Introduction To Anatomy Feb.

2014
Anatomy:
Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Physiology:
Physiology is the science of anatomical functions.
There are 5 levels of organizations;
1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Systems
Characteristics of Human Body;
1. Metabolism - is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur;
- Catabolism breakdown of complex chemicals into simpler compounds,
- Anabolism the build up complex chemicals from simpler components.
2. Responsiveness ability to detect and respond to changes.
3. Movement - motion of all organs and body.
4. Growth increase in body size and cell development.
5. Differentiation - development of cell from unspecialized to specialized state.
6. Reproduction formation of new cell and mitosis process.







Human body consists of;

1. Integumentary System;
Components:
- skin and structures derived from it
Functions:
protects the body
helps regulate body temperature
eliminates some wastes
helps make vitamin D
detects sensations
2. Skeletal System

Components:
a. bones
b. joints
c. associated cartilage
Functions:
d. supports and protects the body
e. aids body movement
f. provides a surface area for muscle attachments
g. houses cells that produce blood cells
h. stores minerals and lipids

3. Muscular system

Components:
- muscles composed of skeletal muscular tissue

Functions:
produce body movements
stabilize body posture
generates heat

4. Nervous system
Components:
- Brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- special sense organs
Functions:
- generates actions potentials to regulate body activities
- detects changes, and interprets and responds to them

5. Endocrine system
- Components: hormone-producing glands and hormone-producing cells in other organs
Functions:
- regulates body activities


6. Lymfatics system and immunity
Components:
a. lymphatic fluid and vessels
b. spleen
c. thymus
d. lymph nods and tonsils
Functions:
e. returns protein and fluid to blood
f. carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
g. includes structures where lymphocytes protect against disease-causing microbes


7. Cardiovascular system
Components:
a. blood
b. heart
c. blood vessels
Functions:
d. heart pumps blood through blood vessels
e. helps defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
f. blood carries nutrients to cells and wastes away from cells
g. blood helps regulate temperature and water content of body fluid

8. Respiratory system
Components:
- lungs and air passageways including pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes
Functions:
- transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and releases carbon dioxide from blood to air
being exhaled
- regulates air flow out of lungs through vocal cords to produce sound
- helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids

9. Digestive system
Components:
- gastrointestinal track
- assistant digestive organs
Functions:
- achieve physical and chemical breakdowns of food
- absorb nutrients
- eliminate solid wastes

10. Urinary system
Components:
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Functions:
- produces, stores, eliminates urine
- eliminates and regulates volume and chemical compositions of blood
- maintains acidbase balance of body fluids
- helps regulates productions of red blood cells

11. Reproductive system
Components:
a. gonads and associated organs
Functions:
b. producing gametes
c. release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
d. associated organs transport and store gametes

Anatomical Terminology

1. Body position
Anatomical position: The subject stands erect facing observer at head level with eyes facing the
forward, feet are flat on the floor, directed forward; with arms at the sides with palms facing
forward. (body is upright)
- Prone position: reclining body lying face down
- Supine position: reclining body lying face up


2. Regional names:
head
trunk
upper limb
lower limb
Head (Cephalic): consists of skull and face
Neck (Cervical): supports the head and attaches it the trunk
Trunk (Torsol): consists of the chest, abdomen and pelvis
Upper Limbs: attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist
and hand
Lower Limbs: attached to the trunk and consists of the buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle and foot



3. Directional terms:


to locate body structures

















4. Planes and Sections:
frontal plane
transverse plane
sagittal plane
oblique plane

1. Sagittal Plane: a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
midsagittal: the body or organ divided into equal right and left sides
parasagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal right and left sides
2. Frontal (Coronal) Plane: divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portion
3. Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: divides the body or organ into superior and inferior
4. Oblique Plane: passes through the body or organ at an angle



5. Body Cavities:
spaces with in the body protect, separate and support internal organs


Cavities Comments
D
o
r
s
a
l


Cranial
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain and its coverings.
Vertebral
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal
nerves.
V
e
n
t
r
a
l



Pleural
Contains lungs.
Pericardial
Contains heart.
Mediastinum
Region between the lungs from the breastbone to back bone that contains
heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and many large blood and
lymphatic vessels.
Abdomin-opelvic
Abdominal
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and most of small and
large intestine.
Pelvic
Contains Urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal female
and male reproductive organs.








6. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants