1

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Nguyn Hu Tr 1
H vn dng
Locomotion system
Giang vin: Nguyn Hu Tr
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Nguyn Hu Tr 2
Chuong 3. HE VAN QNG
I. CU TRC CA XUONG V CO
1. H xuong v co ca dng vt c xuong sng
2. Cc Ioai co
a. Co xuong
b. Co tron
c. Co tim
II. SINH L HQC CA HOAT QNG CO
1. c dim chung ca s co co xuong
2. Co s phn t ca s co co
a. Nng Iung cho s co co
b. Co ch co co
3. Kim sot din ha ca s co co
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Nguyn Hu Tr 3
nghia sinh hc cua su vn dng
Mt trong nhng d}c dim d}c trung cua sinh
gii l su vn dng.
Su tit cua cc tuyn va su vn dng l hai hnh
thc dp ng ph bin nht cua co th di vi
mi dng kch thch tu mi trung, gip cho co
th th

ch nghi va tn ti.
O dng vt, su vn dng nhanh va o

mc d
cao, da dng va phc tp.
Vn dng l phuong thc tn ti cua dng vt
di chuyn trong khng gian d t

m thc n, lm
t, tu v.
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Nguyn Hu Tr 4
Su tin ha cua cc phuong thc vn dng
Ban du, su vn dng rt don gian nhu chuyn dng
cua bo tuong, cu dng bin hnh, tim mao.
V sau, nhng co quan chuyn ha pht trin mnh,
d}c bit l h co da giu

p cho su vn dng phong phu,

da dng.
Trong co th, h co tron gip vn dng cc co quan
nhu h tun hon, h tiu ha, h hp, bi tit, cc
tuyn.lm luu chuyn cc qu trnh trao di cht,
gip cho co th sinh truong va

pha

t trin.
H co vn co dui gip cho co th ta o ra nhit, di
chuyn trong khng gian, thc hin cc qu trnh
sng d th

ch nghi va tn ti.
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Nguyn Hu Tr 5
Co nhung dng vt su dung chn
d dy co th chung bay di trong
khng gian. Nhung co chn
manh cua ch cho phep no phong
ra tu vi tri ly da voi thoi gian
dm nhay chi khoang 0,1 giy
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Nguyn Hu Tr 6
Vn dng cua c boi
(a) C chnh dy nuc vi s vn dng cua ton b co th,
(b) C hi chi su dng mt na thn sau cua co th.
2
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Nguyn Hu Tr 7
Di chuyn cua rn chung l kt qua cua s co cc
co vn khoe trn khung xuong. Khng c h thng
co vn v xuong, chuyn dng phc tp cua rn
chung khng th no thc hin duc.
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Nguyn Hu Tr 8
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Nguyn Hu Tr 9
Cu trc h vn dng
O dng vt bc cao, h vn dng gm
nhng cu trc chnh:
H thn kinh thng qua cc xung thn kinh d
diu khin chung.
H xuong va c chc nng to hnh dng b
khung cua co th va cng vi h co, thc hin
chc nng vn dng.
H co bao gm co vn bm xuong va co tron
tham gia to hnh dng co th va cu

ng vi h
xuong thc hin chc nng vn dng.
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Nguyn Hu Tr 10
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Nguyn Hu Tr 11
Su vn dng
Su gp (Flexion)
Su dui (Extension
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Nguyn Hu Tr 12
Gp/Dui/Dui qu mc
3
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Nguyn Hu Tr 13
Khp (Adduction)/Dng (Abduction)
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Nguyn Hu Tr 14
Xoay (Rotation)
Su xoay cua mt
xuong xung quanh
truc doc cua no
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Nguyn Hu Tr 15
Nga (Supination)/Sp (Pronation)
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Nguyn Hu Tr 16
Ln ra (Eversion)/Dao nguc (Inversion)
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Nguyn Hu Tr 17
Gp mu bn chn (Dorsiflexion)
Gp gan bn chn (Plantar Flexion
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Nguyn Hu Tr 18 H

c
o
4
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M CO
Muscular Tissue
Chia lm ba loi
1. Co tron
2. Co vn
3. Co tim
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Nguyn Hu Tr 20
M co
C ngun gc t l phi gia, ring co b c
ngun gc t l phi ngoi.
Don v[ cu tao c th l t bo co (co tron,
co tim), hay hp bo (co vn).
L loai m duc bit ha cao d thc hin
chc nng vn dng, trong t bo hoc hp
bo khng c trung th v khng c kh
nng phn chia t khi co so sinh cho dn
khi cht (tr co tron).
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Nguyn Hu Tr 21
Co vn (Skeletal Muscle)
Gn lin vi b xuong (tr
co thnh bng v co honh),
co manh v theo mun.
Chiu di ca hp bo t 1-40mm, rng t 10-40 mm.
Trn mi si co c mt tm thn kinh -co diu khin
s co gin ca co theo mun. 04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 22
Cu to co vn
Si co c dang hnh ng, l th hp bo. Mi hp
bo c mt mng chung bao bc, bn trong mng c
nhn hnh gy nm st mng.
Co vn chim 50 khi lung co th. Trong co th co
vn c cu to nhu sau: cc bp co, c t chc lin kt
bao bc cc thoi co. T chc lin kt ny tp trung o
hai du, ha vo gn. Mi bo co li c rt nhiu si co
hay t ba

o co c dung knh tu 10-100 m va chiu

di ti 30 cm. T chc mch mu va dy thn kinh
xen ln vi cc si co.
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Cu to co vn
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Cu to co vn
Mi si co duc to thnh tu su hp bo cua nhiu
t ba

o ngn nn si co c rt nhiu nhn va nhn

thung tp trung o lp bo tuong mong trn m}t
gi l sarcoplasm.
Mng bn ngoi si co gi l sarcolema. Trong lp
bo tuong mong c nhiu ti th va lui ni cht.
Mi si co l mt bo ca

c to co, do la

ca

c si
myophibril c dung knh khoang 1-2 m.
Myophibril l cc ~yu t co cua co, chng duc
xp song song va la

m cho si co hin ln cc vn.

5
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Cu to phn tu Myosin
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Nguyn Hu Tr 26
Cu to phn tu Actin
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Cu to co vn
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Nguyn Hu Tr 28
Co vn: Skeletal Muscle
Nhn
Si co
Co vn (x 300)
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Cu to co vn
Si co c cu trc xen ke gia cc dia ti va sa

ng.
Cc si Actin bm vo mt vch ngn gi l vch Z
va ta o ra dia sng I.
O chnh gia khoang cch tu va

ch Z n dn vch Z
kia, khng c cc si Actin m xen vo do la

ca

c si
Myosin nm song song, hai du lng vo khoang
cch gia cc si Actin, to ra dia ti A. Chnh gia
dia ti A l vng H, sng hon.
Khoang cch Z-Z duc gi l don v| co co
(sarcomere) c chiu di khoang 2-5m
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A A
A A A A
Co co Co co
6
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Cu to co vn
Phn mng cua cc si Myosin hnh thnh mt
ng T gn lin vi si qua mt vng ban l linh
dng.
O du ng T, cng c mt ban l ni vi cc ti
gi l du Myosin rt giu ATP. Cc du
Myosin ny lin kt vi si Actin ti mt dim
tip hp.
H thng T c chc nng lan truyn hung phn
nhanh dn ton b ca

c si co va la

m dim ta
cho co ch trut gia cc si khi co co.
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Cu to co vn
Nhnh cc dy thn kinh vn dng tu sun
xm truc tuy sng tip xc vi si co qua
cc synap (tm vn dng).
Phc hp gm cc t ba

o thn kinh, dy thn

kinh va si co duc gi l don v| vn dng.
Trong co th, mt dy thn kinh thung phu
trch mt nhm si co, do vy, mt don v|
vn dng c th bao gm nhiu ho}c t si co
(tu 10-3000 si co).
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Cu to co vn
Nhng vn dng di hoi nhanh, chnh xc, kho lo
thung t si co. VD: vn dng cu dng mt, cc
ngn tay chi c khoang 20 si co.
Nhng vn dng chm, ko di thung c nhiu si
co hon. VD: don v| vn dng cc co dam bao tu th
c dn 2000-3000 si co.
Do tc d lan truyn xung thn kinh nhanh nn cc
si co cua mt don v| vn dng thung hung phn
dng thi
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Co ch co co
Khi co co, chiu di cua cc si co
(actin va myosin) khng thay di
nhung don v| co co (sarcomere) thc
l khoang cch Z-Z ngn li.
Trong don v| co co, dia sng I ngn
li, dia ti A giu nguyn, va vu

ng
sng H gn nhu bin mt.
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Co ch phn tu cu

a su co co
7
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Co ch phn tu cu

a su co co
Su co co thc cht l su trut cua cc si
actin lng vo cc si myosin o dia ti A
va khoa

ng sng H lm cho cc dia sng I

giam di va don v| co co tu va

ch Z n dn
vch Z kia ngn li.
Hot dng cu ni gia si actin va si
myosin o trn di hoi c m}t ATP d
cung cp nng lung va ion Ca
++
; thiu
hai yu t na

y, su co co dnh tr.
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Nguyn Hu Tr 38
Co ch cu

a su co co.
Cn cu va

o cu trc si co cho thy su co co di hoi

su co

m}t ATP d cung cp nng lung va ion Ca

++
.
Cc phn tu protein trn si actin manh c dng
cu, mi phn tu co

mt v| tr (site) tip hp d ni
vi du myosin khi co co (myosin binding site).
(a) Khi co o trng thi nghi ngoi, khi co chua co, cc
dim tip hp trn actin duc che phu boi hai loi
protein gi l troponin va tropomyosin lm cho cc
du myosin cua ng T thng qua cc ban l linh
dng tu ca

c si myosin khng tip xc vi nhau, su

co co khng th xa

y ra
(b) Khi Ca
++
gn vi mt protein khc c tn l
troponin, phc hp Ca
++
-troponin chuyn ch kho

i
tropomyosin va phoi ra v| tr gn myosin trn actin,
cho php hnh thnh cu ni va su co co xay ra.
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Co ch phn tu cu

a su co co
Khi xung thn kinh chy dn cc tm vn
dng (hay synap thn kinh - co) lm giai
phng cht dn truyn thn kinh
Acetylcholin.
Cht ny tc dng ln mng t ba

o co
lm cho mng thay di tnh thm di vi
ion Na
+
va do la

nguyn nhn su xut

hin din th hoa t dng.
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Co ch phn tu cu

a su co co
Din th na

y nhanh chng lan toa trong cc t

bo co thng qua h thng ng T dn lui ni
cht noi c cha s lung ln ion Ca
++
, lm giai
phng ion Ca
++
tu do trong bo tuong.
Cc ion Ca
++
c tc dng di chuyn cc protein
tropomyosin lm cho dim tip hp trn phn
tu actin duc tu do kt hp vi cc du myosin.
Dy chnh l dim ta ko trut cc si myosin
va actin lng vo nhau.
Khi co ngng co, Ca
++
duc bom` tro la i vo
lui ni cht d du tru.
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Chu ky co co
(1) Su gn cua ATP vo du myosin lm du myosin
tch khoi si actin;
(2) ATP b| thuy giai thnh ADP va

Pi lm du myosin
b| phosphoryl ha, cho php mt chu ki co co mi bt
du. Khi ny du myosin vi ADP va Pi gn vo.
(3) Du myosin thay di hnh dng c th gn vo
actin va h

nh thnh mt cu ni (cross-bridge).
(4) Su gn cho cho l du myosin c khuynh hung
thay di hnh dng, ko si mong dc theo si dy v
pha trung tm si co giai phng ADP va Pi.
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Co ch phn tu cu

a su co co
8
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Co tron (Smooth Muscle)
Phn b cc ni quan, co yu, lu mi v
khng theo mun.
Co b: co dng lng, co co gin dng t mt,
co co tuyn l, tuyn sa, tuyn nuc bt v
tuyn m hi.
Co tron chnh thc: t bo dang hnh thoi,
nhn hnh gy nm chnh gia t bo, trong
co cht c cc to co v so co l cc protein co
rt.
Chiu di mi si co tron t 20-500 mm,
dung knh t 8-10 mm.
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Co tron (Smooth Muscle)
Co tron nhn su diu khin cua thn kinh tu
dng.
Thn kinh giao cam va pho giao cam tc dng
thng qua cht dn tryn thn kinh l
Adrenalin va Acetylcholin. Tuy nhin, chnh
cc receptor cua si co tron o tng co quan
quyt d|nh tnh cht hot dng cua chng
trong co quan do.
VD: Adrenalin lm co co tron va ma ch mu
nhung li c ch co co tron o rut cn
acetylcholin lm gin mch nhung li gy co
co tron o rut.
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Co tron (Smooth Muscle)
T bao co tron
Nhn
Tm co tron (x 600)
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Su co co tron
Co tron co chm hon co vn rt ro rt (ti hng
trm ln).
Cc cht ha hc, mt s hormon c tc dng vi co
tron. VD: histamin gy co co ph qua

n, co rut va
gin mch. Oxytoxin gy co co tu cung. Vasopressin,
Serotonin gy co mch. Pilocarpin gy co dng tu,
Atropin gy gin dng tu.
Co tron c tnh tu dng biu hin khi co co tu pha

t
o cc tng rng nhu da da

y, rut, sng tu cung, niu

quan, ti mt.
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Co tim (Cardiac Muscle)
Chi c tim, co nh[p
nhng, t dng sut
cuc sng ca c th.
Duc cu tao t nhng
t bo ring bit, t bo
thung c nhnh d tao
cu ni gia chng vi
nhau.
Nhn nm gia t bo
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Co tim (Cardiac Muscle)
Nhng da
xen vo
gia
Nhn
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H

x
u
o
n
g
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H xuong
H xuong l gia do cho ton b co th va
tham gia vo chc nng bao v, n hot
dng duc l nho ca

c lc co hc, to ra
chuyn dng cho co th.
Hu nhu tt ca cc sinh vt du c b
xuong, m}c du o

nhng dng vt bc
thp khng c cht bn vng nhu sn
hay xuong
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Phn loai b xuong
C ba loi b xuong
B xuong thuy tinh
B xuong ngoi
B xuong trong
10
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B xuong thuy tinh
L dng d|ch long, c d dm d}c cao,
khng th ne

n li duc, chim 40-70

khi lung co th sng va la

ch da cho
tt ca cc co quan bn trong, cc t ba

o
va ca

c bo quan.
O nhng dng vt don gian, b xuong
thuy tinh l phuong tin chuyn dng
duy nht. V du: o trng Amip, giun dt.
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Su di chuyn cua giun dt
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B xuong ngoi
L lp vo cng bao ngoi co th sinh vt. Ph
bin o ngnh chn khp (Arthropoda), trong
do hai ngnh Cn trng (Insecta) va Gia

p xc
(Crustaceae).
B xuong ngoi thch hp vi cc dng vt c
kch thuc nho v o

nhng dng vt c kch
thuc ln, b xuong ngoi dy va n}ng s lm
cho sinh vt km linh hot hon.
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B xuong trong
C o dng vt c xuong sng, ging nhu
mo, duc gi l b xuong trong.
C h thng khung chng do bn trong
co th bng sn hay xuong. Cc xuong
duc lin kt vi nhau bng m lin kt,
to b khung vng chc.
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B xuong ngui
B xuong dng d chng do, bao v, di chuyn va la

m ch
bm cua co. Noi hai xuong ni vi nhau l khp.
C ba loi khp:
Khp bt dng
Khp bn dng
Khp dng
O cc khp dng, du cc xuong thung duc bc bng lp
sn va gia hai khp c cht nhn bao khp, nho do la

m
giam ma st khi cu dng.
Xuong tham gia vo qu trnh trao di Calci va phospho.
11
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Khp bt dng
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Khp bn dng
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Khp dng
Khp cua xuong duc rng vi nhau boi gn hay dy
chng, nho do ma

xuong khng b| tut khi cu dng 04/02/2010 3:05 CH

Nguyn Hu Tr 64
Bao kbop co cau tao tbay doI
tuy tbeo kbop. NoI cbung
gom baI lop, lop ngoaI la
mang soI, lop trong la mang
boat d]cb.
Mang boat d]cb co baI loaI te
bao: mot loaI co bInb dang
gIong nguyen bao soI va mot
loaI boat dong gIong daI tbuc
bao.
Mang so I co cau truc la mo
lIen ket dac
Mang boat d]cb
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B xuong ngui
B xuong ngui gm 208 chic, gm 3 loi:
Xuong di
Xuong ngn
Xuong dp
B xuong gm 3 phn:
H du
H tru c
H dai va chi
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H du
Gm xuong s va xuong m}t
Xuong s: s l mt hp bu dc, di ngn ty
theo chung loi. Vm s c 6 xuong dp
S thn kinh c 6 xuong dp ni vi nhau bng
nhng khp bt dng, to thnh hp s, che
cho na

o b. Gm:
Xuong trn, xuong dinh, xuong thi duong, xuong
chm,
Dy s c hai xuong: xuong gc mi va xuong
bum
12
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Xuong trn
X
u
o
n
g
t
r

n
Xuong trn
Frontal Bone
J trn hc mt
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Xuong dinh
Xuong dinh
(Parietal Bone)
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Xuong
thi duong
Xuong thi duong
Temporal Bone
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L ca

nh
Dung dng mch canh
Xuong thi duong
(Temporal Bone)
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Xuong chm (Occipital Bone)
Xuong chm
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Xuong dinh
(Phai)
Xuong dinh
(Trai)
Xuong tran
Xuong
chm
Nm gia xuong
dinh tri va pha

i
Dung khp dc
13
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Nm gia xuong
chm va xuong dinh
Xuong dinh
Xuong tran
Xuong
thai duong
Xuong
chm
Dung khp trai
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Xuong bum (Sphenoid Bone)
Canh nho
Canh
lon
Mom
hinh canh
La canh giua La canh bn
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Xuong mt
Xuong la mia: 1 xuong. Ngn hai hc mui
Xuong xon duoi: 2 xuong nm o hai bn
h mu

i
Xuong l: 2 xuong nho o

tha

nh trong mt,
tao nn tui l va ng l
Xuong mui: 2 xuong nho ta o nn sng mui
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Xuong m}t
Facial Bones
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Xuong m}t (Facial Bones)
La thng dung xuong san
Xuong xon mui giua
Xon mui duoi
Xuong la mia
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Xuong mt (Orbit)
Gm hai xuong to thnh mt
14
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Xuong hm trn
2 xuong m}t trong gp phn to nn h
mi va vo

m ming. M}t ngoi li, khp

vi xuong g m. Bo dui c cc l chn
rng. Xuong rng o gia to nn xoang
hm trn, thng vi h mi.
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Vm
ming cng
Xuong hm trn
Maxilla
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Xuong hm dui
Hm dui 1 xuong dng hnh mng
nga, c l chn rng. Xuong hm dui
khp vi xuong thi duong thnh khp
thi duong-hm va la

xuong duy nht

cua h du di dng duc.
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Xuong hm dui (Mandible)
Thn hm
Nhnh hm dui
Mom vt
Mom li cu
xuong hm dui
Gc hm dui
L cm
Cung rng
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Xuong g m
Xuong g m gm hai xuong tu gia

c
khng du, to nn phn nh ln o hai
bn m}t ngay dui mt
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Xuong g m
Zygomatic Bone
Mom vt xuong
hm dui
Cung g m
15
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Nguyn Hu Tr 85
H tru c
Gm ct sng-xuong sun-xuong mo c
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 86
Ct sng
L trc cua co th, c dng hnh chu S
gm 33 dt xuong ngn, gia hai dt c
dia dm l sn lui. Ct sng gm:
7 dt c
12 dt ngc
5 dt tht lung
5 dt hng
4 dt cng
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 87
D}c dim cc dt sng
Mi dt du c ba phn chnh:
Thn dt: o pha truc, hnh tru de p, c hai m}t
trn va dui.
Cung dt: o pha sau va hai bn, cng vi thn dt
to thnh l dt sng, bn trong c tuy sng.
Mm dt sng: do la

ca

c mm gai, mm ngang va
mm khp.
Cc dt sng duc lin kt vi nhau bng cc
khp va dy chng.
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 88
Xuong trc
Axial Skeleton
Hp so
Ct sng
Lng nguc
Xuong mong
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 89
Dt sng c
Cervical Spine
7 dt
C1-C7
Lm sau
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 90
Dt sng ngc
Thoracic Spine
12 dt
T1-T12
Li sau
Gn voi lng nguc
16
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 91
Dt sng tht lung
Lumbar Spine
5 dt
L1-L5
Lm sau
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 92
Dt sng cng
Sacral Spine
5 dt
'Xuong cung
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 93
Dt sng ct
Coccyx
4 dt
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 94
Dt sng c (C3-C7) C1: Atlas
Mom nho khop trn
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 95
Dt sng c (C3-C7)
C2: Axis
Mao rng
(Dens)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 96
Dt sng c C1 & C2 gn vi nhau
Hai dt sng c du tin l Atlas va Axis c hnh dng d}c
bit gip du c th chuyn dng mt cch thoai mi
(xoay, gt)
17
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 97
H dai va chi
H dai: gm dai vai va dai hng
Dai vai gm:
Xuong dn
Xuong ba vai
Xuong dn un cong hnh chu S, nm
ngang pha trn va truc ngc, xuong
dn to thnh khp vi xuong ba vai o
mt du va du kia tip xc vi xuong
c.
Dai vai gn chi trn vi b xuong trc.
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 98
H dai va chi
Dai hng : do cho sc n}ng phn trn co
th va ta o thnh khp vi hai chi dui, gn
chi dui vo h tru c.
Dai hng gm ba xuong dnh lin nhau to
thnh khung xuong chu gm xuong Ilion,
Ischion va Pubis. O phu nu, khung xuong
chu, thp b cao so vi nam gii, cu trc
ny thch hp cho su pha

t trin cua thai nhi

va su sinh nu.
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 99
Xuong ba vai (Scapula)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 100
Xuong dn (Clavicle)
Xuong dn un cong hnh chu S, nm ngang pha trn
va truc ngc, xuong dn to thnh khp vi xuong ba
vai o mt du va du kia tip xc vi xuong c.
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 101
Xuong chu (Hipbones)
Xuong chu
Xuong ngi - mu
Xuong mu
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 102
Xuong chu nam (Male Pelvis)
18
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 103
Xuong chu nu (Female Pelvis)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 104
Chi trn va chi duoi
H xuong chi
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 105
Xuong cnh tay
Humerus
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 106
Xuong ng tay
(Radius)
'Co th quay
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 107
Xuong ng tay
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 108
Mm trm
xuong ng tay
19
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 109
Xuong tru
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 110
Xuong chy
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 111
Xuong c tay
Gm 8 xuong:
Xuong thuyn
Xuong bn nguyt
Xuong thp
Xuong du
Xuong thang
Xuong th
Xuong ca
Xuong mc
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 112
Xuong thuyn (Scaphoid)
Mt
lung
Mt
bung
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 113
Xuong bn nguyt (Lunate)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 114
Xuong thp (Triquetrum)
20
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 115
Xuong du
Pisiform
Mt
bung
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 116
Xuong thang (Trapezium)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 117
Xuong th (Trapezoid)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 118
Xuong ca (Capitate)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 119
Xuong mc (Hamate)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 120
Xuong bn tay
Metacarpals
Mt
bung
1
2
3
4
5
21
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 121
Xuong ngn tay
Gm 14 xuong
5 xuong ngn tay gn
5 xuong ngn tay gia
4 xuong ngn tay xa
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 122
Xuong ngn tay xa
Distal Phalanges
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 123
Xuong ngn tay gn
Proximal Phalanges
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 124
Xuong ngon tay giua
Middle Phalanges
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 125
Xuong di (Femur)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 126
Xuong ng chn
Gm hai xuong di:
Xuong chy
Xuong mc
22
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 127
Xuong chy (Tibia)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 128
Xuong mc (Fibula)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 129
Xuong gt (Ankle)
va chn (Foot)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 130
Xuong c chn (Tarsal)
Gm 7 xuong:
Xuong mt c
Xuong gt
Xuong ghe
Xuong hp
3 Xuong thp
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 131
Mt c (Talus)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 132
Xuong gt
(Calcaneus)
23
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 133
Xuong ghe
Navicular
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 134
Xuong hp (Cuboid)
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 135
Xuong thp (Cuneiform)
1. Ngoi
2. Gia
3. Trong
1
2
3
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 136
Xuong dt ngn chn
Gm 14 xuong
5 xuong ngn chn gn
5 xuong ngn chn gia
4 xuong ngn chn xa
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 137
Xuong dt bn chn
Metatarsals
1
2
3
4
5
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 138
Xuong ngn chn gn
Metatarsals
1
2
3 4
5
24
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 139
Xuong dt bn chn gia
Metatarsals
1
2
3
4
5
04/02/2010 3:05 CH
Nguyn Hu Tr 140
Xuong dt bn chn xa
Metatarsals
1
2
3
4