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University of Sulaymaniyah
College of engineering
Architecture department
2012 - 2013


EMPLOYMENT


Prepared by: checked by:
Ismael Omer L.Shazad Jamal
3
rd
stage

2012-2013



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Introduction

There is wide consensus about the importance of employment for
achieving socially cohesive societies. It is clear that the lack of
employment not only denies income to those without work; it also
fails to recognize their productive role as human beings in society
Employment is multidimensional: it provides social legitimacy and
status as well as access to material well-being. It brings with it
human dignity
and entitles individuals to economic rights and social recognition
that are essential for full citizenship.









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Who is an Employee ?

An employee is an individual who was hired by an employer to do
a specific job. The employee is hired by the employer after an
application and interview process results in his or her selection
as an employee.
An employee works part-time, full time or is temporary.
An employee barters his or her skills, knowledge, experience,
and contribution in exchange for compensation from an employer.
An employee works within a functional area or department such
as marketing or Human Resources.
In forward thinking organizations, the employee receives frequent
performance feedback from the employer, rewards and
recognition, and a reasonable benefits package. Although most
employment relationships are at-will, the employee who performs
the job successfully is likely, although not guaranteed, to keep the
job





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What Is an Employer?

An employer is an organization, institution, government entity,
agency, company, professional services firm, nonprofit
association, small business, store, or individual who employs or
puts to work, an employee. In exchange for the employees work
or services, the employer pays compensation that may include
a salary, an hourly wage
Most employers offer employees a comprehensive employee
benefits package, as they can afford to offer benefits,
including health insurance and paid time off, holidays, and
vacation. Other employers pay just the salary or hourly wage and
do not provide employee benefits.












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What Is Employment or a Job?

Employment is an agreement between an employer and
an employee that the employee will provide certain services on
the job, and in the employer's designated workplace, to facilitate
the accomplishment of the employer organizations goals and
mission, in return for compensation. The agreement can be
verbal, implied, or an official employment contract.
In employment, the employer determines the where, when, how,
why, and what of the work that is performed by the employee.
The degree of input, autonomy and self-directedness that an
employee experiences on the job is a by-product of an
employers philosophy of management and employment.
In the United States, much of an employment relationship
between an employer and employee is governed by the needs,
profitability, and management philosophy of an employer as well
as the availability of employees. Increasingly, however, Federal
and state laws are enacted which direct the employment
relationship and decrease the autonomy of employers
.Employment ends at the prerogative of the employer or the
employee.
Employment is the key to social cohesion. Not having a job
results in poverty, exclusion, inequality and an unemployed
person is more likely to suffer from low selfesteem
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and to lack self-confidence. It is a social right but it cant be a
guaranteed right. Governments cant give a job to everyone,
but they can certainly provide the conditions in which employment
can be created.
Globalization and employment relations

The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the
ultimate debate in the field of employment relations.
[16]
By
meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish
and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance
with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the
worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to
be a continuous revolving issue in westernized societies.
Globalization has effected these issues by creating certain
economic factors that disallow or allow various employment
issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of
globalization and summarizes the four major points of concern
that affect employment relations:
1. International competition, from the newly industrialized
countries, will cause unemployment growth and increased
wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized
countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure
on the manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and
foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from
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the industrialized nations, towards low-waged
countries.
2. Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and
wage inequality in developing countries. This happens as job
losses in un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities
in new industries.
3. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and
conditions, as a global labour market results in a race to the
bottom. Increased international competition creates a
pressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers.
4. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state.
Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to
regulate economic activity is reduced.
What also results from Lees (1996) findings is that in
industrialized countries an average of almost 70 per cent of
workers are employed in the service sector, most of which
consists of non-tradable activities. As a result, workers are forced
to become more skilled and develop sought after trades, or find
other means of survival. Ultimately this is a result of changes and
trends of employment, an evolving workforce, and globalization
that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly
diverse labour force, that are growing in non standard forms of
employment

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Reference


www.coe.int
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://humanresources.about.com

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