TRNG I HC KIN TRC THNH PH H CH MINH

B MN KHOA HC X HI
TIU LUN LCH S NG :
TI:
VAI TR CA NGUYN I QUC
TRONG VIC THNH L
NG !"# $# %&"'(

SVTH N!"#N H$!
TH%NG
&'P M()
MSSV
N*M HC )((+,)((-

T)* T+T:
PH.N I M/ .!
NG!"#N 0I 1!C V 1!0 TR2NH X!3T 45NG T2M NG C6!
N'C
HOT NG C7A NG!"#N 0I 1!C / H8I NGOI T9
:;::,:;:;
NG!"#N 0I 1!C V VI<C TR!"=N B0 CH7 NGH>A M0C
?&@NIN V= N'C A:;:;,:;)+B
PH.N II NG!"#N 0I 1!C V SC THNH &DP 8NG CNG S8N
VI<T NAM A(E,(),:;E(B
T2NH H2NH TRONG N'C V 1!C T T9 :;)+ ?:;E( V
NH$NG HOT NG C7A NG!"#N 0I 1!CF
SC THNH &DP 8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM A(E,(),:;E(B
PH.N III KT &!DN
PH.N I M/ .!
NG!"#N 0I 1!C V CON NG X!3T 45NG T2M NG
C6! N'C
HOT NG C7A NG!"#N 0I 1!C / H8I NGOI T9
:;::,:;:;
,(+,(-,:;::G NHIJKL AM 1INO PQ RM STU RVWLH OXI LVYO SZM [\L N]^ R_LH
FNGI STU S]`J O]a LH]bQ McO,&dNML G SPe S]^L] LHVWM OfLH ghL VMiS NQU
RjI SMdL k^ Ol kQM SPm nIJ\S RoL] RNM kYM gp S]^L] qrs hLH OfLH ghL VMiS
NQUF
NGI Sp qpO kt OuL RVWLH k^ OcO] RM STU RVWLH OXI LVYO
NGI RM STU OuL RVWLH OXI LVYO O]u vwL SfO O]X x]yLH s]hM RM OjI
kMiL
NGI SM\s S]I x]hu gcS S]pO SMKL R\L qz qIrLG k{Q ]|O Srs qz qIrL k{Q
x]hu gcS [}LH S]pO SMKL F
K]M NGI R~ STU PQ OuL RVWLH RLH RL Rl q^ O]a LH]bQ McO,
&dNML S]T NGI vXS x]ucS RXLH kt O]a LH]bQ McO, &dNML k^ SPe
S]^L] LHVWM OfLH ghL VMiS LQU RjI SMdL
,T{ x]M S]pO vwL P]cs wU qVOG RS cO] S]NLH SPo qdL R`S LVYO SQ G L]MtI OIfO
x]eM LH]bQ qMdL SM\s L PQ e U|M UMtL S{ NQU PQ BO L]VLH RtI S]`S [ZM F
NHIJKL A 1INO STU OcO] PQ LVYO LHu^M U k^ k^ ]|O OcO] q^U OaQ OcO
LVYO R HMhM s]lLH R_LH [^u UTL]F NHVWM x]yLH ScL S]^L] OuL RVWLH OXI
LVYO U^ OcO [rO SMtL [NM SPVYO Rl R~ S]pO ]MiL FNHVWM PQ RM SPuLH ]u^L OhL]
S]\ HMYM Ol L]MtI RMU O]IJL [M\L gwI gO O]a LH]bQ SV [hL ACNTBB R~
]u^L S]^L] HMQM RuZL Sp vu OZL] SPQL] k^ O]IJL qdL HMQM RuZL R\ nINO G OcO]
UZLH S]cLH MVWM NHQ L PQ A:;:BF
,N]LH ]MI [M\S RjI SMdL kt OcO] UZLH S]cLH MVWM NHQ OLH kYM kMiO SM\s
L]rL SV SVeLH &dLML nIQ g S]hu qjL S]X L]`S &IrL OVLH OcO k`L Rt vwL SfO
k^ S]IfO RoQ A(,:;)(B L]V UfS cL] SPLH gcLH x vMiI G LwLH OQu kt O]`S
S`S Oh L]LH ]MI [M\S k^ STL] OhU OcO] UZLH U^ NHVWM ]}LH LILH
L`IFNHIJKL AM 1INO R~ RM SYM nIJ\S RoL] SM\s S]u q^ cO RoL] OuL RVWLH OXI
LVYO S]u OcO] UZLH S]cLH MVWMACMTM B FVT gQu NHIJKL A 1INO qZM STU
S]`J OuL RVWLH GP4T SPuLH CMTM VMiO L^J SVeLH O]{LH L]V RL HMhL k^
Sp L]MdL S]pO PQ Rl q^ O]LH RVWLH O]M\L S]LH [M\S [Qu x]l x]L kYM gp qpQ
O]|L kLH O]O F
N]rL S]XO OaQ NHIJKL A 1INO kt k`L Rt vwL SfO k^ HMQM O`s SPuLH CMTM
s]hL cL] RLH SL] O]`S UfS OIfO OcO] UZLH ~ ]fM O]a LH]bQ U^ &dNML
L]MtI qjL L]`L UZL] F&dNML O]u P}LH G OcO] UZLH ~ ]fM O]a LH]bQ [Qu H_U
L]MtI OIfO R`I SPQL] OaQ OcO HMQM O`s OcO] UZLH O]NLH OcO HMQM O`s [lO qfS G
Ll x]yLH RL S]IjL q^ OIfO R`I SPQL] HMQ ky ghL k^ SV ghL U^ HL qMtL kYM
OIfO R`I SPQL] OcO] UZLH OaQ HMQM O`s ky ghL F
T{ S]pO SMKL CMTM G RVO guM gcLH [eM SV SVeLH OaQ O]a LH]bQ McO,&dNML G
NHIJKL A 1INO R~ L]rL S]`J OuL RVWLH CMTM q^ vIJ L]`S RLH RL O]u
CMVN k^ L]MtI vwL SfO S]IfO RoQ x]cO FNHIJKL A 1INO x]LH RoL] GCVS
UYM q^ HMQM O`s Ol S] q~L] RZu CMVNG O] Ol HMhM s]lLH HMQM O`s ky ghL S]T
UYM HMQM s]lLH RVO vwL SfOG UINL OXI LVYO k^ HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO x]yLH Ol
OuL RVWLH L^u x]cO OuL RVWLH CMVSF
N]V krJG kMiO NHIJKL A 1INO O]|L OuL RVWLH CMTM SPuLH OIfO R`I SPQL]
GP4T OaQ L]wL vwL SQ x]yLH L]LH ]s nIJ qIrS s]cS SPML qoO] gGSL] O]`S
S]WM RZM G U^ OmL Ol z LH]bQ nINO S\ G x]M U^ L]MtI vwL SfO x]cO S{ O]NM OuL
RVWLH RQI x] OaQ CNTB Ol S] STU S]`J SPuLH SV SVeLH ~ ]fM O]a LH]bQ OaQ
NHIJKL A 1INO UfS ]VYLH RM S]O] ]s O]u gp qpQ O]|L OaQ UTL]
,SQI HjL :( LU [yL [Q A:;::,:;)(B nIQ E( nINO HMQ vwL SfO S]IfO CMTM
O]wI qO [Qu H_U OcO nINO HMQ q^ SPILH SwU OaQ CNTB L]V AL] G P]cs GM
R\L kLH LHuZM kM OaQ Ll q^ OcO LVYO S]IfO RoQ e C]wI 0G C]wI P]M G
NHIJKL A 1INO R~ RZS SYM UXO Rf L]rL S]XO OjL S]M\S kt UNM nIQL ]i HMQ
HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO kYM HMhM s]lLH OuL LHVWM G HMhM s]lLH L]wL quZM Fl q^
L]rL S]XO O [hL OLH kYM SMtL Rt S]pO SMKL U^ NHIJKL A 1INO SO] qI
RVO O]u [VYO O]IJL S{ LHVWM JdI LVYO S]^L] LHVWM OfLH ghL x]M NHVWM
R|O g S]hu qjL S]X L]`S L]LH qIrL OVLH kt k`L Rt vwL SfO k^ k`L Rt S]IfO
RoQ OaQ &dNML F NHIJKL A 1INO O] P O] Ol O]a LH]bQ ~ ]fM k^ O]a
LH]bQ OfLH ghL UYM HMhM s]lLH RVO OcO vwL SfO [o cs [XO k^ k^ L]LH LHVWM
qQu RfLH SPdL S]\ HMYM x]M cO] Ly qi F NHIJKL A 1INO JdI OjI OcO RhLH OfLH
ghL s]hM SIJdL SPIJtL O]a LH]bQ ~ ]fM SPuLH OcO LVYO S]IfO RoQG k^ O]L]
NHIJKL A 1INO [}LH L]MtI OuL RVWLH R~ RVQ O]a LH]bQ McO,&dLML k^u VMiS
NQUF
NG!"#N 0I 1!C V VI<C TR!"=N B0 CH7 NGH>A M0C ?
&@NIN V= N'C A:;:;,:;)+B
,wJ q^ HMQM RuZL NHIJKL A 1INO SPpO SM\s O]IL [o kt O]L] SPo k^ S O]XO
O]u kMiO S]^L] qrs RhLH OfLH ghL VMiS NQUF
,Sp O]IL [o kt O]L] SPo NHIJKL A 1INO R~ ]TL] S]^L] L]LH nIQL RMU
O]L] SPo R q^U O ge O]u OVLH qbL] OaQ hLH gQI L^J k^ L]LH nIQL RMU
Rl S] ]MiL nIQ OcO [^M [^M [cu G nIQ OcO [hL cL O]\ Rf S]pO vwL P]cs k^ nIQ
L]LH [^M HMhLH e 1IhLH C]wIG TPILH 1INO F
,C S] SPuLH S]WM HMQL L^J P]csG NHIJKL A 1INO S]QJ US L]LH LHVWM
VMiS NQU JdI LVYO gNLH e P]cs R~ RVQ SYM ]fM LH]o VOQM [hL JdI gcO] RmM
O]L] s]a P]cs s]hM S]{Q L]rL OcO nIJtL Sp vu vwL O]a G nIJtL [TL] RLH k^
nIJtL Sp nIJ\S OaQ vwL SfO VMiS NQU FTIJ x]yLH RVO O]`s L]rL L]VLH RmL
S`L OyLH SPpO vMiL RjI SMdL Rl OaQ L]^ OcO] UZLH SP SIM k^u [|L SPU R\
nINO R~ Ol SM\L kQLH qYL RNM kYM L]wL vwL VMiS NQU G L]wL vwL P]csG k^ L]wL
vwL OcO S]IfO RoQ P]cs MfS [^M ]|O qYL RVO PS PQ C] Ol HMhM s]lLH HMQM
O`s ky ghL S]T UYM HMhM s]lLH RVO vwL SfO G Oh ]QM OIfO HMhM s]lLH L^J O]
Ol S] q^ gp LH]Mis OaQ O]a LH]bQ OfLH ghL k^ OaQ OcO] UZLH S]\ HMYM F
,T]cLH (,:;)( NHIJKL A 1INO R|O [hL qIrL OVLH OaQ &dNML kt OcO k`L
Rt vwL SfO k^ S]IfO RoQG x]LH RoL] qrs SPVWLH xMdL nIJ\S aLH ]f s]uLH SP^u
HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO e OcO LVYO s]VLH yLH OaQ 1INO S\ CfLH ghLF T{ Rl
yLH ]u^L Su^L SML S]u &dLML RXLH kt nINO S\ S]X [QF
,TZM RZM ]fM OaQ hLH ~ ]fM P]cs ]|s e TIQG A:),:;)(BG NHIJKL A 1INO
[ s]M\I ScL S]^L] kMiO HMQ L]rs 1INO S\ S]X [Q k^ qrs PQ hLH OfLH ghL
P]csF Sp xMiL NHIJKL A 1INO S]QU HMQ hLH OfLH ghL P]cs ? k^ q^ LHVWM
OfLH ghL VMiS NQU RjI SMdL RcL] v`I [VYO LHuS SPuLH ]uZS RfLH OaQ yLHG S{
O]a LH]bQ JdI LVYO R\L O]a LH]bQ McO, &dNML k^ RM S]u OuL RVWLH CMVSF
Sp xMiL Rl RcL] v`I [VYO Ue RVWLH HMhM nIJ\S OIfO x]aLH ]uhLH kt RVWLH
qNM HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO VMiS NQUF
,NU :;):G RVO gp HMs R OaQ RhLH CfLH ghL P]csG NHIJKL A 1INO OLH
OLH UfS gN LHVWM JdI LVYO OaQ S]IfO RoQ P]cs gcLH qrs PQ ]fM qMdL ]Mis OcO
vwL SfO S]IfO RoQ e PQPMg R Ru^L x\S OcO qpO qVLH OcO] UZLH O]NLH O]a
LH]bQ S]pO vwLG S]yLH nIQ S O]XO Rl RU O]a LH]bQ McO, &dNML R\L OcO vwL
SfO S]IfO RoQ
,TW [cu LHVWM OLH x] vu yLH q^U O]a L]MiU xMdU O]a [S R~ kZO] SPjL
O]L] gcO] R^L csG [lO qfS v~ UQL OaQ O]a LH]bQ R\ nINO LlM O]ILH k^ OaQ R\
nINO P]cs LlM PMdLHG S]XO SL] OcO vwL SfO [o cs [XO LM vrJ R`I SPQL] Sp HMhM
s]lLHF
,NHIJKL A 1INO OmL kM\S L]MtI [^M O]u OcO [cu L]wL Zu AOaQ hLH CfLH
ghL P]csBG WM gNLH OyLH L]wL AOaQ TLH &MdL Ru^L qQu RfLH P]cs B kkk^
OINL gcO] LM SM\LH BhL cL O]\ Rf S]pO vwL P]cs
, T]cLH (-, :;)E NHIJKL A 1INO PWM LVYO P]cs gQLH &MdL Xy vp ]fM LH]o
qYL 1INO S\ LyLH vwL k^ RVO [jI k^u BQL O]`s ]^L]F SQI Rl NHIJKL A
1INO e qZM &MdL Xy UfS S]WM HMQLG k{Q q^U kMiOG k{Q LH]MdL OXI ]|O SrsG q^U
kMiO T]cLH (-, :;)E NHIJKL A 1INO PWM LVYO P]cs gQLH &MdL Xy vp ]fM
LH]o qYL 1INO S\ LyLH vwL k^ RVO [jI k^u BQL O]`s ]^L] F e 1INO T\ CfLH
ghL G kM\S [^M O]u [cu Sp T]rS G TZs O] T]V SL 1INO S\ TZM ZM ]fM 1INO T\
CfLH ghL qjL S]X V G yLH SPTL] [^J qrs SPVWLH nIQL RMU OaQ UTL] kt ko SP G
O]M\L qVO OaQ OcO] UZLH OcO LVYO S]IfO RoQ G kt UNM nIQL ]i HMQ s]uLH
SP^u OyLH L]wL e OcO LVYO R\ nINO kYM s]uLH SP^u OcO] UZLH e OcO LVYO
S]IfO RoQ Gkt kQM SPm k^ gXO UZL] Su OaQ HMQM O`s OyLH L]wL e OcO LVYO S]IfO
RoQ
,N]LH LfM vILH OaQ gp O]IL [o kt O]L] SPo
NHIJKL A 1INO cO RoL] O] Ol CMVS UYM q^ OIfO OcO] UZLH SPMiS R
L]`S [eM kT OIfO CM L^J kT qM O] OaQ RQ gN nIjL O]LH G NHIJKL A 1INO
R~ vLH s]VLH s]cs gu gcL] qoO] g R L]rL S]XO [hL O]`S OcO OIfO CMTS
M GP]cs Gk^ CMVS NHQG q^U O ge O]u kMiO cO RoL] OuL RVWLH OXI LVYO
RLH F K]M SPTL] [^J L]LH gp xMiL O [hL OaQ OcO] UZLH M A:-BG OcO]
UZLH P]cs A :;BG k^ OIfO CMTM NHQ G NHIJKL A 1INO PS PQ x\S qIrL
x]cM nIcS CcO] UiL] P]cs OLH L]V OcO] UiL] M GLH]bQ q~ OcO] UiL]
SV [hL G OcO] UiL] x]yLH R\L LM G SM\LH q^ OfLH ]u^ k^ vwL O]a G x S]pO
SPuLH S]T Ll SVYO qpO OyLH LyLH G LHuMQ) S]T Ll cs [XO S]IfO RoQ G OmL OcO]
UiL] NHQ R~ RIM RVO kIQ G SV [hL G RoQ O]a P_M G qZM PQ gXO O]u OyLHG LyLH
OcO LVYO k^ vwL [o cs [XO OcO S]IfO RoQ q^U OcO] UiL] R Rrs R S`S Oh R\
nINO O]a LH]bQ k^ k^ SV [hL SPuLH S]\ HMYM
NHIJKL A 1INO LdI P L]LH UO SMdI k^ OuL RVWLH RM qdL OaQ CMVN
q^ RM qdL CNXH L]VLH R SM\L SYM UO SMdI Rl S]T CMVN s]hM SPhM nIQ ]QM HMQM
RuZL
CMTS41 xMI UYM
CMXHCN
NHIJKL A 1INO LdI P qpO qVLH OaQ CMVNG Rl q^ OyLH LyLHG OyLH
LyLH q^ HNO OaQ OcO] UZLHG RMtL O]a L]G L]^ [IyL L] q^ [jI [ZL OaQ CMF
P]VLH s]cs OcO] UZLHG LdI P UINL O]u CM S]^L] OyLH s]hM g vLH
[Zu qpO CM nIjL O]LH L]VLH k`L Rt SPVYO ]\S q^ s]hM S O]XO HMcO LHf nIjL
O]LH R`I SPQL]G gQI Rl q^ x]eM LH]bQ k SPQLH HM^L] O]L] nIJtLF
u^L x\S nINO S\ NHIJKL A 1INO LdI P CMVS e OcO LVYO S]IfO RoQ
s]hM q^ [f s]rL OaQ CMTG L]VLH CMVS e OcO LVYO S]IfO RoQ s]hM O]a RfLH
HM^L] S]LH qM O]X x]yLH S] SPyLH O]W e CMVSTGF
VQM SPm q~L] RZu OaQ hLH NHIJKL A 1INO x]LH RoL] CM UINL HM^L]
S]LH qM S]T SPVYO ]\S s]hM Ol gp q~L] RZu OaQ hLH R SPuLH LVYO S]T krL
RfLHG S O]XO nIjL O]LH RXLH qdL R`I SPQL]G OmL [dL LHu^M S]T qMdL qZO kYM
HMQM O`s VSTG R qMdL x\S ]^L] RfLH
N]LH ]uZS RfLH OaQ NHIJKL A 1INO Ol hL] ]VeLH ]\S gXO UZL] U k^ gwI
PfLH RNM kYM L]wL vwL SPuLH LVYOG SPVYO ]\S q^ L]LH SMI SV ghL SP S]XO JdI
LVYOG SM\L [f G L]W R|O OcO gcO] [cu SM\L [f Rl U^ ]MI P ]L [hL O]`S OaQ
O]a LH]bQ R\ nINO LlM O]ILH k^ O]a LH]bQ S]pO vwL P]cs LlM PMdLH ]MI RVO
OcO] UZLH S]cLH MVWM NHQ k^ R~ ]VYLH kt O]a LH]bQ McO, &dNML FN]LH
nIQL RMU O [hL kt O]M\L qVO k^ gcO] qVO OcO] UZLH HMhM s]lLH S]IfO RoQ
SPuLH S]WM RZM R\ nINO O]a LH]bQ k^ OcO] UZLH ky ghL U^ NHIJKL A 1INO R~
SM\s L]rL RVO vVYM cL] gcLH OaQ C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML k^ R~ Ol OyLH
SPIJtL [c k^u LVYO SQ S{ gQI O]M\L SPQL] q^ UfS [VYO O]IL [o nIQL SP|LH kt
O]L] SPo k^ SV SVeLH O]u gp S]^L] qrs O]L] hLH ky ghL e LVYO SQ SPuLH HMQM
RuZL SM\s S]uF

H,N II: NGUYN I QUC V S- THNH L NG C.NG
SN VIT NA* !'"#'$#%&"'
T2NH H2NH TRONG N'C V 1!C T T9 :;)+ ?:;E( V
NH$NG HOT NG C7A NG!"#N 0I 1!CF
:F VI<T NAM THANH NI@N C0CH MNG NG CH HI
V TN VI<T C0CH MNG 8NG RA I
AF VI<T NAM THANH NI@N C0CH MNG NG CH HIG TI=N
THN C7A CHNH 8NG V S8N
SQI UfS S]WM HMQL e qZM &MdL Xy R ]|O Srs k^ LH]MdL OXI xML] LH]MiU wJ
vpLH hLH xMI UYM G NHIJKL A 1INO qdL RVWLH kt SYM 1IhLH C]wI ATPILH
1INOBG AHMV~ S]cLH :),:;)BFNHIJKL A 1INO R~ SM\s O kYM OcO L]^ OcO]
UZLH VMiS NQU Ol US SZM RwJ G OLH UfS gN S]QL] LMdL ]LH ]cM UYM S{
SPuLH LVYO gQLH S]u SM\LH H|M OaQ SM\LH [uU SQ 4MiL A(-,:;)BG R S]^L] qrs
VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM AHI VI<T NAM
CMTNBGSPuLH Rl Ol S O]XO CfLH ghL Ru^L q^U LmLH ONSG P_M SPIJtL [c C]a
NH]bQ McO, &dNML k^u VMiS NQU G O]IL [o RMtI xMiL O]u kMiO S]^L] qrs
O]L] hLH OaQ HMQM O`s OyLH L]wL A(-,:;)+B
HI VI<T NAM CMTN TIP TC TR!"=N B0 CH7 NGH>A M0C ?
&@NIN VO VI<T NAM CH!N B CHO VI<C THNH &DP 8NG
N]MiU k
TPIJtL [c CN McO, &dNML k^u s]uLH SP^u OyLH L]wL k^ s]uLH SP^u JdI
LVYO VMiS NQU [eM kT s]uLH SP^u OyLH L]wL SIJ Ol s]cS SPML UZL] L]VLH
kL q^ Sp s]cS R O]IJL Ll qdL S]^L] Sp HMcOG s]uLH SP^u JdI LVYO VMiS
NQU qO L^J kL s]cS SPML UZL] A P]ZU H_LH T]cMB L]VLH kL [fO qf ]QM
L]VO RMU s]uLH SP^u x]yLH Ol RVWLH qNM P P^LH ]uO s]uLH SP^u RM
S]u RVWLH qNM OhM quLH F 4u krJ OjL s]hM SPIJtL [c R s]uLH SP^u ]uZS
RfLH S]u nIQL RMU OaQ C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML
P]VLH s]cs
:F NM kYM s]uLH SP^u OyLH L]wL S]T HfM O]a SPVLH S]pO ]MiL s]uLH SP^u
ky ghL ]uc SXO q^ RVQ ]fM kMdL OaQ OaQ UTL] INLH OcO L]^ UcJ
LH]MisG ]jU UG R_L RMtL R OLH gNLH k^ q^U kMiO OLH kYM OyLH
L]wL R S{ Rl SPIJtL [c C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML k^u PTCNF VT S]\
s]uLH SP^u ky ghL ]uc R~ Hls s]jL RJ L]QL] PTCN S{ Sp s]cS qdL Sp
HMcO Hls s]jL R^u SZu L]MtI hLH kMdL OfLH ghL R q^U LmLH ONS O]u
kMiO S]^L] qrs hLH
)F NM kYM s]uLH SP^u JdI LVYO S]T OcO R_LH O] SPuLH ]fM R~ vLH qz qIrL
C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML s]wL [MiS O]u LHVWM JdI LVYO VMiS NQU S]`J
RVO RwI q^ OuL RVWLH CM SPMiS R R ]VYLH s]uLH SP^u JdI LVYO RM
S]u RVWLH qNM OaQ VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM
B}LH L]LH kMiO q^U SPdL OaQ HfMG s]uLH SP^u OcO] UZLH LVYO SQ OINM
:;) RjI :;); I`S ]MiL q^L glLH CM vwL SfO vwL O]a x]c UZL] UG kT
krJ U^ JdI OjI OaQ qoO] g RS PQ q^ S]^L] qrs hLH OaQ GCVS R SPpO SM\s
q~L] RZu PTCM S]T PTCM VMiS NQU U HM^L] S]LH qM
NHIJKL A 1INO SPpO SM\s Ue L]MtI qYs ]I`L qIJiL O]L] SPo R R^u SZu
UfS gN S]QL] LMdL VMiS NQU SPe S]^L] L]LH OcL [f OcO] UZLH FC S] S{
:;)+,:;) R^u SZu RVO )(( ]fM kMdL MfS gN RVO O]|L RM ]|O SPVWLH ZM
]|O P]VLH yLH &MdL XyG UfS gN RVO O RM ]|O e &MdL Xy ]QJ TPILH
1INOG OmL s]jL qYL qdL RVWLH kt LVYO ]uZS RfLHF C nIQL SIJdL SPIJtL OaQ
VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM q^ SIjL [cu T]QL] NMdL
FCcO [^M HMhLH OaQ OcO qYs R^u SZu OcL [f e 1IhLH C]wI RVO Srs ]s qZM ML
S]^L] gcO] VWLH OcO] UiL] ARjI LU :;)BF
TPuLH ScO s]U L^J NHIJKL A 1INO kZO] PQ L]LH s]VLH ]VYLH O [hL
kt O]M\L qVO k^ gcO] qVO OaQ OcO] UZLH HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO e VMiS NQU
FBQ SV SVeLH O [hL q^
CcO] UZLH q^ gp LH]Mis OaQ nIjL O]LH RyLH RhuLdL s]hM RfLH kMdLG
S O]XO k^ q~L] RZu nIjL O]LH kLH vrJ RcL] R OcO HMQM O`s cs [XOG
[lO qfS F
CcO] UZLH s]hM Ol hLH OaQ C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML q~L] RZuF
CcO] UZLH SPuLH LVYO OjL s]hM Ru^L x\S kYM HMQM O`s ky ghL S]\ HMYM k^
q^ UfS [f s]rL OaQ OaQ OcO] UZLH S]\ HMYM
MO RO] OaQ OINL gcO] q^ R LlM O]u R_LH [^u SQ [M\S P VT gQu O]LH
SQ UINL gNLH S]T s]hM OcO] UiL] ? VT gQu OcO] UiL] q^ kMiO O]ILH OaQ Oh
vwL O]LH O]X x]yLH s]hM kMiO OaQ UfSG ]QM LHVWM ? U qoO] g OcO]
UiL] OcO LVYO q^U HVLH O]u O]LH SQ guM ?U s]uLH SP^u S]\ HMYM LlM
O]u R_LH [^u SQ P ?AM q^ [ZL SQ AM S] SQ ,CcO] UiL] S]T s]hM q^U S]\
L^u
VWLH CcO] MiL] RVO kM\S PQ O]L] q^ R SPQLH [o O]u OcL [f k^ L]wL
vwL SQ ]_M Rl L]LH ]MI [M\S P`S HMhL SMiLG UQI ULG O]O O]L L]V q^
]QM kYM ]QM q^ [NLG x]yLH Sy k SPQLH ]u^LH HT Oh L]VLH P P^LH q^ P`S OjL
S]M\S O]u S]LH qM OINM OLH OaQ OcO] UZLH
SINS SPuLH ]QM LU :;:-,:;)G ScO s]U VWLH CcO] MiL]G SIjL [cu
T]QL] LMdL R~ RVO [ UrS O]IJL S{ TPILH 1INO kt SPuLH LVYO G k^u
RLH qO s]uLH SP^u JdI LVYO k^ vwL O]a RQLH gyM LM S{ NQU PQ BO SPdL
O ge HMQM O`s OyLH L]wL RQLH qYL UZL] L]QL] O]lLH LdL O^LH Ol RMtI
xMiL RM gwI k^u nIjL O]LH G Ue RVWLH O]u gp vI L]rs O]a LH]bQ C]a
NH]bQ McO, &dNML k^ gp S]^L] qrs hLH F
BFTN VI<T C0CH MNG 8NG RA I V PHN HO0
CLH SPuLH S]WM x VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM S]^L]
qrs e LVYO LHu^M G P_M s]cS SPML O ge kt SPuLH LVYO S]T TwL VMiS OcO]
UZLH hLH OLH RVO S]^L] qrs e SPuLH LVYOF hLH TwL VMiS Srs ]s
L]LH SP S]XO L] k^ S]QL] LMdL SMI SV ghL JdI LVYOF Bo hL] ]VeLH UZL]
U OaQ VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM UfS gN RhLH kMdL
SMdL SM\L O]IJL gQLH VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfMG
UfS gN OmL qZM SO] OpO O]IL [o R SM\L SYM S]^L] qrs UfS O]L] hLH xMI
UYM S]u O]a LH]bQ C]a NH]bQ McO, &dNML F
)FBA T CH6C CNG S8N &I@N TIP RA I TRONG N*M :;);
,MU qZM STL] ]TL] SPuLH LVYO S{ OINM LU :;),RjI LU :;); s]uLH SP^u
vwL SfO k^ vwL O]a e LVYO SQ G RO [MiS q^ s]uLH SP^u OyLH LyLH S]u OuL
RVWLH OcO] UZLH ky ghL s]cS SPML UZL] U FTPVYO STL] ]TL] RlG VMiS
NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM x]yLH OmL Ra gXO R q~L] RZu
LQ F CjL s]hM S]^L] qrs UfS hLH OfLH ghL R S O]XO k^ q~L] RZu HMQM
O`s OyLH L]wLG HMQM O`s LyLH vwL OLH OcO qpO qVLH JdI LVYO k^ OcO]
UZLH x]cO R`I SPQL] O]NLH R\ nINO k^ s]uLH xM\L SQJ gQMG HM^L] q`J R|O
qrs Sp vuF
,CINM S]cLH (E,:;);G UfS gN ]fM kMdL SMdL SM\L OQ VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL
CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM e BO KG SPuLH Rl Ol NHy GMQ Tp k^ NHIJKL
XO ChL] R~ ]|s e gN +4 s]N H^U &uLH A H^ NfM B R qrs PQ O]M [f OfLH
ghL RjI SMdL e VMiS NQU H_U LHVWM G SO] OpO O]IQL [o SM\L SYM S]^L]
qrs UfS RhLH OfLH ghL S]QJ S]\ O]u VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH
_LH C] HfM F
,TZM ZM ]fM qjL S]X L]`S OaQ VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C]
HfM A(+,:;);B x]M xM\L LH]o OaQ UTL] RVQ PQ kt kMiO S]^L] qrs hLH OfLH
ghL x]yLH RVO O]`s S]IrLG Ru^L RZM [MI BO K PS x]M ]fM LH]o kt
LVYOG P_M PQ qWM xdI H|M OyLH L]wL G LyLH vwL G OcO SjLH qYs L]wL vwL OcO]
UZLH LVYO SQ aLH ]f O]a SPVLH S]^L] qrs hLH OfLH ghLF
NH^J :,(-,:;);G RZM [MI OcO S O]XO O ge OfLH ghL e UMtL BO ]|s ZM
]fM nIJ\S RoL] S]^L] qrs yLH 4VLH OfLH ghL hLHG S]yLH nIQ SIJdL
LHyL G RMtI qi OaQ hLH G PQ [cu [Q qMtU q^U O nIQL LHyL qIrL F
,TM\s Rl OcO ]fM kMdL SMdL SM\L SPuLH [f s]rL VMiS NQU T]QL] NMdL CcO]
MZLH _LH C] HfM e TPILH 1INO k^ NQU K OLH nIJ\S voL] S]^L] qrs
AL NQU OfLH ghL hLH A(,:;);B
,Sp PQ RWM OaQ yLH 4VLH OfLH ghL hLH k^ AL NQU OfLH ghL hLH OaQ
ScO RfLH UZL] U R\L gp s]wL ]uc TwL VMiS OcO] UZLH hLHF CcO RhLH
kMdL SMdL SM\L OaQ hLH TwL kMiS S{ qwI R~ O]oI hL] ]VeLH OaQ VMiS NQU
T]QL] NMdL CcO] MZLH _LH C] HfM OLH ScO] PQ R S]^L] qrs yLH
4VLH OfLH ghL qMdL Ru^L A(;,:;);B
T]\ q^ O] SPuLH kmLH x]yLH RjJ [NL S]cLH AS{ S]cLH (- R\L S]cLH (;,
:;);B R~ Ol [Q S O]XO OfLH ghL e VMiS NQU SIJdL [N S]^L] qrs FSp I`S
]MiL [Q S O]XO R~ q^U O]u s]uLH SP^u OcO] UZLH SPuLH LVYO s]cS SPML
UZL] UF CcO s]uLH SP^u L^J Ol gp q~L] RZu SPpO SM\s OaQ OcO O]M [f
hLHG kT S]\ U^ Ll Ol gp qMdL ]d O]S O] HMQ OcO RoQ s]VLH R S]pO ]MiL
UO SMdI O]ILHF
TIJ L]MdLG gp I`S ]MiL OaQ [Q S O]XO OfLH ghL vL R\L kMiO SPQL] HM^L]
nIjL O]LH G hLH kMdL OaQ L]QI G O] SPO] G OyLH xO] qL L]QI q^ x]yLH
Ol qM O]u CMVNFNHIJdL qz wJ vpLH hLH xMI UYM OaQ GCVS x]yLH
O]u s]s Ol gp O]MQ P kt US S O]XO kT krJ gp I`S ]MiL OaQ [Q S O]XO
OfLH ghL R~ LlM qdL gp `I SPb OaQ hLH SQ SPuLH [IM RjI kt L]rL S]XO
LHIJdL qz S]^L] qrs hLH OaQ GCVSF
///S- THNH L NG C.NG SN VIT NA* !'"#'$#%&"' (
Sp PQ RWM OaQ [Q S O]XO CfLH ghL qO [`J HMW q^ UfS I S]\ S`S J\I OaQ
CMVNF CcO S O]XO OfLH ghL SPdL R~ L]QL] O]lLH wJ vpLH O ge hLH
SPuLH L]MtI RoQ s]VLHG k^ SPpO SM\s S O]XO q~L] RZu L]MtI OIfO R`I SPQL]
OaQ OyLH L]wL k^ LyLH vwLF P]uLH SP^u OyLH L]wL x\S ]s O]S O] kYM
s]uLH SP^u R`I SPQL] OaQ LyLH vwL O]NLH gVI OQu S]I\ LLHG O]NLH OVYs
PIfLH R`S GG s]uLH SP^u [~M x]uc OaQ ]|O gML] G [~M S]o OaQ SMI S]VLHG SZu
S]^L] UfS q^L glLH R`I SPQL] OcO] UZLH vwL SfO vwL O]a x]s Oh LVYO F
TPVYO STL] ]TL] Rl 1INO S\ OfLH ghL R~ HMQu O]u NHIJKL A 1INO O]oI
SPcO] L]MiU S]NLH L]`S OcO qpO qVLH OfLH ghL e VMiS NQU R S]^L] qrs
UfS RhLH OfLH ghL vIJ L]`SF wJ q^ UfS L]MiU k ky OLH x]l x]L k^
O] vIJ L]`S NHIJKL A 1INO qO Rl UYM Ol Ra LLH qpO G IJ SL R Srs
]s k^ S]NLH L]`S [Q S O]XO hLHF NGI R~ S{LH qVI qZO ]L ]QM UVM
LU e X LHVWM R STU PQ OuL RVWLH HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO G STU OuL RVWLH
RLH RL O]u OcO] UZLH VMiS NQU G SPIJtL [c L]LH SV SVeLH kt LVYO
O]IL [o O]u gp S]^L] qrs hLH F V^ O]L] k^u S]WM RMU Rl NHIJKL A
1INOG OuL LHVWM S^M [Q qM qZO G L]^ O]L] SPo RZM S^M OaQ vwL SfO [}LH IJ SL
OaQ UTL] R~ SPMiI Srs ]fM LH]o SZM HVLH ChLH ATPILH 1INOB
T]QJ US 1INO S\ OfLH ghLG S{ LH^J (E(,(),:;E(G NHIJKL A 1INO
O]a SPT ]fM LH]o k^ S]NLH L]`S OcO S O]XO OfLH ghL S]^L] qrs UfS hLH
vIJ L]`S q`J SdL q^ 8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM G S]yLH nIQ C]L]
OVLH kL SS G ScO] qVO kL SS G MtI qi kL SS OaQ hLH k^ &WM xdI
H|M L]wL vos S]^L] qrs hLH vu NHIJKL A 1INO guZL S]hu F
CVLH qbL] O]L] SPo RjI SMdL OaQ hLH OfLH ghL VMiS NQU vu NHIJKL A
1INO guZL S]hu q^ UfS OVLH qbL] OcO] UZLH HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO RLH RL
k^ gcLH SZu G L]IjL L]IJKL kt nIQL RMU HMQM O`s S]`U RVU SL] vwL SfO
k^ SL] L]wL kL FfO qrs vwL SfO k^ Sp vu q^ SV SVeLH ONS qM OaQ OaQ
OVLH qbL] L^J F

H,N III: 01T LUN
8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM AS{ S]cLH :(,:;E(B q`J SdL q^ 8NG
CNG S8N NG 45NG PQ RWM LU :;E( q^ x\S nIh S`S J\I OaQ OIfO
R`I SPQL] vwL SfO k^ HMQM O`s e kMiS LQU SPuLH S]WM RZM UYM F
8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM q^ [VYO LHuS kb RZM SPuLH s]uLH SP^u
CMVNG O]XLH S HMQM O`s OyLH L]wL VMiS NQU R~ SPVeLH S]^L] F
8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM PQ RWM O]`U vXS RVO OIfO x]aLH ]uhLH
kt RVWLH qNM OXI LVYO OaQ vwL SfO SQ U^ NHIJKL A 1INO q^ ko QL] ]LH
OaQ vwL SfO gQI L]MtI LU [yL [Q e ]hM LHuZM R~ STU PQ OuL RVWLH OXI
LVYO O]u vwL SfO VMiS NQU Rl q^ SV SVeLH OaQ O]a LH]bQ C]a NH]bQ
McO, &dNML G SML] S]jL OaQ CMVS FSQI x]M STU RVO OuL RVWLH OXI LVYO
NHIJKL A 1INO R~ PQ gXO SPIJtL [c SV SVeLH RVWLH qNM OXI LVYO OaQ
UTL] kt VMiS NQU G O]IL [o kt US SV SVeLH k^ qpO qVLH O]u s]uLH SP^u
OcO] UZLH SPuLH LVYO F
8NG PQ RWM S]T x S{ RwJ L]wL vwL VMiS NQU R~ S]QU HMQ k^u gp LH]Mis
R`I SPQL] HMhM s]lLH HMQM O`sG HMhM s]lLH qu^M LHVWM UfS OcO] Sp HMcO k^
Ol S O]XO F
8NG PQ RWM R~ SPe S]^L] ]ZS L]wL Ru^L x\S OcO J\I SN vwL SfO k^ HMQM
O`sG vwL SfO k^ nINO S\G HMQM O`s k^ nINO S\ FM^ LHVWM Ol x]h LLH Ru^L
x\SG SPQL] S]a gp R_LH STL] aLH ]f OaQ S]\ HMYM RNM kYM CM VMiS NQU q^
NHIJKL A 1INO G UfS L]^ LHuZM HMQu RZM S^M F
TlU qZMG kMiO S]^L] qrs hLH q^ [VYO LHuS kb RZM SPuLH qoO] g OaQ HMQM
O`s OyLH L]wL k^ OaQ CM VMiS NQU F Nl O]XLH S P}LH HMQM O`s ky ghL SQ
R~ SPVeLH S]^L] k^ Ra gXO q~L] RZu CMG ]u^L OhL] qoO] g R~ I`S ]MiL Oc
L]wL xMiS I`S NHIJKL A 1INOG LHVWM Hls s]jL Su qYL SPuLH gp S]^L] qrs
hLH k^ gp LH]Mis HMhM s]lLH vwL SfO VMiS NQU F
8NG CNG S8N VI<T NAM PQ RWM q^ UfS gp O]IL [o S`S J\I
RjI SMdL Ol SL] O]`S nIJ\S RoL] O]u L]LH [VYO s]cS SPML L]hJ k|S kt gQI
OaQ vwL SfO VMiS NQU FF



TI &I<! THAM KH8O
BI GI8NG B MN &CH S 8NG
TP CH &CH S 8NG
TP CH NGI CNG S8N
S0CH &CH S VI<T NAM &'P :) ? NXB GI0O 4C ?)(((