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SN PHM
CHT LNG SN PHM
TS. NGUYN VN MINH
KHOA QUN TR KINH DOANH
I HC NGOI THNG
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 2
Cht lng sn phm
I. Khi qut chung
II. Yu cu i vi cht lng SP
III. Ch tiu cht lng
IV. Qu trnh hnh thnh cht lng
V. Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng
VI. Chi ph cht lng
VII. Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 3
Cht lng sn phm
I. Khi qut chung
1.1. Khi nim
t vn
Kt lun:
Lu :
Gi c: hp l, kt hp hi ha vi cng dng
V d:???
Honda: b lm gi TB 500xe/nm
Nn ru ngoi gi
V d: ????
V d: ????
V d:???
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 15
Cht lng sn phm
2.5. Sn phm phi bo m tnh kinh t
V d: ????
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 16
Cht lng sn phm
2.6. Cht lng sn phm phi do ngi tiu
dng quyt nh
I. Ch tiu cht lng
(T c gio trnh [1, tr. 34-40])
Lu cc khi nim sau:
-
Ch tiu cht lng l g?
-
Phn loi ch tiu cht lng.
-
Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng dch v.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 17
Cht lng sn phm
I. Qu trnh hnh thnh cht lng
4.1. Khi nim
Nhu cu ca th trng
Phong tc tp qun
Vn ha, li sng
V d:
Ch trng 4 yu t c bn (4M):
Ngoi ra cn c mt s yu t khc:
Thng tin
Mi trng
Bng tm tt
C
C1
(i-cp)
C
C
C
C2
(j-cp) C
C
=C
C1i
+ C
C2j
C
Q
C
F
C
F1
(n-cp)
C
F2
(m-cp) C
F
=C
F1n
+ C
F2m
C
Q
= C
C
+ C
F
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 30
Cht lng sn phm
6.3. M hnh chi ph cht
lng
M hnh c in (hnh
bn) cho thy tn ti
mt mc cht lng m
CPCL (C
Q0
) l nh
nht.
Tc l cho php tn ti
mt mc sai hng ti u
(C0, Q0).
i ngc vi li ch ca
ngi tiu dng.
C
Q
C
Q
C
C
C
F
Q
0
C
0
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 31
Cht lng sn phm
6.3. M hnh chi ph cht
lng
Cc phng php
QLCL hin i nh
TQM, 6-sigma u
phn u t c
mc ch ny.
C
Q
C
Q
C
C
C
F
Q
0
C
0
T
Q
M
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 32
Cht lng sn phm
6.4. nh gi hiu qu da vo gi tr C
C
v C
F
C=CCt2-CCt1; F=CFt2-CFt1
=CQt/CFt
t vn :
Cht lng l g?
Lu
V d: ???
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 45
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
1. S tham gia ca mi ngi
V d:???
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 46
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
1. Ch trng qun l theo qu trnh lm ng
ngay t u
Qu trnh l g?
V d: ???
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 47
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
1. Ch trng cch tip cn h thng
H thng l g?
Ngn nga ti din: ci tin qui trnh nhm ngn nga hin
tng ti din.
Mt trong nhng
cng c hu hiu
thc hin ci tin
lin tc l Chu trnh
Deming PDCA
(Plan-Do-Check-
Action)
PLAN
CHECK
ACTION
DO
CHU TRNH
PDCA
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 50
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
1. Quyt nh da trn s kin v d liu thc t
Kim tra l g?
Hnh thc kim tra: kim tra CLSP cui cng ( hon chnh)
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 56
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
A. Trc nm 1920 Kim tra cht lng SP cui cng
u im:
Nhc im:
u im:
Nhc im:
u im:
Nhc im:
Zero-defect:
T l ny M: 1 /100.000
Ch :
Qui nh v marketing;
Qui nh v nh xng;
Mt s im lu :
Ni dung ca GMP
Tin hnh xc nh gii hn. T chc kim sot gii hn trn, nhm m
bo cc ch tiu ca SP lun nm trong gii hn cho php.
TQM l g?
M hnh TQM
Khch
hng
Qun l
T
o
n
d
i
n
C
h
t
l
n
g
Lm vic theo nhm v trao quyn
C
a
m
k
t
t
o
n
d
i
n
C i
t
i
n
l
i
n
t
c
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 82
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
2.2.5. Phng php TQM
TQM l phng php QLCL ton din ly khch hng lm trung tm, i
hi mi thnh vin ca t chc tham gia vo qu trnh ci tin khng
ngng nhm mc ch tha mn nhng mong mun v k vng ca
khch hng.
TQM l g?
TQM l phng php QLCL ton din ly khch hng lm trung tm, i
hi mi thnh vin ca t chc tham gia vo qu trnh ci tin khng
ngng nhm mc ch tha mn nhng mong mun v k vng ca
khch hng.
Ci tin lin tc
V d v TQM
6 sigma
o c
Chuyn mn
Vn ha.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 90
Nguyn tc v phng php qun l
cht lng
III. Cc bin php qun l cht lng
3.2. Phng nga
Cc Ban c vn:
Thit lp h thng
Vit thnh vn bn
Vit ra nhng g cn lm
Lm ng nhng g vit
V d:???
V d: ???
C
u
n
g
n
g
Sn
x
u
t
K
i
m
t
r
a
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 107
Chng 4. Qun l cht lng DN
2.3. Phng nga hn khc phc
V d: ???
V d: ???
Cc bc c bn:
Cc bc c bn:
Cu hi:
o to v cht lng;
T nh gi ni b:
Cu hi:
Mc ch o to:
Gip nhn vin thc hin cng vic tt hn, trnh m h v cng
vic.
Ngi bin son ti liu l ngi ang thc thi cc cng vic s
c cp trong ti liu.
Sau khi phc tho xong, nn lun chuyn bn tho cho nhiu
ngi trong cng b phn v cp qun l xem xt v gp .
V d:
V d:
nh gi cht lng ni b;
nh gi gim st.
3.3.1. nh gi cht lng ni b
V d:
Cho tp hp s nh sau:
(101, 102, 99, 101, 3, 102, 102, 99, 101)
p s: = 2.828
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 145
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
1.4. Phn b chun
Da vo ba gi tr ny liu ta c th ch ra c s
phn b cc d liu hay khng?
Biu tn sut
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
nh ca ng cong
l 26pht=x.
Biu c dng hnh
chung.
S liu c la chn
minh ha cho khi
nim: ng phn b
chun.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 149
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
1.4. Phn b chun
n
S
u
t
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 150
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
1.4. Phn b chun
Lng mu rt ra t mt l SP gi l c mu v
c k hiu bng n.
- lch chun;
a -s trung bnh;
x - s liu thu thp qua kim tra
n- c l;
p- t l khuyt tt;
np- s khuyt tt;
C s chp nhn.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 159
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
2.2. Mc cht lng c chp nhn (AQL Acceptable Quality Level)
Cch lm:
Gi T
U
l gii hn dung sai trn v T
L
l gii hn dung sai
di, ta c:T
U
= l+0,05=52,05; T
L
= l-0,05=51,95.
V th biu din
T
U
T
L
x
Kt lun:
Cc gi tr ca
mu u nm
trong phn dung
sai cho php.
Cc gi tr c xu
hng tip cn
ng dung sai
di.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 165
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
2.5. nh gi nng lc ca qu trnh
Nng lc qu trnh l g?
T
L
<x3<T
U
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 166
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
2.5. nh gi nng lc ca qu trnh
Gi tr x-3<T
L
tc nm
ngoi gi tr dung sai di,
nh vy qu trnh ny chc
chn s c nguy c to ra
ph phm > Qu trnh
khng nng lc.
Qu trnh khng nng
lc tn ti ngay c khi gi
tr trung bnh mu th
nghim u trong phm vi
dung sai cho php.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 167
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
2.5. nh gi nng lc ca qu trnh
CP ch s nng lc ca qu trnh;
T
U
, T
L
gii hn dung sai trn v di;
T
U
T
L
cn c gi l Khong bin thin thit k; 6 khong
bin thin thc t.
Nu C
P
<1 qu trnh khng nng lc;
V biu (t l - tn sut)
26,63
26,63
100,00
Tn sut tch ly, %
T l, %
49,11
63,31
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 181
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
3.3. Biu Pareto
Cc bc thc hin:
1) Thu thp s liu ca hai i lng, iu tra mi quan
h v lp phiu ghi s liu (khong chng 50-100
nhm s liu);
2) Th hin mi quan h trn biu ;
3) Nghin cu biu tm ra mi tng quan.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 183
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
3.3. Biu phn tn
Cc bc thc hin:
1) Thu thp s liu ca hai i lng, iu tra mi quan
h v lp phiu ghi s liu (khong chng 50-100
nhm s liu);
2) Th hin mi quan h trn biu ;
3) Nghin cu biu tm ra mi tng quan.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 184
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
3.3. Biu phn tn
1) Hai i lng X, Y
khng c mi tng
quan r rng;
2) Hai i lng c mi
tng quan khng i;
3) Hai i lng c mi
tng quan nghch;
4) Hai i lng c mi
tng quan thun.
Y
X 1)
2)
3)
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 185
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
3.4. Lu (flowchart)
Tc dng ca lu :
Cc bc thc hin:
Xc nh im bt u v im bt u v im kt thc mt
qu trnh;
Nhn s (men);
Thit b (Machine);
nh gi cht lng ni b;
nh gi bn ngoi bn th hai;
nh gi bn ngoi bn th ba.
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 193
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
4.1.2. Cc loi hnh nh gi cht lng
Loi hnh nh gi Mc ch nh gi Ngi thc hin
nh gi cht lng ni
b
Nhm nhn c cc
thng tin gip DN ci
tin, phng nga, khc
phc v hon thin
HTQLCL
Chnh DN
nh gi ca bn th hai Nhm xc nh DN c
phi l mt nh cung cp
tin cy khng.
Khch hng ca
DN
nh gi ca bn th ba DN t c chng
ch cht lng
Cc c quan nh
gi c lp
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 194
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
nh gi cht lng ni b
T cng ty t vn;
Cc bc thc hin:
Thnh lp
o to
Thc hin
nh gi bn th hai
nh gi bn th ba
nh gi bn th ba
S t chc dch v cng nhn (ti M)
NIST
RAB
BVQI (BVCV)
Doanh nghip cn c chng nhn
National Institute of Standadrs and
Technology
Registrator Accepditation Bureau
C quan chng nhn c lp - Anh
Nguyn Vn Minh, 2007 Quality Management 198
Chng 5. Kim sot v nh gi cht
lng
nh gi bn th ba
S t chc dch v cng nhn (ti Vit Nam)
B KH
& CN (MOST)
Tng cc Tiu chun
o lng Cht lng
Vn phng cng nhn cht lng
Cc t chc chng nhn cht lng