CHEMISTRY

1. If the indeterminate error in weighing on a laboratory balance is 0.003 g, what size

sample should you take to keep the relative error to 1.0%
ANSWER: 0.30 g of sample
!olution"
% 100
in weight parts total
in weight part 1
error Relative 1.0% =
Sample of g X
g 0.0030

100
1
=
sample of 0.30 X=
#. $ device used for measuring mass is called balance.
3. $ device used to measure density is called hy!ome"e!.
%. &he ration of the density of the test li'uid to the density of a reference li'uid is called
spec#f#c g!a$#"y.
(. &he !I unit of temperature is %el$#n.
). *lassify the following changes in properties
1. water melts at 0+* ,hysical
#. iron rusts *hemical
3. maple syrup is- ,hysical
%. paper burns *hemical
(. magnesium dissolves *hemical
). in a boiled egg *hemical
.. glass heated ,hysical
/. yellow sulfur *hemical
.. &he ratio of the constant variability to the actual measurement is called relative error.
/. How many grams are there in 1 oz?
ANSWER: &'.( g
!olution"
0nit *onversions" 1o. &) oz gram
2. The average man reqires !"00 #$ of energy per %ay. How many pon%s of
&ar'ohy%rates at 1(.)" #$*g mst 'e &onsme% to o'tain that energy?
ANSWER: ).)) lb*ay
!olution"
0nit *onversion" 1o. &3 lb kg
10. &hermometer glass has a heat capacity of 0./% 34g +*. how much heat in 5oules would be
re'uired to raise the temperature of a 1006g thermometer 100 +*
ANSWER: '.( +,
11. &he mass that enters into a chemical reaction remains the unchanged as a result of the
reaction. In precise form" mass is neither created nor destroyed. &his is known as "he la-
of con$e!sa"#on of mass.
1#. &he elements that a compound is composed of are present in fi7ed and precise
proportion by mass. &his is known as the la- of cons"an" compos#"#on.
13. 8hen the same elements can form two different compounds, the ratio of masses of one
of the elements in the two compounds is a small whole number relative to a given mass
of the other element. &his is known as the la- of m.l"#ple p!opo!"#ons.
1%. &he mass of an atom is the s.m of p!o"ons an ne."!ons.
1(. *alculate the mass to the nearest atomic6mass unit of an atom which contains 2 protons
and 10 neutrons.
ANSWER: )/ am.
1). &he number of photons in the nucleus is called a"om#c n.mbe!.
1.. &he measure of the resistance of an ob5ect to a changed in its state of motion is called
mass.
1/. 9efers to the agreement of a particular value with the true value.
ANSWER: acc.!acy
12. 9efers to the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same 'uantity.
ANSWER: p!ec#s#on
#0. $ property of matter that is often used by chemist as an :identification tag; for a
substance.
ANSWER: ens#"y
#1. ,rotons and neutrons can be broken down further into elementary particles called
0.a!+s.
##. &he principle of the constant composition of compounds, originally called :,roust<s =aw;
is now known as "he la- of ef#n#"e p!opo!"#on.
#3. &he mass of an alpha > particle is how many times more than that of the electron
ANSWER: 1300 "#mes
#%. $toms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called
#so"opes.
#(. &he forces that hold atoms together are called chem#cal bon.
#). $n atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge is called an #on.
#.. $ positive ion is called ca"#on.
#/. $ negative ion is called an#on.
#2. &he force of attraction between oppositely charged ions is called #on#c bon#ng.
30. &he horizontal arrangement of elements of increasing atomic number in a periodic table
is called pe!#o.
31. &he vertical arrangement of elements in the periodic table is called g!o.p.
3#. ?lement ## is called "#"an#.m.
33. $ symbolic representation to emphasize the valence shell of an atom is called elec"!on
o" #ag!am.
3%. In electron dot diagram n.cle.s an "he #nne! shell elec"!ons a!e !ep!esen"e by "he
elemen"s2 symbol3 and o"s a!o.n #" !ep!esen"s "he $alence elec"!ons.
3(. @escribe the spatial orientation of an s orbital.
ANSWER: sphe!#cally symme"!#c
3). Aor which elements do the number of electrons in their outer or valence shell correspond
to their group number
ANSWER: !ep!esen"a"#$e o! ma#n g!o.p
3.. 8hat is the ma7imum number of electrons that can fit into a :p; orbital
ANSWER: 4 elec"!ons
3/. $toms or ions which have the same electronic configuration.
ANSWER: #soelec"!on#c
32. 8hich group of the periodic table is known as the alkali metals
ANSWER: 5!o.p I
B32. 8hich group of the periodic table is known as the halogens
ANSWER: 5!o.p 6II
%0. 8hich group of the periodic table is known as the alkaline earths
ANSWER: 5!o.p II
%1. 8hich group of the periodic table is known as the noble gases
ANSWER: 5!o.p 6III
%#. 8hat is the =ewis structure of carbon mono7ide
ANSWER: :C78:
%3. 8hat kind of chemical bond will form in binary compounds where the electronegativity
difference between atoms is greater than #.0
ANSWER: Ion#c 9on
%%. 8hat kind of chemical bond will form in binary compounds where the electronegativity
difference between atoms is less than 1.(
ANSWER: Co$alen" 9on
%(. 8hat is the difference between vitamin C1 obtained from yeast, and vitamin C1 obtained
by synthesis
ANSWER: No #ffe!ence
%). 8hich of the following designation means that the amount of solute is e7pressed in
physical mass units, i.e., grams, and the amount of solution Dnot solventE is e7pressed in
volume units, i.e., milliliters
$. v4v C. w4w C. -*$ : @. v4w
%.. *alculate the number of moles in 0./( g of sucrose, *1#F##G11
ANSWER: &.; < )0
=3
mol
%/. &he percent composition of glucose is the following" carbon, %0%H hydrogen, )..1%%H
o7ygen, (3.#2%. @etermine the correct molecular formula of glucose. &he molecular
mass of glucose is 1/0.
ANSWER: C4H)&84
%2. Cy chemical analysis, an o7ide of copper was found to be //./1% *u and 11.12% G.
@etermine its empirical formula.
ANSWER: C.&8
(0. &he empirical formula of glycerin is *3F/G3. @etermine the percent concentration of
*arbon.
ANSWER: 3/.)3>
(1. In o7idation6reduction or redo7 reactions, the component supplying the electrons is called
the !e.c#ng agen" o! "he !e.c"an".
(#. In o7idation6reduction or redo7 reactions, the component receiving the electrons is called
"he o<##?#ng agen" o! o<#an".
(3. $ covalent bond formed by the combination of collinear p orbitals is also called a s#gma
bon.
(%. &he tendency of atoms to attract electrons into their valence shells to form anions is
described by the concept of elec"!on aff#n#"y.
((. &he tendency of an atom to attract electrons shared in a covalent bond is called
elec"!onega"#$#"y.
(). $ covalent bond between atoms of identical electronegativity is called nonpola!.
(.. $ formula which describes only the numbers of each element in the molecule is called
molec.la! fo!m.la.
(/. &he formula that describes how atoms are 5oined together is called the s"!.c".!al
fo!m.la.
(2. &he pairs of electrons not shared in the covalent bond are calle nonbone elec"!ons
o! lone pa#!s.
)0. &he newly formed covalent bond created from a lone pair contributed by the central atom
is known as a coo!#na"e co$alen" bon.
)1. I!?,9 stands for @6alence=shell elec"!on=pa#! !ep.ls#onA.
)#. &he most stable elements are the noble gases.
)3. 8hat is chemical bond
ANSWER: A chem#cal bon #s a fo!ce -h#ch hols a g!o.p of a"oms Ba" leas" "-oC
"oge"he! so as "o fo!m an elec"!#cally ne."!al agg!ega"e.
)%. 8hat is octet rule
ANSWER: The oc"e" !.le s"a"es "ha" elemen"s ach#e$e ma<#m.m s"ab#l#"y -hen
"he#! o."e! B$alenceC shell con"a#ns e#gh" Ban oc"e"C of elec"!ons.
B)%. *ompounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen are called hy!oca!bons
)(. $n organic compound containing an GF Jroup is called an alcohol.
)). &he number 4.0&&0;<)0
&3
is called the A$oga!o2s N.mbe! Din honor of $madeo
$vogadroE.
41. Types of Reac"#ons:
o Combination reaction K when two components react to form one new
component.
o Decomposition reaction K when a reactant decomposes to its component parts
o Displacement reaction K when one of the reactants displaces one of the
components of another reactant.
)/. &he components resulting from the reactions are called p!o.c"s.
)2. &he property of li'uid which describes their resistance to flow is called $#scos#"y.
.0. &he anions and cations which are unaffected by the reaction in solution are called
spec"a"o! #ons.
.1. $ reaction in which heat is produced is called e<o"he!m#c.
.#. $ reaction in which heat is absorbed is called eno"he!m#c.
.3. If the number of gas molecule is doubled in a certain volume of gas the pressure
$. is decreased to half *. #s o.ble :
C. is increased to four times @. remains unchanged
.%. &he numerical value for standard pressure of any gas
$. .) mm Fg *. .)0 cm Fg
C. 140 mm Hg B @. ..) cm Fg
.(. $ny process e7tracting the metal in a fused state is called
$. *alcination *. 9oasting
C. Smel"#ng : @. Aroth flotation process
STREN5TH 8D MATERIAES:
.). &he condition under which the stress is constant or uniform is known as s#mple s"!ess.
... !tress caused by forces acting along or parallel to the area resisting the forces is known
as shea!#ng s"!ess.
./. !hearing stress is also known as "angen"#al s"!ess.
.2. !tress caused by forces perpendicular to the areas on which they act is called no!mal
s"!ess.
/0. 8hat type of stress is produced whenever the applied load cause one section of a body
to tend to slide past its ad5acent section
$. normal stress *. sliding stress
C. shea!#ng s"!ess : @. bearing stress
/1. &he actual stress that the material has when under load is called -o!+#ng s"!ess.
/#. &he ma7imum safe stress a material may carry is called allo-able s"!ess.
/3. &he highest ordinate on the stress6strain curve is called .l"#ma"e s"!ess o! .l"#ma"e
s"!eng"h.
/%. &he stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded
is called elas"#c l#m#".
/(. &he point on the stress6strain diagram at which there is an appreciable elongation or
yielding of the material without any corresponding increase of load is called y#el po#n".
/). &he moment produced by two e'ual and opposite and collinear forces is known as a
co.ple.
/.. It describes the length elasticity of the material.
ANSWER: Yo.ng2s Mo.l.s o! "ens#le mo.l.s
//. It describes the volume elasticity of the material.
ANSWER: 9.l+ Mo.l.s
/2. &he reciprocal of bulk modulus is
ANSWER: comp!ess#b#l#"y
20. It describes the shape elasticity of the material
ANSWER: shea! mo.l.s
21. &he fractional deformation resulting from a stress.
ANSWER: s"!a#n
THERM8FYNAMICS
2#. $ :closed system; is also known as con"!ol mass.
23. $ :closed system; wherein even energy is not allowed to cross the boundary is called an
#sola"e sys"em.
2%. $n :open system; is also known as con"!ol $ol.me.
2(. &he boundary of a control volume system is called a con"!ol s.!face.
2). Lass per unit volume is ens#"y.
2.. &he ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a
specified temperature is called spec#f#c g!a$#"y o! !ela"#$e ens#"y.
2/. &he reciprocal of density Di.e. volume per unit massE is called spec#f#c $ol.me.
22. ,roperties that are independent of the size of the system, such as temperature, pressure,
and density are called #n"ens#$e p!ope!"#es.
100. ,roperties that are dependent on the size or e7tent of the system such as mass,
volume, and total energy are called e<"ens#$e p!ope!"#es.
101. ?7tensive properties per unit mass are spec#f#c p!ope!"#es.
10#. $ system is in "he!mal e0.#l#b!#.m if the temperature is the same throughout the
entire system.
103. $ system is in mechan#cal e0.#l#b!#.m if there no charge in pressure at any
point of the system with time.
10%. $ system is in phase e0.#l#b!#.m when the mass of each phase reaches an
equilibrium level and stays there.
10(. $ system is in chem#cal e0.#l#b!#.m if its chemical composition does not change
with time Di.e. no chemical reactions occurE.
10). $ny change that a system undergoes from e'uilibrium state to another is called a
p!ocess.
10.. $ series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the
pa"h of the process.
10/. 8hen a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains
infinitesimally close to an e'uilibrium state at all times, it is called a 0.as#=s"a"#c
or 0.as#=e0.#l#b!#.m process.
102. $ process during which,
&he temperature T remains constant is called I!G&F?9L$=
&he pressure P remains constant is called I!GC$9I*
&he specific volume V remains constant is called I!GL?&9I*,
I!G*FG9I*, or I!GIG=0LI*
110. $ process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily is called
s"eay=flo- p!ocess.
111.&he term ene!gy was coined by Thomas Yo.ng in 1/0..
11#. &he energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is called +#ne"#c ene!gy.
113. &he energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational
field is called po"en"#al ene!gy.
11%. &he first thermodynamics textbook was written by W#ll#am Ran+#ne in 1/(2.
11(. !ome ,hysical insight to Internal ?nergy"
translational kinetic energy K energy associated with velocity
rotational kinetic energy K energy associated with rotation
vibrational kinetic energy K energy associated with vibrations
spin energy K energy associated with spinning motion
latent energy K energy associated with phase of a system
chemical energy K internal energy associated with atomic bonds in a
molecule
nuclear energy K energy associated with the strong bonds within the
nucleus of the atom
11). &he ?e!o"h la- of "he!moynam#cs states that if two bodies are in thermal
e'uilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal e'uilibrium with each other.
11.. ,ressure below atmospheric pressure is called $ac..m p!ess.!es.
11/. &he pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the
same amount. Th#s #s +no-n as Gascal2s G!#nc#ple.
112. $ device used to measure small and moderate pressure differences is called
manome"e!.
1#0. $tmospheric pressure is measured by a device called ba!ome"e!.
1#1. &he pressure relative to absolute vacuum is called absol."e p!ess.!e.
1##. &he difference between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric
pressure is called the gage p!ess.!e.
1#3. $ li'uid that is about to vaporize is called a sa".!a"e l#0.#.
1#%. $ vapor that is about to condense is called sa".!a"e $apo!.
1#(. $ vapor that is not about to condense is called s.pe!hea"e $apo!.
1#). $t a given pressure, the temperature at which pure substance changes phase is
called sa".!a"#on "empe!a".!e.
1#.. $t a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance changes phase
is called sa".!a"#on p!ess.!e.
1#/. &he amount of energy absorbed during melting and is e'uivalent to the amount
of energy released during freezing is called la"en" hea" of f.s#on.
Aor 8ater" = M /0 cal4gm or 333.. k34kg
1#2. &he amount of energy absorbed during vaporization and is e'uivalent to the
amount of energy released during condensation is called la"en" hea" of
$apo!#?a"#on.
Aor 8ater" = M (%0 cal4gm or ##(..1 k34kg
130. $ process during which there is no heat transfer is called a#aba"#c p!ocess.
131. $ process during which the entropy remains constant is called an #sen"!op#c
p!ocess.
13#. &he transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the
ad5acent less energetic ones as a result of interaction between particles is called
con.c"#on.
133. &he transfer of energy between a solid surface and the ad5acent fluid that is in
motion and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion is
called con$ec"#on.
13%. &he transfer of energy due to the emission of electromagnetic waves Dor
photonsE is called !a#a"#on.
13(. &he area under the process curve on a ,6I diagram represents the boundary
-o!+.
13). @uring actual e7pansion and compression process of gases, pressure and
volume are often related by G6
n
7C, where n and * are constants. $ process of
this kind is called poly"!op#c p!ocess.
13.. &he idealized surface that emits radiation at a ma7imum rate is called a
blac+boy.
13/. In what form can energy cross the boundaries of a closed system
ANSWER: hea"
132. $ device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the e7pense of pressure is called
no??le.
1%0. $ device that increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down is called
#ff.se!.
1%1. Th!o""l#ng $al$es are devices that cause large pressure drops in the fluid.
1%#. $ throttling valve is sometimes called an #sen"halp#c e$#ce.
1%3. Hea" e<change!s are devices where two moving fluid streams e7change heat
without mi7ing.
1%%. &he area under the process curve on a &6! diagram represents hea" "!ansfe!.
1%(. $n isentropic process on a &6s diagram is easily recognized as a $e!"#cal l#ne
segmen".
1%). &he h6s diagram is also called a Moll#e! #ag!am.
1%.. $ pure substance at absolute zero temperature is in perfect order, and its entropy
is zero. &his is known as the "h#! la- of "he!moynam#cs.