Department of Civil Engineering CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING (L) LABORATORY MANUAL !"#! EDITION$ Compile% an% E%ite% &'( GERMAN B) BARLI*+ DT La&orator' E,er-i.e No) # Wood Compression Test Name(Ramo.+ Lalaine G) Date /erforme%( 01ne Co1r.e2Year( B*CE 2 3 t4 Yr) Date *1&mitte%( *e-tion( F #"("" 5 #("" In.tr1-tor( BRO) GERMAN B) BARLI* CE472 Laboratory 1 Abstract A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a compressive load. Compression tests are conducted by loading the test specimen between two plates and then applying a force to the specimen by moving the crossheads together. he compression test is used to determine elastic limit! proportionality limit! yield point! yield strength and compressive strength CE472 Laboratory 1 Photographs CE472 Laboratory 1 Tabulation or Graph CE472 Laboratory 1 Trial no. Load Deformat ion Stress Strain 1 2""" ".17 1.#$2#% ".""1141 2 4""" ".#$ 2.7&472 ".""2%1& # %""" ".'7' 4.177"& ".""#&% 4 &""" ".74 '.'%$44 ".""4$%& ' 1"""" ".$1 %.$%1&"1 ".""%1"$ % 12""" 1.1 &.#'41%1 ".""7#&' 7 14""" 1.# $.74%'21 ".""&72& & 1%""" 1.44 11.1#&&& ".""$%%& $ 1&""" 1.%1 12.'#124 "."1"&"$ 1" 2"""" 1.77 1#.$2#% "."11&&# 11 22""" 1.$ 1'.#1'$% "."127'% 12 24""" 2.11 1%.7" "."141%% 1# 2%""" 2.#2' 1&.1""%& "."1'%"$ 14 2&""" 2.'# 1$.4$#"4 "."1%$&% 1' #"""" 2.7 2".&&'4 "."1&127 1% #2""" 2.$4 22.2777% "."1$7#& 17 #4""" #.17 2#.%7"12 "."212&2 1& #%""" #.4% 2'."%24& "."2#22$ 1$ #&""" #.7# 2%.4'4&4 "."2'"42 2" 4"""" 4."' 27.&472 "."271$ 21 42""" 4.#$ 2$.2#$'% "."2$47# 22 44""" 4.7& #".%#1$2 "."#2"$1 2# 4%""" '.42 #2."242& "."#%#&& 24 4&""" $.2% ##.41%%4 "."%21%$ 1 2 # 4 ' % 7 & $ 1"11121#141'1%171&1$2"21222#24 " 1" 2" #" 4" (tress)(train *iagram (tress (train CE472 Laboratory 1 Sample Calculation 1. CE472 Laboratory 1 Analysis of Data and Result he modulus of elasticity for the parallel sample of +roup no. 7 was much higher for the parallel than for the perpendicular sample, ".'#7#+-a vs. ".4&1 respectively. (ame situation was notice on all the group.s data. he results of mechanical tests performed on wood specimens fre/uently show large scatter because wood is neither homogeneous nor isotropic. 0t is e1tremely di2cult to perform tension tests on wood due to physical problems of gripping the specimen in a testing device. 3or this reason! mechanical tests on wood are usually limited to compression Compression tests of wood are generally performed with the load applied both parallel to! and perpendicular to the grain. he parallel) load tests may be used to determine a modulus of elasticity! a highly variable property for construction lumber! with an upper range of appro1imately 1.& 1 1"% psi! which is about si1 percent that of ferrous metals. 4ood members loaded in the direction perpendicular to the grain include 5oists bearing on beam and other similar situations6! hence! this test is performed mainly for the purpose of establishing minimum standards and speci7cations for this type of loading. he test! also! demonstrates the very small tolerance to loading in this direction compared to that parallel to the grain. he modulus of elasticity determination from the parallel compression tests is done by a successive accumulation of data of simultaneous load and deformation in the same manner it is done for the tensile test of steel. 8ther mechanical properties such as the yield stress and the ultimate stress are selected from the stress)strain curve! although this may not provide a clearly de7ned yield point. 8ne of the most important mechanical properties to be determined is the ultimate stress of wood in compression! because wor9ing stresses de7ned by building codes and other standards usually employ a factor of safety based on this ultimate stress. his results in CE472 Laboratory 1 wor9ing stresses that are fractional values of the ultimate stress! and not the yield stress. he yield stress! therefore! is not a highly important property. CE472 Laboratory 1 Conclusion 4ood proved to be a brittle material in the compression tests. he loading and the resultant behavior in all of the 7gures is 5umpy :not smooth6. his is because wood is anisotropic. ;y nature wood has 9nots. 4ood is irregular in composition. his causes irregularities in the stress vs. strain curves for wood in compression. his also causes irregularities for load vs. displacement for wood in bending. 0n spite of these irregularities! however! the 7gures still e1hibit characteristic behavioral patterns for specimens in compression and bending. his wor9 addressed the correct evaluation of the longitudinal modulus of elasticity :EL6 of wood by compression tests parallel to the grain. he in<uence of parasitic end)e=ect > occurring locally at the contact between the specimen and the compression platens > on the apparent EL modulus was investigated. *i=erent geometries of the specimens were tested in compression! by changing the cross)section area and length. he results obtained by conventional data reduction were compared to values of reference determined from full) 7eld strain measurements provided by a stereovision techni/ue. he stereovision strain measurements are in good agreement with strain)gauge measurements! which is an important validation. 3urthermore! stereovision strain measurements resulted in lower scatter than strain) gauge measurements. CE472 Laboratory 1