1) Alkaline earth metals 56. Elements that can form 3 covalent bonds. 1) Group 5A elements 57. Elements that can form four covalent bonds with nonmetals. 1) Group 4A elements 58. Elements that can further bond with a Lewis base to form a sixth covalent bond. 1) Group 5A elements 59. Elements that form 2+ cations and are less reactive than alkali metals. 1) Alkaline earth metals 60. Elements that react exothermically with water to produce the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas, and in nature, exist only in compounds. 1) Alkali metals 61. Elements that react with hydrogen to form hydrides such as NaH. 1) Alkali metals 62. Elmenets with low densities and low melting points that easily form 1+ cations and are highly reactive, reacting with most nonmetals to form ionic compounds. 1) Alkali metals 63. Energy is always required to break/form a bond? 1) Energy is always required to break a bond 64. The energy necessary to achieve a complete separation between two atoms. 1) Bond dissociation energy (bond energy) 65. The energy necessary to detach a second electron from the same atom. 1) Second ionization energy 66. The energy necessary to detach an electron from a neutral atom. 1) First ionization energy 67. The energy necessary to detach an electron from a nucleus. 1) Ionization energy 68. The energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. 1) Electron affinity 69. Equation defining the relationship between an amu and grams. 1) 6.022x10^23 amu = 1 gram 70. Equation for Coulomb's law. 1) F = (kq1q2)/(r^2) 71. Equation for determining the number of total electrons within an orbital within a shell. 1) (n^2)*2 72. Equation for determining the number of total orbitals within a shell. 1) n^2 73. Equation for Planck's quantum theory. 1) E = hf Where, E = change in energy h = Planck's constant (6.626x10^-34 J*s) f = frequency 74. Equation for the energy of a photon. 1) Ephoton = hf Where, Ephoton = energy of the photon h = Planck's constant (6.626x10^-34 J*s) f = frequency 75. Equation for the KE of an ejected electron. 1) KE = hf - Where, KE = kinetic energy h = Planck's constant (6.626x1-^-34 J*s) f = frequency = work function of the metal 76. Equation for the percent yield. 1) (Actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100 77. Equation for wavelength of a photon. 1) = h/(m*v) 78. Equation to determine moles of a substance given in grams. 1) Moles = grams / atomic or molecular weight 79. Explain how a covalent bond works. 1) In a covalent bond, negatively charged electrons are pulled toward both positive charged nuclei by electrostatic forces. This "tug of war" between the nuclei for the electrons hold the atoms together; coming too close together, and the positively charged nuclei repel one another. Nonetheless, these repulsive and attractive forces achieve a balance to create a bond 80. The first quantum number. 1) Principal quantum number (n) 81. Five characteristics that distinguish metals. 1) Ductility 2) Malleability 3) Thermal conductivity 4) Electrical conductivity 5) Luster 82. For the __________ __________ the principal quantum number for electrons in the outermost shell is given by the period in the periodic table; for the __________ __________ it lags one shell behind the period; for the __________ and __________ it lags two shells behind the period. 1) Representative elements 2) Transition metals 3) Lanthanides and actinides 83. Formula for detailing the exact number of elemental atoms in each molecule. 1) Molecular formula 84. Four examples of physical reactions. 1) Melting 2) Evaporation 3) Dissolution 4) Rotation of polarized light 85. The four orbital shapes of the azimuthal quantum number (l). 1) s (l = 0) 2) p (l = 1) 3) d (l = 2) 4) f (l = 3) 86. The four reaction types. 1) Combination 2) Decomposition 3) Single displacement (single replacement) 4) Double displacement (double replacement or metathesis) 87. The four types of crystals. 1) Ionic 2) Network covalent 3) Metallic 4) Molecular 88. The fourth quantum number. 1) Electron spin quantum number (ms) 89. Group 1A elements. 1) Alkali metals 90. Group 2A elements. 1) Alkaline earth metals 91. The Group 6A elements. 1) Chalcogens 92. The Group 7A elements. 1) Halogens 93. Group of elements that are all gases at room temperature. 1) Noble (inert) gases 94. Group of elements that generally have lower melting points than metals and form negative ions. 1) Nonmetals 95. Group of elements that have diverse appearances and chemical behaviors. 1) Nonmetals 96. Group of elements that have large atoms that tend to lose electrons to form positive ions or form positive oxidation states. 1) Metals 97. Group of elements that have some characteristics that resemble metals and some that resemble nonmetals. 1) Metalloids 98. Groups of atoms that form repeated, separate, and distinct units in molecular compounds. 1) Molecule 99. Halogens are highly reactive; of the group, __________ and __________ are diatomic gases at room temperature; __________ is a diatomic liquid; and __________ is a diatomic solid. 1) Fluorine 2) Chlorine 3) Bromine 4) Iodine 100. Halogens other than __________ can take an oxidation state as high as +7 when bonding to highly EN atoms like oxygen. 1) Fluorine 101. Has a sharp melting point and a characteristic shape with a well ordered structure of repeating units which can be atoms, molecules, or ions. 1) Crystal 102. Holds together the nucleons. 1) Strong nuclear force 103. Holds together the three quarks that make up each nucleon. 1) Strong nuclear force 104. How do you calculate the percent composition of an element by mass? 1) Multiply an atom's atomic weight by the number of atoms it contributes to the empirical formula 2) Divide the result by the weight of all the atoms in the empirical formula 3) Multiply the fraction by 100 to have the percent composition by mass 105. Hydrogen combines with all halogens to form gaseous __________ __________ that are soluble in water forming __________ __________. 1) Hydrogen halides 2) Hydrohalic acids 106. Identifies a potential isotope of an element. 1) Number of neutrons 107. The identity number of any element. 1) Atomic number 108. In Hund's rule, upward arrows represent electrons with __________ spin, and downward arrows represent electrons with __________ spin. 1) Positive 2) Negative 109. In nature, oxygen exists as O2 (__________) and O3 (__________). 1) Dioxygen 2) Ozone 110. Ions with the same number of electrons. 1) Isoelectric ions 111. The larger this quantum number, the greater the size and energy of the electron orbital. 1) Principal quantum number (n) 112. A listing of the shells and subshells in order from lowest to highest energy level, with a superscript to show the number of electrons in each subshell for a given atom. 1) Electron configuration 113. Lists the elements from left to right in the order of their atomic numbers. 1) Periodic table 114. The lower the energy level of a system, the more __________ the system. 1) Stable 115. The mass of one _____________ is over 1800 times smaller than the mass of a nucleon. 1) Electron 116. Metals typically form __________ __________ such as BaO. 1) Iron oxides 117. The minimum amount of energy required to eject an electron. 1) The work function () of the metal 118. Molecular substances are typically made from this group of elements within the periodic table. 1) Nonmetals 119. The most common form of pure sulfur. 1) The yellow solid S8 120. The most common form of sulfur found in nature. 1) Na2S 121. The most commonly used measurement of EN that ranges from values of 0.79 for cesium to a value of 4.0 for fluorine. 1) Pauling scale 122. Named after their cation and anion. 1) Ionic compounds 123. Nature tends to seek the ___________ energy state. 1) Lowest 124. Nonmetals typically form __________ __________ such as SiO2 or CO2. 1) Covalent oxides 125. The nuclear charge Z minus the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. 1) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) 126. The number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of 12C. 1) Mole (Avogadro's number, 6.022x10^23) 127. The number of protons plus neutrons. 1) Mass number 128. The number of protons. 1) Atomic number 129. Of the 4A elements, what is the only element that forms strong pi bonds to make strong double and even triple bonds? 1) Carbon 130. Of the 5 periodic trends: Which increase going from left to right and bottom to top? 1) Energy of Ionization (ionization energy) 2) Electron affinity 3) Electronegativity 131. Of the 5 periodic trends: Which increase going from right to left and top to bottom? 1) Atomic radius 2) Metallic character 132. Of the Group 5A elements, what is the only element that cannot form five covalent bonds through using d orbitals? 1) Nitrogen 133. Only Group 5A element that can form four covalent bonds by donating its lone pair of electrons to form a bond. 1) Nitrogen 134. The point where the energy level between the two atoms is the lowest. 1) Bond length 135. Positive ions are called __________; negative ions, __________. 1) Cations 2) Anions 136. Quantum number that has values of either -1/2 or +1/2. 1) Electron spin quantum number (ms) 137. The reactant that is completely used up if the reaction were run to completion. 1) Limiting reagent 138. A reaction that moves to the right until the supply of at least one of the reactants is depleted. 1) Running to completeion 139. Reaction type that assumes the form: A +BC -> B + AC 1) Single displacement (single replacement) 140. Reaction type that assumes the form: AB + CD -> AD + CB 1) Double displacement (double replacement or metathesis) 141. Reaction type that assumes the form: C -> A+B 1) Decomposition 142. Reaction type that assumes the form: A+B -> C 1) Combination 143. The relative number of atoms of one element to another represented by a ratio of whole numbers. 1) Empirical formula 144. Rules for naming acids. Acids are named based on their anions: 1) If the name of the anion ends in -ide, the acid name starts with hydro- and ends in - ic, as in hydrosulfuric acid (H2S) 2) If the acid is an oxyacid, the ending -ic is used for the species with more oxygens and -ous for the species with fewer oxygens, as in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sulfurous acid (H2SO3). 145. Rules for naming an ionic compound. 1) Put the cation name in front of the anion name as in barium sulfate (BaSO4) or sodium hydride (NaH) 146. Rules for naming binary molecular compounds (compounds with only two elements). 1) Name begins with the name of the elect that is farthest to the left and lowest in the periodic table; name of the second element is given the suffix -ide and a Greek number prefix is used on the first element if necessary (e.g. dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4) 147. Rules for naming ionic compounds with different charges. 1) If the cation is metal and capable of having different charges (copper 1+ or 2+), then its name is followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses (copper (I) ion or copper (II) ion) 2) Older method is to add -ic ending of the cation with the greater positive charge and -ous to the cation with the smaller charge, as in cupric (Cu2+) and cuprous (Cu+) ions. 4) If the cation is made from a nonmetal, the cation name ends in -ium such as ammonium (NH4+) 148. Rules for naming monatomic and polyatomic anions. 1) Monoatomic anions and simply polyatomic anions are given the suffix -ide, such as hydride ion (H-) or hydroxide ion (OH-) 2) Polyatomic anions with multiple oxygen send with the suffix -ite or -ate depending upon the relative number of oxygens -More oxygenated receives -ate suffix, such as nitrite ion (NO2-) versus nitrate ion (NO3-). -If there are more possibilities, prefixes hypo- (least) and per- (most) are used; as in hypochlorite (ClO-), chlorite (ClO2-), chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-) 3) If an oxyanion has a hydrogen, the word hydrogen is added as in hydrogen carbonation ion (HCO3-) 149. The second most EN element that is divalent and can form strong pi bonds to make double bonds. 1) Oxygen 150. The second quantum number. 1) Azimuthal quantum number (l) 151. The section A group elements from the periodic table. 1) Representative (or main- group elements) 152. The section B group elements from the periodic table. 1) Transition metals 153. The seven base units in the SI system that correspond with the following physical quantities: 1) Mass 2) Length 3) Time 4) Electric current 5) Temperature 6) Luminous intensity 7) Amount of substance 1) Mass = Kilogram (kg) 2) Length = Meter (m) 3) Time = Second (s) 4) Electric current = Ampere (A) 5) Temperature = Kelvin (K) 6) Luminous intensity = Candela (cd) 7) Amount of substance = Mole (mol) 154. Showed that electrons and other moving masses exhibit wave characteristics that follow the equation = h/(m*v) 1) Louis de Broglie 155. Small atoms don't have __________ orbitals available to them for bond formation; any atom without this orbital cannot make more than four bonds. 1) d 156. A solid with not characteristic shape that melts over a temperature range. 1) Amorphous solid 157. Solids with repeated structural units. 1) Polymers 158. States that any orbital on the subshell of any atom can only hold up to two electrons and no more. 1) Electron spin quantum number (ms) 159. States that each subshell within an atom will have orbitals with quantum numbers from -l to +1. 1) Magnetic quantum number (ml) 160. States that electrons will not fill any orbital in the same subshell until all orbitals in that subshell contain at least one electron, and the unpaired electrons will have parallel spins. 1) Hund's rule 161. States that elementary particles can only gain or lose energy and certain other quantities in discrete units. 1) Quantum mechanics 162. States that no two electrons in the same atom have the same four quantum numbers. 1) The Pauli Exclusion principle 163. States that the KE of electrons increases only when intensity is increased by increasing the frequency of each photon. 1) Photoelectric effect 164. States that the more we know about the momentum of any particle. the less we can know about the position, and vice-versa. 1) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 165. States that with each new proton added to cease a new element, a new electron is added as well. 1) Aufbau principle 166. A substance made from two or more elements in definite proportions. 1) Compound 167. Symbol representing the mass number, or number of protons plus neutrons. 1) A 168. Symbol repressing the atomic number, or number of protons. 1) Atomic number 169. Tend to get smaller with increasing atomic number because more protons pull inward on the same number of electrons. 1) Isoelectric ions 170. The tendency of an atom to attract a electron in a bond that it share with another atom. 1) Electronegativity (EN) 171. The third quantum number. 1) Magnetic quantum number (ml) 172. Three examples of chemical reactions. 1) Combustion 2) Metathesis 3) Redox 173. The three important isotopes of hydrogen. 1) Protium (1H) 2) Deuterium (2H) 3) Tritium (3H) 174. The three second period elements that are small enough to form strong pi bonds. 1) Carbon 2) Nitrogen 3) Oxygen 175. The three sections the period table is divided into. 1) Nonmetals (on the right; dark orange) 2) Metals (on the left; light orange) 3) Metalloids (yellow-shaded diagonal that separates metals from nonmetals) 176. Through the photoelectric effect, the KE of electrons only increases when the intensity is increased by increasing the __________ of each photon. 1) Frequency 177. Tiny particles all mass consists of. 1) Atoms 178. Trend for atomic radius. 1) Increases from left to right and top to bottom on the periodic table 179. Trend for electron affinity. 1) Increases from left to right and bottom to top on the periodic table 180. Trend for EN. 1) Increases from left to right and bottom to top on the periodic table. 181. Trend for ionization energy. 1) Increases from left to right and bottom to top on the periodic table 182. Trend for metallic character. 1) Increases from right to left and top to otto on the periodic table. 183. Trend for Zeff (effective nuclear charge). 1) Increases going from left to right and from top to bottom on the periodic table -Each additional electron is pulled more strongly toward the nucleus 184. True or False: Energy is released during the breaking of any bonds. 1) FALSE: Energy is NEVER re;eased when breaking a bond 185. True or False: Every element has an EN value. 1) FALSE: EN values are UNDEFINED for NOBLE GASES. 186. True or False: Heavier alkaline earth metals react equivalently to lighter alkaline earth metals. 1) FALSE: Heavier alkaline earth metals are MORE reactive than lighter alkaline earth metals 187. True or False: Isotopes have similar physical properties. 1) FALSE: Isotopes have similar CHEMICAL properties 188. True or False: It is possible for more than one electron in the same atom to have the same quantum numbers. 1) FALSE: It is NOT possible for more than one electron in the same atom to have the same quantum numbers. 189. True or False: Neutrons are a bit smaller in mass contrasted to protons. 1) FALSE: Protons and Neutrons are approximately equal in size and mass (neutrons are very slightly heavier) 190. True or False: The noble gases follow every periodic trend. 1) FALSE: The noble gases DO NOT follow the trends for EN and electron affinity 191. Two atoms will only form a bond if they can ___________ their overall energy level by doing so. 1) Lower 192. Two or more atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons. 1) Isotopes 193. The two types of solids. 1) Crystalline 2) Amorphous 194. Typically, only electrons from the __________ and __________ shells are considered VE. 1) s 2) p 195. When a compound undergoes a reaction and changes its molecular structure to form a new compound. 1) Chemical reaction 196. When a compound undergoes a reaction and maintains its molecular structure and identity. 1) Physical reaction 197. When an electron falls from a __________ energy rung to a __________ energy rung, energy is released from the atom in the form of a photon. 1) Higher 2) Lower 198. When an element has more or fewer electrons than protons. 1) Ion 199. When in compounds, __________ always has an oxidation state of -1, which means it can only make one bond, while other halogens can make more than one bond. 1) Fluorine 200. When nuclear charge is reduced by one electron so the second electron doesn't feel the entire nuclear charge. 1) Shielding 201. When the transition metals form ions, they lose electrons from their __________ subshell first and then from their __________ subshell. 1) s 2) d 202. Why can't large atoms easily form pi bonds? 1) The p orbitals on atoms that are too big don't overlap significantly, so it is more difficult to form pi bonds. 203. Why is the second ionization energy always greater than the first? 1) After removing the first electron, the effective nuclear charge on the other electrons incases (the positive pull on the electrons from the nucleus; a loss of electrons causes this to increase due to decreased shielding) 204. The willingness of an atom to accept an additional electron. 1) Electron affinity