MAGNETISM FUNDAMENTALS

1. Force of attraction/repulsion is inversely proportional

to te s!uare "istance
Ans. coulo#$%s &n" la'
&. (apacity of su$stance to $eco#e #a)neti*e"
sAn. #a)netic suscepti$ility
+. ,olta)e in"uce" in te in"uctor to rate 1-F can)e of
flu.
Ans. Fara"ay%s &n" la'
/. (ar)e #a)nitu"e of test car)e
Ans. 01 car)e of electron
1. A stro2e of li)tnin)
Ans. is a "iscar)e of static electricity
3. 4orst con"uctor
Ans. air
5. Investi)ate te eat an" li)t. 6e invente" te
)yroscope.
Ans. Foucault 7ean 8ernar" Leon
9. Invente" te li)t controlle" value. Li)t ouses
Ans. Dalen Nils
:. Electro#a)netic s'itc for 'it
Ans. electro#ecanical relay
1-. Investi)ate" te poto electricity
Ans. Lennar"; <illip
11. 8est con"uctor
Ans. copper
1&. Material 'it lo' resistance
Ans. is a )oo" con"uctor
1+. Invente" te electrical pri#ary cell
Ans. =on Fre"eric
1/. 6elp prove te la' of conservation of ener)y an"
invente" te optal#icroscope.
Ans. 6el#olt*; 6era#ann
Lu"'i) Fer"inan"
11. An insulator can $e #a"e con"uctor
Ans. $y ioni*in)
13. (oulo#$
Ans. e.tre#ely lar)e nu#$er of car)e
15. Ato#ic nu#$er
Ans. nu#$er of protons
19. ,olt stan"ar" unit of
Ans. electro#otive force
1:. La' states tat te current in a ter#ionic "io"e
varies "irectly 'it te +/& po'er ano"e volta)e an"
inversely 'it te s!uare of te "istance $et'een te
electro"es provi"in) operatin) con"itions are suc te
current is li#ite" only $y te space car)e.
Ans. cil"%s la'
&-. Li)t is converte" into electricity
Ans. potovoltaic cell
&1. US pysicist invente" te cyclotron an" pioneere"
te pro"uction of artificial ra"ioisotopes>
Ans. La'rence Ernest
&&. Gauss#eter #easures flu. "ensity usin) 'at
principle
Ans. all Effect
&+. 4en car)e "istri$ution is sy##etric; 'e often
use" ????? to si#plify electric fiel" calculations
Ans. Gauss@s la'
&/. Te volta)e or e#f in"uce" 'en te #a)netic fiel"
is #ovin) or can)in) an" a con"uctor is stationary
Ans. statically in"uce" e#f
&1. Te la' 'ic pertains for any "ielectric reflector;
tis relationsip in 'ic te reflective in"e. is e!ual to
te tan)ent of te polari*in) an)le
Ans. 8re'ster%s la'
&3. Aeciprocal of capacitance
Ans. elastance
&5. Develop#ent of practical transfor#ers
Ans. Lucian Gaular" B =on Gi$$s
&9. Inventor of 2alei"oscope. <olari*in) tan)ent
Ans. 8re'ster; Sir Davi"
&:. Total electric flu. trou) te surface of a spere
enclosin) a net car)e of & #(.
Ans. &.&3. 1-C1 N(C01#C&
+-. Al)e$raic su# of te... "rops of te ##f aroun" a
close" loop of a #a)neti*in) circuit is e!ual to *ero
Ans. A#pere@s circuital la'
+1. Aeluctance is analo)ous in electrical. An" as a
unit of At/4$; its reciprocal is
Ans. per#eance
+&. A can)in) #a)netic fiel"
Ans. pro"uces a fluctuatin) electric fiel"
++. <otential )ra"ient at a particular point is nu#erically
e!ual to ???? at tat point
Ans. electric intensity
+/. Discovere" #eson
D Eu2a'a; 6i"e2iF1:-501:91G
+1. An electro#a)netic 'it its core in te for#
of a close #a)netic rin).
Ans. toroi"
+3. 8ac2'ar"s 'or2in) electric #otor is $est "escri$e
as
Ans. electric )enerator
+5. Ter#ionics
Ans. Aicar"son; H'en
F195:01:1:G
+9. (oncept of fiel" lines
Ans. Micael fara"ay
+:. Intro"uce" te ultrasoun"
Ans. Donal"; Ian
F1:1-01:95G
/-. loses ferro#a)netic properties
Ans. curie te#perature
/1. 6i)er capacitance te "ielectric #ust $e
Ans. tin as possi$le
/&. Easily #a)neti*e" at $ot "irection
Ans. soft #a)netic #aterials
/+. Elastance
D"araf
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ELE(TAI(AL (IA(UITS
44. RN= 1000W and IN=10A if 4000W load is
connected. it will have a load current of
Ans. 2A
/1. a secon"ary cell 'ose active positive plate
co#pose of nic2el y"ro.i"e an" active ne)ative plate
#aterial po'"ere" iron o.i"e #i.e" 'it ca"#iu#.
Typical value 'en fully car)e is ,oI a.&,
Ans. E"ison cell
46. Apparent power of series RC networ is 4000W
if R= 6W and
!c ="W. calculate the true power.
Ans. 2400
4#. What will $e the current e%uation in a series RC
networ supplied with v=&' sin 120pt source. (he
circuit has a power factor pf =0.)*
Ans. I'a+ sin ,120pt - 60.
/9. 8iasin) in an a#plifier circuit
Ans. can $e "one in an a#plifier circuit
4/. A conductor has a resistance of 10W at roo'
te'perature and increases to 12W at a hi0her
te'perature. (e'perature resistance 0raph is 11)2
what is the te'perature coefficient at roo'
te'perature*
Ans. 0.02per de0. Celsius
1-. Te circuit is at resonance
Ans. 'en te volta)e an" current are in pase
)1. A 23W 0enerator will deliver appro+i'atel4 how
'uch current2 relia$l42 at 11#&*
Ans. 1#A
)2. (he ti'e taen $4 an alternatin0 volta0e
v=100sin24... reach 20& for the first ti'e.
Ans. 1).5's
1+. 6o' "o you connect cells to for# a $attery useful
for po'er applications>
Ans. in series0parallel
1/. ,olu#e control of stereo co#pact "isc.
Ans. lo)arit#ic0taper potentio#eter
11. Te#perature coefficient of copper
Ans. .--+93/ "e) (elsius
13. Si)nificance of connectin) loa" in parallel
Ans. it allo's in"epen"ent operations of te loa"s
15. Ma.i#u# current a cell can "eliver trou) a .-1A
loa" "urin) testin).
Ans. flas current
19. Meter sensitivity control
Ans. linear taper potentio#eter
1:. (ar$on co#position resistors
Ans. are co#paratively non reactive
3-. <o'er factor increase
Ans. active po'er increase
31. 8lee"er resistor
Ans. are connecte" across te capacitor in parallel
3&. A reference point cosen tat #ore $rances in a
circuit #et
Ans. no"e
3+. Te#perature coefficient of a 'ire is... to $e .--//
(elsius at *ero "e)rees (elsius. 4at 'oul" $e te
te#perature coefficient at roo# te#perature>
Ans. .--+3- /"e). (elsius
64. A circuit $reaer is rated for 1)A and 11#&. (his
represents appro+i'atel4 how 'an4 W*
Ans. 1.#6
31. <o'er factor FpfG of a series L( circuit is
Ans. -
33. A set of circuit ele#ent tat for#s a close" pat in a
net'or2 over 'ic si)nal can circulate.
Ans. loop
6#. Resistor value of 6" oh's is 'easured with an
oh''eter as 65oh's. (he value is
Ans. #.46
39. in a #es; te al)e$raic su# of all volta)es an"
volta)e "rops is e!ual to *ero.
Ans. Jircoff@s secon" la'
6/. R1=60W2 R2="0W R5=100W connected in delta.
If to $e transfor' to star. What would $e the value
of the resistor opposite R2*
Ans. 2)W
5-. Transistor can $e protecte" fro# nee"less
overeatin)
Ans. current li#itin) resistors
51. If te line fre!uency of a parallel ac circuit is less
tan te resonant fre!uency te circuit $eaves as
Ans. reactive
#2. (he avera0e value of an alternatin0 volta0e
v=100sin120pt*
Ans. #0.#1
5+. A"#ittance is EI-.&07-.3
Ans. in"uctive
5/. A"#ittance is EI-.&K7-.3
Ans. capacitive
51. Ma.i#u# output volta)e fro# a volta)e "ivi"er
Ans. is e!ual to te supply volta)e
#6. 7uppose a sound chan0es in volu'e $4 815d9 if
the ori0inal sound power is 1W. What is the final
sound power*
Ans. )0'W
##. Resistor rated at 5.53* :lus or 'inus ) percent
the value is $etween
Ans. 5215) and 5246) oh's
#". ;lectrical device has a resistance of 10W and
with )A constant current source. If the device is
rated 100 &dc. <eter'ine the power consu'ed.
Ans. 2)0W
5:. in parallel ac circuit te line fre!uency is #ore tan
te resonant fre!uency
Ans. $eco#es capacitive
"0. =re%uenc4 of AC if 4) de0. within 120 's*
Ans. 60>?
91. (osen close" pat of current flo' in a net'or2. In
tis current pat tere soul" $e no no"es nor
ele#ents tat are passe" #ore tan once
Ans. #es
"2. (he power dissipated $4 a 10oh's load resistor
with a ratin0 of )A is @@@. If supplied with 20volt dc
potential.
Ans. 40W
9+. (urrent enterin) is e!ual to current leavin)
Ans. Jircoff@s first la'
"4. =irst pea of ac volta0e &=240sin120pt
Ans. 240's
"). (he sound fro' a transistor radio is at a level of
)0d9 how 'an4 ti'es the threshold of hearin0 is
this in ter's of sound power*
Ans. 1002000
93. A co##on connection $et'een circuit ele#ents or
con"uctors for# "ifferent $rances.
Ans. 7unction
"#. 10W and &th=20&2 if converted to Norton the
e%uivalent circuit RN and IN would $e
A10W and 2A
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
FUNDAMENTAL ELE(TAHNI( DE,I(ES
99. Ener)y re!uire" for valence electron to #ove to te
con"uction $an"
Ans. -.-1e,
9:. Not true
Ans. silicon as an o.i"ation state of ne)ative four
:-. <N 7unction reverses $ias. (apacitance "epen"s on
all e.cept
Ans. fre!uency
:1. 4ic of te follo'in) se#icon"uctor #aterials as
te i)est value of #o$ility>
Ans. InS$ or In"iu# anti#oni"e
:&. Se#icon"uctor tat as te s#allest ener)y )ap.
Ans. InS$
:+. Avera)e lattice constant of #ost se#icon"uctor
#aterials
Ans. -.1n#
:/. Device containin) #ore tan one "io"e. an
e.a#ple of full 'ave $ri")e rectifier I(.
Ans. "io"e pac2
:1. Depletion fro# a p0cannel IGFET "epletion type.
Te )ate soul" $e ??? 'it respect to te source
ter#inal.
Ans. positive
:3. Type of rea" "io"e tat uses a eavily "ope" n0type
#aterial as its "rift re)ion.
Ans. IM<ATT "io"e 3L1/
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
:5. Hter na#e for co#poun" se#icon"uctors
Ans. inter0#etallic se#icon"uctors
:9. Ener)y $an" "ia)ra# of a "ope" se#icon"uctor.
Te "onor level
Ans. is near te con"uction $an"
::. In statistical #ecanics; 'at "istri$ution function is
use" in analy*in) potons>
Ans. $oss Einstein
1--. A <N 7unction for#e" $y a suita$le #aterial suc
as in"iu# 'it se#icon"uctor.
Ans. alloy 7unction
1-1. in #ost transistors input e!uivalent circuit it
co#prises resistor an" a
Ans. volta)e source 3L&1
1-&. Not a"vanta)e of se#icon"uctor over vacuu#
tu$es
Ans. a$ility to 'itstan" i) volta)es
1-+. p0type #aterial; electrons are
Ans. #inority carriers
1-/. in a se#icon"uctor "io"e; te total capacitance
tat a capacitance $et'een ter#inals an" electro"es
an" internal volta)e varia$le capacitance of te 7unction
calle".
Ans. "io"e capacitance
1-1. 4en n an" p #aterials are $ot "iffuse" into te
se#icon"uctor 'afer to provi"e e#itter an" $ase
7unctions; te transistor calle"
Ans. "iffuse" e#itter an" $ase transistor
1-3. A "iffuse" transistor in 'ic te $ase e#itter
an"... Electro"es are e.pose" at te face of te 'afer
'ic passivate" Fas an o.i"e layer )ro'n on it. to
prevent lea2a)e $et'een surface electro"es
Ans. Diffuse" planar transistor
1-5. Typical ran)e of resistivity of a se#icon"uctor
Ans. 1-01-C/ 40c#
1-9. <otential re!uire" re#ovin) a valence electron
Ans. ioni*ation potential
1-:. 4en an i#purity use" in "opin) pro"uces level...
tat is close to te center of te )ap it is calle" ????
i#purity.
Ans. "eep state
11-. (utoff fre!uency of a =FET is "epen"ent on
can)in) te len)t $y a factor of
Ans. 1/LC&
111. Microalloy transistor avin) a unifor# $asis re)ion
tat "iffuse" into te 'afer $efore te e#itter an" te
collector electro"es are pro"uce" $y alloyin).
Ans. #icroalloy0"iffuse" transistor
11&. Te a#ount of volta)e nee"e" at te )ate source
ter#inal for an enance#ent type MHSFET so tat a
can)in) is for#e" for te current to flo'
Ans. tresol" volta)e
115. N8channel enhance'ent BC7=;( has a
threshold volta0e of &(=2.)&. if the applied 0ate
source volta0e
&0s=4&2 what is the appro+i'ate drain current.
Ans. 0.6#)'A
11/. Alloy 7unction $ipolar AF transistor for 'ic te
concentration is )ra"e" fro# i) on te e#itter si)nal
te $ase 'afer to lo' on te collector si"e. Tis is an
internal "rift fiel" 'ic accelerates current cause
raises te upper fre!uency li#it of te transistor.
Ans. "rift fiel" transistor
111. Transistor is sai" to $e confi)ure" as co##on
e#itter. Te e#itter ter#inal is
Ans. not use" as an nor output
113. 4ic of te follo'in) ele#ent confi)uration tat
serves an al2ali #etal
Ans. fille"0sell0plus0one0electron
115. 8ase fro# te Soc2ley%s e!uation of a =FET; 'at
is te current 'en te applie" volta)e is e.actly e!ual
to te pinc0off ,<>
Ans. *ero
119. 4at appen to te con"uctivity of te cannel of
enance#ent type MHSFET if te proper )ate volta)e
increase">
Ans. "ecreases
11:. Te $oun"ary $et'een te ener)y level an" te
e#pty level in a se#icon"uctor #aterial.
Ans. Fer#i level
1&-. Te ti#e re!uire" for for'ar" volta)e or current to
reac specifie" value after s'itcin) te "io"e fro# its
reverse0to0for'ar" $iase" state.
Ans. for'ar" recovery ti#e
1&1. (ollector cut0off Ic$o relate" to te e#itter cut0off
current Ic$o
DIc$oMM Ie$o
1&&. Se#icon"uctor use" in .ero)rapy
Ans. Seleniu# FSeG
1&+. Transistor in 'ic a tin #etal crystal is overlai"
on anoter #esa crystal.
Ans. "ou$le0"iffuse" epita.ial #esa transistor
124. I<sat=10'A and &p=4&
0'=*
Ans. ).0's
1/1. (alculate te tresol" volta)e of a )er#aniu#
'en it operates at 1-- "e)ree celcius
Ans. .11+,
1/3. 4en a "io"e is use" in lar)e ac volta)es; te
resistance tat is to $e consi"ere" is
Ans. avera)e resistance
1/5. Ti#e ta2en $y te "io"e to operate in te reverse
con"ition fro# for'ar" con"uction.
Ans. reverse recovery ti#e
1/9. T'o *ener "io"es connecte" $ac20to0$ac2 in
series.
Ans. tyrector
1/:. Acceptor level in a "ope" se#icon"uctor
Ans. near te valence $an" level
11-. 6i) spee" Ic. 4ic se#icon"uctor is $est to $e
use">
Ans. )alliu# arseni"e
111. Slo'est #o$ility
DAlp
11&. Ener)y )ap $et'een valence $an" an" te
con"uction $an" of te se#icon"uctor
Ans. one electron volt
F1e,G
11+. Early version of FET
Ans. fiel"istor
11/. Device for#e" 'en an n0type an" p0type
se#icon"uctors are $rou)t to)eter
Ans. 7unction "io"e
1)). $=100 Ic$o=1'A. What is the value of Iceo*
Ans. 100'A
113. Uni#portant factor concernin) te fre!uency at
'ic te <0N 7unction 'ill 'or2 effectively is
Ans. reverse current
115. A"vanta)e of silicon over )er#aniu#
Ans. lo' lea2a)e current
119. (rystal lattice in Si an" Ge
Ans. Face centere" cu$ic FF((G
11:. Hperatin) a "io"e at i) spee" s'itcin) circuits;
te #ost i#portant para#eters to $e consi"ere"
Ans. reverse recovery ti#e
13-. Se#icon"uctor tat is )oo" for i) te#perature
applications
Ans. silicon car$i"e FSi(G
131. at roo# te#perature;
In a perfect silicon crystal; te e!uili$riu# concentration
of ter#ally )enerate" in te con"uction n $an" is
a$out
Ans. 1.1.1-C1- per cu$ic c#.
13&. Typical ran)e of po'er "issipation for a
se#icon"uctor consi"ere" as Nlo' po'erN or Ns#all
si)nalN
Ans. less tan 1 'att
13+. Every increase in te operatin) te#perature "io"e
'ill cause its reverse saturation current to
Ans. "ou$le
13/. Transistor in 'ic te e#itter; $ase an" te
collector ele#ents ter#inate on te sa#e plane of te
silicon.
Ans. planar transistor
131. Mecanical "io"e 'ose ne)ative resistance
"epen"s on a sperical of !uantu# 0 #ecanical $on"
structure of te #aterial.
Ans. Gunn "io"e
133. in 8=T #a"e $y first )ro'in) te e#itter... te
$ase re)ion is "iffuse" 'ile te crystal is $ein) pulle"
Ans. )ro'n0"iffuse" transistor
135. In MHSFET; it is te foun"ation upon 'ic te
"evice $e constructe" an" is for#e" fro# a silicon
$ase.
Ans. su$strate
139. 4at capacitance is si)nificant 'en te "io"e is
for'ar" $iase">
Ans. "iffusion capacitance
13:. Transistor in 'ic te se#icon"uctor 'afer is
stretc "o'n in steps so te $ase an" e#itter re)ions
apply pysical plateaus a$ove te collector re)ion.
Ans. #esa transistor
15-. Grap of te pro"uct of collector0e#itter volta)e
a" te collector current in te transistor output
caracteristic curve.
Ans. #a.i#u# po'er curve
151. Dio"e supplie" 'it a for'ar" "irection $ut te
'it a #a)nitu"e less tan te tresol" volta)e "io"e.
Still not Nturn0onN an" 'ill only allo' a s#all a#ount of
current to pass.very s#all current 2no'n as.
Ans. cut0off current
1#2. Ba+i'u' dissipation of )'W at roo'
te'perature and linear power dissipation factor of
).0'W1de0 Celsius >ow 'uch power the diode can
handle at )0 de0. celsius*
Ans. 5#)'W
15+. Aesistance of se#icon"uctor is 2no'n as
Ans. $ul2 resistance
15/. <lanar epita.ial transistor 'ic as $een
passivate" protects te e.pose" 7unctions.
Ans. planar epita.ial passivate" transistor
151. 8ipolar transistor in 'ic te $ase re)ion as
$een "iffuse" in te se#icon"uctor 'afer.
Ans. "iffuse" $ase transistor
153. Ener)y re!uire" $y a valence electron $efore it
can transfer to'ar"s te con"uction $an"
Ans. ener)y )ap
155. Usually; a <n< transistor is #a"e $y #eans of
electron an" electron platin). Te e#itter an" collector
are for# opposite si"es of a se#icon"uctor 'afer $y
trainin) 7ets of electrolyte a)ainst its opposite surfaces
to ten electroplate te surfaces.
Ans. surface0$arrier transistor
159. (o#$ination of te in"uctance of te lea"s an"
te electro"es. (apacitance of te 7unction; an" te
resistance of te 7unction se#icon"uctor "io"e
Ans. "io"e i#pe"ance
15:. MESA transistor 'ose $ase is an n0type layer
"iffuse" into a p0type 'afer; te p0type 'afer serves as
te collector. Its e#itter is a s#all p0type area "iffuse"
alloye" 'it te n0layer
Ans. "iffuse"0#esa transistor
19-. Se#icon"uctor tat as te i)est eat
con"uctivity terefore use" as a eat sin2
Ans. "ia#on"
191. in for'ar" $ias con"ition; volta)e is increase" te
resistance
Ans. 'ill "ecrease
19&. 80E is reverse $ias an" 80( is for'ar" $ias. 4at
re)ion of operation
Ans. cut0off re)ion
19+. I#purities 'it ener)y level or states close to te
$an" e")es calle"
Ans. sallo' states
19/. Mo$ility of electron an" oles in a se#icon"uctor
is affecte" #ainly $y 'at scatterin) #ecanis#>
Ans. i#purity an" lattice scatterin)
1"). n8channel D=;( Idss=10'A &p=4& &0s=2
calculate the Id.
Ans. 2.)'A
193. =unction transistor #a"e $y a""in) "ifferent
i#purities successively to a crystal in its #olten state
an" te slicin) te resultin) N<N for#ations fro# te
finise" crystal.
Ans. )ro'n 7unction transistor
195. 4at appen to te cannel of a =FET as current
pass to it>
Ans. s2e's
1"". 7ilicon diode has a reverse saturation current
of )0'A at roo' te'perature. if the operatin0
te'perature increased $4 )0de0 celsius what is the
reverse saturation current*
Ans. 1.66'A
19:. (urrent flo' in a se#icon"uctor tat is "ue to te
applie" electric fiel".
Ans. "rift current
1:-. FET 'it 'i"e an" sort effective cannel
Ans. ,0MHSFET
1:1. A se#icon"uctor tat is classifie" as a #etalloi" or
se#i #etal
Ans. )er#aniu# FGeG
1:&. Se#icon"uctor #aterial as te i)est ener)y
)ap>
Ans. *inc sulfi"e FOnSG
1:+. Puantu# statistics; te #ost suita$le function to
$e in #olecular analysis of )as is
Ans. Ma.'ell08olt*#an
1:/. Te process of )ro'in) tin fil# on te surface on
planar se#icon"uctor "evice to protect te e.posure
7unctions for#s conta#ination an" sorts.
Ans. passivation
1:1. Aestriction of certain "iscrete ener)y level in a
se#icon"uctor #aterial can $e pre"icte" )enerally
usin) 'at #o"el.
Ans. 8or #o"el
1:3. Se#icon"uctin) )lass is 2no'n as
Ans. a#orpous se#icon"uctor
1:5. Transistor in 'ic one or $ot electro"es are
create" for "iffusion.
Ans. "iffuse" transistor
1:9. <0N 7unction "oes not con"uct
Ans. reverse $ias
1::. 4at is te $asis in operation of se#icon"uctor
potocon"uctors>
Ans. E6< optical )eneration
&--. If te reverse $ias e.cee"s te avalance volta)e
in a 7unction
Ans. te 7unction 'ill con"uct current
&-1. A transistor avin) a tiny e#itter an" collector
electro"es are for#e" $y alloyin) a tin fil# of i#purity
#aterial.
Ans. #icroalloy transistor
FMATG
&-&. Te #ove#ent of car)e carriers in a
se#icon"uctor 'itout te application of electric
potential
Ans. "iffusion current
&-+. To s'itc off te "epletion type MHSFET; te
cannel soul" $e "eplete". Depletion of te cannel is
"one applyin) enou) volta)e across te )ate0source.
4at "o you call tis volta)e>
Ans. pinc0off volta)e
&-/. Se#icon"uctor tat is "ope" 'it "onor an"
acceptor i#purities
Ans. co#pensate" se#icon"uctor
&-1. For#e" 'en n0type an" p0type se#icon"uctors
are $rou)t to)eter
Ans. pn 7unction
&-3. Transistor in 'ic te $ase is "iffuse" an" te
e#itter is alloye";
te collector is provi"e" $y te se#icon"uctor
su$strate into 'ic alloyin) an" "iffusion are after.
Ans. alloy "iffuse" transistor
&-5. Te appearance of AF current oscillations in a "c
$iase" sta$ of n0type )alliu# arseni"e in a +.+J,
electric.
Ans. Gunn effect
&-9. 4at se#icon"uctor tat is #ostly use" in "evices
te e#ission or a$sorption of li)ts.
Ans. co#poun" se#icon"uctor
20/. 7ilicon 'aterial has an intrinsic concentration
of 10E10 cu$ic centi'eter at roo' te'perature. If it
is doped 10E1) anti'on4 ato's per cu$ic
centi'eter
Ans. 10E1)
&1-. for an electrolu#inescent of )reen an" re" li)ts.
4at se#icon"uctor is $est>
Ans. )alliu# pospi"e
&11. Hperatin) te#perature of a reverse "io"e
increase"; its lea2a)e or reverse saturation current
Ans. increase e.ponentially
212. Calculate total carrier 'o$ilit4 in a
se'iconductor i'purit4 scatterin0 'i=0.2)'E21vs
and lattice scatterin0 'F=0.5'E21vs
Ans. 0.14 'E21vs
&1+. A "io"e is specially process so tat its i) current
flo' ta2es place 'en te 7unction is reverse" 0$iase"
a variation of tunnel "io"e
Ans. $ac2'ar" "io"e
214. a silicon sa'ple at e%uili$riu' has an electron
concentration of 1)+10E10 1c'5 and is doped with
10E10 donor. Calculate the 'inorit4 carrier
concentration
Ans. 1.20+10E1)
&11. 4at is use" in te stu"y of $eavior of free
electrons>
Ans. Fir#i0"irac
&13. Seleniu# 'or2s especially 'ell in
Ans. poto cells
&15. Te volta)e across te )ate source ter#inal of a
FET causes ID e!ual to *ero.
Ans. pinc0off volta)e
&19. in a "iffuse" transistors; 'at "o you call te fi)ure
e.presse" as te a$ility of #aterial carrier to "iffuse>
Ans. "iffusion constant
&1:. 6y$ri" para#eter tat is usually ne)lecte" in #ost
analysis
Ans. r an" o
&&-. in an n0cannel Enance#ent MHSFET te )ate
volta)e soul" $e ???? 'it respect to te source in
or"er to pro"uce or enance a cannel.
Ans. positive
&&1. Te resistance of te "io"e tat is si)nificant 'en
operatin) 'it a s#all ac si)nal.
Ans. "yna#ic resistance
&&&. in se#icon"uctors 'at scatterin) #ecanis# tat
as te s#allest effect>
Ans. crystal i#perfection scatterin)
&&+. 6oles flo' te opposite 'ay fro# electron
$ecause
Ans. car)e carriers are passe" fro# ato# to ato#
&&/. 4at is te total car)e at te nucleus of silicon
ato#.
Ans. 1/e(
&&1. (alculate te pro$a$ility tat a state at te $otto#
of con"uction $an" is occupie" at a te#perature...
Assu#e tat te fer#i ener)y level is in te #i""le )ap
Ans. -.-&
&&3. Ener)y level tat as a free electrons
Ans. $elo' fer#i level
&&5. 4en a "io"e is reverse $iase" te "epletion
re)ion... since it is in $et'een positively car)e oles
an" ne)atively car)e electrons. it 'ill ave an effect
p# capacitor. Tis capacitance is calle" 'at>
Ans. transition capacitance
&&9. 6o' #uc i#purity concentration is nee"e" for
sa#e silicon to can)e it s electrical property fro# a
poor con"uctor to a )oo" con"uctor>
Ans. one p art per #illion
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ELE(TAI(AL (IA(UIT ANALESIS
&&:. (o#$ination of several "io"es in a sin)le ousin).
Ans. "io"e array
&+-. 4at is true a$out te e.ternal fre!uency
co#pensation capacitor>
Ans. te lo'er its value; te 'i"er is its $an"'i"t
251. Calculate the sta$ilit4 factor due to the
variation of Ic$o fro' 1nA to 21nA when the
te'perature chan0es fro' roo' te'perature to 100
de0 cesius.
Ans. 2)
&+&. A pus pull a#plifier tat uses eiter N<N or <N<
as its sta)e. Te circuit confi)uration loo2s li2e te
co#ple#entary sy##etry.
Ans. !uasi co#ple#entary pus pull a#plifier
&++. A"vanta)e of a crystal controlle" oscillator over...
Ans. lo' "rift
&+/. 4at 'ill appen to te #a)nitu"e of te loa" line.
Te loa" resistance is increase">
Ans. "ecrease
&+1. If an opa#p is use" to a#plify s#all ac si)nals.
4at para#eter you soul" )reatly consi"er to ensure
$est perfor#ance>
Ans. fre!uency response
&+3. (apacitance values "epen"s
Ans. si)nal fre!uency
&+5. 6i)er te sta$ility factor #eans
Ans. transistor circuit tat is #ore sensitive to test
varia$le an" terefore un"esire".
&+9. for i) "ensity I( involvin) #any op a#ps. 4at
pac2a)in) is suita$le
Ans. SMT
&+:. A #eto" of pro"ucin) I( $y poto)rap pattern
of te circuit on a suita$le li)t sensiti*e" of
se#icon"uctor an" ce#ically etcin) a'ay un"esire"
portions of te surface
Ans. potolito)rapic process
&/-. Lar)e si)nal "c a#plifier usin) opa#p. 4ic part
as te least effect on its perfor#ance>
Ans. "rift
&/1. A & sta)e transistor a#plifier in 'ic te output
confi)uration of te first sta)e provi"es input to te
e#itter of te secon" sta)e. Te final output is ten
ta2en fro# te collector of te secon" sta)e or last
sta)e.
Ans. casco"e confi)uration
&/&. Fa#ous transistor a#plifier confi)uration "esi)ne"
to eli#inate te so calle" #iller effect.
Ans. casco"e a#plifier
&/+. Hpa#p%s ne)ative fee"$ac2
Ans. control te )ain
&//. 4en a capacitor is involve" at te output circuit
of a transistor a#plifier it 'oul" #ean.
Ans. a "ifferent "c an" ac loa" line
&/1. Te reason 'y a sli)t "ifference $et'een te
input current occurs in opa#ps is "ue to te
unsy##etrical circuit co#ponent para#eters. Tis
unsy##etrical con"ition also pro"uces a "ifference in
input volta)e. 4at>
Ans. input tresol" volta)e
&/3. Fre!uency syntesi*er as
Ans. e.ceptional sta$ility
&/5. In I( fa$rication; te su$strate usually pro"uce"
Ans. (*ocrals2i process
&/9. Te intro"uction of i#purities into a se#icon"uctor
in ot furnace "urin) I( fa$rication
Ans. "iffusion
&/:. P point of class D a#plifier can $e set or possi$le
'at re)ion in te loa" line>
Ans. any of tese
2)0. 7lew rate of 0.)&2 the 'a+i'u' output volta0e
desired is )& 'a+i'u' si0nal*
Ans. 16 >?
&11. Transistor confi)uration use" at te output
co#ple#entary sta)e of #ost op a#ps.
Ans. co##on collector
&1&. Hp a#ps 'ose internal transistor $iasin) can $e
constructe" e.ternally are cate)ori*e as
Ans. pro)ra##a$le op a#ps
&1+. A cannel carries several si)nals at once. 4ic
type #i)t $e use" to select one of te si)nals
receptions>
Ans. #ultiple.er/"e#ultiple.er
&1/. 4at a#plifier is appropriate to use; if for a )iven
transistor a#plifier $eta is te only para#eter availa$le
an" 'ant to solve for its input an" output i#pe"ances>
Ans. "yna#ic #o"el
&11. A $ri")e rectifier avin) "io"es in t'o ar#s an"
resistor in te oter t'o>
Ans. alf $ri")e
&13. Ae"uction of opa#ps )ain "ue to increasin)
operatin) fre!uency
Ans. roll off
&15. (alculate te &
n"
ar#onic "istortion for an output
avin) fun"a#ental a#plitu"e of +, an" a secon"
ar#onic a#plitu"e of -.+,
Ans. 1-Q
2)". A silicon diode is in parallel with a 0er'aniu'
diode and connected to a load resistor havin0 a
value of 20W a forward suppl4 volta0e of 10&.
What is the appro+i'ate volta0e across the silicon
diode*
Ans. 0.05&
&1:. A $ipolar transistors or =FETS is a #ultivi$rator
are connecte" in
Ans. co##on e#itter or co##on source arran)e#ent
&3-. <ri#arily; op a#ps are operates 'it a $ipolar
po'er supply. 6o'ever; 'e can also use sin)le polarity
po'er supply.
Ans. )eneratin) a reference volta)e a$ove )roun"
&31. A si)nal #i.er 'ic operates $y virtue of te
nonlinearity of a for'ar"0$iase" se#icon"uctor.
Ans. "io"e #i.er
&3&. 4at is te effect pf te input offset volta)e to te
output volta)e if te opa#p as no fee"$ac2 ele#ent>
Ans. causes te output to saturate eiter to'ar"
&3+. 4ic of te isolation tecni!ue in I( fa$rication
#ost co##only use">
Ans. 7unction isolation
&3/. 4at 'ill appen to te position of te P point if
te resistance $ase resistor is increase">
Ans. it #oves "o'n'ar"
&31. Te fre!uency at 'ic te open loop )ain of an
op a#p is -.5-5 ti#es its value at very lo' fre!uency
Ans. $rea2 fre!uency
&33. in 'ic of te follo'in) FET a#plifier types "oes
"rift current flo' for 1-Q of te si)nal cycle>
Ans. class 8
&35. 6o' "oes te e#itter $ypass capacitor affect te
"c line>
Ans. it "oes not affect te "c loa" line
&39. Te #A5/1 op a#p as a (MAA of :-"8 an" a
"ifferential #o"e volta)e a#plification of &-----. 4at
is te a#ps co##on #o"e volta)e )ain>
Ans. 3;+&/
&3:. For a $attery operate" transistor circuit. 4ere is
te )oo" position of te P in or"er to #a.i#i*e te
$attery consu#ption>
Ans. near cut off re)ion
&5-. 6o' 'ill you #ini#i*e te output offset volta)e
"ue to input offset current of an opa#p>
Ans. $y installin) a $ias current co#pensatin) resistor
&51. 4at is te appro.i#ate output i#pe"ance of a
co##on e#itter fi.e" $ias confi)uration> Te collector
resistor Ac is te only loa" resistance.
Ans. Ac
&5&. Distortion tat is "ue to te ina$ility of an a#plifier
to ave e!ually 'ell all te fre!uencies present at te
input>
Ans. a#plitu"e "istortion
&5+. 4ic of te follo'in) is not an a"vanta)e of I(
over "iscrete co#ponents>
Ans. )reater po'er capa$ility
&5/. (overin) or coatin) on a se#icon"uctor surface
to.. #as2e" area for selective etcin) or "eposition
Ans. #as2in)
&51. A FET is $iase" 'it a volta)e "ivi"er
confi)uration an" set at te active re)ion. I"eally; 'at
is te )ate current>
Ans. *ero
&53. Not a"vanta)e of (MHS
Ans. a$ility to 'or2 at i) spee"
&55. Efficiency of 33Q output po'er ++4; te "c
collector input is>
Ans. 1-4
&59. An op a#ps #ust ave at least o' #any
ter#inals>
D1/ ter#inals
&5:. In I( fa$rication; te poto sensitive e#ulsion
coate" 'afer surface to $e #as2e" is calle".
Ans. potoresist
&9-. Te con"uctin) #aterial tat is #ostly use" to
interconnect co#ponents on cips "urin) #etalli*ation
process.
Ans. )er#aniu#
&91. (lass A circuit 'oul" not 'or2 'ell as
Ans. A television trans#itter <A
&9&. Ne)ative fee"$ac2 in an a#plifier
Ans. re"uces te )ain
&9+. A for# of "io"e cec2er tat "isplays te entire
"io"e response curve in an oscilloscope screen.
Ans. "yna#ic "io"e cec2er
&9/. An opa#p as a specifie" transient response rise
ti#e -.+#s. (alculate its unity )ain $an"'i"t.
Ans. 1.135M6*
&91. In #ost ac a#plifiers usin) opa#ps. Te fee"$ac2
sunte" 'it a very s#all capacitance. 4at is te
purpose>
Ans. to #ini#i*e i) fre!uency noise
&93. T0e!uivalent circuit for transistor is consi"ere" as
a ?? representation
Ans. pysical
&95. Transistor arran)e#ent tat operates li2e
Darlin)ton uses a co#$ination of <N< an" N<N
transistors... $ot N<N.
Ans. fee"$ac2 pair
&99. Te position of te P point alon) te loa" line is
)reatly affecte" $y 'at co#ponent>
Ans. $ase resistor
&9:. A passive s'itcin) circuit of $iase" "io"es.
Ans. "io"e )ate
&:-. An alternative #eto" rater tan "iffusion in
intro"ucin) i#purities into a se#icon"uctor 'erein te
i#purities #a"e to penetrate into te 'afer $y an ion
$ea#.
Ans. ion i#plantation
&:1. 4ic of te follo'in) "evices 'oul" you $e least
to fin" an I( as te #ain co#ponent>
Ans. a ra"io $roa"cast trans#itter@s final a#plifier
&:&. 4at "o you call an a#plifier tat is $iase" to
class ( #o"ulates over te sa#e portion of te curve
as if $iase" to class 8.
Ans. class 8(
&:+. In a "io"e capacitor volta)e !ua"rupler; 'at is
te ,c across te tir" sta)e capacitor>
Ans. &,#a.
&:/. 4ic of te follo'in) a#plifier classes )enerally
nee" te #ost "rivin) po'er>
Ans. class 8
&:1. A se#icon"uctor "io"e circuit usin) carrier stora)e
transistor action an" accor"in)ly pulse a#plification
o$taine" $y alternately #a2in) one electro"e of te ...
of an e#itter or collector.
Ans. crystal a#plifier
&:3. 4at "o you #ean $y internally co#pensate" op
a#ps>
Ans. op a#ps 'it internal fre!uency co#pensation to
prevent oscillation
&:5. A ra"io fre!uency oscillator usually
Ans. as #ost or all of its ener)y at a sin)le fre!uency
&:9. Te po'er )ain tat is lost "ue to te e#itter $ias
results can $e recovere" $y
Ans. suntin) a $y pass capacitor
&::. <assivation of se#icon"uctor 'afer $y for#in)
layer insulatin) o.i"e on te surface.
Ans. o.i"e passivation
+--. An opa#p *ero crossin) "etector 'itout
ysteresis.
Ans. as no fee"$ac2
+-1. 4at transistor #o"el tat uses a para#eter value
tat "irectly "erive" fro# te operatin) con"ition>
Ans. "yna#ic #o"el
+-&. Te fre!uency at 'ic a crystal oscillator
functions is "eter#ine" #ainly $y.
Dtic2ness of te crystal
+-+. 4en te transistor is operatin) at saturation
re)ion. A current $est "eter#ine" $y usin) 'at #o"el>
Ans. e$ers0#oll #o"el
+-/. A LED is to $e use" in a circuit 'it supply volta)e
of 1,. 4at soul" $e te value of resistor nee"e" $ut
te LED to operate nor#ally>
Ans. &1-4
+-1. A #eto" of intro"ucin) i#purities in I( fa$rication
'ic te appropriate ions are carrie" $y an
acceleratin).
Ans. ion i#plantation
+-3. Hscillation re!uires
Ans. sta)e 'it )ain
+-5. I( type 'ic "eter#ine 'eter a volta)e is
sa#e or not>
Ans. co#parator
+-9. For pulse a#plification; class D a#plifier is #ostly
use". 6o' efficient is a class D a#plifier>
Ans. efficiency reaces over :-Q
+-:. 4at "o you call te process of interconnectin)
te co#ponents in an I( "urin) fa$rication>
Ans. Metalli*ation
510. Calculate the output offset volta0e of an
invertin0 a'plifier usin0 op a'p with an input
offset current of 10nA. Circuit is havin0 an input
resistance of 10W and feed$ac resistance of
100W.
Ans. 1.0'&
+11. Te re#oval of te re#ainin) potoresist in te
'afer etcin) "urin) I( fa$rication.
Ans. strippin)
+1&. Appro.i#ate te noise op a#p of an invertin)
a""er usin) op a#ps if it as five inputs.
Ans. si. F3G
+1+. Te re#oval of te un#as2e" silicon "io.i"e
FSiH&G at 'afer surface in I( fa$rication.
Ans. etcin)
+1/. Transistori*e" class ( po'er a#plifiers 'ill usually
ave efficiency of
Ans. ++Q
+11. T'o class 8 a#plifier connecte" suc tat one is
positive cycle an" te oter a#plifies te re#ainin)
ne)ative cycle. 8ot output si)nals are ten couple"
transfor#er to te loa".
Ans. transfor#er couple" pus pull a#plifier
+11. 6o' can a class 8 a#plifier $e #a"e suita$le for
te i application.
Ans. $y usin) t'o transistors in pus pull
+13. Most planar I(s; 'at "o you call te layer tatR
te surface of te cip fro# e.ternal conta#inants
Ans. H.i"e layer
+15. A "io"e type ac volt#eter in 'ic te "eflection of
te #illia##eter or
Micro0a##eter is proportional to te value of te
applie" ac volta)e.
Ans. "io"e pea2 volt#eter
+19. 4ic co#es first in te planar process in
fa$rication>
Ans. crystal )ro't
+1:. A resistor $et'een te $ase of an N<N $ipolar
transistor. Te positive supply volta)e is use" to
Ans. provi"e proper $ias
+&-. A se#icon"uctor "io"e tat%s operatin) si#ulates
te transistor #eans of pulse" operation tat alternately
#a2e te sin)le 7unction an e#itter or collector
Ans. "io"e transistor
+&1. An op a#p invertin) a#plifier uses a fee"$ac2
resistor 1--24 an" input resistor of 1-24. If te op
a#ps offset volta)e is &.-#,. Appro.i#ate te a#plifier
offset volta)e "ue to tis input offset volta)e.
Ans. &&#4
+&&. Isolation "evices in I( $y for#in) an o.i"e layer
aroun" eac "evices is 2no'n as o.i"e isolation an"
tis is )oo" e.a#ple of
Ans. "ielectric isolation
+&+. 8roa"$an" a#plifier
Ans. )enerally easy to use
+&/. Fre!uency at 'ic te volta)e )ain of op a#ps
re"uces to unity.
Ans. unity )ain $an"'i"t pro"uct
+&/. If loa" i#pe"ance for an oscillator is too i)
Ans. no cause for 'orry; it can not $e too i)
+&1. Hscillator fail to start e.cept
Ans. in pase fee"$ac2
+&3. (alculate te can)e in collector current "ue to
te... In Ico for a transistor circuit at 1--"e) celsius. Ico
at roo# te#perature is )iven to $e -.1nA an" increases
Ico at 1-- "e). celsius. Te circuit sta$ility factor S
FIcoG>
Ans. in"i #a"eco"e e aaa pero ito yun) #)a
'a) pipiliin F3.3+nA;1:.:nA;1:.5nAG p'e"e $u#ati> 6i
pala 2ila papa "aven; Aicar" at sa #a)7o'a na si =#
at Fa$ie"ie
+&5. Te "io"e tat rectifies a part of te output si)nal
of an a#plifier an" provi"es a proportional "c volta)e
for an a)c $ias
Ans. fee"$ac2 rectifier
+&9. Te loa" line position is "epen"ent of
Ans. te loa" resistance an" supply volta)e
+&:. 4en trou$lesootin) typical transistor a#plifiers
in te active re)ion; ,ce is usually ???? te supply
volta)e ,cc
Ans. a$out &1Q to 51Q of
++-. A tecni!ue use" for o$tainin) a relatively lar)e
sin)le crystal fro# a se#icon"uctor #aterial. Te
processin) consist essentially of "ippin) a tiny see"
crystal in cruci$le of #olten #ass of te sa#e
su$stance as slo'ly 'it"ra'in) it 'ile rotatin).
Ans. (*ocrals2i #eto"
++1. Acoustic fee"$ac2 in pu$lic a""ress syste#
Ans. serves no useful purpose
++&. A rectifier type ac #eter consistin) of a
se#icon"uctor Fusually point contact typeG or a
co#$ination of "io"e an" "c #illia##eter or #icro0
a##eter. Te "io"e rectifies te ac input te resultin)
"c "eflectin) te
Ans. "io"e type #eter
+++. An a#plifier utili*in) ole stora)e effects in a
se#icon"uctor "io"e
Ans. "io"e a#plifier
++/. Tin fil# I( refers to te fil# tic2ness
Ans. appro.i#ately 1##
++1. I"eal op a#p re!uires no input current $ut real op
a#p nee"s a very s#all input current calle" input $ias
at $ot inputs. Te $ias currents ave a sli)t
"ifference. 4at "o you call tis "ifference>
Ans. input offset current
++3. 4ic $ipolar a#plifier type as so#e "istortion in
te 'ave 'it collector current "urin) #ost; $ut not all;
on cycle>
Ans. class A8&
++5. 4at type of a#plifier co##only use" at te
output sta)e opa#p>
Ans. co#ple#entary a#plifier
++9. 4at is te #a.i#u# output volta)e s'in) of an
opa#p>
Ans. K,sat an" 0,sat
++:. In counters an" co#puters an array of ori*ontal
an" vertical 'ires 'it so#e intersections $ein)
interconnecte" trou) "io"es. 4ose polarities...
circuit operation>
Ans. "io"e #i.er
+/-. A "io"e e#ploye" in a T, receiver circuit to
separate "elivers te sync pulses for# te co#posite
vi"eo si)nal
Ans. Dio"e sync separator
+/1. I"eally; te output volta)e of an op a#p is *ero
'en tere is no input si)nal; o'ever in practical
circuit; a output volta)e appears; tis volta)e is 2no'n
as
Ans. output offset volta)e
+/&. I( over "iscrete co#ponents
Ans. i)er s'itcin) spee"s are attaina$le
+/+. Te current nee"e" at te input of an op a#p to
operate nor#ally
Ans. input $ias current
+//. 4at is te noise )ain of op a#ps>
Ans. 1KAf/Ai
+/1. Te process use" to )ro' a layer of sin)le crystal
se#icon"uctor as an e.tension of te e.istin) crystal
'afer of te sa#e #aterial.
Ans. epita.ial
+/3. Tune" po'er a#plifier #ust al'ays $e
Ans. a"7uste" for #a.i#u# po'er output
+/5. 6alf 'ave rectification #eans
Ans. alf of te ac 'ave is coppe" off
+/9. <us pull uses N<N an" <N< transistors a#plify
te positive an" ne)ative cycles respectively
Ans. co#ple#entary sy##etry a#plifier
+/:. 4at 'ill appen to te #a)nitu"e of te loa" line
'en te loa" resistance is "ecrease">
Ans. it 'ill increase
+1-. for #ost co##on e#itter confi)uration 'it
"ifferent #eto"s of $iasin); 'at is te #a.i#u#
sta$ility "ue to te can)e of te reverse saturation
current
Ans. $K1
+11. Hne #eto" of sta$ili*in) transistor circuits is to
a"" e#itter resistance. Tis resistance causes te loa"
slope to
Ans. $eco#e less ne)ative
+1&. ,aractor "io"e
Ans; )oo" for use in fre!uency syntesi*ers
5)5. (he non8invertin0 and invertin0 inputs of an op
a'p has input volta0e of 1.)'& and 1.0'&
respectivel4. Cp8a'ps has a co''on 'ode volta0e
0ain of 10 and differential 'ode 0ain of 10000 what
is the output volta0e*
Ans. ).012)&
+1/. Is te process of #a2in) te se#icon"uctor cip
insensitive to any conta#inations tat #i)t cause
para#eter or pre#ature failure>
Ans. passivation
+11. Te transistor #o"el tat is $est suite" for i)
fre!uency applications
Ans. Giacelleto #o"el
+13. In #ost I( fa$rication; o' is te connection
pattern $et'een co#ponents "efine">
Ans. $y #as2in)
+15. For ac a#plifier usin) op a#ps 'at para#eters..
Its perfor#ance
Dsle' rate an" fre!uency response
5)". (he output offset volta0e of an op a'p is due
to the input offset current and volta0e. If 1 '& is
due to the input current and 22'& due to the input
offset volta0e2 the total output offset volta0e of the
opa'p*
Ans. 25'&
+1:. Devices or co#ponents suc as transistors an"
"io"e #ostly fa$ricate" in I(s $y
Ans. "iffusion
+3-. (olpitts
Ans. split capacitance in te tune" circuit
+31. (opper e#ployin) an alternately $iase" "io"e as
s'itcin) ele#ent
Ans. "io"e copper
+3&. Te sta)e follo'e" $y te output co#ple#entary
in op a#p functional $loc2 "ia)ra#.
Ans. level sifter
+3+. (lass (
Ans. not linear
+3/. (an)e in input offset current "ue to te
te#perature can)e
Ans. input offset current "rift
+31. In analy*in) te !uiescent currents an" volta)es;
on a loa" line "o you refer>
Ans. "c loa" line
+33. Te purpose of a level sifter op a#p
Ans. to set an"/or a"7ust te output volta)e to *ero
+35. Loa"in) control in a tune" po'er a#plifier
Ans. provi"e an i#pe"ance #atc $et'een te
transistor or FET an" te loa"
+39. Means of insulatin) an I( cip for# te su$strate.
Te cip is surroun"e" $y a <N 7unction reverse
$iase". Tis prevents con"uction $et'een cip of te
su$strate
Ans. "io"e isolation
+3:. Fa$ricatin) I( usin) planar tecnolo)y; 'at is te
#eto" of a""in) i#purities>
Ans. "iffusion
+5-. A#plifier for AM or FM
Ans. class S
+51. Not practical for fa$rication of I(
Ans. in"uctor
+5&. 4at is te #ost effective 'ay of #ini#i*in) te
output offset volta)e of an op a#p>
Ans. $y properly usin) an" a"7ustin) te offset null
+5+. (ircuit avin) one or #ore $iase" "io"es use" for
noise pea2s e.cee"in) a pre"eter#ine" #a.i#u#.

Ans. Dio"e noise li#iter
+5/. Different soun"s of #usical instru#ents
Ans. "ifferences in te 'ave sape
5#). <2=1062 <5=)6 and <4=16. What is the
6(><*
Ans. 11.226
+53. Anoter na#e for Giacolleto #o"el
Ans. y$ri" pi #o"el
+55. Ferro#a)netic core not )enerally use" for AF
Ans. air core ave $etter ter#al sta$ility
+59. In #onolitic I(s electrical isolation $et'een
"evices sa#e su$strate is acieve" $y fa$ricatin) te#
in an electrically isolate" re)ion 2no'n as
Ans. isolation poc2ets or tu$s
+5:. Te ter# #onolitic Gree2 'or"s #onos an"
litos
Ans. sin)le an" stone Fsin)le stoneG
+9-. Dio"e #i.er
Ans. "io"e converter
+91. 4at #ust $e te sle' rate of an op a#p to $e
use" in or"er to pro"uce an un"istorte" output volta)e
of 11,>S 'it fre!uency of 1--;--- ra"/sec.
Ans. 1.- ,/#sec 3L/1
+9&. Disa"vanta)e of transfer couplin); as oppose to
capacitive couplin) is tatL
Ans. transfor#er cost #ore
+9+. Typical value of e.ternal fre!uency co#pensatin)
capacitor of op a#ps.
Ans. -.+ to +-#f
5"4. Calculate the CBRR of an opa'p havin0 a
co''on 'ode 0ain of 10 and a differential 'ode
0ain of 1002000.
Ans. "0d9
+91. Meto" of "opin) tat is use" in pro"ucin)R
re)ions in an I(>
Ans. ion i#plantation
+93. Dio"e or net'or2 of "io"es e#ploye" to #a2e a
linear current volta)e curve to ta2e so#e oter sape.
Ans. "io"e curve can)er
+95. Type of "i)ital I( is least suscepti$le to noise>
Ans. transistor0transistor lo)ic
+99. (lass of a#plifier 'it i)est efficiency.
Ans. class D
+9:. In op a#p analysis; te input offset volta)e is
represente" $y
Ans. a $attery
+:-. 6o' can 'e #ini#i*e te effect of te input offset
current an" input offset volta)e at te output offset
volta)e>
Ans. $y #a2in) te fee"$ac2 resistance s#all
+:1. Dual in line or DIL pac2a)e is "esi)nate" as
Ans. TH 113
+:&. (lassification of I(s accor"in) to functions
inclu"es te "i)ital #icro'ave. 4ic of tese classes
)roup relies on y$ri" tecnolo)y>
Ans. #icro'ave I(s
+:+. A net'or2 'it a "io"e an a capacitor tat is use"
in te "c level of te input si)nal.

Ans. cla#per
+:/. Te appro.i#ate value of te $ias current
co#pensation resistor in op a#ps circuits

Ans. e!ual to te parallel co#$ination of te input +:1.
Type of "iffusion in 'ic te i#purity concentration at
se#icon"uctor surface is #aintaine" at te constant ...
trou) out te "iffusion cycle.

Ans. constant source "iffusion
+:3. 4at "o you call a test pro$e containin) a "io"e ...
as eiter a rectifier or "e#o"ulator>
Ans. "io"e pro$e
+:5. An op a#p is 'ire" as an invertin) a#plifier 'it
an input fee"$ac2 resistance of 124 an" 1--24
respectively. 4en te input si)nal is set to *ero. te
output 'as foun" to ave an offset volta)e of 1-1.
(alculate te input offset volta)e.
D1.-#,
+:9. te #ost popular op a#p pac2a)es are te #etal
can DI< an" te SMT. 'ic of tese correspon"s to I(
::>
Ans. #etal can
+::. Te #a)nitu"e of te op a#ps input offset volta)e
$est can $e classifie" as lo' input offset volta)e op
a#ps
Ans. -.&#,
/--. An over volta)e protection circuit e#ployin) a
*ener "io"e an" an S(A 'ose function is to pro"uce
i) over $y pass current on a circuit
Ans. cro'$ar
/-1. 4at sta$ility factor tat )ives te i)est value
for a volta)e "ivi"er $ias transistor circuit>
Ans. S FIcoG
/-&. A ra"io fiel" stren)t #eter 'ic consist
essentially L( tune" circuit "io"e "etector; an" "c
#illia##eter #eter "eflection is rou)ly proportional to
te AF volta)e.
Ans. "io"e fiel" stren)t #eter
/-+. 4at type of FET tat can $e $iase" 'it $ot
ne)ative an" positive )ate source volta)e>
Ans. MHSFET "epletion type
/-/. Dio"e circuit tat is use" to cut a portion of te
input...
Dclipper
/-1. for a fi.e" $iase" transistor circuit; 'at 'ill
appen to te point
'en te operatin)
te#perature rises>
Dit #oves up'ar"
???????????15L&+
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
ENEAGE (HN,EASIHN
B ELE(TAHNI(
INSTAUMENTATIHN
/-3.continuously a"7usts
te tri))erin) point of
te input
Dtri))er level
/-5. one a"vanta)e of
cu#ulatively co#poun"in)
#otor if it "oes not run
'i"ely at li)t loa"; tis
feature is
Dsunt 'in"in)
/-9. 'en a "c #otor as
no loa"; 'at 'ill appen
to te e#f>
D$eco#es #a.i#u#
/-:. it is situte" $et'een
te vertical an"
ori*ontal "eflection
plates.
Disolation siel"
/1-. volta)e #easure#ent
in a i) i#pe"ance
circuit re)ion volt#eter
'it
Di) input i#pe"ance
/11. tis applies to a
nonra"iative transition of
an ato#. non e.cite"
ener)y state at a lo'er
ener)y state.... $y te
e#ission of an electron
Dau)er effect
/1&. te portential at te
screen an" te eli. of
te "isplay in
oscilloscope is typically
D1&2,
/1+. "a#pin) #eto" is
)enerally use" in
"yna#o#eterL
Dair friction
/1/. an oscilloscope
cannot $e use" to in"icate
Dener)y
/11. a???? is a "evice
'ic pro"uces si#ple
repetitive 'averfor#s
Dfunction )enerator
/13. in "i)ital
oscilloscope; te sa#ple
points fro# te AD( store"
in #e#ory as
D'avefor# points
?????????????????1:L&-
/15. te force $et'een t'o
electrically car)e o$7ect
Delectrostatic force
/19. te tor!ue tat is
pro"uce "ue to te effects
of current volta)e in
instru#ents.
D"eflectin) tor!ue
/1:. a 1&, auto $attery is
rate" at +3A; if a 1--4;
1&, $ul$ is connecte"
across tis $attery; a$out
o' lon) 'ill te $ul$
stay lit; if te $attery
as $een fully car)e">
D/ ours an" &- #inutes
/&-. calculate te (1

re!uire" to co#pensate a
1-, pro$e 'en te
oscilloscope input
capacitance is +-pF an"
te coa.ial ca$le
capacitance is 1--pF.
D
?????????????1:L&/
/&1. is an a"7usta$le
perio" of ti#e "urin)
'ic te oscilloscope
cannot tri))er. tis
feature is useful 'en you
are tri))ere" on a
co#ple. 'avefor# sapes so
tat te oscilloscope
tri))ers on te first
eli)i$le tri))er point.
Dtri))er ol" off
/&&. cato"e is typically
el" at appro.i#ately
D&2,
/&+. $ri")e circuit tat
"eter#ines te un2no'n
in"uctance in ter#s of
resistance an" capacitance
DH'en $ri")e
/&/. accuracy of te ,/"iv
sensitivity is typically
specifie"
DK0+Q
/&1. 'at are te forces
actin) on te pointer of
te in"icatin) instru#ent
'en it is in #otion>
Dcontrollin); "a#pin) an"
"eflectin) tor!ues
/&3. #eter #ove#ent in an
illu#ination #eter
#easures
Dvolta)e
/&5. #ost oscilloscopes
ave a rear connector
for... #o"ulation inputs.
D*0a.is #o"ulation
/&9. instru#ents tat )ive
te !uantity to $e
#easure" in te
instru#ent constant an"
its "eflection.
Da$solute instru#ents
/&:. "yna#o#eter #ostly
use" in
D'att#eter
/+-. !uite co#ple. fi)ures
#ay $e pro"uce" 'it sine
'ave avin) "ifferent
fre!uencies.
D fi)ure?????????????1:L+3
/+1. attenuatro pro$es
attenuate te input si)nal
usually te factor of
D????????????????1:L+5
/+&. in application 'ere
a i) tor!ue is nee"e"
"urin) ... a ???#otor is
preferre".
D??????????????1:L+9
/++. provi"es continuous
volts/"iv a"7ust#ents; to
re"uce "isplay a#plitu"e
$y a factor of &.1
Dvernier 2no$
/+/. in in"icatin)
instru#ents. #ost
efficient #eto" of
"a#pin).
De""y current "a#pin)
/+1. it is use" to locate
a "isplay tat as $een
sifter off te screen
D $ea# fin"er
/+3. a"vanta)e of an
electro#a)net over
per#anent #a)net.
Delectro#a)net #eter is
#ore ru))e"
/+5. te sa'toot volta)e
of a ori*ontal s'eep
)enerator pro"uce $y
Ds'eep )enerator circuit
/+9. in "i)ital
oscilloscope. te nu#$er o
f 'avefor#s... to #a2e a
'avefor# recor" is calle"
te
Drecor" len)t
/+:. te volta)e re!uire"
to pro"uce one "ivision of
"eflection on te screen
is referre" to as
D"eflection factor
//-. te central con"uctor
carries te input si)nal
an" te circular con"uctor
is )roun"e" so tat it
acts as... elp prevent
un'ante" si)nals to $e
pic2e" up $y te
oscilloscope input.
D1L1 pro$e
//1. )ri" potential
control also 2no'n as
D$ri)tness control
//&. an interactive solar
po'er syste#
Dallo's a o#eo'ner to
sell po'er to te utility
//+. a ter#al type of
#a.i#u# "e#an" in"icator
tat is on te effect of
increase in te#perature
D'ri)t #a.i#u# "e#an"
in"icator
///.if a #eter 'it a full
scale current of 1--#A is
use" as volt#eter 'it
alf'ave rectification.
its ac sensitivity is
D?????????????????1:L1+
//1. "eflection pro"uce"
$y 1,Fc#/,G is ter#e"
D"eflection sensitivity
//3. factors tat affect
friction an" 'in"in) loses
in "c #otor
Dspee"
//5. $ecause of te 1-fol"
attenuation of attenuator
pro$e.
D???????????1:L19
//9. can $e use" in a##eter.
A. #a)netic effect
8. ter#al effect
(. electrostatic effect
D. electro0#a)netic effect
Ans. A; 8 B D only
??????????????????&-L11
//:. #ovin) iron
instru#ent ave a scale
function tat is
Ds!uare"
/1-. AF #eters are use"
#ainly
D?????????????????&-L19
spots AF "istri$ution
syste# pro$le#.
/11. AF fiel" stren)t
#eter e.press te fiel"
stren)t as po'er "ensity
D-.--1 to &---
#icro'atts/s!.c#
/1&. ener)y of cell or
$attery "epen"s on
Dpysical si*e
/1+. a vi"eo si)nal
)enerator is a "evice
'ic outputs
D,i"eo/or television
'avefor#s; syncroni*ation
si)nals; color$urst
si)nal; au"io si)nal
/1/. a cell of 1.1 ,
supplies 1--#A for seven
ours an" >> #inutes an"
ten it is replace.
D?????????????000&-L&&
/11. te *ero a"7ust
control in an analo) type
o##eter is to
Dco#pensate for te
"ifferin) internal $attery
/13. it selects internal
tri))er source. 'ic
#eans tat tte ti#e $ase
is tri))ere" fro# one of
te input 'avefor#s.
Dint $utton
/15. a sa#plin) #eto"
use" in "i)ital
oscilloscope te collects
fe' sa#ple points of te
si)nal in a sin)le... ten
use" interpolation to
"isplay te 'avefor#.
Dreal ti#e sa#plin)
/19. "efine" te a#plitu"e
of te input volta)e tat
is "isplaye" on te screen
Dsensitivity
/1:. )ri" "ip #eter use
'at active "evice
Dvacuu# tu$e
/3-. #easurin) instru#ent
tat uses teir force
repulsion $et'een fi.e"
an" #ova$le #a)neti*e"
vanes; or te force
$et'een a coil an" a
pivote" vane sape piece
of soft iron to #ove te
in"icatin)...
Dvane type instru#ent
????????????&-L+&
/31. loop test tat as a
provision for #easurin)
te loop resistance
Dvarley loop
/3&. #ost AF #eters
resolution
D-.16* to 1-6*
/3+. cato"e consist of
Dnic2el
/3/. tic2ness of te
trace appro.i#ately
D1Q of one vertical
"ivision
/31. $est $ri")e use" for
precise #easure#ent of
in"uctance over a 'i"e
ran)e
Dan"erson $ri")e
/33. 'eston cell
Dvolta)e reference source
/35. utility #eter@s #otor
spee" 'or2s "irectly fro#
Dnu#$er of 'atts $ein)
use" at te ti#e
/39. focusin) electro"es
A1; A& an" A+ are
so#eti#es referre" to as
D?????????????lens &-L/5
/3:. instru#ents #easures
te#perature $y electric
#ean/$eyon" te ran)e of
#ercuric te#perature
Dpyro#eter
/5-. it allo's cannel A
input cannel 8 input or
$ot "isplaye".
Dvertical "isplay A an" 8
/51. electrically a po'er
#eter can $e constructe"
fro#
Delectro"yna#o#eter
/5&. t'o inputs are
alternately an" repeate"ly
traces on te screen; it
is sai" to $e operatin) in
Dalternate #o"e
???????????????&-L1&
/5+. & #a7or co#ponents of
s'eep )enerator
??????????????&-L1/
/5/. to #ini#i*e arcin)
"urin) startin) of "c
#otors; a resistor soul"
$e a""e" to li#it te
current inte
Dar#ature 'in"in)
/51. ,oss Mccartney noise
)enerator
Ds!uare" pulses
/53. instru#ents 'ose
"eflection )ives te
#a)nitu"e of electrical
!uantity to $e #easure"
"irectly
Dsecon"ary instru#ents
/55. "eter#ine te #ini#u#
ti#e/"ivision sensitivity
for an oscilloscope tat
is to $e use" to
investi)ate a 1-..
'avefor. Assu#e tat te
ti#e $ase #a)nifier
e.press ori*ontal "isplay
$y a factor of 1.
D&1ns/"iv
/59. for a "yna#o#eter to
$e a$le to #easure i)
current???? soul" $e use"
Dcurrent transfor#er
/5:. A& is so#eti#es
referre" to as
Dfocus rin)
/9-. te #easure#ent
accuracy of te ti#e $ase
is typically state" as
DK01Q
/91. 2elvin electrostatic
volt#eter ses 'at #eto"
of "a#pin)
Dflui" friction
/9&. use" to a"7ust te
$ri)tness of te "isplay
Dintensity control
???????????????&1L&/
/9+. in "c #otor po'er
loss is contri$ute"
)reatly $y
Dcopper loss
/9/. in applications 'ere
su""en eavy loa"s appen
for s#all "uration;
a??????? #otor is te $est
coice
Dco##ulatively co#poun"e"
/91. 'at "a#pin) #eto"
is use" in in"uction
type...
??????????????????&1L&5
/93. 'at is te pri#ary
reason 'y car$on $ruses
are preferre" over copper
$ruses in "c #otors>
Dtey pro"uce less arcin)
/95. te ce#ical ener)y
in a $attery of cell
Dcan)es to 2inetic ener)y
'en te cell is
/99. Utility #eter@s
rea"out in"icates
Dener)y
/9:. te sc#itt is
"esi)ne" to ave upper an"
lo'er tri))er points
sli)tly a$ove an" $elo'
)roun".
D*ero crossin) "etector
/:-. one i#portant
a"vanta)e of an
electrostatic #eter is
Dit can "etect ac volta)es
/:1. it is for#e" $y
"epositin) a coatin) of
pospor #aterial te si"e
of te tu$e face.
Dscreen of (AT
/:&.MHst AF #eters can use
'ic antennas>
A.Lo)arit#ic0<erio"ic
Antenna
8. Ultra 8roa"$an"
Isotropic
(.Telescopic antenna
DA; 8 an" (
/:+. In"uction type
instru#ents are #ostly
use" as
D'att0our #eter
/:/. in a test $y Murray
loop for )roun" fault on
1--... ca$le avin) a
resistance of 1o#s per
1---#eters faulty ca$le is
loope" 'it a soun" ca$le
of ....out avin) a
resistance of &.&+o#s per
1--- #eters ratio of te
oter t'o are#s of testin)
net'or2 at $alance ratio
of &.51L1 calculate te
"istance of te fault
D/++.+ #eters
/:1. to use an analo)
oscilloscope you nee" to
a"7ust tat $asic settin)s
to acco#o"ate an inco#in)
si)nal>
A. Te attenuation or
a#plification of te
si)nal
8. te ti#e $ase
(. te tri)errin) of te
oscilloscope
D. te focus an" intensity
controls
D8 an" ( only
????????????????????&1L/1
/:3. 'ic of te a##eter
$elo' tat as no
insertion error
Dcla#p #eter
?????????????????????&1L/&
/:5. tis $ri")e circuit
is use" to "eter#ine te
un2no'n capacitance $y
co#parin) it 'it 2no'
stan"ar" capacitance
DDe Souty@s $ri")e
/:9. te )ri" potential is
a"7usta$le fro#
appro.i#ately
D0&---, to 0&-1-,
/::. te ran"o# variations
in te output current of
an electron tu$e tat as
an o.i"e coate" cato"e
cause" $y can)es in
cato"e e#ission.
Dflic2er effect
1--. A& potential is
a"7suta$le aroun"
D&2,
1-1. it "eter#ines te
nu#$er of ori*ontal
"ivisions occupie" eac
cycle of "isplaye"
'avefor#.
Dori*ontal ti#e/"iv
1-&. al2aline cells
D)enerally $etter in
ra"ios tan *inc car$on
1-+. te scale of a ot
'ire instr#ent is
Ds!uare"
1-/. it "isconnects te
input si)nal an" )roun"s
te input ter#inal. tis
allo's eac trace to $e
set to a conventional *ero
position on te screen.
D)roun" $uttons
1-1. #otor 'ose spee"
increase as te loa"
increase
D"ifferentially co#poun"e"
1-3. a "evice ise" to
#ecanically #easure te
output po'er of a #otor
D"yna#o#eter
1-5. $ri")e circuit tat
is use" to "eter#ine te
un2no'n capacitance an"
teir losses
D??????????????????&1L11
1-9. "yan#o#eter 'it
unifor# scale
D'att#eter
1-:. a trio"e consist of
Dany of
teseFcato"e;ano"e;)ateG
11-. electrical #acine
tat converts ac volta)e
to "c volta)e vice versa
Drotary converter
111. #ain a"vanta)e of
FET,M over a conventional
volt#eter is te fact te
FET,M
D"ra' less current fro#
te circuit un"er test
11&. te #o#entary
illu#incation pro"uce 'en
an electric fiel" is
applie" to a pospor..
e.cite" $y ultraviolet
ra"iation
DGu""en0<ol effect
11+. litiu# $attery
D#icroco#puter #e#ory $ac2
up
11/. to increase te
#easurin) capa$ility of a
#ovin) iron a##eter
D"ifferent nu#$er of turns
of operatin) coil
111. 'en an ar#ature
opens in "c #otor
Dinter#ittent spar2in)
113. #easures te
intensity of te ra"iation
receive" fro# any portion
of te s2y
D?????????????????????&&.-
9
115. an electrostatic
volt#eter in 'ic an
asse#$ly of 90sape" #etal
plates rotates $et'een te
plates on stationary
asse#$ly 'en a volta)e is
applie" $et'een te
asse#$lies.
DJelvin volt#eter
119. an electronic
instru#ent use" for
caracteri*e an" locate
faults in #etalic ca$les
suc as t'iste" 'ire pairs
an" coa.ial ca$les
Dti#e "o#ain reflecto#eter
11:. $ri")e #easurin) self
in"uctance
D#a.'ell 'ein $ri")e
1&-. tecnically AF fiel"
stren)t #eter "etects te
electrons of ra"io an"
#icro'aves at 'at
fre!uencies>
D-.1M6* to +G6*
1&1. syncronous type of
ac #otor
Duses a "c )enerator to
supply "c e.citation
1&&. it "eter#ines te
sensitivity of te "isplay
to input volta)e for eac
cannel
D???????????????&&L15
1&+. in coosin) a #otor
for particular
application. 'at
caracteristic you soul"
consi"er
Dspee" tor!ue
1&/. a ca$le fault 'erein
te insulation )ets
"a#a)e" an" current starts
flo'in) for# core to eart
or to ca$le.
D????????????????????&&L&-
1&1. lea" aci" $attery
Dporta$le vi"eo
ca#era/recor"er
1&3. it is "esi)ne" solely
for tracin) "evice
caracteristics
co##ercially availa$le
D?????????????0&&L&+
1&5. varia$le spee" #otor
Dseries
1&9. type of si)nal
)enerator opti#i*e" for
use in?? applications
Dtone )enerator
????????????????????
1&:. te #easure#ent
accuracy of te ti#e $ase
$eco#es???? 'en te ti#e
$ase #a)nifier is set to
its #a.i#u# position
DK/05Q
1+-. #a.'ells $ri")e is
very suita$le for accurate
#easure#ent
Din"uctance
?????????????????????&&L&:
1+1. a$ility of
ultraviolet ra"iation to
"iscar)e a ne)ative
car)e $o"y in a vacuu#
Dall effect
1+&.#ost sensitive
D<MM(
1++. Dip #eter are use"
to #easure resonance
fre!uencies parallel L(
circuit an" usually uses
'at oscillator>
Dcolpitts oscillator
1+/. it "efines te
i)est an" lo'est
'avefor# fre!uency of
oscilloscope tat #ay $e
"isplaye" 'it no #ore
tan of attenuation
Dfre!uency response
1+1. in #otors of te sa#e
ratin) 'ic as te least
start tor!ue
D"c sunt
1+3. #otor pro"uces te
i)est increase in tor!ue
consi"erin) te sa#e
increase in current
D"c series
1+5. typical fre!uency
counter
Daccurate to si. "i)its or
#ore
????????????????????
1+9. posor use" on te
screens are
Dinsulator
1+:. #otor 'ose spee" can
$e easily controlle"
D"c #otors
1/-. a 3- 6* po'er line
fre!uency #eter usin) a
vi$ratin) type #ay
in"icate a fre!uency fro#
D196* to 3&6*
1/1. its purpose is to
#ove eac 'avefor#
vertically up an" "o'n te
screen to set it in te
$east position for vie'in)
D?????????????????????&&/3
1/&. $est $ri")e to $e
use" if te pase of te
in"uctance un"er test is
lar)e
Day $ri")e
1/+. "ual trace (AT; a
sin)le electron )un in
invole" te $ea# is split
into t'o seperate $ea#s
$efore it passes
"eflection plates
Dsplit $ea# (AT
1//. usin) a noise
)enerator; 'e connect te
)enerator.. your prea#p
an" slo'ly a"vance te
level control unit soun"
level it is a$out
D31"8
1/1. te construction of
te "ual trace line (AT
'it t'o co#ple#enratary
electron )uns containe" in
a sin)le tu$e
D??????????????????&&1&
1/3. 'ic 'in"in) in a
"c co#poun" )enerator tat
is #a"e of fine 'ires
Dsunt fiel" 'in"in)
1/5. 'ite noise as a
fre!uency caracteristic
'ic.. po'er level $y???
'it eac increasin)
octave.
D+"8
1/9. 'en can 'e )et a
#a.i#u# #ecanical po'er
for# a #otor
D?????????????????????&+--
1/:. al#ost contant spee"
$est #otor to $e use"
D"c sunt
11-. a pulse 'ave is ac
couple" to an oscilloscope
'it #e)a o#s an" a
couplin) capacitor of -.1
#icroF. "eter#ine te
lon)est pulse 'i"t tat
can $e "isplaye" 'itout
noticea$le lo' fre!uency
"istortion intro"uce" $y
te oscilloscope
D1--#sec
111. t'o inputs are
alternately an" repeate"
ly trace" on screen $ut
uses a #uc i)er
s'itcin) fre!uency
Dcop #o"e
11&. te rotation in"uce"
in a freely suspen"e"
ferro#a)net o$7ect 'en
#a)neti*ation of te
o$7ect is reverse"
DEinstein "e 6aas effect
11+. te soun" you ear
'en a T, is tune" to a
non e.istin) station
D?????????????????&+-:
11/. transistor $attery
Delectronic calculator
111. A+ an" A1 focusin)
electro"es are el" as
D)roun" potential
113. use to focus te
control to a fine line
Dfocus control
115. input i#pe"ance of
te oscilloscope at te
front part
D1 Me)a o# in parallel
'it +-pF
119. te secon"ary
electron are collecte" $y
a )rapic
Da!ua"a)
11:. refers to te
selective a$sorption of
electro#a)netic $y a
"ialectric "ue to
#olecular "ipoles.
D"e$ye effect
13-. 'en #otor is
overloa"e"
Dovereat
131. are sopisticate"
si)nal )enerator 'ic
allo' te... to )enerate
ar$itrary 'avefor#s;
'itin pu$lise" li#its
fre!uency ran)e; accuracy
an" output level
Dar$itrary 'avefor#
)enerators
13&. te current for# a
solar panel is increase"
Dconnectin) solar cells in
parallel
13+. to prevent "a#a)e of
te #ultiran)e a##eter
"urin) selection ???
soul" $e use"
Dayrton sunt
13/. factors tat affect
iron losses in a "c #otor
Dflu. an" fiel" are
correct
131. "irect sort circuit
$attery
Dan e.plosion
133. in a #ovin) coil
a##eter; a???? is
connecte"... 'it te
coil" to co#pensate for
te#perature varia$le
Ds'a#pin) resistor
135. peno#enon 'ere$y
current in a )as can)es
as result of irra"iation
$y li)t calle"
D??????????????????&++/
139. a ca$le fault 'erein
te insulation )ets
"a#a)e". te currents
starts flo'in) for# core
to eart or
D??????????????&++3
13:. an in"icatin)
instru#ent 'ose #ova$le
coils rotates $et'een t'o
stationary coils. usually
use" as 'att#eter
Delectro"yna#o#eter
15-. te can)e in te
"irection of a co#pass
nee"le 'ere current
carrin) 'ire is $rou)t
near
D electro#a)netic
"eflection
151. a #ultitone )enerator
outputs several tone
si#ultaneous an" are use"
to cec2 for
D????????????????&+/-
15&. #ost co##on #eto"
use" in varyin) te
volta)e of "c #otor
Dvaryin) te fiel"
stren)t
15+. an instru#ent 'ic
"epen"s on current in one
or #ore coils actin) on
one or #ore pieces of soft
iron...
D#ovin) iron instru#ent
15/. intru#ent use" for
#easurin) i) fre!uency
currents
Dter#ocouple
151. for a 'aver for# 'it
a pea2 to pea2 a#plitu"e
of 1.. "ivision tis )ives
a rea"in) accuracy of
DK/1Q
153. a pulse 'averfor#
'it +.+Jo#s source
resistance $e "isplaye" on
an oscilloscope 'it an
input capacitance 11pF.
Deter#ine te sortest
pulse 'i"t tat can $e
"isplaye" 'itout
noticea$le "istortion
$ein) intro"uce te
co#$ination of As an" (i
D1.-: #icrosec
155. until it "ies
Dflat "iscar)e curve
159. "evice 'ic "epen"s
on te action of te
#ova$le per#anent #a)net
ali)nin) itself in te
resultant fiel" pro"uce
eiter $y a fi.e"
per#anent #a)nety an" an
a"7acent coils or coils
carryin) current of t'o or
#ore current carryin)
coils 'ose a.es are
"isplace" $y a fi.e"
an)le>
D#ovin) #a)net instru#ent
15:. te electrons are
accelerate" a)ain after
tey pass $y "eflectin)
plates
DElectron acceleration
???????????&+1/
19-. 'at test co##only
use" to locate te )roun"
fault of sin)le ca$le
D$lavier@s test
191. one cause 'y te
saft tor!ue is less tan
te.... ar#ature tor!ue of
a "c #otor
Dfriction loss
19&. forces tat are
actin) on te pointer of
an instru#ent as tey rest
on tere fineal "eflecte"
position Fnote "a#pin)
tor!ue is -.G
Dcontrollin) an"
"eflectin) tor!ues
19+. )ri" is co#pose" of
D??????&/--
19/. te 'avefor# un"er
investi)ation are
"isplaye" on te screen
'ic protecte" 'it a
cali$rate" flat piece
plastic calle"
D)raticule
191. 'ic of te
follo'in) 'ill not cause a
#a7or error in o##eter
rea"in)>
DA s#all can)e in te
resistance to $e #easures
193. te result of te
potential "ifference
$et'een ano"es
D?????????????????&/-+
195. in a co#poun"
)enerator ; 'ic fiel"
'in"in) usually lo'er
resistance>
Dseries fiel" 'in"in)
199. a &26* -.1, s!uare
'ave output #ay $e ta2en
fro# te ter#inal for use
in cali$ratin) attenuator
pro$es.
D??????????????&/-3
19:. controllin) tor!ue in
<MM(
Dsprin) action
1:-. it is essentially
flat fre!uency response
noise source 'ill !uic2ly
so' anty ano#olies in a
spea2er syste#s; acoustics
an" crossover net'or2s.
Dpin2 noise )enerator
1:1. electrical #acine
tat can)es ac volta)e at
fre!uency to anoter ac
volta)e at anoter
fre!uency
Dfre!uency converter
1:&.