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Chapter Four Experimental Work

Chapter Four
Experimental Work
4.1 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
4.1.1 Guarded Hot-Plate (GHP) Aaratus
This technique shown schematically in figure (4-1) is the oldest methods,
probably the most well-known and documented, and until the early 19!s the
most widely used method of measuring the thermal resistance characteristics
of thermal insulations"
#ssentially the method establishes a temperature difference across the
insulation and e$aluates the %a$erage& property of the specimen consisting of
two closely similar pieces of a test material product or system that sandwich a
main and guard heating unit to which constant power input is supplied and
constant temperature maintained"
The surfaces of the specimen are normally in contact with metal plates
which are an integral part of the heating and cooling units" Temperature
measurement of the specimen is undertaken with temperature sensors,
embedded with the surfaces of the plates"
The main'guard heater unit is in two distinct parts, namely the central
metering section surrounded by an independent guard& ring& with a small air
gap between them, usually contain loose-filled insulation, to minimi(e lateral
heat conduction" The specimen should also be of a similar form )*+"
44
Chapter Four Experimental Work
4.1.! "tandard #e$uirements
Test equipment for the determination of the thermal conducti$ity should
comply with the following requirements according to ,-T. / 1-01 )1*+ 2
3- #4 1*114 )55+,
1" 6ot plate7 The de$iation in flatness of the face of hot plate shall not
e8ceed !"* mm" The plate consist of two sections, the inner heater
surface plate section is the metered region, while the outer heater
surface plate is guarded region"
*" /old plate7 The de$iation in flatness of the face of cold plate shall not
e8ceed !"* mm and the temperature of the cold plate should be
maintained constant to within 19 of the temperature difference
across the specimens"
5" :ap7 The gap between the metered and guarded heater shall be
uniform, and its width should be optimi(ed to minimi(e gap heat
flow" The gap areas are about ;9 of metered area and its width
should not e8ceed ; mm"
4" Temperature measuring )14+"
;" /lamping force"
1" Thermal insulation of apparatus"
4.1.% Ma&in' Guarded Hot-Plate Aaratus
The guarded hot plate was fabricated according to ,-T. /-1 2 3- #4
1*114 as follow7
a- Hot-Plate
Main Heater( heater plate consist of resistance wire made of 4ickel-
/hrome (4i-/r) wounded $ery uniformly and equally between two faces of
mica plate with dimension of (19! 19! !";) mm as shown in figure (4-*)"
4;
Chapter Four Experimental Work
Guarded Heater( made of hollow square plate of mica rounding the main
heater, and consist of wire (4i-/r) wounded $ery uniformly, the dimension of
the inner area is (*!!*!!) mm, and the outer area is (5!!5!!) mm as shown
in figure (4-*)"
)- Cold*Plate
, carbon steel plate of * mm thick was used to obtain the cold plate bo8
with dimensions (5!!<5!!) mm" There are fi$e baffles to get water flow= with
spacing between them of ;! mm" The details of cold plate are shown in figure
(4-5)" The temperature of cold plate was almost constant"
c- Temerature Measurements
Temperature was measured using thermocouple type >, with diameter
(!";mm) and has a temperature range from (-1!! to 1!!)

?/" usually the
thermocouples were calibrated to reduce the errors in temperature
measurements" The @unctions of thermocouple were distributed in the
apparatus and o$er each face of apparatus in the positions as shown in figure
(4-4) 2 figure (4-;) respecti$ely )14+"
d- Coolin' "ystem
This system consists of a container with a capacity of (*!! l)" The system
also has a water pump to circulate the water during the test period with any
desired discharge to maintain the cold-plat temperature constant" AtBs shown in
figure (4-1)"
41
Chapter Four Experimental Work
e- +lectrical Po,er Measurements
The main heater and the guard heater were supplied with ,"/" electrical
power supply" Cigital clamp meter was used to measure the $oltage and
current with accuracy equal to (1) D and (1!!) m, respecti$ely" The power
input to the main heater was measured by means of Dolt-Eattmeter with
accuracy equal to F59 of full scale" To control the power input= thermal
$ariable resistance was added to the circuit and it illustrate at figure (4-)
f- Analo' -i'ital Converter (A/D)
Gor fully automated testing, the equipment is supplied with dedicated
computer interface hardware, and operating software and the test proceeds
unattended until completion" (,'C) recei$es the data from the guarded hot
plate thermocouples and enters them to personal computer (H/) to analy(e the
data" The thermocouples used in the apparatus were calibrated and so ad@ust
the hardware of the (,'C) according to it"
'- Thermal .nsulation
The apparatus must be insulated by using insulations materials" 6eater plate
and the specimens could be insulated by glass wool to reduce the heat loss
from the edge of the heater and specimens"

h- +nvironmental Cham)er
AtBs a well insulated metal bo8 with dimension of (4!<4!<;!) cm useIs to
maintain the ambient thermal condition constant during the e8periment" ,nd
itBs equipped with hand compression system to produce loads on the spaceman
as shown in figure (4-0)"

4
Chapter Four Experimental Work
4.1.4 Guarded Hot-Plate Test Methods
The test was carried out according to ,-T. /-1-01 2 3- #4 1*114" The
cold plate was supplied with constant water temperature at flow rate into two
cold plates" #lectrical power was supplied to the heaters" The heat will flow
$ertically through the specimens" Two samples of the materials to be tested are
placed on either side of a flat plated heater assembly consisting of an
electrically heated inner plated (main heater) surrounded by a guard heater"
The heated manually is carefully controlled to maintain the same temperature
on both side of the gap separating the main and the guard heaters" This
pre$ents lateral heat flow from the main heated and ensures that all heat
energy flows in the direction of the two samples" Jn the opposite sides of the
samples there are additional flat plate heaters (the KcoldK plates) that are
controlled at a fi8ed temperature selected by the operator system" Gor a gi$en
heat input to the main heated, the hot plate assembly rises in temperature until
the system reaches equilibrium" The final hot plate temperature depends on the
electrical power input, the thermal resistance of the sample, and the
temperature of the cold plate" The a$erage thermal conducti$ity, k of the
samples is determined from the Gourier heat flow equation7-
)" ' ( L T kA Q
t
=
(4-1)
Ehere k is the thermal conducti$ity (E'm"?/) of the sample, L is the heat
flow through one sample witch equal to the electrical power input to the main
heater (E) di$ided by two, ,
t
is the main heater surface area plus half that of
the gap (m
*
), M is the thickness of sample (m), and NT is the temperature
difference across the sample (?/)"
4.1./ Cali)ration of Guarded Hot-Plate aaratus (GHP)
40
Chapter Four Experimental Work
The :uarded 6ot-Hlate apparatus (:6H) was calibrated by reference
materials e"g" (polystyrene and glass wool)" The results of calibration were
identity for what shown in Table (4"1)" The :uarded 6ot-Hlate apparatus
(:6H) works at range temperature between room temperature to *!! ?/ and
has accuracy of F9"
The steady state and the transitory method are adopted in this measurement"
The e8perimental thermal conducti$ity coefficient $alues measured by(:6H)
may be differ from the actual $alues owing to some errors in fabrication
and'or application such as, errors caused by poor side insulations, and errors
caused by gap and unbalance between main and guard heated" Jptimum
performance of our instrument was adopted using the following equation (5-;)
in pre$ious chapter, for more detail of calculation see ,ppendi8 ,"
4.! Prearation of the "amle.
Girst of all the straw were dried for (1*-hour) in direct sun light" ,nd later
on, the straw was cut into pieces of (5!) cm long" Then the pieces where
categori(ed into three categories according to there diameters, they are7 -
(small (0-1!) mm, medium (1!-1*) mm, large (1*-1;) mm)"
Mater the samples were formed by the pieces of straw from medium
category and they were nearly (*;) pieces for one row of straw"
49
Chapter Four Experimental Work
The first group of specimens are consist of two (straw pieces) row of witch
made parallel and glued to each other as it shown in figure (4-9) with two
sample thicknesses of (*;,;!) mm and weight (EO!"5,!"1) kg respecti$ely"
The second group of specimens are consist of two (straw pieces) row of
witch made 9!
P
across arrangement and glued to each other as it shown in
figure (4-1!) also with two sample thicknesses of (*;,;!) mm and weight
(EO!"5,!"1) kg respecti$ely"

The third group of specimens are consist of pressed straw with glue material
and ha$e dimensions (5!<5!<1";) cm, as it shown in figure (4-11)" :lue
weightBs witch is used in all specimens not e8ceed (*;) 9 from spacemen total
weight"
,fter specimen forming, they were dried also (*4) hour to make sure that
the specimens ha$e the lowest moisture $alue to reduce the error"
4.% Test of reared "amle.
4.%.1 The "teady-"tate Method.
,s maintained pre$iously this technique generally calculate the mean
temperature difference between the upper and the lower faces of the
spacemen, witch generated by the guarded heater, through the test= the cold-
plate ha$e to controlled by means of cooling system witch control the constant
temperature cold water pumping into the cold-pale)1*+, then the temperatures
measured by thermocouples placed as shown pre$iously so the ,'C sends this
data to H/ to sa$e it, when there were so little change at these temperatures
then the steady-state were reached and by applying the #quation (5-;) will
find the e8perimental thermal conducti$ity witch may corrected by
;!
Chapter Four Experimental Work
multiplying it by the ratio (k'k
e8p
)" Gor more detail of calculations see
,ppendi8 3"
The test where carry on for each specimen types" The ma8imum time for the
tests to reach the steady-state were not e8ceed 14 hour"
,lso the influence of thermal contact resistance Q
c
was studied for deferent
loads, by using equation (*-*0) and two different thickness specimens, to
make two equations ha$e two unknowns, witch can be sol$ed to find the
unknown $ariables (k, Q
c
)"
4.%.! The Transitory Method.
.any measurements were made= the most important one is the temperature-
time for the $arious spacemen types" The heating process carried on and the
$ariation of temperature with time was sa$ed at the H/ by the ,'C witch
recei$es the data from the thermocouples e$ery ten minutes" The coldRplate
may be kept at constant temperature as possible" 3y the procedure mentioned
in section 5"*"1 the thermal conducti$ity can be calculated from equation
(5-1)"
;1
Chapter Four Experimental Work
4.4 Measurement of "ound Transmission.
4.4.1 The 0uiet #oom.
Ciamant )1+ describes a method of measuring the sound transmission across
a test wall" To measure the sound transmission" , room was pro$ide with
separation wall, The wall constructs of polystyrene , each part of the room has
a $olume of 11"50 m
5
(*"1<*"*;<*"0 m) as in Gigure (4-1*)" Gigure (4-15)
illustrate the points where the sound data taken (,ll points are at le$el 1"; m)"
4.4.! 1oise 'eneration.
,S octa$e bands of noise are produced in one room by H/ program named
4/6 tone generation (-upports frequencies from 16( to ** k6( bandwidth),
witch produces sounds with different frequency )5*+"
4.4.% Measurin' "ound 2evel.
.easuring -ound Me$el well be made by sound le$el tester as in Gigure
(4-14) in witch it calibrated as in reference C" ,t each frequency, -ound le$els
are measured at the all points in each room part"
4.4.4 Procedure for evaluatin' sin'le-num)er $uantities.
The single-number quantities is the $alue, in decibels, of the reference
cur$e at ;!! 6( after shifting it according to ref" )5*+"
a. #eference values.
The set of reference $alues used for comparison with measurement results is
specified in table (4-*)"The reference cur$es are shown in figure (4-19))5*+"
;*
Chapter Four Experimental Work
). Method of comarison 3%14.
To e$aluate the single-number quantities the reference cur$e is shifted in
steps of 1 d3 towards the measured cur$e until the mean unfa$orable
de$iation, calculated by di$iding the sum of the unfa$orable de$iation by the
total number of measurement frequencies, is as large as possible but no more
than * d3" ,n unfa$orable de$iation at a particular frequency occurs when the
result of measurement is less than the reference $alue" Jnly the unfa$orable
de$iations are taken into account" The $alue, in decibels, of the reference
cur$e at ;!! 6( after shifting it according to this procedure is the -ound
reduction inde8 single-number quantities (Q
s
)" An addition, the ma8imum
unfa$orable de$iation at any frequency shall be recorded, if it e8ceeds 0 d3"

;5
Chapter Four Experimental Work
1-Main Heater
2-Guarded Heater
3-Specimen
4-Cold late
!-"n#ulation
$i%ure &4-1' Sc(ematic Guarded Hot-late
;4
5
5
1 * *
4
4
; ;
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-2' Dimen#ion# o) Main * Guarded Heater
;;
!mm &%ap' 1+,mm
Main
Heater
3,, mm
!
m
m

&
%
a
p
'
1
+
,
m
m
Guarded Heater
3
,
,

m
m
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-3' Dimen#ion# o) Cold -late * .a))le#
;1
!,mm 2!,mm
!
,
m
m
2
!
,
m
m
3
,
,
m
m
!
,

m
m
3,, mm
Chapter Four Experimental Work
1-Main Heater 2-Guarded Heater 3-Specimen 4-Cold late !-
/(ermocouple
$i%ure &4-4' 0unction# o) /(ermocouple#
;
4
4
3
1
3
2 2
!
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-!' 1ocation# o) /(ermocouple# on Main Area Specimen
;0
!,mm
1
+
,
m
m
!
,
m
m
4
Chapter Four Experimental Work
1-Stora%e /ank &2,, l'
2-ump
3-Glo2e 3al4e
4-C(eck 3al4e
!- Cold-late
$i%ure &4-5' Coolin% S6#tem 1a6out
;9
3
!
2
1
!
Chapter Four Experimental Work
1- AC po7er #uppl68
2- Watt meter8
3- Main (eater8
4- Guarded (eater8
!- /(ermal 4aria2le re#i#tance8
$i%ure &4-9' electrical circuit o) t(e apparatu#8
1!
1 ! % 4
/
/
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-:' En4ironmental C(am2er
11
3,,mm
3
,
,
m
m
2
!
m
:lue fill material
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-+' #pecimen 7it( parallel arran%ement
1*
3
,
,
m
m
3,,mm
2
!
m
m
:lue fill material
Chapter Four Experimental Work

$i%ure &4-1,' #pecimen 7it( perpendicular arran%ement
15
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-11' #ample o) Group &3' #tra7 panel#8
14
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-12' #eparation 7all o) t(e ;uiet room8
1;
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-13' /7in #ound c(am2er# )or te#tin% acou#tic in#ulation o) 7all8
11
Moud
speakers
Test -ample
< 0 < 10
< 4 < ;
< *
< 1
< 1
< 1
<
< 5
< 9 < 11
< 14 < 15
< 1! < 11 < 1*
< 1;
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-13' #ound le4el te#ter8
1
Chapter Four Experimental Work
<=mean 4alue
/a2le &4-1' >e)erence and cali2ration data o) di))erence re)erence
in#ulatin% material#8
$i%ure &4-14' C * t(e A/D apparatu#8
10
?&k%/m
3
'
k&W/m
2 @
C'
>e)8A2:B
k&W/m
2 @
C' Exp8 Error
SM< /M< SM /M
Gla## Wool 52 0.038 0.0360 0.0353 5% %
ol6#t6ren
e
30 0.03! 0.036" 0.035 #6% #5%
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-1!' #ample o) Group &1' #tra7 panel#8
$i%ure &4-15' #ample o) Group &2' #tra7 panel#8
19
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-19' Arran%ement# o) t(e %uarded-(ot plate and t(e #pecimen#
and t(e cold-plate8
$i%ure &4-1:'/(e coolin% S6#tem8
!
Chapter Four Experimental Work
/a2le &4-2' Sound re)erence 4alue#8
1
Co
8
D Ecta4e
HF
>
d.
1 "00 33
* "25 36
5 "60 3$
4 200 !2
; 250 !5
1 3"5 !8
!00 5"
0 500 52
9 630 53
1! 800 5!
11 "250 55
1* "600 56
15 2000 56
14 2500 56
1; 3"50 56
Chapter Four Experimental Work
$i%ure &4-1+'/(e Sound re)erence cur4e 8
*

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