The Journey of Self

by Frank OCollins
The Journey of Self by Frank OCollins

page
01. The personal quest 12

1.1 What is it you seek?
1.2 A personal quest
1.3 The prizes sought on a journey of self
1.4 The dangers to be faed on a journey of self
1.! The tools "e ha#e to use
1.$ The journey of self leading on fro% the journey of &'A
1.( The hallenge of the journey of The )ourney of *elf
1.+ Authorship, opyright and authentiity
1.- The need for so%e order to the journey
1.1. /espet for the personal nature of the journey to kno" oursel#es
02. What we know about Self 23

2.1 The parado0 of self
2.2 What is *123?
2.3 What do "e need? "hat do "e "ant?
2.4 What do "e %ean by the "ords needs and "ants?
2.! The historial lassifiation and #arious theories of %oti#ation
2.$ What is happiness?
2.( What is seurity, ertainty and safety?
2.+ 4oes "hat "e "ant %ake us happy? %eet our needs?
2.- The *123 kno"ledge "e seek
2.1. /oadbloks in our "ay to *123 kno"ledge

03. Belief systems and Self 42

3.1 5elief syste%s and self
3.2 A re#ie" of the onept of belief
3.3 The onept of right and "rong, good and bad
3.4 5elief syste%s and philosophy
3.! 6hilosophy $... to 2... 5'17 the anient Asia8%inor %ind
3.$ 6hilosophy 2... to +.. 5'17 the enlightened Asia %ind
3.( 6hilosophy (.. to 4.. 5'17 the anient 9reek naturalist %ind
3.+ 6hilosophy !.. to 4.. 5'17 *orates and 6lato %ind
3.- 6hilosophy 4.. to 1.. 5'17 the global 9reek %ind
3.1. 6hilosophy 1.. 5'1 4.. '17 the /o%an :ind
3.11 6hilosophy 4.. '1 to 12.. '17 the early hristian %ind
3.12 6hilosophy 12.. '1 to 14.. '17 the refor%ed hristian %ind
3.13 6hilosophy 14.. '1 to 1(.. '17 the renaissane of the "estern %ind
3.14 6hilosophy 1(.. '1 to 1-.. '17 the e%pirial "estern %ind
3.1! 6hilosophy 1-.. '1 to 2... '17 the sientifi %ind
3.1$ 6hilosophy 2... '17 the enlightened self8a"are %ind
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04. eli!ion and Self "#

4.1 /eligion and self
4.2 The onept of religion
4.3 The o%%on o%ponents to all religions
4.4 'o%%on o%ponent8entral deity
4.! 'o%%on o%ponent8anestral religious heritage
4.$ 'o%%on o%ponent8sared o#enant;agree%ent
4.( 'o%%on o%ponent8%essiahs ;saints
4.+ 'o%%on o%ponent8sared te0ts
4.- 'o%%on o%ponent8sared sy%bols
4.1. 'o%%on o%ponent8sared loations
4.11 'o%%on o%ponent8sared objets
4.12 'o%%on o%ponent8sared rituals
4.13 'o%%on o%ponent8hurh ad%inistration
4.14 'o%%on o%ponent8funda%entalists;fanatis
4.1! &ni#ersal religious onepts
4.1$ &ni#ersal religious onepts8negati#e instru%ents of po"er
4.1( &ni#ersal religious onepts8positi#e instru%ents of po"er
4.1+ &ni#ersal religious onepts8"isdo%
4.1- &ni#ersal religious onepts8e#il
4.2. &ni#ersal religious onepts8the reation story
4.21 &ni#ersal religious onepts8the soul story
4.22 &ni#ersal religious onepts8the ross
4.23 &ni#ersal religious onepts8reptilian and "inged gods
4.24 &ni#ersal religious onepts8golden rule
4.2! &ni#ersal religious life ages
4.2$ <induis% religious %odel
4.2( 5uddhis% religious %odel
4.2+ )udasi% religious %odel
4.2- 'hristianity religious %odel
4.3. =sla% religious %odel
4.31 6agan;Wia religious %odel
4.32 *atanis% religious %odel
4.33 &'A4=A> religious %odel

0$. So%iety and Self 12#

!.1 *oiety and self
!.2 The i%portane of soiety and self
!.3 The o%%on o%ponents of all soieties
!.4 'o%%on o%ponent8The si0 le#els of organised self a"are life
!.! 'o%%on o%ponent8The 12 rules of reation of all soieties
!.$ 'o%%on o%ponent8/eligion
!.( 'o%%on o%ponent8 9o#ern%ent and la"s
!.+ 'o%%on o%ponent8 :ilitary po"er
!.- 'o%%on o%ponent8 6ri%ary ele%ents of 1ono%y
!.1. 'o%%on o%ponent8 *eondary ele%ents of eono%y
!.11 'o%%on o%ponent8 'ities and itizens
!.12 *oio8politial %odels
!.13 The ore types of soio8politial %odels
!.14 *oio8politial %odel84itatorship
!.1! *oio8politial %odel8:onarhis%
!.1$ *oio8politial %odel81litis%
!.1( *oio8politial %odel8*oialis%
!.1+ *oio8politial %odel8>ationalis%
!.1- *oio8politial %odel8'onser#atis%
!.2. *oio8politial %odel82iberalis%
!.21 *oio8politial %odel8*ynergis%
!.22 The stiky "eb of soial #alues and onstants
!.23 Top 1. *oial Trends
!.24 9eneral soial trend ?18 The shift of intelligene by geography
!.2! 9eneral soial trend ?2 8The ageing population
!.2$ 9eneral soial trend ?3 8The rise of re%ote and non8personal interation
!.2( 9eneral soial trend ?4 8The rise of personal and ho%e entertain%ent
!.2+ 9eneral soial trend ?! 8The gro"ing gap bet"een the #ery rih and lo"er8%iddle
ino%e earners
!.2- 9eneral soial trend ?$ 8 The gro"th in personal, fa%ily and inherited debt
!.3. 9eneral soial trend ?( 8 The gro"ing dependene on syntheti drugs
!.31 9eneral soial trend ?+ 8 The rise in %ental illness
!.32 9eneral soial trend ?- 8 The rise of urban radialization and e0tre%is%
!.33 9eneral soial trend ?1.8The rise of big brother sur#eillane

0&. 'eople and Self 1#0

$.1 =ntrodution
$.2 The influene of relationships8 "ho are you?
$.3 Types of relationships
$.4 9uilt, fear and an0iety
$.! 6ereption of others, o%%uniation and the assu%ption of trust
$.$ The onept of personality
$.( The historial de#elop%ent of personality theories
$.+ =%pat and influene of personality theories on hu%ans li#ing today
$.- Analysis of personality theories #s understandings of &'A
$.1. 2o#e, lust and hu%an relationships
$.11 4efinitions and philosophies of indi#idual hu%an relationships

0". (ind and Self 200

(.1 Where is the light through the %aze?
(.2 *u%%ary of influenes on self disussed so far
(.3 A re#isit on the definition of t"o inner #oies8 ego and onsiene
(.4 An understanding @ larifiation of perspeti#e, ego and judge%ent
(.! =dentifying beha#iour and nature of ego
(.$ A greater analysis on the onept of happiness
(.( The nature of desire, antiipation and ego
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(.+ The nature of depression, loss of desire and ego
(.- The ti%e effet of antiipation;fulfill%ent of desire;depression
(.1. The effet of different haraters, ego and %e%ory
(.11 The bases of ego8 "ords Aonepts of desire and depressionB
(.12 3reud, psyhoanalysis, ego and the de#elop%ent of se0ual dri#e8 lust
(.13 <abit, ego and a"areness of present
(.14 The yle of highs and lo"s in general hu%an life
(.1! 1go and %ental illness
(.1$ The po"er of ego to %ask present beyond life8ghosts
(.1( The self destruti#e nature of ego
(.1+ Argu%ents of ego for its o"n self8sustain%ent
(.1- =%pliations of the understandings
(.2. 1go and respet
0#. )nderstandin! of our an%estors 222

+.1 =ntrodution
+.2 The %eaning of "ords and their translation
+.3 The onept of C%ythC and %ystiis%
+.4 The patterns of si%ilarity of anient te0ts
+.! 'o%%on the%e A1B8 the e0istene and history of DgodAsB before reation of hu%ans
+.$ 'o%%on the%e A2B8 onte0t in lead up to reation of 1st hu%ans
+.( 'o%%on the%e A3B8ho" "ere 1st hu%ans reated
+.+ 'o%%on the%e A4B8the reation of 2nd hu%ans
+.- 'o%%on the%e A!B8 the great flood
+.1. The reation of the hu%an soul
+.11 The reation of a ounterfeit AdarkB soul
0*. +e!a%y of the !ods 242

-.1 The legay of the gods
-.2 The geneti legay of the 9ods
-.3 The %ind legay of the 9ods8 first %e%ory
-.4 The rae legay of the 9ods8 rais%
-.! The e%otional legay of the 9ods8 fear
-.$ The ultural legay of the 9ods
-.( The :essiah 'o%ple0
-.+ The art and taste for "ar
-.- The lak of are for nature and earth
-.1. 1#il
-.11 The i%prison%ent of the hu%an %ind
-.12 <ell on 1arth
-.13 1ntrap%ent of %inds for %illenia
-.14 The breaking of the hains
-.1! We are not e0peri%ents8 "e are not "orthless
-.1$ The hu%an being8 greater than any god
-.1( The hollo" seret
-.1+ 3reedo%

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10. , new be!innin! 2$4

1..1 A ne" beginning
1..2 The greatest e#il8 deliberate self ignorane
1..3 The infetion of histori %odels
1..4 The need for a ne" beginning
1..! 'hange and the questions "e ask
1..$ *ynergy
1..( 4onCt belie#e &'A
1..+ An understanding of 6ath
1..- 2ight to dark7 dark to light
1..1. Eur heritage
1..11 The "ise guide
1..12 :essage of the old re#ealed
1..13 The ne" beginning of *123
1..14 A greater e0planation of the no" %o%ent
1..1! 1#ery thought %atters
1..1$ 4eonstruting good intentions and pro%ises
1..1( 4eonstruting denial
1..1+ 4eonstruting guilt;regret
1..1- The o%%on failings of any F"ayF
1..2. There is no superior F"ayF
11. Sol-ir.the luminous mind 2#2

11.1 Where do "e start?
11.2 A re#isit to the onept of #alue syste%s
11.3 A re#isit to the onept of #irtue
11.4 A re#ie" of the onept of faith
11.! A re#ie" of the onept of hope
11.$ A re#ie" of the onept of prudene
11.( A re#ie" of the onept of justie
11.+ A re#ie" of the onept of fortitude
11.- A re#ie" of the onept of te%perane
11.1. *earhing for &'A8aligned #irtues
11.11 A re#ie" of the onept of "isdo%, "ise
11.12 A re#isit of the onept of 2o#e
11.13 The onept of respet
11.14 The onept of honesty
11.1! The onept of onsisteny
11.1$ The onept of enthusias%
11.1( The onept of o%passion
11.1+ The onept of heerfulness
11.1- The path of G=/
11.2. The re8aligned #irtues
11.21 The G=/s as goals

12. The messiah syndrome 30#
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12.1 The %essiah syndro%e
12.2 What is a %essiah?
12.3 The ultural i%portane plaed on %essiahs
12.4 The history of %essiahs
12.! The po"er of %essiahs
12.$ *igns of %essiahs
12.( *igns of %essiahs8 anient propheies
12.+ *igns of %essiahs8nu%erial;elestial e#ents
12.- *igns of %essiahs8li%ati e#ents
12.1. *igns of %essiahs8great kno"ledge and "isdo%
12.11 *igns of %essiahs8#isions ;drea%s
12.12 *igns of %essiahs8bloodline
12.13 9reat positi#e %essiahs
12.14 9reat negati#e %essiahs
12.1! Testing for %essiahs
12.1$ The &'A4=A> %odel and %essiahs
12.1( :essiah syndro%e
12.1+ *igns of %essiah syndro%e
12.1- :essiah syndro%e and inner onflit
12.2. :essiah syndro%e and %ental illness
12.21 :essiah syndro%e and e#il beings
12.22 A ure for %essiah syndro%e
12.23 The a"areness of being hu%an and %ore
12.24 The a"areness of being %ore than a %essiah
12.2! >o %ore %essiahs

13. 'S/01S. lo!os of mind 32&

13.1 A o%plete %odel of %ind
13.2 The benefit of e0periene
13.3 The ino%plete %odel of psyhology
13.4 The fla"s and dangers of %odern psyhology
13.! The need for a better %odel of %ind
13.$ 6*H9E*
13.( 6*H
13.+ 6*H A>=:&*
13.- 6*H 'E/6&*
13.1. 6*H 9A=A
13.11 6*H *E2
13.12 6*H 9A2
13.13 6*H &>=TA*
13.14 6*H &'A
13.1! 6*H4A
13.1$ 6*H21I
13.1( 6*HG=/
13.1+ 6*H*1T
13.1- 6*HG=1W
13.2. 6*H*1>*1
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13.21 6*H:1:
13.22 6*H'E9
13.23 6*H*TAT1
13.24 6*H5=E*
13.2! 6*H*TAT
14. +101S. %ommon sense of mind 342
14.1 The onept of 2E9E*
14.2 The reast pri%e uni#ersal onstants8 the 6/=:&* 4A
14.3 The &'A4=A
14.4 The E/4E*
14.! The reation of physial for% J reation of rules go#erning physial for%
1$. )2,+34. uni-ersal model 3$0

1!.1 The &nified theory of the uni#erse Ae#erythingB
1!.2 The struture of the &'A unified theory of the uni#erse
1!.3 The key attributes of the &'A unified theory of the uni#erse
1!.4 'o%parison of the &'A unified theory to other theories
1!.! &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%ents
1!.$ &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%entary properties
1!.( &'A standard %odel of rules of reation
1!.+ &'A standard %odel of rules and relationships A1=KE*B
1!.- &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal fores AfortisB
1!.1. &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ergons Aenergy partilesB
1!.11 The four approahes to %o#e%ent of a for%
1!.12 'atalyti proesses for ergon release
1!.13 A unified look at the four types of fusion and their appliation in the uni#erse
1!.14 3or%ula
1&. 3561S. rules of 37 awareness 3&0

1$.1 1=KE*
1$.2 1=KE* as a %odel
1$.3 6ri%e onepts of 1=KE*
1$.4 2ogos
1$.! >u%eris
1$.$ &niset
1$.( 9eole0
1$.+ *y%eris
1$.- A0io%atis
1$.1. Kinesis
1". T368,S. intelli!ent te%hnolo!y 3"3

1(.1 The i%portane of tehnology
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1(.2 Tehnology and kno"ledge
1(.3 Kno"ledge.:atter
1(.4 Kno"ledge.'o%puting
1(.! Kno"ledge.4igital Kno"ledge
1(.$ Kno"ledge.non8<u%an 5iology
1(.( Kno"ledge.<u%an 5iology
1(.+ Kno"ledge.:aterials
1(.- Kno"ledge.6o"er
1(.1. Kno"ledge.6o"ered :ahines
1(.11 Kno"ledge./obotis
1(.12 Kno"ledge.Artifial intelligene
1(.13 4angers of tehnology
1(.14 Tehnology.1o8pollution
1(.1! Tehnology.*ientifi arrogane
1(.1$ Tehnology.4ependene
1(.1( Tehnology.9eneti %utation
1(.1+ 6oorer quality of life
1(.1- Thinking differently
1(.2. E#ero%ing the dangers
1(.21 5etter tehnology
1(.22 A better "orld
1(.23 .1.T1K>A*
1(.24 .2.&'A21I
1(.2! .3.1=KE*
1(.2$ .4.K=>1T='*
1(.2( .!.1/9E>='*
1(.2+ .$.1=KE>='*
1(.2- .(.:1KAT='*
1(.3. .+.KE*:ET='*
1(.31 .-.9A2AT='*
1(.32 1..*T122AT='*
1(.33 11.62A>1T='*
1(.34 12.5=ET='*
1(.3! 13.5=E>='*
1(.3$ 14./E5ET='*
1#. 363+1S. ethi%al e%onomi%s 3#&

1+..1 The #ery real pain and suffering of planet 1arth
1+..2 A "orld of %oney
1+..3 The inequality of %oney
1+..4 The global orporate entity and %oney
1+..! The d"indling resoures that fuel our "orld
1+..$ 1ono%is8 the Ffront o#erF #ersion
1+..( 1ono%is8the siene of F%adnessF
1+..+ 1ono%is8the FrealF reason things happen
1+..- 9lobal urreny and the effiienies of trade
1+.1. 1ono%is is a fatally fla"ed %odel
1+.11 1K12E*
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1+.12 6ubli /egisters
1+.13 1K12E* and eono%is
1+.14 1K12E* definition
1+.1! 1K12E* 6ri%e onepts
1+.1$ 1K12E*
1+.1( 2E9E*
1+.1+ 1K14A
1+.1- 1G1G=/8 #irtue
1+.2. 1K1G=/8 hu%an needs
1+.21 1K1G=/ 8 hu%an rights
1+.22 1K1G=/8 hu%an responsibilities
1+.23 1K1G=/ 8 hu%an pri#ileges
1+.24 T1K>A*
1+.2! 1=KE*
1+.2$ 1KA*H*
1+.2( '=G=2A
1+.2+ &>=21I
1+.2- *H>1/9=*:

1*. 2595+, . happy li-in! %ities 41#

1-.1 A "orld of ities
1-.2 The onept of a ity
1-.3 'ities and hu%an life
1-.4 Luality of ity life
1-.! 'o%%on o%ponents of ities
1-.$ 'ity :odel
1-.( Work life and ho%e life in ities
1-.+ :odern ity %odels
1-.- The origin of orporate8suburbia
1-.1. The result of orporate8suburbia ity %odels
1-.11 The future of orporate8suburbia ity %odels
1-.12 The theory of urban planning
1-.13 The reality of urban planning
1-.14 A #ery dark future ahead for ities
1-.1! 4oes ity life ha#e to be hell?
1-.1$ 4o future generations ha#e to die fro% ity disasters?
1-.1( 'an ities %odels on 1arth be hea#enly?
1-.1+ F&topiaF is not enough
1-.1- =ntrodution to '=G=2A
1-.2. '=G=2A
1-.21 '=T=
1-.22 '=T=4A
1-.23 '=T=G=/8>114*
1-.24 '=T=G=/8/=9<T*
1-.2! '=T=G=/8/1*6E>*=5=2=T=1*
1-.2$ '=T=G=/86/=G=2191*
1-.2( '=T=21I
1-.2+ '=T=62A>
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1-.2- '=T=41*=9>
1-.3. '=T=*H*
1-.31 T1K>A*
1-.32 1=KE>='*
1-.33 *H>1/9=*:
1-.34 1=KE*
1-.3! 1K12E*
1-.3$ 1KA
1-.3( 1KA*H*
20. 36, . enterprise knowled!e 44#

2..1 *trutures of kno"ledge
2..2 1letroni kno"ledge
2..3 'o%puter hard"are
2..4 'o%puter soft"are
2..! 'o%puter net"orks
2..$ 5usiness proesses hierarhy
2..( 4efinition of eletroni kno"ledge arhiteture AekaB
2..+ 1KA.kno"ledge priniples
2..- 1KA.design priniples
2..1. 1KA.de#elop%ent priniples
2..11 1KA.lassifiation syste%s
2..12 1KA.te%plate syste%s
2..13 1KA.neural arhiteture
2..14 1KA.syste%s arhiteture
2..1! 1KA.net"ork arhiteture
2..1$ 1KA.business arhiteture
2..1( 1KA.kno"ledge lass
2..1+ 1KA.de#ie lass
2..1- 1KA.agent lass
2..2. 1KA.eletroni kno"ledge objets
2..21 1KA.database tables and eletroni kno"ledge objets
2..22 1KA.na%ing on#entions "ith lasses, objets and database tables
21. 36,S/S.intelli!ent work systems 4&0

21..1 =ntelligent "ork syste%s
21..2 The i%portane of %eaningful "ork
21..3 The i%portane of "ork8life balane
21..4 The onept of "ork
21..! Types of "ork
21..$ The onept of "ork related kno"ledge
21..( The onept of tasks
21..+ The onept of issues
21..- The onept of unique infor%ation reords
21.1. Work as the %anage%ent of tasks, issues, reords
21.11 A brief history of "ork
21.12 Work history.6re8'i#ilization
21.13 Work history.Anient 'i#ilizations
21.14 Work history.3.. 8 11.. '1
21.1! Work history.11.. 8 14.. '1
21.1$ Work history.14.. 8 1+.. '1
21.1( Work history.1+.. 8 1+-. '1
21.1+ Work history.1+-. 8 1-3. '1
21.1- Work history.1-3. 8 1-$. '1
21.2. Work history.1-$. 8 1--. '1
21.21 Work history.1--. 8 present
21.22 Work history.3uture of "ork
21.23 Types of "ork assoiations
21.24 The orporation
21.2! 'harateristis of the %ost suessful orporations
21.2$ 'urrent key business issues
21.2( 1KA*H*

22. +34.uni-ersal laws of so%iety 4#4

22..1 2e08 &ni#ersal la"s of soiety
22..2 The onept of 2a"
22..3 The i%portane of la" and soiety
22..4 'i#il la"
22..! 'o%%on la"
22..$ 'usto%ary la"
22..( /eligious la"
22..+ 6ri#ate la"
22..- 6ubli la"
22.1. 6roedural la"
22.11 =nternational la"
22.12 <istory of 2a"
22.13 2egal <istory.3... 8 !.. 5'1
22.14 2egal <istory !.. 5'1 8 4.. '1
22.1! 2egal <istory 4.. 8 122.
22.1$ 2egal <istory 122. 8 1(-.
22.1( 2egal <istory 1(-. 8 1-2.
22.1+ 2egal <istory 1-2. 8 2..$
22.1- 2egal <istory 2..$ 8 6resent
22.2. &'A4=A> onstitution syste%s
22.21 1uro8&nion.Erg
22.22 Asia8&nion.Erg
22.23 A%erias8&nion.Erg
22.24 Arabian8&nion.Erg
22.2! Afrians8&nion.Erg
22.2$ Eeani8&nion.Erg
22.2( &nited >ations /efor%
22.2+ &> refor%ed delarations
22.2- &> refor%ed harter
22.3. &'A4=A> *yste% of 'odes
22.31 &adian 'i#il 'ode
22.32 &adian 'ri%inal 'ode
22.33 &adian *er#ie 'ode
22.34 &adian )udiial 'ode
22.3! &adian :ilitary 'ode
22.3$ &adian 6olie 'ode
22.3( &adian 6rison 'ode

23. The key purpose of your life $31

23.1 The key purpose of your life
23.2 To understand "ho you are
23.3 To understand "hat you are
23.4 To e0ist as a hu%an being
23.! To li#e and e0periene e#ery %o%ent of life
23.$ To for% relationships "ith other hu%an beings
23.( To learn and be %ore a"are of the uni#erse
23.+ To learn and understand your self
23.- To be free of the hains of %ind
23.1. To be an agent of hange
23.11 When all else fails, laugh and be happy
23.12 Thank you
The :ourney of Self
01. The personal quest

1.1 What is it you seek;

2ets begin "ith a si%ple question8 "hat is it you seek?

=s it to find the partner of your drea%s? 1#en if you are urrently %arried and;or in a long
ter% relationship, di#ore rates ha#e ne#er been higher. :aybe finding your Csoul %ateC the
person you are supposed to spend the rest of your life "ith is the destiny you seek.

Er is it to "in a great fortune? 6eople in ountries suh as Australia, 9reat 5ritain and the
&nited *tates spend thousands of dollars eah year on lottery tikets and other types of
ga%bling in the hope of one day Fstriking it rihF. =s being rih the ans"er to your hearts
desires?

=t ould be you seek to be %ore attrati#e to other people, in ter%s of your physial
appearane, your "eight, the thinness of your thighs and under your ar%s? The 'os%eti,
4iet, 3ashion and 6lasti surgery industries are eah billion dollar %arkets in their o"n right,
pushing the o%%on the%e that you are ne#er good enough unless you buy the latest fashion,
or gi#e in to the push to hange your fae to look like so%eone else.

:aybe you seek si%ply to be reognized and appreiated by the people around you, like a
pro%otion at "ork? *tudies in %ost de#eloped ountries ontinue to sho" that %ost people
are generally unhappy at their plae of "ork not neessarily beause of "hat they earn but
beause they feel generally CunappreiatedC.. :aybe this is i%portant to you and is on your list
of C"antsC?

Er %aybe you seek so%e "ay of esaping the e#er inreasing pressures of the "orld around
you, the bills, the aggression, the onstant pressure to do as %uh as possible in the li%ited
ti%e a#ailable.

What is it then you are seeking?
1.1.1 2ooking for a Clittle bit of happinessC

:aybe %ost of us are seeking so%e kind of happiness, so%e kind of peaeM in a "orld that is
ridden "ith tur%oil, "ars, ontention, strife, "e "ant a refuge "here there an be so%e
peae.

This is probably "hat %ost of us "ant. *o it is "e go fro% one diet to another, fro% one guru
to another, fro% one self8help theory to another, fro% one possession to another, fro% one
fad to another.

>o", it is that "e are seeking happiness, or is it that "e are seeking gratifiation of so%e kind
fro% "hih "e hope to deri#e happiness? There is a differene. 9ratifiation is a fleeting
%o%ent of pleasure8 a ChighC "e get "hen "e ha#e ahie#ed the goal of our desires. Eur
%odern "orld is a finely tuned %arketing %ahine geared to pu%p out as %any "atts of
gratifiation as you an onsu%e, so long as you ha#e the %oney and donCt die in the proess.

>e#er in the history of hu%anity has there been suh a situation that literally tens of %illions
of hu%an beings in de#eloped ountries are Feating the%sel#esF to death. The stories of great
feasts of gluttony and "aste during the /o%an 1%pire "as reser#ed for a pri#ileged handful.
5ut in ountries suh as the &nited *tates, obesity is no" finally rated as a national health
alert.

We see% to ha#e no proble% in finding "ays to instantly gratify our "ants, but struggle to
find the elusi#e key to long ter% happiness.

1.1.2 Hou are not unique if you ha#e general feelings of unhappiness

While "e annot pro#ide an instant gratifiation to the ans"er to the desire to be happy, "e
an say that you are not unique if you ha#e general feelings of unhappiness and of feeling less.

4epression and lo" self estee% are at ende%i proportions aross the "orld. 3ar fro% being
alone if you feel depressed and lo", you are in the %ajority. =t see%s fe" people. :aybe that
is "hy books and ourses that pro%ote instant gratifiation to sol#ing self8estee% proble%s
and unhappiness ha#e ne#er been %ore popular.

Het it is not just this ti%e, or this generation that are unique in feeling unhappy or less. *ine
the earliest hu%an "ritings, there are lear signs that it is a histori hu%an ondition to feel
unhappy of our lot in life, of oursel#es and "hat "e %ight ha#e been, or %ight ha#e beo%e.
Gast periods of hu%an history are littered "ith depressing and so%ber "ords. The period
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fro% around 4.. '1 Ao%%on eraB to around 12.. '1 used to be e#en alled the F4ark
AgesF8 a period of suppression and general unhappiness throughout 1urope.
1.1.3 What an this site do to help?

While it is i%possible and arrogant for anyone to assu%e they ha#e the ans"ers to your
questions, beause other people ha#e tra#eled the sa%e road looking for the sa%e ans"ers
before, "e %ight be able to pro#ide so%e ideas.
1.2 , personal quest

The ro%anti notion of a personal quest %ay raise i%ages of Arthur, *ir 9alahad and
2anelot and the Knights of the /ound Table in their see%ingly endless searh for the <oly
9rail.

Het if "e look at our o"n li#es, hanes are "e ha#e been looking for the keys to sustained and
lasting happiness for quite so%e ti%e. The "ord quest itself %eans Fa long or arduous searh
for so%ethingF and originates fro% the Eld 3renh "ord queste based on earlier 2atin
quaerere Cask, seekC.

There are %any different na%es gi#en to the personal quest8 the journey, the %ission, the
path, the "ay, the rule, getting Fin touhF "ith yourself, the real you and so on. All of these
labels pro#ide so%e insight to the puzzle. Het on their o"n, they often lak the di%ension and
substane to quenh our thirst.
1.2.1 The quest is about "hat is inside, not outside

2ooking again at the e0a%ples at the beginning of this hapter, "e desribed the obtaining of
e0ternal things in the hope of finding happiness, but instead only finding the short8ter% boost
of gratifiation. Ene satisfied, our feelings of longing and need probably return.

Taking this into aount, "hile "e %ight not be able to desribe the personal quest, and
e0atly "hat it is "e are searhing for, "e an at least agree that it has so%ething to do "ith
the FinnerF "orld. =ts not the ne" ars fault "e still feel unhappy. =ts not the ne" tele#ision, or
dress, or big %eal "e ate at dinner that is %aking us feel less. =t is so%ething else and that
so%ething else is inside us.

*o%eti%es, this an be quite onfusing as "e e0ternalize things by "ay of the possessions,
people and surroundings around us. Het "hate#er road "e take, it ulti%ately returns to the
sa%e departure point8 "hen "e need to onsider 8 "hat is self? "hat is %ind? "hat is soul?
"hat is ego? "hat are our beliefs and "here do they o%e fro%? "hy do "e think the "ay "e
do?
1.3 The pri<es sou!ht on a =ourney of self

The journey of self diso#ery has represented a %ajor spiritual a%bition and pinnale of all
organized soieties. =t is also uni#ersally onsidered a road less tra#eled. Those that "e
belie#e ha#e suessfully %ade the journey are often ounted on our hands, o%pared to the
<undreds of :illions of souls that ha#e been here before us.
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We belie#e those that ahie#e the prize of o%plete self diso#ery hold in their %inds and
hearts the keys to all "isdo% and the uni#erse. Theirs is the Kingdo% of 6aradise. To us,
lesser %ortals, just sueeding in follo"ing %ost of "hat they "rite is hard enough.
1.3.1 9reat prizes a"ait those "ho suessfully %ake it through the journey

To those that sueed, it is o%%only belie#ed aross all ultures that great prizes a"ait.
Kno"ledge, "isdo% and inner peae. These understandings are not ne". They ha#e e0isted in
the "ritings and praties of anient religions for thousands of years.

1nlighten%ent, to Fsee and;or feel the %ind of 9odF is said to be that state "here "e truly
FtransendF our hu%anity onto so%ething else, so%ething %ore pure.

=t is "hy suh figures as 5uddha are so re#ered as a person "ho sho"ed an ability to
transend the rihes and lass beliefs of anient =ndian nobility to be one "ith his uni#erse.

Then "e ha#e people, "ho si%ple are enlightened and bea% fro% their o"n natural goodness,
"ithout assoiated dotrines or re#elations. *uh people as :other Theresa, a "o%an "ho
tirelessly "orked "ith the poor of 'alutta and al%ost single handedly raised the profile of
the poor of =ndia.

Then "e ha#e the person, suh as :ihaelangelo, or 2eonardo 4a Gini, or *hakespeare,
Albert 1instein, the person "ho see%s to ha#e the innate gift to ar#e, to reate, to onei#e
the di#ine.
1.3.2 The saint

The saint is the title gi#en to those fe" "ho "e belie#e ha#e reahed a point of higher self
a"areness and spiritual enlighten%ent. They are the %en and "o%en "ho, through deeds
and ations reflet a deeper understanding of self and of others.

While saints inspire us and "hile %any billions of hu%ans ha#e and still do all on #arious
saints to assist, interede or si%ply pro#ide o%fort, the road of sainthood is one rarely
tra#eled.

'onsidering the basi teahings "ithin the >e" Testa%ent of the 'hristian 5ible of ho" to
li#e a si%ple, austere and FsaintlyF life, less than .......2N or one in e#ery fi#e %illion
hristians that ha#e e#er li#ed are reognized offiially as saints. 1#en being generous about
those people "ho li#ed as saints but "ere ne#er reognized, the suess rate is still poor.

To be fair to all of us, the life of absolute po#erty, of "alking a"ay fro% e#erything "e ha#e
earned, fro% our fa%ilies to be onstantly li#ing fro% day to day, is not so%ething that "e
ould or e#en should onsider. =t is si%ple too hard to onte%plate suh a radial approah to
finding happiness.
1.3.3 The %ysti

The %ysti is the label gi#en to those "ho ha#e sho"n an ability to tap into the "isdo% of the
uni#erse and the earth, "hether or not they display FsaintlyF tendenies.
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:any people ha#e li#ed "ho displayed strong intuition "ith the deeper le#els of the drea%
that is life, e#en though they sho"ed no apparent redee%ing spiritual tendenies. The
/ussian :onk, /asputin is an e0ellent e0a%ple of a F%ystiF that to all aounts li#ed a
thoroughly unspiritual life, yet still possessed skills of prophey, healing and "isdo%.

:ystis are by far the %ost frustrating lass of indi#iduals for this reason. 3or their talents
see% so o%pletely unjustified "hen they li#e and beha#e in selfish and negati#e "ays. Their
e0istene see%s to fly in the fae of the anient beliefs of strit disipline and selflessness
taught by suh religions as 5uddhis%, Taois%, strit )udais% and e#en 'hristianity.

:ystis are often labeled as hyporites for this reason, e#en though they offer through their
gifts hints at the inner soul of the hu%an being. E#er ti%e, a ertainly after death, %any
%ystis ha#e gradually been santified, by the sands of ti%e and the areful editing a"ay
harateristis less FidealF.

The story of 'onfuius is an e0ellent e0a%ple of a thoroughly "orldly %an, "ho as a %ysti
possessed an unanny gift at tapping into the strea%s of "isdo% of &'A. Today, there are
%any hundreds of %illions of %ainly 'hinese "ho re#ere hi% as a *aint, e#en though his #ery
fallible hu%an qualities are "ell dou%ented.
1.3.4 The artist

The artist is a label gi#en to those "ho through their e0pressi#e %ediu% ha#e helped and
ontinue to help us aess perspeti#es of life and oursel#es that "e "ould other"ise not be
able to unlok.

:any great artists ha#e li#ed, fro% "riters, poets, painters, sulptors and so%eti%es all of
these "ritten into one person. Artists and figures suh as :ihelangelo, 2eonardo 4a Gini,
*hakespeare and :ozart are giants of ulture. <u%an beings that ha#e inspired ountless
%illions thanks to their brilliant "ork. &nlike :ystis, artists are usually afforded greater
latitude.

<o"e#er, artists an and do ha#e a profound i%pat on their generations "hen ali#e, as
e#idened by %any hundreds of brilliant artists e#en to this day.

2ike %ystis, the greatest of these artists see% to possess a gift to reah out and grasp ideas
and "isdo% "ithout undertaking the grueling life often afforded the saint. Eften, e#en to the
artist, this gift is a %ystery and in this %odern "orld, it is not unheard of, for artists to lose
this gift as quikly as it appeared.
1.3.! The leader of people

2eaders of people8 inspiring leaders, that sho"ed ourage and a skill at being able to tap into
the onsiene of their people are regarded as inspiring. )ohn 3ranis Kennedy is a lassi
e0a%ple of this. 2ike %ystis and artists, leaders often lead double li#es o%pared to their
publi profile.

2ike %ystis and artists, leaders are often regarded as gifted people, "ho by so%e quirk of
fate possess the skills to inspire others and lead their people. <o"e#er, unlike artists and
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%ystis, the e0petation is that leaders perfor% their publi and pri#ate li#es onsistently.

4espite this double standard, in de%anding others lead ho%ogenized li#es, the publi of
%any ountries ha#e sho"n a gra#e dislike to those leaders that indulge the%sel#es "hile in
offie, no %atter ho" great their skill at leadership. =n 4e%orati ountries, there are
ountless e0a%ples of great leaders losing offie after suessfully leading their ountry
through great periods of tur%oil.

=n ontrast, the publi often sho"s an uns"er#ing de#otion to leaders "ho %anaged
suessfully to e0lude their pri#ate li#es fro% #ie", or "ho sho"ed the%sel#es to be
onsistent to the point of e0tre%e. The figure of Adolf <itler is a lassi e0a%ple. A %an
re#ered by 9er%ans during his period as leader of 9er%any, not neessarily for his poliies,
but beause of his Fsee%ingF onsistent habits. 1lizabeth = de%onstrated the %odel se#eral
hundred years earlier, by adopting the e0ternal persona of a#oiding per%anent %arried
relationships and instead being F"eddedF to their ountry.
1.4 The dan!ers to be fa%ed on a =ourney of self

3or all the benefits espoused by self diso#ery, the journey is also onsidered highly
dangerous. 1#en today, psyhologists and professional %edial pratitioners onsider self
diso#ery and self refletion "ithout proper guidane a dangerous pursuit. The trouble is the
fragility "ith reality and the ability of the %ind to onei#e.
1.4.1 :any of the greatest ha#e tried and failed

Adding "eight to the dangers of self diso#ery is that %any ha#e tried and failed. The greatest
%inds ha#e sought to unlok the %ysteries of the %ind and the soul and o%e up "anting.

'onte%plating the di#ine is a dangerous thing "hen onsidering the fate so so %any thinkers
throughout history The real proble% is the fous to"ards argu%ents and irular see%ingly
unresol#ed parado0. 5eause parado0 is onsidered the ene%y of logi, its e0istene in any
traditional F"estern philosophialF %odel is onsidered a sign of "eakness.

Thus, the pursuit of logi has fueled the pursuit of ulti%ate kno"ledge through the %odel of
logi. Again and again, so%e of the greatest thinkers ha#e o%e to a point and gone no further
beause of these tools.
1.4.2 :ani depression and CgreatnessC

3or so%e reason, the greatest thinkers, "riters, artists of hu%anity ha#e all shared a si%ilar
and sad trait8 the trait of %ania, of %ani depression or in its %odern FlinialF ter% bi8polar
disease. This little kno"n fat is often ignored of deliberately not spoken about "hen
re#ie"ing the history of the greatest %inds of hu%anity.

:ihelangelo, 4a Gini, 4esartes, 1instein, on and on through al%ost the entire list of the
greatest %inds hu%anity has e#er produed ha#e all shared this o%%on afflition of periods
of great elation follo"ed by prolonged periods of depression. 3or so%e, these episodes of
depression lasted for years. 3or others, the %ania e#en ble" out into shizophrenia Asplit
personalitiesB.
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While in our linial "orld today the onept of bi8polar disease an be diagnosed and treated
Ato so%e e0tentB "ith drugs, it is hard to distinguish "hether the %ania of the greatest %inds
of hu%anity "as due in part to their pursuit of the unkno"n, or e0aggerated beause of it.

Whate#er the orrelation, deep onte%plation on thoughts of the inner self has al"ays had an
ele%ent of danger, that unheked in days gone by "ould ha#e been alled the risk of
F%adnessF.
1.4.3 The %essiah o%ple0

Another strange feature of the journey of self diso#ery is the pre#alene of religious euphoria
that is so%eti%es enountered. 6ut in another "ay, the F%essiah o%ple0F.

=n the "orld today, there are literally thousands of people "ho belie#e the%sel#es to be The
:essiah, the Ene, the Ene "ho has o%e to sa#e the "orld.

=n a linial sense it is easy today si%ply lass these people as suffering aute delusion, a kind
or religious zeal a F%essiah o%ple0F if you like. *adly, a great %any of these people find
the%sel#es plaed into %ental institutions. *o%e find a "ay of a#oiding these kinds of plaes
and a fe" e#en %anage to harness this F%essiah o%ple0F and go on to found religions and
religious ults.

5ut is it enough si%ply to "rite off this pheno%ena as nothing %ore than a psyhologial
ondition? What if one of the dangers of inner refletion is the triggering of reations that
lead to these kind of feelings? We "ill e0plore this further in later hapters.
1.$ The tools we ha-e to use

The tools "e ha#e to use for this journey are our %inds, the "ords and lessons of others and
our language of %eaning. =t is i%portant to reflet for a %o%ent on the use of 1nglish in
"riting these "ords, as eah and e#ery "ord "e use has %eaning.
1.!.1 1#erything has %eaning8 has onte0t often to a speifi %odel of thought

5eause e#ery "ord has %eaning, "e need to be areful about the ontent of "ords and
phrases "e use.

*o%e of the diso#eries in later hapters atually o%e fro% understanding the "ords "e are
using and "hat "e are saying. :any "ords "e use Asuh as happinessB "e "ill find atually
%ean so%ething o%pletely different to "hat "e think they %ean.

*uh understandings Asuh as happiness originally o%ing fro% the "ord hap8 %eaning
FhaneFB %ay atually e0plain a great deal about "hy "hen "e seek so%ething using that
"ord, "e do not get "hat "e e0pet.

Eur language reflets our "orld, it is a tangled "eb of history, ulture and battles for %eaning
as signifiant as any #isible battle or ultural history. =n the journey "ithin, language plays a
ritial role, for it is "ith language that "e onsider ideas, that "e learn the relationships
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 1) of $%0
bet"een beliefs and "ith "hih "e ulti%ately try to %ake sense of the "orld inside of our
%inds.
1.& The =ourney of self leadin! on from the =ourney of )2,

This book is the seond part to the book &'A8&nique 'olleti#e A"areness. While &'A seeks
to ans"er questions of "ho you are? "hat are you ulti%ately %ade of? What is the purpose of
life? The )ourney of *elf seeks to pro#ide the reader "ith ans"ers to questions of "ays to li#e
and finding inner balane.

2ike &'A, The )ourney of *elf is a book about an idea that desribes the uni#erse as a drea%,
an idea in %otion. While &'A desribes in 23 hapters the detail of ho" the uni#erse a% into
being and ho" it funtions, The )ourney of *elf desribes the nature of hu%an needs and
"ants, histori approahes to life, an e0planation to the origin of the speies, hu%an
physiology in the onte0t of the onept of hu%an *E2, the person and relationships and
soiety and ans"ers and %ethods to the questions first posed at the beginning of this hapter.

=n this "ay, :e is a su%%ary of the kno"ledge of "hat is often alled the soial sienes8 o
philosophy o history o literature o eono%is o politis o ulture. =n ontrast, &'A is the
su%%ary of all hu%an sienes.

As an idea about an idea, this book does not lai% to be fat. The benefits you deri#e fro%
"hat you read is entirely up to ho" useful you find the insights.
1.$.1 The title and struture of The )ourney of *elf

*i%ilar to &'A, The )ourney of *elf is also di#ided into 23 hapters. The t"o books "hen
o%bined onstitute t"o hal#es o%pleting a "hole of 4$. The nu%ber 4$ is signifiant in
that a hu%an being requires e0atly 23 pairs of hro%oso%es to e0ist.

)ust as a hu%an being requires 23 hro%oso%es fro% a %ale sper% and 23 fro% a fe%ale egg
for oneption to take plae, &'A signifies the %ale aspet of understanding a"areness and
&'A, "hile The )ourney of *elf signifies the fe%inine side of understanding oursel#es and
atually li#ing. &'A the father and The )ourney of *elf the %other.

The title The )ourney of *elf is also signifiant as the sared translated letters of the *u%erian
tradition of ertain FkeysF to using kno"ledge being trans%itted by the Fearth goddessF to
hu%anity o#er +... years ago A"hih "e "ill disuss later in this bookB.

The na%e "as hosen as &'A e0pands a persons a"areness of the%sel#es8 taking the% out to
the furthest of understandings suh as the %eaning of A22. The )ourney of *elf brings us
bak ho%e to oursel#es.

T<1 9EG1/>:1>T E3 *123
The )ourney of *elfJ The unique soiety of olleti#ely a"are self
= J The unique go#ern%ent of olleti#ely a"are self
The )ourney of *elf is the return loop8 the o%pletion of the iruit begun "ith &'A. 3inally,
by definition the "ord The )ourney of *elf and &'A are one and the sa%e8 absolute ideas.
When you are The )ourney of *elf, you are the e%bodi%ent of an absolute idea.
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1.$.2 What an "e o%pare &'A to?

This is hopefully one of the key ahie#e%ents and understandings you ha#e gained fro% &'A8
that the %ore you kno", the %ore you kno".

&'A %ay be less than 1;1..th the size of the 1nylopedia 5ritannia, yet its po"er in ter%s
of kno"ledge and depth is e#ery bit its equal. *i%ply a person "ho has o%pleted reading
&'A fro% beginning to end, kno"s %ore than a roo% full of 6h4 professors, %ore than the
brain po"er in a roo% full of >obel 6rize "inning sientists, %ore than %ost people ould
hope in a lifeti%e to understand.

While fe"er than one in a %illion hu%ans ha#e superior kno"ledge of the %agnitude of
1nylopedia 5ritannia, &'A has been designed so that e#ery person aged 14 and abo#e on
the planet 1arth "ill be able to learn, understand and retain the ontents of &'A.
1.$.3 The i%portane of reading &'A first

3unda%ental onepts and ter%s defined in &'A are used throughout The )ourney of *elf.
These hapters and ter%s are used in hundreds of e0a%ples throughout this book. 5y not
reading &'A first, the reader runs the risk of %isunderstanding or being onfused by ertain
passages in this book.

:ost of the ter%s and onepts defined in &'A and used in The )ourney of *elf are on
shorthand, i.e. just the ter% %ay be quoted "ithout e0planation.

Additionally, The )ourney of *elf adds greater depth and %eaning to %any of the ter%s
introdued in &'A. :uh of this if not all of it "ill be lost to a reader "ho has not read &'A
first.
1." The %hallen!e of the =ourney of self

As you "ill re%e%ber, the journey through the #arious hapters and onepts of &'A "ere at
ti%es rough and diffiult. *o%eti%es, there "ere t"o to three onepts a page that required
deep thinking, arrying e#en deeper i%pliations.

As "e ha#e already disussed, so%e of these onepts suh as 'h 1$8 the Erigins of <u%an
2ife %ay still re%ain ontro#ersial in your %ind. <o"e#er all, said and done you ha#e %ade it
through. >o" before e%barking on the searh for the nature and %eaning of self, it is
i%portant to alert you to the ontents of The )ourney of *elf.
1.(.1 The )ourney of *elf ontains %any onepts and ideas e#en %ore dra%ati than those in
&'A

A ity annot be %easured purely by the beauty of its buildings, nor the "ealth of its lands.
3or the true "ealth resides in the hearts and %inds of its itizens8 in their ideas and their
interations and e0perienes. *i%ilarly, the eosyste% that it the hu%an body8 %ade of
trillions of ells, annot be %easured just by the nu%ber of ertain ells and the physial
%ehanis of transporting infor%ation and food fro% one plae to another8 it is the ideas,
"ithin us, our e0periene and those things that influene us that "e %ust in#estigate in this
book.

As the title says, :e is about the journey to diso#er %ore about this onept of %e8 the
unique soiety of olleti#ely a"are self. To understand the distintions bet"een that "hih
"ould all itself =8 the go#ern%ent of the trillions of ell olleti#e8 the unique go#ern%ent of
olleti#ely a"are self. 4epending on a"areness, a go#ern%ent %ay be obli#ious to the
onditions of its itizens8 as happens "hen F=F get drunk8 "hen F=F onsu%ers drugs.

1#en though it initially %ay see% i%possible, the book The )ourney of *elf in fat ontains
%any %ore onepts and ideas that are %ore dra%ati in their i%pliations than the book
&'A.

The o%ple0ity that is self, the o%ple0ity that is %odern hu%an life is o%ple0 for a range of
reasons. As "e tra#el through and address these %ajor influenes "e "ill see issue after issue,
re#eal itself for its essential nature.

Ene again you "ill probably find the need to put The )ourney of *elf do"n fro% ti%e to
ti%e, enabling the pre#ious reading to settle before %o#ing on. =n spite of this ne"
infor%ation, the onsisteny sho"n in &'A ontinues throughout The )ourney of *elf.
1.(.2 The )ourney of *elf is just an idea like &'A

Whate#er your reation to the ontents of The )ourney of *elf, re%e%ber The )ourney of *elf
only e#er lai%s to be an idea about self. )ust like &'A, its usefulness is its o"n #erifiation.
=n this "ay "e hope that The )ourney of *elf in no "ay insults you or your belief @ %odels.

With this in %ind, "e "ish you "ell on this seond and final part of the journey of &'A.
1.# ,uthorship> %opyri!ht

As "ith &'A, The )ourney of *elf has been o%plied and reated by 3rank EC'ollins. :any of
the insights, %any of the ne" ideas are original8 that is, they ha#e not been published, nor
onei#ed in the sa%e "as as before.

<o"e#er, %uh of the kno"ledge ontained in these pages is a result of the %any dia%onds
of kno"ledge of hundreds of authors and philosophers of hu%anity. That is, people for%
different ti%e periods, different ultures "ho through their lifeCs "ork enabled %any of us to
see further than pre#ious generations.

:any books seek to stress "hat is ne" and original, so%eti%es forsaking "hat is "ell
established and understood. This is espeially the ase in philosophy "here the dri#e for
Fne"F and;or original ideas an so%eti%es push the en#elope of o%%on sense.

Het, the purpose of the )ourney of *elf is larity. Therefore, no footnotes, not high distintion
is %ade bet"een F"hat is %eF and F"hat is othersF. 3or the sake of the journey, all is one.
1.* The need for some order to the =ourney

Eur journey to kno" A22 A &'AB began at a ertain point and progressed along a ertain
path. While at ti%es the path %ay ha#e been steep, hopefully you found the order of hapters
helped %ake sense of the order of A228 of &'A.

9i#en the o%ple0ity of the issues already identified, do you agree that "e also need to
arefully onsider a path to tra#el along on our journey to Fkno" oursel#esF? Then this is "hat
"e do.

'hapters We no" fae the journey to kno" thyself. *hould "e also seek to de#elop so%e kind
of order to the journey?

Then this is "hat "e do. E#er the ne0t fe" hapters "e "ill begin to outline a sense of
relationships and order.
1.-.1 'hapters 4,!,$,( The influenes on your sense of self

=n the ne0t hapter through to 'hapter (, "e "ill disuss the #arious and %ajor influenes on
you and your sense of self, fro%7

belief @ #alue syste%s
relationships "ith other people, past and present, to
soial organisations, fro% go#ern%ent to your plae of "ork
religious beliefs and their effet on our sense of self

1.-.2 'hapters +, - The kno"ledge of our anestors

=n 'hapters +, - "e seek to understand the kno"ledge of our anestors and the %ystis and
teahers throughout the ages on F"ays of lifeF and #alues.
1.-.3 'hapter 1., 11 4eeper physial understanding of self

=n 'hapters 1., 11 "e "ill re#ie" the kno"ledge fro% &'A on our physial sel#es as "ell as
the understandings of the 'hapters of The )ourney of *elf to seek a deeper understanding of
the physial nature of self and speifi key o%ponents.
1.-.4 'hapter 12 on"ards

=t is fro% 'hapter 12 on"ards that the pre#ious 'hapters of The )ourney of *elf "ill enable us
to understand profoundly i%portant insights into our sel#es and the ans"ers to the questions
that "e seek. These hapters are truly po"erful beause of the understandings of &'A and the
first 1. hapters. We "ill let the% speak for the%sel#es.
1.10 espe%t for the personal nature of the =ourney to know oursel-es

6syhologists are orret in one respet "hen they "arn against the dangers of ertain self8
help books and ourses8 for "e an be easily led up a blind alley and do %ore da%age than
good.

As "e "ill disuss, %ind is by nature inredibly fluid, analyzing eah %o%ent, %o%ent to
%o%ent. As life an be endless yles of ontraditions, so too an our beha#iour to other
people.

We an be profoundly influened by "hat others say and others "rite. 10a%ples suh as
)onesto"n, <ea#ens 9ate and Wao stand as testi%ony to ho" nor%al people feeling a need
to find ans"ers an be led by unsrupulous leaders to"ards obli#ion.

That is "hy the struture of &'A and The )ourney of *elf are absolutely and arefully
strutured to take this into aount and a#oid the risk of people unsuspetingly falling. =t is
hallenging, it is ideas8 not fat, ideas and %odels.

3or it is your journey and your hoies that you %ust %ake to kno" yourself. =n no "ay an
"e, nor "ill "e seek to influene you against your "ill.

We no" onsider the %ajor influene in ter%s of the reation, %odifiation and de#elop%ent
of belief syste%s and #alue syste%s8religions and their i%pat on the sense of self.
02. What we know about Self
2.1 The parado? of self

=n the pre#ious setion A1 8T<1 61/*E>A2 L&1*TB, "e listed the %ost o%%on reasons
that indi#idual hu%an beings seek greater self8kno"ledge7 Fto be happy, to find peae, to
understand "hy "e do "hat "e do, to find enlighten%ent.F

We also highlighted the point that these goals and questions ha#e also been the sa%e goals
sought by hu%an beings that li#ed and died thousands of years ago. =n essene8 the sa%e
quest.

En first ut, our questions and reasons for self kno"ledge see% straight for"ard7 FTo be
happyF, FTo feel safeF do not in the%sel#es see% o%ple0 requests. We an re%e%ber periods
"hen "e felt safe and happy, just as "e reall %o%ents of unhappiness and unertainty.

>or does our desire to satisfy our needs and "ants see% an unreasonable goal, gi#en all
hu%ans need ertain basi things for their sur#i#al and that :odern hu%an soiety enables
us to obtain objets and ser#ies for our enjoy%ent.

Eur fous naturally then is %ost likely on finding the Fans"ersF to these questions, rather
than interrogating the question of F"hat is happiness?F
2.1.1 What do "e %ean by happiness? "hat do "e %ean by safety?

Het by their #ery nature, the "ords happiness and safety as "ell as all the other "ords "e
speak of in ter%s of outo%es of self kno"ledge are in the%sel#es8 onepts that i%ply
ertain things. *o "hen "e say FhappinessF8 "hat e0atly is it "e %ean?

Without understanding the %eaning of these "ords8 "e are flying blind.
2.1.2 Why does happiness and fulfill%ent of "ants not neessarily o%e together

Why is it that "hen "e fulfil the "ant or desire that "e belie#ed "ould %ake us happy8 that
happiness does not neessarily follo"?
2.1.3 The 6arado0 of self

Thus "e are dealing "ith a parado0 "hen onsidering oursel#es8 "e say "hat "e "ant, yet
"hat "e "ant turns out to be not "hat "e "ant. =t is not that "e do not kno" "hat "e "ant,
beause "e are lear about the tangible objets and outo%es. 5ut is it really "hat "e "ant?

*ounds onfusing? =t is beause the %odern hu%an %ind is onfusing. The self kno"ledge "e
seek is underneath the onsious ations and day to day thoughts.
2.2 What is self;

=n 'hapter 1+ of &'A, "e disussed the nature and beha#iour of the hu%an %ind, inluding a
definition outline of the onept of %ind, self and ego.

We onluded that the "ord self essentially desribes the u%ulati#e %e, "hat = a% at any
one ti%e. =n ter%s of ego, "e briefly introdued the onept of ego being a partiular state of
self, of %e%ories and e%otions "ith speifi desires and goals.

As "e ha#e seen, fro% this entral understanding "e ha#e been able to disuss the o%%on
sense links bet"een e#ery partile, e#ery le#el and e#ery question of the &ni#erse.

7efinition of self

The origin of the "ord FselfF is unkno"n, lost during the during de#elop%ent of 1uropean
languages 2... to 1+.. years ago. =ts original %eaning is #ery %uh the sa%e as it is today8 a
personal pronoun indiating the thing %entioned, not so%e other.

=n 6hilosophy the "ord self%eans FThat "hih in a person is really and intrinsially he A in
distintion to "hat is ad#entitiousM the ego, often identified "ith the soul or %ind as opposed
to the bodyBF.

Around the end of the 1(th entury, the "ord took on t"o key definitions, frag%enting the
notion of self being so%ething onstant and unhanging, na%ely the definition7

A per%anent subjet of suessi#e and #arying states of onsiousness A1$(4B
What one is at a partiular ti%e or in a partiular aspet or relationM oneCs nature, harater or
Aso%eti%esB physial onstitution or appearane, onsidered as different at different ti%es
A1$-(B.

Thus "ith these definitions, self is ulti%ately influened by the key onepts of onsiousness
Aa"arenessB and the no" %o%ent, "hih "e all The >EW. 4epending upon our state of
onsiousness Aa"arenessB and the partiular no" %o%ent, the definitions opened up the
"ord self to i%ply the potential different states of being, depending on the iru%stanes.

<o"e#er, by the %iddle of the 1-th 'entury, the openness and sophistiation of the definition
of self "as restrited bak to"ards so%e ongoing, onstant being "ith the definition FTo at
aording to oneCs true harater, "ithout hyporisy or onstraint A1+4-BF

The %onfli%t in definitions of self

=f "e onsider the e#olution of the "ord self and the ontrasting definitions, then "e see
"ithin the "ord a %irror of the onflit that e0ists "ithin eah of us 8 a% = really =, or a% =
just an au%ulation of understanding and beha#iour at eah suessi#e %o%ent?

*uh questions are at the heart of the philosophial quest to understand the nature of self. Het
the "ord itself pro#ides no onsistent ans"er8 no o%%on agree%ent. =ndeed, onsidering
the e0tensi#e use of the "ord throughout all literature on understanding the hu%an %ind and
the hu%an ondition, it is surprising that fe" point out the inherent onflits "ithin the "ord
itself.

Whih definition of self is orret, or do "e need a ne" "ord?

We are faed then "ith the question8 "hih definition of the "ord self is orret, or if "e
annot agree on the hoie bet"een one or the other, do "e need a ne" "ord?

We are not yet ready to ans"er this question just yet. What "e "ish to do is identify all the
influenes inbound to self. =t is then our hope to seek to understand ho" these inbound
influenes influene us and then be able to better understand the literal and philosophial
question of the "ord.
2.3 What do we need; what do we want;

The hu%an body requires the intake of ertain o%ple0 and si%ple proteins eah and e#ery
day to %aintain opti%u% funtion. =n addition, hu%an beings adequate protetion fro% the
ele%ents in ter%s of a#oiding e0tre%e sunlight, ol, "et or dry.

=f "e fail to obtain these things, then our bodies an deteriorate rapidly, leading to death Ain
the ase of lak of fluidsB in a %atter of days.

This is "hy the priniple needs are onsidered to be food and fluid, follo"ed by shelter and
lothes. 5ut ho" do these needs translate into our needs? And ho" do "e integrate the
desires already listed?

We understand these essential needs, yet "e also reognize other needs8 needs for
e%ploy%ent, needs for o%panionship, needs for affetion, needs for reognition, needs for
ertain ite%s8 TG, radio, %otor ar, bank aount, needs for house lose to "ork, need for
holiday, need for speifi food ite%s, needs for ertain drugs, needs for e0erise.

The list goes on and see%ingly beo%es %ore o%ple0 as "e %o#e for"ard.

Then "e ha#e issues suh as eduation, the need for running "ater, roads, publi transport,
eletrial po"er, telephone ables. :any of these things are taken for granted in
industrialized ountries and often onsidered justifiable FrightsF of being a itizen.
2.3.1 The o%ple0 task of finding a har%ony bet"een needs and "ants

The tasking of sifting through the #arious hu%an needs and "ants and %aking sense of the%
has been a task of philosophers "ay bak to the ti%es of *orates, 6lato and Aristotle. :ore
reently, in the siene of 6syhology, the e0planation and lassifiation of hu%an needs and
"ants has for%ed an i%portant branh of understanding alled %oti#ational beha#iour.
2.3.2 What do "e need?

=n What do "e atually need to get by?

The sa%e %ay apply to the hores around the ho%e you need to perfor% to %aintain a lean
and tidy en#iron%ent8 suddenly ertain ati#ities not related to ino%e generation or
household hores %ay take priority and beo%e needs, rather than "ants.

The point "e "ish to illustrate here is the inherent onfusion in the use of language, e#en
before "e onsider "hat do "e need and "hat do "e "ant? 2et us then look at the key "ords
nor%ally assoiated "ith the onept of needs and "ants and see if "e an larify a better
understanding of the %eanings of eah "ord.
2.3.3 What do "e "ant?

The "ord pain o%es fro% the %edie#al "ords peine, paine soured fro% the 2atin "ord
poena %eaning Fpenalty, punish%entF and later FgriefF.

<ene, "e an onsider o0ygen a neessity, "ater a neessity as "ell as food intake, adequate
shelter and proteti#e lothing. <o"e#er, "e %ight also all ite%s required to earn a li#ing a
neessity, suh as a truk, or a %obile phone or e#en a poket alulator.
2.3.4 Eur needs and "ants hange

Eur needs and "ants hange as "e hange, in age, e0periene and iru%stane. As "e get
older, hu%ans tend to ollet possessions.

&nlike the "ords neessity and neessary, ite%s that are needed are %ore subjeti#e in their
nature. 3or e0a%ple, a truk %ight be a neessity for %y "ork, yet = need a truk "ith an air
onditioning syste%. 3urther definitions of the "ord need indiate this degree of subjeti#ity7

>eed also i%plies Aas the definition abo#e indiatesB a lak of so%ething, or in a position of
diffiulty due to the lak of so%ething, i.e.

FA ondition of affairs plaing one in diffiulty or distressM a ti%e of diffiulty or troubleF AE1B
FA state of e0tre%e "ant or destitution.F

2.4 What do we mean by the words needs and wants;

The tasking of sifting through the #arious hu%an needs and "ants and %aking sense of the%
has been a task of philosophers "ay bak to the ti%es of *orates, 6lato and Aristotle. :ore
reently, in the siene of 6syhology, the e0planation and lassifiation of hu%an needs and
"ants has for%ed an i%portant branh of understanding alled %oti#ational beha#iour.
2.4.1 What do "e %ean by the "ords need, "ant, desire, %oti#ation?

=n your e#eryday life you ha#e probably e0periened the effet of shifting #alues applied to the
attain%ent of ertain ite%s8 fro% needs to "ants;desires and fro% "ants;desires to needs. A
lassi e0a%ple is any typial #isit to a large super%arket. What you atually need in ter%s of
food to stay ali#e is #ery s%all and probably obtainable for only a fe" dollars. <o"e#er, "hat
you "ant to eat, "hat you desire to eat %ay be far %ore o%ple0 and e0pensi#e.

The sa%e %ay apply to the hores around the ho%e you need to perfor% to %aintain a lean
and tidy en#iron%ent8 suddenly ertain ati#ities not related to ino%e generation or
household hores %ay take priority and beo%e needs, rather than "ants.

The point "e "ish to illustrate here is the inherent onfusion in the use of language, e#en
before "e onsider "hat do "e need and "hat do "e "ant? 2et us then look at the key "ords
nor%ally assoiated "ith the onept of needs and "ants and see if "e an larify a better
understanding of the %eanings of eah "ord.
2.4.2 >eessary;>eessity

The "ord neessary o%es fro% Anient 2atin "ord neesse %eaning Fthat "hih is
indispensable, requisite, that annot be done "ithoutF.

<ene, "e an onsider o0ygen a neessity, "ater a neessity as "ell as food intake, adequate
shelter and proteti#e lothing. <o"e#er, "e %ight also all ite%s required to earn a li#ing a
neessity, suh as a truk, or a %obile phone or e#en a poket alulator.
2.4.3 >eed

The "ord need originates fro% the Eld 1nglish "ords nod and nied %eaning F neessity
arising fro% the fats and iru%stanes of a ase.F

&nlike the "ords neessity and neessary, ite%s that are needed are %ore subjeti#e in their
nature. 3or e0a%ple, a truk %ight be a neessity for %y "ork, yet = need a truk "ith an air
onditioning syste%. 3urther definitions of the "ord need indiate this degree of subjeti#ity7

F=%perati#e all or de%and for the presene, possession et of so%ethingF
FA ondition %arked by the lak or "ant of so%e neessary thing, or requiring so%e
e0traneous aid or additionF AE1B

>eed also i%plies Aas the definition abo#e indiatesB a lak of so%ething, or in a position of
diffiulty due to the lak of so%ething, i.e.

FA ondition of affairs plaing one in diffiulty or distressM a ti%e of diffiulty or troubleF AE1B
FA state of e0tre%e "ant or destitution.F
2.4.4 Want

The "ord "ant originates fro% the old >orse "ord #ant AEld 1nglish "ana, :edie#al 1nglish
"aneB %eaning Flaking, %issingF.

The original definitions of "ant follo" its original %eaning

F4efiieny, shortage, lak of Aso%ething desirable or neessaryBF
FThe state of laking the neessities of life7 penury also the state of laking foodM star#ationF
AThe )ourney of *elfB

Therefore to all intensi#e purposes the %eanings of the "ord need and "antby literal
definitions %ean the sa%e thing, e#en though "e onsider the "ords to be quite distint.
2.4.! 4esire

The "ord desire o%es fro% the 2atin "ord desiderare Ao%posed of the 2atin de J =, sider J
onsider and ate J the 2atinized #ersion of the 9reek goddess of infatuation, onsidered the
goddess of %isfortune and rash destrutionB.

The original %eaning %eant F to ha#e a strong "ish for, to long for, ra#e, to feel the "ant of,
to %issF.

=n the :iddle Ages, the %eaning "as refined further to F the fat or ondition of desiringM that
e%otion "hih is direted to the attain%ent or possession of so%e objet fro% "hih pleasure
or satisfation is e0petedM longingM ra#ingM a "ish, speifially physial appetite, lustF.

=nterestingly, the "ord desire %ore adequately desribes the onte%porary usage of the "ord
"ant, but is used less often than the "ord "ant to desribe so%ething that "e "ish to strongly
obtain.
2.4.$ :oti#e;:oti#ation

The "ord %oti#e originates fro% the 2atin "ord %o#ere %eaning Fthat "hih %o#es or tends
to %o#e a person to a ourse of ation.F

=n %edie#al 1nglish "ord %otyf "as %odified slightly %eaning Fso%ething %o#edM a %otion,
propositionM espeially in to %o#e Aor %akeB a %o#e%ent.F

Thus in its si%plest sense, %oti#e and %oti#ation had t"o distint %eanings8 the at of
%otion and the ause of %otion.
Around the late :iddle Ages, the %eaning of the "ord "as refined to %ean FThat "hih
%o#es or indues a person to at in a ertain "ayM a desire, fear, reason et, "hih influenes a
personCs #olitionM also applied to a result or objet "hih is desired.F

The "ord %oti#ation is a o%bined "ord of %oti#ere F%oti#esF and the 2atin tio A8ionB, the
2atin desendant of 8atione% or in Eld 1nglish orison %eaning FreasonF.

Therefore the literal %eaning for the "ord %oti#ation is Fthe reasons or auses of AausesB
%oti#esF.

=n psyhology, %oti#ation is defined as Fan internal state or ondition Aso%eti%es desribed
as a need, desire, or "antB that ser#es to ati#ate or energize beha#ior and gi#e it diretionF.

Thus psyhology deleted the original %eaning of %oti#ationA%otionB in fa#our of the auseAsB
of hu%an %otion.
2.4.( The i%portane of re#ie"ing these "ords

>o" that "e ha#e re#ie"ed the language "e use to desribe the #arious objets and things of
hu%an life, "e an see %ore learly that7

:oti#ation8 desribes all neessities, needs;"ants and desires
>eessities8 those ite%s that "e annot do "ithout for sur#i#al
>eeds;Wants %ean the sa%e thing i%plying a defiieny
4esire8 %ore adequately desribes our onte%porary %isinterpretation of "ant.

As you an see, in identifying the %eaning of these "ords, our original questions take on a
different %eaning7 Are "e talking about things that "e see laking in our li#es AdefiieniesB,
or are "e talking about those ite%s that annot do "ithout for sur#i#alAneessitiesB?
We "ill disuss the i%pliations of the deeper %eaning of these "ords later in this hapter.
2.$ The histori%al %lassifi%ation and -arious theories of moti-ation

*ine the ad#ent of the first hu%an i#ilizations, there has been ountless "ritings assoiated
"ith the lassifiation and ordering of hu%an needs and "ants.

3ro% se#eral thousand years ago to today, there ha#e been literally thousands of syste%s that
ha#e sought to pro#ide so%e order and fra%e"ork to the potential endless list of hu%an
needs and "ants.

&nfortunately "e ha#e neither the spae, nor the ti%e to in#estigate and disuss eah and
e#ery syste% indi#idually on its %erits. <o"e#er, "e are still able to #ie" a histori path by
looking at those syste%s that ha#e %ost influened our ideas about hu%an %oti#ation, needs
and "ants.
2.!.1 Theories of %oti#ation

=n general, %oti#ation an be onsidered as either e0trinsi Abeha#ioralB or intrinsi
Aogniti#e, biologial, affeti#e, or spiritualB.

Beha-ioral

1ah of the %ajor theoretial approahes in beha#ioral learning theory posits a pri%ary fator
in %oti#ation.

'lassial onditioning states that biologial responses to assoiated sti%uli energize and
diret beha#ior. Eperant learning states the pri%ary fator is onsequenes7 reinfores are
inenti#es to inrease beha#ior and punish%ents are disinenti#es that result in a derease in
beha#ior.

*oial learning theory suggests that %odeling Ai%itating othersB and #iarious learning
A"athing others ha#e onsequenes applied to their beha#iorB are i%portant %oti#ators of
beha#ior.

2o!niti-e

There are se#eral %oti#ational theories that trae their roots to the infor%ation proessing
approah to learning. These approahes fous on the ategories and labels people use help to
identify thoughts, e%otions, dispositions, and beha#iors.

The first is ogniti#e dissonane theory "hih is in so%e respets si%ilar to disequilibriu% in
6iagetCs theory. This theory states that "hen there is a disrepany bet"een t"o beliefs,
ations or belief and ation, "e "ill at to resol#e onflit and disrepanies.

The i%pliation is that if an reate the appropriate a%ount of disequilibriu% this "ill in turn
lead to the indi#idual hanging his or her beha#ior "hih in turn "ill lead to a hange in
thought patterns "hih in turn leads to %ore hange in beha#ior. A seond ogniti#e
approah is attribution theory "hih proposes that e#ery indi#idual tries to e0plain suess or
failure of self and others by offering ertain FattributionsF. These attributions are either
internal or e0ternal and are either under our ontrol or not in our ontrol. The follo"ing hart
sho"s the four attributions that result fro% a o%bination of internal or e0ternal lous of
ontrol and "hether or not ontrol is possible.

A third ogniti#e approah is e0petany theory "hih proposes the follo"ing equation7
:oti#ation J 6erei#ed 6robability of *uess O Galue of Ebtaining 9oal

*ine this for%ula states that the t"o fators of 6erei#ed 6robability and Galue are to be
%ultiplied by eah other, a lo" #alue in one "ill result in a lo" #alue of %oti#ation. Therefore,
both %ust be present in order for %oti#ation to our.
2.!.2 Abraha% :aslo" and his hierarhy of needs

5y the ti%e of the 1-!.Cs, the onfidene of pratitioners in the #arious fields of psyhology
had gro"n to suh a point that the do%inant sientifi thinking being produed at the ti%e
"as pre8oupied "ith beha#iouris% and psyhoanalysis to e0plain hu%an %oti#ation.

*ientists at the ti%e debated #igorously the auses of hu%an %oti#ation #ia fousing
separately on suh fators as biology, ahie#e%ent, or po"er to e0plain "hat sti%ulates,
direts, and sustains hu%an beha#ior. :any psyhology te0ts to this day still rely on these
FlinialF areas of researh and data to e0plain "hy people need "hat they need.

Then during the %id 1-!.Cs a hu%anisti psyhologist alled Abraha% :aslo" published a
theory stating that people are not %erely ontrolled by %ehanial fores A the sti%uli and
reinfore%ent fores of beha#iouris%B or unonsious instintual i%pulses of psyhoanalysis.
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%aslo" foused on hu%an potential, belie#ing hu%ans stri#e to reah the highest le#els of
onsiousness and "isdo%

6eople at this le#el "ere labeled by other psyhologists as Ffully funtioningF or possessing a
Fhealthy personalityF. :aslo" alled these people Fself8atualizingF persons.

:aslo" set up a hierarhial theory of needs in "hih all the basi needs are at the botto%,
and the needs onerned "ith %anCs highest potential are at the top. The hierarhi theory is
often represented as a pyra%id, "ith the larger, lo"er le#els representing the lo"er needs,
and the upper point representing the need for self8atualization. 1ah le#el of the pyra%id is
dependent on the pre#ious le#el. 3or e0a%ple, a person does not feel the seond need until
the de%ands of the first ha#e been satisfied.

'hysiolo!i%al 8eeds.

These needs are biologial and onsists of the needs for o0ygen, food, "ater, and a relati#ely
onstant body te%perature. These needs are the strongest beause if depri#ed, the person
"ould die.

Safety 8eeds.

10ept in ti%es of e%ergeny or periods of disorganization in the soial struture Asuh as
"idespread riotingB adults do not e0periene their seurity needs. 'hildren, ho"e#er often
display signs of inseurity and their need to be safe.

+o-e> ,ffe%tion and Belon!in! 8eeds.

6eople ha#e needs to esape feelings of loneliness and alienation and gi#e Aand reei#eB lo#e,
affetion and the sense of belonging.

3steem 8eeds.

6eople need a stable, fir%ly based, high le#el of self8respet, and respet fro% others in order
to feel satisfied, self onfident and #aluable. =f these needs are not %et, the person feels
inferior, "eak, helpless and "orthless.

Self.a%tuali<ation 8eeds.

:aslo" desribes self8atualization as a personCs need to be and do that "hih the person "as
born to do. =t is his FallingF. FA %usiian %ust %ake %usi, an artist %ust paint, and a poet
%ust "rite.F =f these needs are not %et, the person feels restlessness, on edge, tense, and
laking so%ething. 2o"er needs %ay also produe a restless feeling, but here is it %uh easier
to find the ause. =f a person is hungry, unsafe, not lo#ed or aepted, or laking self8estee%
the ause is apparent. =t is not al"ays lear "hat a person "ants "hen there is a need for self8
atualization.

:aslo"Cs basi position is that as one beo%es %ore self8atualized and transendent, one
beo%es %ore "ise Ade#elops "isdo%B and auto%atially kno"s "hat to do in a "ide #ariety
of situations.
:aslo" published his first oneptualization of his theory o#er !. years ago A:aslo", 1-43B
and it has sine beo%e one of the %ost popular and often ited theories of hu%an
%oti#ation. An interesting pheno%enon related to :aslo"Cs "ork is that in spite of a lak of
e#idene to support his hierarhy, it enjoys "ide aeptane AWahba @ 5ridge"ell, 1-($M
*oper, :ilford @ /osenthal, 1--!B.

The fe" %ajor studies that ha#e been o%pleted on the hierarhy see% to support the
proposals of Willia% )a%es A1+-2;1-$2B and :athes A1-+1B that there are only three le#els of
hu%an needs. )a%es hypothesized the le#els of %aterial Aphysiologial, safetyB, soial
Abelongingness, estee%B, and spiritual. :athesC three le#els "ere physiologial, belonging,
and self8atualizationM he onsidered seurity and self8estee% as un"arranted.
2.!.3 Alderfer A1-(2B 3 needs %odel

Alderfer A1-(2B de#eloped a o%parable hierarhy "ith his 1/9 Ae0istene, relatedness, and
gro"thB theory. <is approah %odified :aslo"Cs theory based on the "ork of 9ordon Allport
A1-$., 1-$1B "ho inorporated onepts fro% syste%s theory into his "ork on personality.
AlderferCs <ierarhy of :oti#ational >eeds

2e#el of >eed 4efinition 6roperties

3?isten%e

=nludes all of the #arious for%s of %aterial and psyhologial desires. When di#ided a%ong
people one personCs gain is anotherCs loss if resoures are li%ited

elatedness

=n#ol#e relationships "ith signifiant others. *atisfied by %utually sharing thoughts and
feelingsM aeptane, onfir%ation, under8 standing, and influene are ele%ents

0rowth

=%pel a person to %ake reati#e or produti#e effets on hi%self and his en#iron%ent.
*atisfied through using apabilities in engaging proble%sM reates a greater sense of
"holeness and fullness as a hu%an being

:aslo" reognized that not all personalities follo"ed his proposed hierarhy. While a #ariety
of personality di%ensions %ight be onsidered as related to %oti#ational needs, one of the
%ost often ited is that of intro#ersion and e0tro#ersion. /eorganizing :aslo"Cs hierarhy
based on the "ork of Alderfer and onsidering the intro#ersion;e0tra#ersion di%ension of
personality results in three le#els, eah "ith an intro#erted and e0tro#erted o%ponent. This
organization suggests there %ay be t"o aspets of eah le#el that differentiate ho" people
relate to eah set of needs. 4ifferent personalities %ight relate %ore to one di%ension than
the other. 3or e0a%ple, an intro#ert at the le#el of Ether;/elatedness %ight be %ore
onerned "ith his or her o"n pereptions of being inluded in a group, "hereas an e0tro#ert
at that sa%e le#el "ould pay %ore attention to ho" others #alue that %e%bership.
2.!.4 >o uni#ersally aepted %odel yet e0ists on hu%an %oti#ations
=n spite of the detailed "ork done in the past forty years on hu%an beha#ioral researh, there
still does not yet e0ist a uni#ersally aepted %odel for desribing and ategorizing hu%an
%oti#ations.

While there is great %erit in the "ork of :aslo", Alderfer and others, the %odels that
urrently e0ist are unable to adequately aount for the depression of self8estee%, of people
see%ingly "ell ad#aned up the hierarhy of needs, nor the general antipathy of indi#iduals
to"ards self atualization.

4eades of detailed researh by the &* 35= sho"s that serial killers frequently ha#e an abo#e
a#erage le#el of =L. =t does not follo" that "e all "ish to rise up the hierarhy, nor that greater
"ealth aquisition and safety leads to happiness and e#entually to self8atualization.

=f anything, the hu%an %inds grasp and priority of needs and "ants see%s to be stubbornly
unique and onstantly hanging, so%eti%es as quikly as %oods.

5efore "e onsider then "hat %akes us happy?, let us onsider another i%portant
understanding of hu%an %oti#ation8 the proess of goal setting.
2.& What is happiness;

Ene of the %ost uni#ersal of all "ants and desires of hu%an beings is to be Ffree fro% painF,
%ost often e0pressed in the positi#e as the Fdesire for pleasure, gratifiation and happiness.F

3or so%e, happiness and pleasure is sought through the purhase of %ore and %ore
possessions, the au%ulation of %ore and %ore %oney.

3or others, happiness, gratifiation and pleasure o%es fro% reei#ing praise fro% people
around the%. Then there is the seeking of pleasure through se0ual gratifiation for its o"n
sake that so%e seek. Ethers still find happiness in gi#ing to others, in li#ing a life of ser#itude
for the benefit of their fello" hu%an beings.

2iterally there are ountless "ays in "hih "e all e0press our desires for happiness,
gratifiation and pleasure. An in the ities, ountries and ultures in "hih "e no" li#e, there
are %any things on offer to satisfy our desires, fro% tele#isions, stereos, ars and gadgets to
%ass entertain%ent and personal ser#ies.

Without %aking judg%ent o#er "hether our desires and "ants are aligned or %isaligned,
"hat do "e %ean by these "ords freedo%, pain, happiness, pleasure and gratifiation?
2ike "e ha#e seen throughout &'A, e#ery "ord has %eaning, and often %ore than one
%eaning. =t %akes sense then that "e agree on "hat "e both understand as the %eanings for
these "ords.
2.$.1 The onept alled free, freedo%

The "ord free and freedo% o%e fro% the Eld 1nglish "ord freo and anient 1uropean
translations of the anient *andskrit "ord prijas %eaning FdearF Apri in *andskrit %eaning
Flo#eFB.

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The earliest definition of the "ord is Fnot subjet as a sla#e to his %asterM enjoying personal
rights and liberty of ation.F *i%ilarly, the definition Fe0e%pt fro%, not subjet or liable toF
and FAt liberty, allo"ed to go any"hereM not kept in onfine%ent.F

Therefore "hen "e %ean Ffree fro% painF, "e an %ean7 o not being subjet as a Fsla#eF to
pain, ruling our li#esM and;or o e0e%pt fro%, not subjet to or liable to pain.

=n %ost ases, our understanding of e0atly "hat kind of freedo% "e "ant is unlear and not
fully defined.
2.$.2 The onept alled pain

The "ord pain o%es fro% the %edie#al "ords peine, paine soured fro% the 2atin "ord
poena %eaning Fpenalty, punish%entF and later FgriefF.

<ene the original definition of pain "as Fpunish%ent, penaltyFand later Fthe sensation
"hih one feels "hen hurt Ain body or %indB, suffering, distressF.

This is onsistent "ith our feelings in the first hapter "hen "e disussed the e0perienes of
pain and diso%fort at the end of reading &'A. We also disussed the feeling of pain
e0periened "hen hanging so%e of our beliefs and ideas during the reading of &'A.
2.$.3 The onept of pleasure

The "ord pleasure o%es fro% the %edie#al "ords plesir and plaisir, deri#ations of the
original 2atin soure "ord plaere %eaning Fbe pleasingF.

*ignifiantly, the original definition of pleasure AplaereB has also re%ained the strongest and
%ost used, na%ely Fthe enjoy%ent or antiipation of "hat is felt or #ie"ed as good or
desirableM enjoy%ent, delight, gratifiation. The opposite of painF.=%portantly, "e see in the
definition of pleasure, that pleasure an be both physial Afelt, feelingsB and %ind
A antiipationB.

=t is beause the "ord pleasure represents the opposite to pain that it has re%ained a
ontentious "ord in ter%s of spiritual leaders and te0ts, hene the definition of pleasure in a
negati#e sense in the %id8 1$th entury of Fsensuous enjoy%ent as a hief objet of life or an
end in itself.F
2.$.4 The onepts of 9ratify, 9ratifiation

The "ord gratify, o%es fro% the original 2atin "ord gratifiari %eaning Fdo a fa#our to,
%ake a present ofF and the ste% gratus %eaning Fpleasing, thankfulF.

<ene, "hen the "ord "as resurreted in the 3renh language around the %id 1$th entury
as gratifier, the %eaning "as gi#en as FTo gi#e pleasure toM to please, obligeM to do a fa#our toF
A1!$+B.

The "ord gratifiation then %eans Fthe at of gratifyingF A1!-+B and Fthe state of being
gratified or pleasedM enjoy%ent, satisfationF A1(12B.
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2.$.! <appy, <appiness

The "ord <appy originates fro% the Eld >orse "ord happ, %eaning Fhane, good luk.F
<ene, the original definition of happy %eant Ffortuitous hane, luky, fortunate, fa#ored by
iru%stane.F The original %eaning of happiness is then Fthe quality or ondition of being
happy.F

=n other "ords, the quality of happy A happinessB in its original %eaning had %ore to do "ith
good luk than intent or ation. =n a "ay, "hen so%eone says they seek FhappinessF, by its
original %eaning they are alling on better fortune to o%e.

=t is probably "hy the "ord has been so enduring in the 1nglish language, as nearly all hu%an
beings at so%e point "ish for better fortune to o%e.

=t "as only around the %iddle of the 1$th 'entury that the %ore %odern definition of happy
arose to %ean Fha#ing the feeling arising fro% satisfation "ith oneCs iru%stanes or
onditionM also glad, pleased.F The "ord happiness "as also %odified around the sa%e ti%e
to reflet the %ore %odern understanding of the "ord being Fthe state of pleasurable ontent
of %ind, "hih results fro% suess or the attain%ent of "hat is onsidered good.F

Thus fro% this point on, the "ord shifted fro% hane to ertainty of attain%ent of feeling
good by our o"n ations. =n a religious sense the "ord a%e to define that our ations diretly
ontribute to our state of happiness, rather than the pure hane of lifeCs ards.
2.$.$ The need to kno" "hat is pleasing, "hat is gratifying, "hat is painful

=n disussing these "ords, "e no" see "e need to kno" %ore about "hat "e think is pleasing,
"hat is gratifying and "hat is painful to oursel#es? Without this kno"ledge, the desire to
si%ply a#oid pain has no real fous.

To the person "ho is afraid of heights, it pleases the% to stay near the ground. To the person
"ho is agoraphobi, it pleases the% to stay indoors. To the person "ho feels the status of
peers and fello" friends, fa%ily, the pleasure of "ealth is i%portant. To the person "ho has
lo" self #alue, the pleasure of eating is a short ter% substitute.
2." What is se%urity> %ertainty and safety;

The seond %ost o%%on and uni#ersal of all "ants and desires of hu%an beings is to be
Fseure, ertain, safeF and for life to be Fonsistent, onstantF. That life see%s so unertain at
ti%es and our e0perienes of tre%endous e%otional highs and lo"s is one of the key
frustrations of life.

=t see%s the rule that "hene#er "e feel o%fortable, "hene#er life starts to i%pro#e,
so%ething unpreditable happens and thro"s us into haos. =t is no "onder that around the
"orld, the suburban drea% has beo%e the suburban fortress as people strengthen the
seurity of their o"n ho%es against the unertainty and risk of ri%e and #iolene.

Hou are %ade up of trillions of points of &'A. =f just one of those points eased to e0ist, then
the &ni#erse "ould ollapse. That "e kno" &nita an ne#er be broken do"n is not the point.
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Their e0istene is #ital to the operation of a o%%on di%ension Athe &ni#erseB.
2.(.1 'onsistent

The "ord onsistent o%es diretly fro% the 2atin "ord onsistere %eaning Fstand still,
re%ain fir%, e0ist.F

<ene the original definitions of the "ord reflet its original 2atin %eaning, na%ely
F*tanding still or fir%M not %o#ing or gi#ing "ay.F Around the late 1(th 'entury, the "ord "as
%odified to %ean Fsettled, persistent, durableF and Fholding together as a oherent %aterial
body.F

=nterestingly, our attration to onsisteny is highlighted by our reation to indi#iduals that
sho" inonsistent beha#iour. Al%ost uni#ersally, the %ost attrati#e people to us are those
"ho appear onsistent, #ersus those that appear to onstantly hange.
2.(.2 'onstant

The "ord onstant o%es fro% a si%ilar 2atin root as onsistent, na%ely onstare, %eaning
Fstand fir%F.

The original definitions of onstant refleted this , being Fstanding fir% in %indM steadfast,
resolute.F Around the %iddle 1!th 'entury, the "ord gained its additional sientifi %eanings
of Fof things7 =n#ariable, fi0ed, unhanging, unifor%F and Fre%aining the sa%e in quantity or
a%ount under unifor% onditions.F
2.(.3 'ertain

The "ord ertain o%es diretly fro% Eld 3renh, itself a diret translation of the 2atin root
ertus %eaning Fsettled, sure.F

Again "e see a si%ilar original %eaning to the "ords onsistent and onstant, na%ely F
deter%ined, fi0ed, not #ariable.F Around the 1!th entury, the "ord "as gi#en the added
%eanings Fdefinite, e0at, sure, reliableF and the %ore onte%porary understanding of the
"ord Fnot to be doubtedM established as a truth or a fat.F
2.(.4 *afe, *afety

The "ord safe o%es fro% the Eld 1nglish "ords sauf, saf, the%sel#es translations of the
original 2atin root sal#us %eaning Funinjured, entire, healthy.F =ts earliest %eaning is
reorded as being Ffree fro% hurt or da%age.F The "ord safety in its earliest definition %eant
Fthe state of being safeM e0e%ption fro% hurt or injuryM freedo% fro% danger.F Around the
early 1(th 'entury, the "ord safety also gathered the %eaning Flose ustody or onfine%entF,
refleting a regular beha#iour required in order to be safe.

=t is no %ystery then that "hen "e say "e seek safety, that "e seek to be safe, a natural
onsequential ation is to lose up, to onfine those things that %ake us feel unsafe. Anything
therefore that %akes us feel unertain, presents potential threat and therefore a person "ho
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"ishes to feel safe, dis%isses it by enlosing the%sel#es in a %ind8set or en#iron%ent "here
the ideas or people annot get to the%.
2.(.! 'hange8 the o%%on ene%y of onsisteny, seurity, o%fort

=n ontrast then to the desire for seurity, for safety for ertainty is hange. 5y definition,
hange is the sole ene%y of "hat "e seek. When there is hange, there an be by definition,
no ertainty, nor safety, nor seurity.

The "eather hanges, bringing "ith it "inter stor%s, "e fear the risk of flooding, of "ind
da%age, of terrible onditions. With the hanging yle of our solar syste% and our sun, "e
fear the inreases and dereases "ill affet the o#erall seasons. With the hange in the yle of
the 1arth, "e fear earthquakes and tidal "a#es.

Het as "e ha#e disussed, hange, e0pressed as all things being in perpetual %otion is
funda%ental to e0istene of the &ni#erse8 to &'A8&nique 'olleti#e A"areness. Therefore
hange is not the ene%y of life, it is life.

What then do "e %ake of our o"n desires see%ingly so in onflit to so%ething so
funda%ental in &'A? 4oes it %ean "e are "rong? 4oes it %ean "e need to hange the "ay
"e think?

These ans"ers an only o%e fro% areful e0a%ination of e0atly "hat "e "ant, one "e
finally kno" "hat "e "ant. To assist, let us begin fro% the beginning8 "hat are the essential
hu%an needs and "ants?
2.# 7oes what we want make us happy; meet our needs;

=n understanding that "e ha#e so%e sort of hierarhy; list of needs and "ants, in ans"ering
these desires for pleasure and a#oidane of pain, until no" "e %ight ha#e follo"ed the path
of %ost hu%an beings and sought ans"ers "ithout thinking F"hy do "e "ant "hat "e do?F.
2.+.1 The failure of %any short ter% pleasures and gratifiations

:aybe it "ould not be suh an issue to ask our %oti#ations for thinking the "ay "e do and
doing "hat "e do, if not for the e0periene that %any pleasures and gratifiations are short
ter%.
Whether it be se0ual pleasure, eating pleasure, aquisition of a ne" objet pleasure, praise in
a "orkplae, these pleasures soon dissipate and lea#e us feeling e%pty in searh of so%ething
to fill that gap and need for happiness.
2.+.2 Why then the failure to find longer ter% pleasures and gratifiations?

Why then ha#e "e failed to find longer ter% pleasures and gratifiations "hen this see%s to
be "hat "e desire?

The ans"er %ay rest in our lak of kno"ledge as to F"hyF "e ask the question. *uh ans"ers
an only o%e through self kno"ledge.
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2.+.3 To kno" thyself

The "ords FKno" ThyselfF "ere "ritten at the entrane to the fa%ous Te%ple at 4elphi,
"here fe%ale orales "ould slip into a trane and i%part Fdi#ine kno"ledgeF to questioners,
o#er 2!.. years ago.

What you feel no" in ter%s of seeking understanding as to "hy you feel the "ay you do, "hy
you think the "ay you do and the searh for so%e kind of balane in your life, are the sa%e
questions that ountless philosophers, gurus and e#eryday people ha#e stri#ed to ans"er for
%any thousands of years.

*aints and spiritual leaders ha#e struggled "ith these questions as hard as sientists ha#e
struggled for the unifying kno"ledge of the &ni#erse AFKno"ing A22FB.
2.+.4 2ooking into the endless %irror

<istorially, so%e philosophers ha#e o%pared self analysis like looking into an endless array
of %irrors, eah pro#iding a little slie of oursel#es, but at a ost. 3or in looking into the
%irror of oursel#es, the story goes that "e risk beo%ing self engrossed and ulti%ately fall
%ad. 1#en today, a ertain ultural fear e0ists "ith the risk of staring Ftoo longF into a %irror.

*o it is the road to self kno"ledge is littered "ith hundreds of stories of great people falling
insane upon the hallenge to del#e "ithin and seek kno"ledge of the%sel#es.

And in the gro"ing sientifi field of psyhology, self analysis, as opposed to FqualifiedF
analysis %onitored by a professional is onsidered highly dangerous.

Why then is the searhFselfF kno"ledge see%ingly so diffiult?

:aybe the reason for the danger is that to enter this journey is to enter into a %aze of
onflits, disinfor%ation and o%ple0ity. 3irstly, until no", "e ha#e been "ithout lear
%odels as to ho" the hu%an %ind "ords. *eondly, "e ha#e dozens of %odels of hu%an
thinking and beha#iour all "ith their o"n ideas as to "hy "e think and at the "ay "e do.

Het for all these FroadF signs, our self analysis an quikly de#iate to a point "here "e beo%e
trapped by the quiksil#er nature of %ind. Within a short ti%e it is easy to beo%e onfused
about "ho% is talking to us in our %ind8 is it our higher self? is it our ego? is it the hanneled
thoughts of our spiritual guides or so%ething less helpful?

Ene "e begin to doubt, one "e begin to beo%e onfused as to our o"n judg%ent and our
o"n %ind, then it is easy to beo%e lost.

Het to kno" oursel#es requires self in#estigation and self analysis. =t requires us to be able to
be able to peel layer upon layer of oursel#es until "e understand ho" and "hy "e do "hat "e
do. <o" then do "e %o#e for"ard?
2.+.! &'A and the establish%ent of foundations for the journey to FKno" ThyselfF

=n ter%s of the t"o journeys8 FKno" thyselfF and to FKno" A22F, it has historially been
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onsidered that in order to FKno" A22F, one %ust FKno" thyselfF first.

Het as you kno", "e ha#e re#ersed this traditional belief and ans"ered the seond quest
FKno" A22F first. =n taking the journey of &'A first , "e ha#e an idea on the physial self, the
higher %ind8self that is &'A and all the layers of &'A. We disussed the "orkings of the
hu%an %ind as "ell as the proesses of learning, forgetting and %e%ory.

We see our onnetion to all things and all things onnetion to oursel#es8 that if one point of
&'A eased to e0ist, di%ension "ould ollapse and the uni#erse "ould ollapse.

&'A then pro#ides us "ith a lear oneptual road %ap of the "orld "e li#e in, "hat "e an
see and feel and "hat "e anCt see. =n that sense &'A gi#es us the foundations upon "hih "e
an dare to #enture into oursel#es and a#oid the risks of that ha#e befallen others.

This is the reason that &'A o%es before The )ourney of *elf, literally and in book for%. 3or
of the t"o journeys to Fkno" A22F and to Fkno" thyselfF, the seond is %anifestly %ore
hallenging.
2.* The @self@ knowled!e we seek

/eturning to the questions of oursel#es and the self kno"ledge that "e seek, "hat then is the
self kno"ledge that "e see seek?. We no" seek to pro#ide so%e ategorization of this
kno"ledge.
2.-.1 ?1 The searh for understanding of self

9i#en that it is understanding of self that "e seek first, it %akes sense that our journey %ust
begin at the beginning.

Why do = feel the "ay = do?
Why do = think the "ay = do?
Why do = do "hat = do?

The ans"ers to these questions in#ol#e %ore than just the physial understandings of our
%ind and body A as introdued in &'AB, it also in#ol#es the understanding of our heritage, the
heritage of the hu%an rae and the #ery beginnings of our 4>A progra%%ing.

2.-.2 ?2 The searh for self "orth

2eading on fro% understanding oursel#es is the ne0t %ost i%portant part of the journey8 the
searh for self "orth and self #alue.

<o" an = feel %ore o%fortable "ith %yself?
<o" an = feel happy "ith %yself?

Eur opinions and #alue of our self are ritially i%portant in enabling higher understanding
and benefits fro% self kno"ledge. =n this "ay "e "ill take are to understand the people and
institutions that profoundly influene our sense of our sel#es and of others.
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2.-.3 ? 3 The searh for balane

=n finding ans"ers to the searh for self "orth, "e then seek to find ans"ers to the searh for
balane "ithin our li#es bet"een the o%peting interests that onstantly pressure us. =n
partiular ans"ering questions suh as7

<o" do = balane the inner pri%al desires for se0, independene, soial prestige #ersus higher
FspiritualF ideas?
<o" do = balane personal and fa%ily needs #ersus soiety at large?
<o" do = balane personal desires and needs #s the needs of i%%ediate fa%ily and;or
o%panion?
<o" do = balane %y budget bet"een "hat = "ant to do and "hat = ha#e to pay?
<o" an = ha#e %ore ti%e to do "hat = "ant to do?

To ans"er the questions of balane, "e "ill seek to understand the t"o pri%e onflits that
ha#e presented the%sel#es to eah and e#ery #oyager of self diso#ery sine the beginnings of
i#ilization8 A1B the parado0 of ani%al and spirit and A2B the onflit of %ind

A1B The parado0 of ani%al and spirit

E#er the thousands of years of reorded hu%an i#ilization8 and e0istene %any syste%s of
belief ha#e been de#eloped to atte%pt to find a "ay of life that deals "ith a entral and lassi
parado078 that <o%osapiens are at one pri%ates e0hibiting ani%al needs and traits and at
the sa%e ti%e self a"are beings "ith the apaity to think, drea% and lo#e.

As ani%als, "e %ust eat and breath and drink to sur#i#e. As ani%als, "e %ust ha#e adequate
shelter and body "ar%th, espeially beause of our lak of hair.

As a speies, "e %ust proreate bet"een %ale and fe%ale A geneti engineering e0eptedB to
produe offspring to %aintain the speies.

As self a"are life for%s, "e desire o%panionship, "e need to feel aepted, "e need
sti%ulation, "e need soial ontat and a le#el of freedo%.

=t has been this %i0 of see%ingly opposing needs that eah %ajor syste% of belief ha#e put
for"ard their "ays. =t is appropriate therefore that later in this book "e look to"ards these
%ost anient and %ore reent syste%s of belief to seek to understand "hat they an offer in
ter%s of ans"ers to our questions and %ethods of balane.

A2B The onflit of %ind

A further %ystery in the historial quest of hu%an beings to kno" the%sel#es has been to
understand the onflit of inner #oies8 good and bad. 'onflits of opposing #ie"s8 of
pro%ises and pro%ises broken. Ef feelings of spiritual lo#e and feelings of narro" %inded
selfishness, of feelings of o%passion and of desired isolation.

This onflit is %ore than just a %anifestation at a higher le#el of the ani%al8spirit parado08 it
is the entral parado0 of the higher %ind8 good #s e#il, good #s bad, light #s dark.

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=n seeking to kno" oursel#es, "e also seek ans"ers to this onflit.

2.-.4 The searh for o%plete inner and outer har%ony of being

3inally, it is through the ans"ers and understandings of self kno"ledge, self "orth and
balane that our journey takes us to the goal of o%plete inner and outer har%ony of being.

:ore than just o%pleteness, har%ony is the o%plete align%ent of being, "ithin and
"ithout. :ore than just enlighten%ent, being is about the li#ing e%bodi%ent of all that "e
ha#e disussed in &'A and The )ourney of *elf so far.
2.-.! These are the goals of The )ourney of *elf

What "e ha#e just said are the goals of The )ourney of *elf8 to pro#ide you through The
)ourney of *elf "ith the ans"ers and the hane to understand and find these qualities. This
is "hy The )ourney of *elf e0ists8 for you and for you to find ans"ers to the questions you are
seeking.
2.10 oadblo%ks in our way to self knowled!e

2ike any journey, the journey into The )ourney of *elf "ould not reflet the real hallenges of
life if there "ere no road bloks to our sueeding in reahing our goals.

5elie#e %e, Aas you "ill seeB there are no shortage of road bloks and distrations that e0ist to
pull you a"ay fro% reading The )ourney of *elf8 so%e internal and so%e e0ternal.
2.1..1 10isting belief and oneptual syste%s

As "e found ountless ti%es during our journey through &'A, e0isting belief and oneptual
syste%s A suh as &ni#ersal 6ri%e 'onstantsB are a real %ental road blok to enabling greater
understanding of ho" things %ight inter8relate.

As e#ery reognized and o%%only used "ord has so%e %eaning attahed, these %eanings in
the%sel#es an reate an i%penetrable barrier "hih no alternati#e thought %ay pass.

=n seeking to understand oursel#es, "e "ill see the signifiant influene that "ords e#en like
FselfF , F%oralsF, FgoodF, FguiltF play in our sense of "hy "e do "hat "e do and "hat "e think
of oursel#es.
2.1..2 The onstant influenes on our sense of self and self "orth

=n addition to the o%ple0 #alue syste%s that restrit our understandings of oursel#es, there
are po"erful influenes that threaten to tear a"ay at our fragile sense of self and self "orth8
suh as people "e kno" and respet and soial organisations fro% go#ern%ents to %arketing
o%panies.

These influenes are not insignifiant, for if "e li#e in a %ajor urban ity, hanes are "e are
bo%barded "ith F#alue state%entsF hundreds of ti%es per day, fro% outdoor ad#ertising to
ne"spapers and tele#ision.
=nfluenes suh as our i%%ediate fa%ily %e%bers play a profound and often per%anent
influene on our sense of self and beha#iour. Without realizing it, "e "ill sho" that %any of
the unthinking beha#ioral traits and #alues "e possess today are often FinheritedF fro% the
beha#iour of our parents. 1#en if "e belie#e oursel#es to be different to our parents, "e an
find oursel#es per%anently %olded beause of their beha#iour and #alues.
2.1..3 The need to understand the influenes on The )ourney of *elf to gain a sense of self
kno"ledge

=n order to gain a better understanding of :e, "e need to ha#e a better understanding of the
pri%e influenes of %e and %y sense of self. To this end, the follo"ing hapters onsider the
pri%e influenes ategorized into7

5elief syste%s and *elf
/eligion and *elf
*oiety and *elf
6eople and *elf
1go and *elf

=t is hoped by the ti%e "e ha#e o#ered the onepts of all these pri%e influenes, you the
reader "ill ha#e a better understanding of the influenes that go to %ake up your sense of
"ho and "hat you are.
03. Belief systems and Self
3.1 Belief systems and self

At the beginning of hapter 4 of the journey &'A8 &nique 'olleti#e A"areness "e disussed
the onepts of %odels, and their %eaning. We onsidered that e#erything "e see and hold
physially real fro% the tele#ision, the internet to the lothes "ere "ear "ere at so%e ti%e,
ideas in a persons head.

We also disussed the i%portane of beliefs and ho" our nature of the "orld around us is
built largely upon beliefs and ideas A%odelsB on ho" things fit and ho" they relate. That e#en
though %any of the beliefs "e hold true are adopted fro% others Areated by othersB, "e
onsider the% as our o"n, e#en to the point of so%eti%es defending the% #igorously.

>o" that "e are onsidering the pursuit of "ho "e are, "hy "e think the "ay "e do, ho" an
"e find inner peae and happiness, it is ti%e to re#ie" one again the onept of %odels,
beliefs and their integration into syste%s. What are the beliefs that "e %ay ha#e
enountered? <o" po"erful then are these beliefs? 4o they e%po"er us or so%eti%es %ake
it harder to see further to the ans"ers "e seek?
3.1.1 6ri%e uni#ersal onstants underpinning Fpri%e ideasF o%ing together to for% belief
syste%s

=n hapter 2 of &'A, "e onsidered the idea that all syste%s of belief an be broken do"n into
#arious Fpri%e ideasF8 suh as a onstitution, or a o#enant, or e#en an instrution %anual
fro% so%e higher deity. We also onsidered that underpinning these key influenes of po"er
are 6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onstants8 onepts that ha#e "ithstood the test of ti%e8 suh as the
onept of a higher po"er Aa godB, or the onept of truth, or faith for e0a%ple.

9i#en that organized syste%s suh as religions and soiety affet our onept of "ho "e think
"e are and "hy "e do "hat "e do, it is #ital to return to this onept of pri%e uni#ersal
onstants and Fpri%e ideasF and onsider their origin and e#olution. This is the goal of this
hapter.

This is the goal of this hapter. To understand the history of e#olution of pri%e ideas that
ha#e in turn %ade up the syste%s of belief that ha#e underpinned the Fgreat ulturesF of 1ast
and West.
3.2 , re-iew of the %on%ept of belief

While "e introdued the onept of belief in 'hapter 2 of &'A, the "ord is so i%portant in
understanding oursel#es and "hy "e do "hat "e do, that it is i%portant to re#ie" its %eaning
and its i%pliations
3.2.1 The onept of belief

The "ord FbeliefF is a %odern spelling of the early %edie#al 1nglish "ord bileafe, a
translation of the Eld 1nglish "ord geleafa, just one of the %any translations in old 1uropean
languages of the anient 9er%ani elti "ord8 zlaubjanAhold dear, herish, trust inB fro%
"hih the "ord Fbelie#eF also is deri#ed.

*o it is, one of the earliest reorded definitions of belief is Fthe %ental ation, ondition or
habit of trusting to or onfiding in a person or thingF.

After this definition, a%e the :edie#al period definition of belief as Fabsolute trust in 9odM
the #irtue of faithF A"ith the "ord faith replaing the 2atin "ord for trust fides. Around the
sa%e period the "ord also aquired the %eaning of Fa reedF, hene the later translations of
The 5ible and the Apostles FreedF.

Then around 1!3., the "ord aquired its no" F%odernF understanding as F%ental assent to
or aeptane of a proposition, state%ent, or fat, as true, on the ground of authority or
e#ideneF.
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3.2.2 The i%portane in all definition of belief

While the %eaning of the "ord CbeliefC today is %ore appro0i%ately understood in the
onte%porary %eaning of Faeptane of a state%ent or proposition being trueF, the older
FreligiousF definition of F"hate#er is in the 5ibleF re%ains a ore Aif not hiddenB %eaning.

There are t"o lassi sayings of Fblind faithF and Fblind beliefF reinforing the notion that for
%any of us, those things that "e trust as being true and orret are not on the basis of ha#ing
#ie"ed FproofF, but %ore on the Ftrust, or faithF that "hat "e ha#e been told is true.

5elief syste%s therefore ha#e a po"erful plae in our %inds, beause in these syste%s and
atte%pt is %ade to plae the hu%an being, the hu%an %ind in the onte0t of the "orld
around.
3.3 The %on%ept of ri!ht and wron!> !ood and bad

=n onsidering belief syste%s, all syste%s of belief %ake #alues in so%e "ay ter%s of "hat is
dee%ed true and orret and "hat is dee%ed inorret and inappropriate.

=t is therefore i%portant to onsider the %eanings of the "ords right and "rong "hen
onsidering the #alue struture that underpins any belief syste%7
3.3.1 The definition of right

/ight o%es fro% the latin "ord retus %eaning base, "hih itself o%es fro% the "ord reg J
%o#e%ent in a straight line, e0tension.

>ot surprisingly, the first %eanings of the "ord %eant just that Fstraight, not bent, ur#ed or
rooked.F

=t "asnCt until the early 1$th 'entury that the "ord had the additional %eaning of applying
suh %athe%atial onepts to people Fof persons or dispositionM disposed to do "hat is just
or goodM uprightM righteous.F

2ater, there "ere further refine%ents to additional %eanings of the "ord na%ely Fof ations,
ondut, etM in aordane "ith "hat is just or good, equitable, %orally fitting.F

Today, the %athe%atial origins of the "ord are generally lost on people, e#en though "e
readily aept the na%e Fright angel trianglesF. /ight in o%%on language is seen as
interhangeable "ith orret and e#en the "ord true.

3.3.2 The definition of "rong

Wrong o%es fro% Eld 1nglish and originally %eant Funjust, a"ryF.

&nlike the "ord right, the original %eaning of the "ord "rong "as based on the %orality of
hu%an ation, na%ely F that "hih is %orally unjust, unfair, a%iss, or i%properM the negation
of equity, goodness or retitude.F

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=n opposite to the "ord right, the "ord F"rongF aquired its %athe%atial %eaning around
the early 1$th 'entury, the sa%e ti%e the "ord FrightF "as aquiring its hu%anisti and
%oral %eaning. 5y the early 1(th 'entury, the "ord F"rongF no" also %eant F <a#ing a
rooked or ur#ed ourse, for% or diretionM t"isted or bent in shape or ontour.F
3.3.3 The i%portane of "ords that ha#e %ore than one purpose in different disiplines

'onsider the e%ergene of siene at the end of the 1$th entury and the 1(th entury. The
philosophial diso#eries as "ell as %athe%atial and sientifi diso#eries ould ha#e,
"ithout proper align%ent present signifiant hallenges to the Aristotle and >eo 6latoni
"orld of Fa or not aF of the 'hristian religions.

'onsider then "ords that ha#e a onsistent %eaning aross se#eral disiplines of hu%an
siene. *uh "ords are po"erful tools. 5y ha#ing a pratial %athe%atial %eaning that
aligns to %oral %eaning, the "ords FrightF and F"rongF by the %id81(th 'entury pro#ided a
unifiation bet"een philosophy and siene, bet"een religion and siene.

=t is no %ystery then that %ost Westerners ha#e had to fae a "ord of only t"o hoies for
three hundred years FrightF or F"rongF.
3.3.4 The definition of ethi

The "ord ethi o%es fro% Anient 9reek and "as the title of a %ajor "ork of the fa%ous
philosopher Aristotle around 3.. 5'.

The "ord originally %eant Fharater, %annersM the siene of %orals.F

=n large part this definition sur#i#ed unhanged until the late 1(th entury, "hen ne" found
onfidene in the ability to desribe the entire "orld as a o%plete reality and to distinguish
right fro% "rong aused a flurry of Fenhaned definitionsF. The definition of ethis at the
ti%e "as reated %eaning Fthe siene of hu%an duty in its "idest e0tent, inluding besides
ethis the sienes of la", "hether i#il, politial or internationalF A1$-.B.

>o", by the beginning of the 1+th 'entury, ethis "as the siene underpinning other
sienes of soial order, na%ely i#il and politial la".
3.3.! The definition of %oral

The "ord %oral originally o%es fro% the anient latin "ords %oralia Fto singF, %or, %os
Fusto%F, %ores F%anners, %orals, haraterF.

2ooking at the latin origins, it %akes sense that the rituals of the /o%an tribes as they "ere
odified "e onsidered the usto%s of the tribe and e#entually translated into rules for
beha#iour.

=t "as again Aristotle around 3..5' that using the Anient 9reek equi#alent to the "ord
%orals "rote the "ork #irtus %oralis and defined a %oral as F an e0ellene of harater or
disposition as distint fro% intelletual #irtue. :oral #irtue is oasionally restrited to suh
#irtues as %ay be attained "ithout the aid of religion.F
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>ot surprisingly, the "ord %orals "as strongly linked to the onepts of right and "rong by
the beginning of the 1$th 'entury, "ith the definition FEf or pertaining to harater or
dispositionM of or pertaining to the distintion bet"een right and "rong, or good or e#il, in
relation to ations, #olition or harater, ethial.F

A seond definition relating to the FsienesF also appeared at the ti%e na%ely FEf
kno"ledge, opinions, judg%ents, et relating to the nature and appliation of the distintion
bet"een right and "rongF A1!..B.

>o" a soial fra%e"ork "as learly in order8 on the one hand "as right and on the other8
"rong.
3.3.$ The definition of bad

The "ord bad o%es fro% the Eld 1nglish "ords baeddel %eaning Fher%aphroditeF and
baedling %eaning Fsodo%iteF.

The definitions of the "ord essentially began "ith the onept of Fi%%orality and
"ikednessF. Around the beginning of the 1$th 'entury, the additional definitions of F
offensi#e, disagreeableF "ere added. Then around the end of the 1(th entury the definition
Finorret "as added. 3inally by the end of the 1+th entury, the "ord had beo%e a legal
ter% %eaning Fnot #alidF .
3.3.( The definition of good

The "ord good is deri#ed fro% the "ord 9od The original definition of good %eant F bring
together, unitedB e.g. gaderia %eaning gather, fitting, suitable.

The definitions of good e#entually e0panded to inlude7

thingsM being "hat they are alled or ought to beM
of personal qualities o%%endable to the person
%orally e0ellent
effetual, thorough, adequate
useful, reliable for a purpose, or effiient in a funtion, pursuit, reed, et

3.4 Belief systems and philosophy

=n Western 'ulture, the study of the history and nature of belief syste%s is kno"n by a far less
tehnial ter%8 6hilosophy. The "ord itself o%es fro% 9reek, by "ay of 2atin, philosophia,
Flo#e of "isdo%F and in essene %eans Fthe ritial e0a%ination of the grounds for
funda%ental beliefs and an analysis of the basi onepts e%ployed in the e0pression of suh
beliefs.F

The pursuit and study of philosophy is onsidered one of the ore ele%ents and Fhigher
pursuitF of both Western and 1astern ulture. 6hilosophy and the searh for truth in the
%eaning of our "orld Ainside and outB is onsidered funda%ental to the "orld in "hih "e
li#e. 6hilosophy underpins e#erything "e see around us, the ity in "hih "e li#e, the
entertain%ent "e hoose to #ie", e#en the lothes "e buy and "ear are influened by it.
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3.4.1 The o%ple0ity in finding a lear understanding of "hat philosophy is

3or so%ething so i%portant, it is frustrating then that a lear understanding of "hat is
philosophy an be so diffiult. =t see%s that the notion of FphilosophyF re%ains a highly
subjeti#e thing depending upon the audiene, the ti%e and the ulture. *o%e belief
philosophy to %ean the searh for the "isdo% of life Arefleting the original %eaning of the
t"o greek "ordsB. To others, it is %ore an e%pirial journey of diso#ery and ataloguing of
the e0ternal uni#erse and our position in it, fro% stars to planets, to %oleules to the #ery
substane of e0istene. To others again, it is the study of the intention, purpose and
relationships bet"een godAsB, the "orld and %an plae in it.

=t is pri%arily beause the "ord philosophy is used to desribe all these potentially quite
different syste%s of ideas that seuring a lear definition is al%ost i%possible.
3.4.2 A si%ple definition of philosophy

The si%plest definition of philosophy is the one at the beginning of this page8 the study of the
history and nature of belief syste%s.

=t is beause the "ord philosophy is used to desribe so %any #aried and di#erse opinions that
the onept of belief syste%s is used as an alternati#e desription.

3.4.3 A brief analysis of the history of philosophyAbelief syste%sB

E#er the follo"ing parts of this setion, "e "ill atte%pt to su%%arize a brief history of the
different philosophial belief syste%s that ha#e e#ol#ed sine anient ti%es to the present
day.

=n doing so, it is i%portant to highlight that our in#estigation of philosophial ontributors is
at best a rough su%%ary. To do justie to any belief syste% "ould take %any dozens of pages
%ore than the roo% "e are li%ited to dou%ent.
3.$ 'hilosophy &000 to 2000 B23AThe an%ient ,sia.minor mind

The earliest found relis of anient northern he%isphere AFWesternFB ulture fro% "hih "e
an piee together the belief syste%s of our anestors are those prinipally found in the
:esopota%ian basin Ano" =raqB and anient 1gyptian ities along the >ile.

The oldest of these, the *u%erians also happen to be one the rihest resoures of anient
beliefs ne0t to the 1gyptians. Their belief syste%s ha#e largely been lassified by "estern
sholars aording to the assu%ptions AF1st, therefore %ore anient, therefore less
de#eloped.FB. Therefore, beliefs relating to 9ods and hu%an origins ha#e largely been
onsidered under the assu%ption of these anestors ha#ing less sophistiated %inds than "e.
3.!.1 The e0istene of physial gods fro% another physial plae

The earliest "ritings of the *u%erians are quite speifi about their belief struture of 9ods.
There is none of the %ystial and often diffiult %i0ture of ethereal and fantasti "ritings that
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are found in say the 9reek :ystial *hools A "hih "e "ill disuss laterB. The *u%erians
essentially belie#ed in gods that "ere as physial as you or =, that a%e fro% another plae.

There is no indiation in their "ritings that they onsidered this plae of origin to be
so%ething ethereal as an Fother "orldF, or Funder"orldF as is interpreted by the 1gyptian
sholars. What is lear is that their origin is fro% the physial hea#ens, not so%e other
di%ension. The anient 1gyptian %ythology on the other hand, is al%ost suffoated in
%etaphor and sy%bolis%, quite possibly due to si%plisti translations.

5oth the anient 1gyptians and *u%erians belie#ed in a deity of gods and interrelated blood
feuds bet"een the #arious gods.
3.!.2 All hu%an kno"ledge as a gift fro% the physial 9ods

>ot only "ere the *u%erians quite pratial in their onsideration of physial Fflesh and
bloodF gods, but also in the origin of hu%an i#ilization Atheir o"n i#ilizationB. Luite si%ply,
they onsidered it a gift of the gods, nothing less. This is idential to the belief of the anient
1gyptian kingdo%s that their ulture "as due diretly to the physial blessing and gifts of
physial gods.
3.!.3 <u%ans as reations as pets and sla#es by physial 9ods

=n the ase of the history of the reation of the hu%an rae, the *u%erians pro#ide an
interesting insight. They belie#ed the first hu%an beings to be reated in response to an
uprising of the "orker;prisoner gods on earth. These first beings "ere alled the 2u2u and,
"ere giant and negroid in appearane. The reation of auasian hu%ans they lai%ed "ere
by the "orker;prisoner gods the%sel#es %uh later in the history of life on the planet.

=n the %ind of the anient *u%erians and anient 1gyptians Apre 4,... 5'1B, the hu%an
being "as at best and intelligent sla#e ani%al at the "hi% and behest of #iolent and unertain
gods, or at "orst a tortured pet, set up to %i%i its %asters in harge of things suh as attle,
fields and %inor roles, but ne#er to be taken too seriously, lest the gods hoose to hange
their %ind at any %inute.

Enly the representati#es of the gods and those that ser#ed these representati#es had any hope
in a better e0istene. Theirs "as the pri#ileged life of li#ing in "alled and "ell planned ities,
to be tended by the largely sla#e populations.
3.!.4 The gift of i%%ortality by the gods

Today "hen "e speak of i%%ortality "e "ould %ost likely onsider the onept of the soul.
Het to the anient *u%erians and 1gyptians pre 4,... 5'1, the onept of e#erlasting life "as
onsidered the rarest of gifts and reser#ed al%ost o%pletely to the highest representati#es of
the gods and their %ost de#oted of ourt. &nlike the %ore onte%porary understanding of
the ethereal %ind;soul detahing fro% the terrestrial body, the anients "ere on#ined that
part of the seret to e#erlasting life "as so%eho" re8ani%ation and physial transfor%ation.

TodayCs obsession by %any of the "ealthiest to ryogenially freeze their bodies until
so%eti%e in the future "hen re8ani%ation is possible %ay not be too dissi%ilar to the
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pratie of %u%%ifiation of the anient 1gyptians.

At any rate, the belief that AaB i%%ortality is the preser#e of the gods and AbB granted only to
Kings, Lueens and those they no%inate at the ti%e of death %ay #ery "ell aount for the
%aabre pratie of %ass burial pits in *u%er.
3.& 'hilosophy 2000 to #00 B23A The Benli!htenedB ,sia mind

While the period of 2... 5'1 to +..5'1 %arks the rise and fall of se#eral great i#ilizations
prinipally in the %iddle 1ast, the sa%e period sa" quite different i#ilizations and pri%e
ideas e%erge under the 'elts of >orthern 1urope and the =ndus 'i#ilization of =ndia.
3.$.1 The po"er of the 1arth and the po"er of the uni#erse

&nlike the bleak and dark philosophies of the :iddle 1astern and *outh A%erian
i#ilizations, the elti and indus i#ilizations shared si%ilar beliefs in the po"er of the earth,
the uni#erse and %ans ability to harness this po"er.

5oth the elts and the Asiati peoples "ere the first to onsider life after death as being
so%ething that ould be attained through pratie and good beha#iour, although still
restrited to ertain lasses in soiety.

'o%pared to the e%otionally unstable gods of the anient "estern i#ilizations, the elts and
indus gods offered hope of li#e after death by attuning to the "orld of drea%s. 2ife itself "as
onsidered as so%ething onneted to this %ysterious drea%sape and ans"ers to life
hereafter rested in this transferene of kno"ledge and %ind to this other plae.

The peoples of the 6aifi, >orth A%eria and Australia shared si%ilar beliefs also at the ti%e
in the po"er of hanneling the %ind into a"akening to a greater drea%. The indigenous
Australian anestors e#en had na%es for the pratie "hih translate as FThe 4rea%ingF and
Fdrea% ti%eF a state of %ind and ritual "hen a trained initiate %ight %eld "ith the greater =.
3.$.2 The gro"ing trade in ideas and the hiding of kno"ledge

While in the 1ast, this period spelt great inroads in the de#elop%ent of a %ore sophistiated
belief syste% and plae%ent of %an, gods and the uni#erse, it also represents a orresponding
period "hen the %ystery shools first appeared outside long ter% religious entres and
kno"ledge of anient %ysteries began to be hidden fro% #ie".
3." 'hilosophy "00 to 400 B23AThe an%ient 0reek naturalist mind
5et"een (.. to 4.. 5'1 signified the early de#elop%ent period of 9reek ity8states along the
:editerranean. These ities the%sel#es bea%e %agnets for all things #aluable to e0hange,
inluding philosophies.

A general onsensus in Western philosophy is that the first 9reek philosopher "as Thales of
:iletus, "ho li#ed around the first half of the $th 'entury 5'1. =nterestingly, these great
thinkers onsidered nature and the natural "orld abo#e the onept of physial and
troubleso%e 9ods.
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3.(.1 The rebellion against the tyranny of the gods.

What %akes Thales and his suessors during this period #ery interesting, is that they
represent a lear %o#e%ent of thought a%ongst people li#ing along the :editerranean. at
that ti%e a"ay fro% the historial beliefs of physial flesh and blood gods to"ards a %ore
uni#ersal approah to the life and "hat it is to be hu%an.
ThalesC disiple and suessor, Ana0i%ander of :iletus A%id8$th enturyB, tried to %aintain
the argu%ent of "ater being the soure of life by pro#iding a reation theory of the os%os
being around an ethereal onept all apeiron fro% "hih all things physial "ere born,
inluding opposites.
3.(.2 The 'olleti#e of things.
=n spite of the belief that air is the origin of things, the "ork of Ana0i%enes represents one of
the greatest %ilestones in hu%an thought beause of its parallel to the essential la"s of
onser#ation, %atter, fore and energy all being %ade of the sa%e FthingF that "e essentially
anCt see Flike airF.

=t also represents the first ti%e the philosophy of all things being part of the sa%e Dolleti#eP
of things appears in the Western %ind.

3.(.3 The uni#ersal god

The notion of life being independent of the influene and hand of the gods ga#e the base for
an e#en %ore astounding and histori le#el of hu%an a"areness.
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3.(.4 The uni#ersal singular a"areness
6ar%enides insisted that F"hat isF annot ha#e o%e into being and annot pass a"ay
beause it "ould ha#e to ha#e o%e out of nothing or to beo%e nothing, "hereas nothing by
its #ery nature does not e0ist.

The fa%iliar "orld, in "hih things %o#e around, o%e into being, and pass a"ay, is a "orld
of %ere belief Ado0aB.
3.(.! &nique point of spiritual fire
Thus the %inds of 6ar%enides and <eraleitus opened up the Western %ind to the idea of a
singular onsiousness, an idea, a drea%, a point of a"areness.
3.(.$ The struture and nature of the uni#erse

3.(.( The uni#erse as unique olleti#e %ind Aa"arenessB
En the basis of this idea, 4e%oritus added the idea that all objets in the physial "orld an
be e0plained by analysis of their ato%i struture.

While 2euippus, 4e%oritus argued the struture of all things being ato%s, a different
theory had e%erged fro% the end of the $th 'entury 5'1 #ia 6ythagoras of *a%os.
3.(.+ 6ythagorus and the %ystery of nu%bers

6ythagoras tra#eled e0tensi#ely throughout the anient "orld, in partiular 1gypt and parts of
Asia. At 'roton and :etapontu% he founded a philosophial soiety "here he gained
onsiderable politial influene.

6ythagorean ideas influened the diso#ery of se#eral %ajor %athe%atial insights suh as
<ippasus of :etapontu% A4!.5'1B "ho diso#ered that the quantitati#e relation bet"een
the side and diagonal of suh si%ple figures as the square and the regular pentagon annot be
e0pressed as a ratio of integers.
3.# 'hilosophy $00 to 400 B23A So%rates and 'lato mind

The %id !th 'entury 5'1 in 9reek ity states sa" the strange e%ergene of so%e of the #ery
"orst and at the sa%e ti%e highest ideas for the hu%an spirit and beha#iour.
3.+.1 The FprofessionalF philosopher

As anyone reading this "eb page %ight onsider, it osts ti%e and e0pense to lothe and feed
a person. 6hilosophy has and ontinues to be a pasti%e nor%ally reser#ed for those "ith
"ealthy patrons or "ealthy fa%ilies. Anient 9reee "as no different, "ith one e0eption8 the
e%ergene of the FseondF profession, that of the %erenary.
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4uring the %iddle of the !th entury 5'1 sa" the e%ergene of a lass of people representing
the lassial prototype of the F"arrior8poetF, the professional soldier. These %en essentially
ser#ed the trading ity states of %erhants and often orrupt politiians as soldiers for hire,
"hile allo"ing ti%e and suffiient funds to onsider the greater questions of life. *o%e of
these a%e to be kno"n as the F*ophistsF.

The na%e is deri#ed fro% the #erb sophizesthai, F%aking a profession of being in#enti#e and
le#er,F "ho, in ontrast to the philosophers that had preeded the%, also asked for %oney
for philosophial instrution.

&nlike pre#ious philosophers, the sophists sa" less #alue in onte%plating the "orld outside,
but rather than "orld "ithin. FWhat is the sense of suh speulations?F they asked, sine %en
do not li#e in these so8alled real "orlds. This is the %eaning of the pronoune%ent of
6rotagoras of Abdera A%id8!th enturyB that F:an is the %easure of all things, of those "hih
are that they are and of those "hih are not that they are not.F 3or %an the "orld is "hat it
appears to hi% to be, not so%ething elseM and, though he %eant %an in general, he illustrated
it by pointing out that e#en in regard to an indi#idual %an it %akes no sense to tell hi% that it
is really "ar% "hen he is shi#ering "ith old, beause for hi% it is old88for hi%, the old
e0ists, is there.

This hu%anisti and essentially pratial #ie" of the real "orld by the sophists "as al%ost
ertainly influened by the fat that %any killed for a li#ing and "ere therefore less inlined to
be found d"elling on big thoughts and big ideas than %ethods to ahie#e i%%ediate goals.

The *ophists "ere not only skeptial of "hat had by then beo%e a philosophial tradition
but also of other traditions. En the basis of the obser#ation that different nations ha#e
different rules of ondut e#en in regard to things onsidered %ost sared88suh as the
relations bet"een the se0es, %arriage, and burial88they onluded that %ost rules of ondut
are on#entions. What is really i%portant is to be suessful in life and to gain influene on
others. This they pro%ised to teah. The sophist 9orgias "as proud of the fat that, ha#ing no
kno"ledge of %ediine, he "as %ore suessful in persuading a patient to undergo a
neessary operation than his brother, a physiian, "ho kne" "hen an operation "as
neessary. The older *ophists, ho"e#er, "ere far fro% openly preahing i%%oralis%. They,
ne#ertheless, gradually a%e under suspiion beause of their sly "ays of arguing.

Ene of the later *ophists, ho"e#er, Thrasy%ahus of 'haledon Alate !th enturyB, e#en
lai%ed Fright is "hat is benefiial for the stronger or better oneFM that is, for the one able to
"in the po"er to bend others to his "ill. Thus the sophists "ere responsible for laying out the
fra%e"ork "ithin "estern thought for the purely entri and selfish #ie" of personal po"er
"hih underpins %any of todayCs ourses and self8help and personal8po"er ourses to
sueed finanially.

3.+.2 *orates

:idst the selfish F%erenaryF "orld of the sophists, e%erged a great thinker and true
philosopher "ho is regarded as the prototype of the "estern notion of both the Fgood %an
%artyrF and saint8 *orates.

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2i#ing in the !th 'entury 5', *orates stands out against all other hu%anist philosophers for
his strit adherene to his %oral ode. Throughout his life he insisted that he possessed no
"isdo% but "as stri#ing for it. =t "as lai%ed by his follo"ers that he ne#er tried to teah
anything diretly. =nstead, *orates "as belie#ed to ha#e ati#ely sought dialogue "ith all
%e%bers of 9reek soiety, regardless of age or status in an effort to bring into the open by his
questions "hat he belie#ed "ere the inonsistenies in their opinions and ations.

Het the singular differene of *orates to %ost philosophers before and after his ti%e "as his
o%%it%ent to upholding the priniples he had hosen by "hih to li#e his life. 3or e0a%ple,
after the 5attle of Arginusae, *orates found hi%self the president of the Athenian asse%bly
the day a popular %ob de%anded the death of the %ilitary leaders. *orates refused to
partiipate beause he onsidered it "rong to onde%n any person "ithout a fair trial.

En another oasion during the te%porary reign o#er Athens of a olletion of orrupt
fa%ilies ADthe Thirty TyrantsPB, they ordered *orates to arrest a "ealthy innoent itizen in
order to seize his possessions. *orates just disobeyed.

*uh strit adherene to a personal %oral ode e#en in the fae of possible death and torture,
ga#e *orates a hero status e#en a%ongst his fello" itizens and tra#elers during his o"n
lifeti%e.

1qually, suh stubbornness to #alues also reated deep hatred a%ongst the politiians and
po"er brokers of his ti%e. =n the end, it "as not the tyrants and the orrupt that killed
*orates, but the de%orati syste% itself "hen he refused to reant his beliefs on an unjust
harge of Dorrupting the youthP of Athens.

Het it "asnCt until after his death that the fa%e of *orates had its full i%pat. =n his life and
death, he represented a re#olution in the thinking of life and the uni#erse, through personal
disipline and inner strength.

These sa%e qualities "ere e0e%plified by the 5uddha only a ouple of enturies before.
<o"e#er, *orates "as unique to the philosophers that had preeded hi% through the #arious
9reek trading ities. =nstead of intelligene and seeking to find so%e brand ne" Aand often
opposing #ie"B of the uni#erse to gain praise and fa%e, *orates si%ply treated e#eryone as
his equal. =nstead of haos and disorder, the ans"er to life by e0a%ple of *orates "as to li#e
si%ply, honestly and "ith o%passion.

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To preser#e his legay, se#eral of *orates for%er disiples suh as Ienophon and Aeshines
of *phettus "rote "orks in the for% of *orati dialoguesQ like a transript of a on#ersation.

Ether for%er disiples suh as 1uleides of :egara and Antisthenes founded shools in an
atte%pt to physially e%ulate the austere like of *orates and fous on the %ore theoretial
aspets of *oratesC ideas as "ell as li#ing the independene of the true philosopher fro%
%aterial "ants.

Ene of *oratesR disiples 4iogenes of *inope, "ho preahed #oluntary po#erty to the e0tre%e
and argued freedo% fro% all on#entions, founded of the set of the 'ynis
3.+.3 6lato

While the legay of *orates "as follo"ed by a great %any in its literal sense Athrough po#erty
and %oral fortitudeB, the detail underpinning the %essage of his life8 ho" to put goodness
into pratial ation8 re%ained unlear follo"ing soon after his death.
A disiple of *orates, originally fro% one of the %ost "ealthiest and noble Athenian fa%ilies
"as 6lato. While 6lato, Alike %any othersB initially struggled to find his "ay in si%pliity and
po#erty "hen *orates "as ali#e, found his alling after his death.

&nlike se#eral of *orates for%er disiples "ho %o#e on to for% sets to try and e%ulate or
reinterpret the literal %ethod of li#ing aording to *orates, 6lato sa" the real opportunity
lay in detailing the supporting argu%ents of *orates and ho" these %ight be inorporated
into the e#eryday institutions of go#ern%ent, eduation, health, politis and life in general.

Ef all the lasses of kno"ledge, 6latoRs greatest personal passion "as politis. When in 3--
de%oray "as restored to Athens and a "ritten onstitution introdued, he "rote of his
bitter disappoint%ent in the orruption and "asted opportunity of greedy %en. 1#en his ti%e
in *yrause and dialogues "ith the fa%ily of the ruling ditator of the ti%e 4ionysius = failed
to %aterialize onrete effet in hanging the syste% and approah to go#ern%ent.

En his return to Athens, 6lato founded the Aade%y, an institution for the eduation of
philosophers, and began his great philosophial disourses7

6lato belie#ed that ruling lasses %ust ha#e no indi#idual possessions and no fa%ilies and
lead an e0tre%ely austere life, reei#ing the neessities of life fro% the "orking population,
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"hih alone is per%itted to o"n pri#ate property.

<is "ork "as and still is the prototype for justifiation and establish%ent of the oligarhy
Aonept of a ruling eliteB as "ell as soialis% and o%%unis% Aonept of olleti#e
possessions ontrolled by the ruling eliteB.

>o %atter ho" distasteful the notion of an elite ruling o#er a %ass doo%ed to be the lo"er
lasses fore#er, his %odel of organised go#ern%ent is represented in #arious hybrids fro% the
&nited *tates of A%eria Athe re%nants of the ollege syste% of eletionB, 1urope and e#en
'o%%unist 'hina.

=n reating 6olitius and >o%oi, 6lato pro#ided the fra%e"ork for t"o other traditional
institutions of the *tate8 religions plae as the offiial keeper of supre%e la" and the
judiiary8 the dispensers of 9ods and %ans la" independent of the diret influene of the elite
of the state.

Ene again, the "ork of 6lato "as re#olutionary in ar#ing out the philosophial fra%e"ork
assoiated "ith arrange%ent of instru%ents of po"er and the asading preedene of pri%e
ideas8 that godAsB is the first, follo"ed by high la", follo"ed by the state.

=n the field of theoretial philosophy, 6latoCs %ost influential ontribution "as his theory of
=deas, that beyond the i%%ediate obser#able "orld lies a "orld of perfetion. <is "ritings on
the subjet ha#e for%ed the foundations of a great %any belief syste%s in %odern soiety,
inluding the philosophial notions of Fhea#enF as "ell as both the esoteri and theologial
argu%ents of pereption and ulti%ate truth AgoodB.
3.* 'hilosophy 400 to 100 B23Athe !lobal 0reek mind

While the hu%anist approah of 6lato in defining the struture, sope and relationship of
pri%e ideas in relation to politis and soiety represented a %ilestone in the de#elop%ent of
organized Western thought, it "as a Frebellious studentF of his that is onsidered e#en today
as the greatest "estern philosopher that e#er li#ed8 Aristotle.
3.-.1 The po"er of kno"ledgeAlassified ideasB

=n our disussions to date onerning belief syste%s and anient 9reeks, "e ha#e o%itted to
%ention one of the often forgotten fats onerning the ti%es of 6lato, Aristotle et al. 4uring
this ti%e, 9reek ities "ere onsidered the pree%inent entres of trade along the
:editerranean and a %eeting plae for the trading of all things, espeially "isdo% fro% Asia,
>orthern 1urope, Afria and the :iddle 1ast.

9reek 6hilosophers of the day "ould ha#e had the opportunity to be e0posed to all kinds of
belief syste%s fro% dozens of different ultures. =n a "ay, this e0plains the e0traordinary gift
of the 9reeks in their ability to bring together and FstandardizeF syste%s of kno"ledge.

=t "as probably 6latoCs e0posure to "ealthy leaders fro% ultures fro% around the
:editerranean and ideas of organized soiety that assisted hi% in for%ing standards through
his "orks for syste%s of go#ern%ent, religion, la" %aking and the definition of kno"ledge
AFideasFB.
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Aristotle hi%self had beo%e a %e%ber of the Aade%y at the age of 1(, in the year 3$(
Aduring 6latoCs absene in *iilyB, under the ating hair%anship of 1udo0us of 'nidus, a
great %athe%atiian and geographer. There he re%ained a %e%ber for so%e t"enty years.
What is lear is that upon the general de#elop%ent of 6latoCs syste%s for lassifiation of
ideas later in life, Aristotle began to see his o"n opportunity.

As si%ple as it sounds, the 9reek philosophers had traditionally foused their thinking upon
the debate and disussion of big questions8 life, the uni#erse, the purpose of %an, the
relationship bet"een %an and the gods. 6lato assisted in breaking that %old by seeking to
infuse the holiness of *orates into the fabri of soiety. <is approah "as to "rite
%ethodially, bringing together as o%plete an argu%ent as possible. Het in all ases, the
philosophy presented in no "ay represented both a referene to all the assoiated ideas on the
subjet as "ell as the priniple argu%ent.

While in todayCs "orld if "e ha#e a question, "e an easily look up the 1nylopedia
5ritannia, :irosoft 1narta or so%e other referene, in the ti%e of 6lato, the kno"ledge
and "isdo% of the "orld "as trapped by ultural differenes of language, ter%s, superstition
and generally a lak of lear lassifiation.

While %any historial books on philosophy argue Aristotle %o#ed a"ay fro% 6lato beause of
his feelings about the philosophy of FideasF, it is probable the split a%e for %ore pratial
reasons. 6lato re%ained in essene a FhighF philosopher, "hile Aristotle ould see the natural
translation of 6latoCs approah to lassifying all kno"ledge8 plants, the earth, li#ing ani%als,
hu%an ideas, %usi and the arts and e#en literature. The li%its to 6latoCs definition and
lassifiation of kno"ledge, o%pared to AristotleCs obsession in lassifying all kno"n
kno"ledge is testi%ony to this %ost probably being the reason for the split.
3.-.2 Ale0ander the 9reat, Aristotle and arrogane

A hane turn of e#ents ourred "hen Aristotle reei#ed a o%%ission into :aedonian
ourt to beo%e the personal tutor to the ro"n prine, later to beo%e Ale0ander the 9reat.

While the i%portane of this relationship is often do"nplayed, and often ignored in
preferene to onsidering Aristotle so%e Fsuper heroF of philosophers, it is al%ost ertain that
in Ale0ander, Aristotle found the perfet #ehile to i%ple%ent his interpretation of the
e0tended philosophies of 6lato.

Ale0ander by all aounts "as a bloodthirsty psyhopath. 2ike Aristotle, the %ythology
surrounding Ale0ander has been t"isted o#er the enturies to suh an e0tent that Ale0ander
is still regarded in %ost "estern te0t books as so%e kind of Fsuper heroF of generals, "ho
possessed the "isdo% of a hundred King *olo%onsC.

What is %ore likely and %akes %ore sense is that in the young a%bitious and %alleable
Ale0ander, Aristotle found the perfet #ehile for learing the path for the i%ple%entation of
standards of o%%ere, building, kno"ledge, regional go#ern%ent and eduation. =n
Aristotle, Ale0ander probably sa" a partnership that ould help hi% defeat those ene%ies he
ould not kill brute fore and possibly a %eans of ulti%ate glory through the sustain%ent of
an e%pire.

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The fat that Ale0ander "as al%ost per%anently on the road and fighting bloody battles
doesnCt see% to neessarily bother historians, "ho feel this young prine "as so%eho" able to
also %anage the affairs of a rapidly gro"ing e%pire fro% the a%pfires of eah ne" bloody
and grisly battlefield. Again, this fits the %odel that Aristotle "ith the aid of other influential
%e%bers of ourt al%ost ertainly kept Ale0ander a"ay on ne#er ending a%paigns, "hile
they i%ple%ented the pratialities of the e%pire on his behalf.

With suh po"er and resoures at his disposal, Aristotle "ithout question is the %ost
po"erful philosopher to ha#e e#er li#ed. Thus "e an aount for the #olu%inous "orks in all
kno"ledge areas historially attributed to one %an as belonging to the legions of "orkers "ho
translated te0ts fro% around the "orld into a o%%on syste%.
3.-.3 2ogi as a %ethod for Flosing the gateF

=t is often forgotten that for around si0 to nine enturies after the death of Aristotle, %any of
the "orks re%ained unhanged in ter%s of the assu%ptions and kno"ledge ontained
therein. *uh "as the ao%plish%ent, sope and skill of argu%ent of Aristotle and his silent
sla#es that the lassifiation of ne" kno"ledge in %any areas si%ply stopped.

As "e ha#e disussed in &'A, the reation of logi is largely onsidered the greatest
ontribution of Aristotle to "estern thought. 'ertainly, its per#asi#eness testifies to its
influene. <o"e#er, its reation is probably due to %ore pratial reasoning suh as
per%anene of the "ork o%pleted.

The lak of standards by "hih infor%ation ould be lassified "as a #ery real proble% at the
ti%e of Aristotle. 2ogi and its Fa or bF approah to lassifiation %ade it a perfet tool to
approah al%ost any field of hu%an study and for the first ti%e beginning to lassify ideas
and understandings into a ohesi#e argu%ent.
3.-.4 'lassifiation itself as po"er, beyond the unique idea

>ot only "as AristotleCs approah to ondensing the olleti#e thought of hu%an history
aording to logi a re#olution, it spelt a %ajor shift in the #alue assigned to ideas, #ersus
Fkno"ledgeF itself. 5y the rules of logi, an indi#idual idea ould no" be quikly and ruelly
defeated on the rules of argu%ent alone. Any sign of parado0, any sign of inonsisteny Ae#en
against orthodo0yB and the idea ould be quelled. :ore so, by lassifying ideas into #olu%es
and %ajor ategories of hu%an thought, Aristotle shifted the po"er fro% ideas, to the syste%
of kno"ledge lassifiation8 in other "ords the belief syste%8 baked up by kno"ledge.
3.-.! 4isiples and o%%entators

After AristotleCs death his i%%ediate disiples ontinued their relentless task of
ho%ogenizing all kno"n Aand aeptableB hu%an thought at the ti%e into lassifiation
syste%s aording to logi. Theophrastus "rote a history of philosophy and "orks on botany
and on %ineralogy, 1ude%us of /hodes "rote histories of %athe%atis and of astrono%y,
:eno a history of %ediine, and 4iaearhus of :essene a history of i#ilization and a book
on types of politial onstitutions.

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1#en the generations that i%%ediately follo"ed ontinued the task of odifying e#erything
that ould be found into the syste% of logi7 *o%e in the lassifiation of literary history, in
the for% of histories of types of poetry, epi, tragedy, and o%edy, and of biographies of
fa%ous "riters, and physial siene. *traton of 2a%psaus reated a ne" kind of physis
based on e0peri%ents, and the great astrono%er Aristarhus of *a%os in#enting the
helioentri syste%.
3.10 'hilosophy 100 B23 to 400 23A The oman mind

Arguably the %ost po"erful and influential i#ilization to the for%ulation of hu%an soiety
"as Aand isB the /o%an 1%pire in all its transfor%ations, fro% /epubli, to :onarhy to
6apay Athe /o%an 'atholi 'hurhB.

The /o%ans during the ti%e of the :onarhs A1%perorsB "e onsidered %aster builders,
"arriors, as "ell as ad%inistrators. Het, all of these things "ere only possible by the pre#ious
history of 9reek philosophies and belief syste%s.

6lato had soped the belief syste%s for a %odel a sustained go#ern%ent of Fbene#olent
ditatorshipF either as a republi, or a %onarhy "ith representati#e institutions Ai.e. the
*enateB and *tate hierarhies. Aristotle had sho"n that the neessary kno"ledge for effiient
trade Ala"s, %easure%ents, ta0es, %onetary standardsB ould be standardized and that
standards the%sel#es ould be disse%inated fro% a entral point into pro#ines and enfored
by loal judiiary, ta0 olletors and %ilitary.

Het there "ere further philosophies that pro#ed to be the hall%arks of the /o%an %ind that
ha#e sur#i#ed, albeit %odified, to this #ery day.
3.1..1 *tois

The *toi belief syste% "as reated by a *yrian, Seno of 'itiu% Aabout the turn of the 3rd
entury 5'B, a failed %erhant "ho found hi%self %arooned in Athens "ith nothing %uh
else to do but listen to the #arious philosophers and their letures. =nitially, Seno "as
attrated to the 'yni philosopher 'rates, "ho taught hi% that %aterial possessions "ere of
no i%portane "hatsoe#er for a %anCs happiness. After a period he absorbed #arious
o%ponents of "hat he had heard and began to teah in a publi hall, the *toa 6oikile Ahene
the na%e *toiis%B.
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All #irtues are based e0lusi#ely on right kno"ledge88self8ontrol AsophrosyneB being the
kno"ledge of the right hoie, fortitude the kno"ledge of "hat %ust be endured and "hat
%ust not, and justie the right kno"ledge Fin distribution.F The passions, "hih are the ause
of all e#il, are the result of error in judging "hat is a real good and "hat is not.

To take into aount issues suh as %urder, fraud and theft of possessions, the Seno dotrine
"as later %odified by %aking a%ong the Findifferent thingsF distintions bet"een Fpreferable
things,F suh as ha#ing the neessities of life and healthM Fo%pletely indifferent thingsFM and
Fanti8preferable things,F suh as laking the neessities of life or being ill88"hile insisting still
that the happiness of the truly "ise %an ould not be i%paired by illness, pain, hunger, or any
depri#ation of e0ternal goods.

=nitially, Seno also insisted that either a %an is o%pletely "ise, in "hih ase he "ould ne#er
do anything "rong and "ould be o%pletely happy, or he is a fool.

2ater he %odified his stane to onsider that there are %en not o%pletely "ise but
progressing to"ard "isdo%.

Though the latter %ight e#en ha#e true insight, they are not ertain that they ha#e it, "hereas
the truly "ise %an is also ertain of ha#ing true insight. The "orld is go#erned by di#ine
2ogos88a "ord originally %eaning F"ordF or Fspeeh,F then A"ith <eraleitusB also a speeh
that e0presses the la"s of the uni#erse, and, finally, Freason.F

This 2ogos keeps the "orld in perfet order. :an an de#iate fro% or rebel against this order,
but by doing so he annot disturb it but an only do har% to hi%self.

SenoCs philosophy "as refined by his suessor 'leanthes, and then further by 'hrysippus.
'hrysippus also reated a ne" kind of logi "hih "e no" kno" as Fpropositional logiF. =n
the %id82nd entury 5', 6anaetius of /hodes adapted *toi philosophy to the needs of the
/o%an aristoray as did the historian 6oseidonius of Apa%ea.

4uring the ti%e of deay of the republian drea% of /o%e *toiis% bea%e the religion of the
republian opposition. The %ost fa%ous *toi of the ti%e "as the younger 'ato, "ho
o%%itted suiide after the #itory of )ulius 'aesar.

=t "as also the guiding philosophy of *enea the Hounger, the eduator and Afor a periodB the
ad#iser of >ero, "ho tried to keep >ero on the path of #irtue but failed and finally had to
o%%it suiide on the orders of the 1%peror.

3.1..2 *toiis% and the %ind of the /o%an

The *toi ideal of #irtue abo#e all other onepts represents a funda%ental philosophial base
to the e#olution of the /o%an :ind. While 6lato had en#isaged the Fideal republiF dra"ing
si%ilarities and referenes to the apparent %odel spartan "orld, /o%e "as born out of
trading ities seeking a greater identity and purpose.

As "ith the "orld of %odern o%%ere today, trade and %erhants are not historially
kno"n for their %oral fortitude. >or for that %atter are %erenaries Asoldiers for hireB, as
e0e%plified by the sophist philosophers "ho espoused personal "ealth building and pleasure
abo#e higher beliefs hundreds of years before Seno.

Ale0ander had sho"n that a sizeable ar%y and e#en a professional beha#ing ould be
a%assed and kept foused on fighting so long as the re"ards Aplunder fro% saked ities and
to"ns along the "ayB "ere good enough and the penalties for disobediene "ere tough
enough.

<o"e#er, *toiis% offered a perfet %odel for personal beha#iour and self restraint, "ithout
ha#ing to rely on tradition, or rude %ehanis%s suh as fear. &sing stoiis% as a tool, a
%ilitary o%%ander ould, in effet reate a kind of personal %oral ode a%ongst reruits or
onsripts so that, gi#en enough ti%e, the benefit of ser#ing %ight represent a higher set of
ideals than fa%e or fortune.

*o it "as that *toiis%, bea%e a base philosophy for the state apparatus of /o%e as "ell as
the organized and disorganized opposition to %onarhial rule.
3.1..3 1piureans

=n ontrast to the philosophy of Seno, the philosophy of his onte%porary 1piurus
A1piureanis%B is traditionally onsidered in diret opposition. Whereas Seno taught that
pleasure and pain are of no i%portane for a %anCs happiness, 1piurus %ade pleasure the
#ery essene of a happy life. The *tois belie#ed in di#ine pro#ideneM 1piurus taught that
the gods pay no attention "hatsoe#er to hu%an beings, beause of their superiority.
While 1piurus %ade pleasure the riterion of a good life, he "as far fro% ad#oating a
dissolute life and debauheryM he insisted that it "as the si%ple pleasures that %ade life
happy. <o"e#er, during the years of :onarhial rule of the /o%an 1%pire, his philosophy
"as re8"ritten by the ruling lasses to be interpreted as a justifiation for a lak of %oral,
physial and soial restraint. To this day, the true philosophy of 1piurus is still %isonstrued
by %any te0t books as laking %oral restraint, e#en though his si%ple state%ent of truth that
as hu%an beings "e si%ply stri#e to be FhappyF is o%%on sense.

3.1..4 *keptis

Another onte%porary of Seno "as the philosopher 6yrrhon of 1lis, kno"n %ore fro% the
tre%endous "ork of one of the follo"ers of his philosophy na%ed *e0tus 1%pirius A2nd83rd
entury A4B, "hose "ork 6ros dog%atikous AFAgainst the 4og%atistsFB, sought to refute
%any of the great philosophers of 9reee by quoting e0tensi#ely fro% their "orks, hene
preser#ing kno"ledge of other philosophies that "ould other"ise ha#e been lost.

6yrrhon essentially espoused that no hu%an an kno" anything for ertain, nor be ertain
that their senses are not illusionary. &lti%ately the only %ethod to be sure of so%ethingCs
e0istene is ulti%ately to perei#e and sense the e0periene personally. hene the %odern
notion of a skepti as one "ho is yet to be on#ined that a onept is true, or is yet to sense
and perei#e the result for hi%self;herself personally.

3.11 'hilosophy 400 23 to 1200 23AThe early %hristian mind

The period of 4..'1 to around 12.. '1 is o%%only alled the F%edie#al periodF of history
and is traditionally signified as the period in "hih the apparent orrupt and i%%oral /o%an
1%pire FfellF and just and righteous 'hristian religion FroseF.

:assi#e li%ati e#ents beginning 4..'1 to !..'1 signaling a %ini8ie age in >orthern
1urope "ith %assi#e destrution of the agriulture eono%i base of %uh of the /o%an
1%pire, follo"ed by the %ass e0odus of people to"ards entral ities. The e0tended ie age of
o#er 1.. years led to the greatest health disaster to befall hu%an i#ilization for the past t"o
thousand years8 the global buboni plagues "hih "iped out o#er 1.. %illion people or one in
t"o of the population at the ti%e.

Against this bakdrop of e#ents signaling the see%ing Fend of the "orldF, ults and beliefs
that pro%oted philosophies of signs of the end as "ell as %eans of sal#ation e0periened their
greatest gro"th.

The greatest e0ponents of signs of the end of the "orld and fatalisti religious "ritings "ere
the )e"ish prophets and ults that had sprung up through the onstant uphea#al of the
%iddle east. A loose group of these, the hristian ults found the%sel#es in a partiularly
strong position, gi#en their synthesization of je"ish heritage, essene #alues ALu%ran, the
4ead *ea *rollsB, greek, 1gyptian and asiati %ystiis% A:ythra, =sisA:aryB, <orusA)esusBB
"ith the li#ing #irtues of *orates and *toiis%.
3.11.1 The need for so%e hope

While signs of the end %ight add redibility to a %essage, it is al%ost ertain that people
during the period of great death and hardship "ere looking for so%e brighter ans"er to "hat
lies beyond all the pain and suffering.
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*toiis%Cs adherene to personal #irtue %ight ha#e been #aluable for self disipline during
good ti%es, but at that point of great tragedy, it represented far too dark a %essage. *i%ilarly,
philosophies suh as 1piureanis% are si%ply i%possible to take effet "hen e#eryone
around you is either dying fro% star#ation or the plague.

At this #ery point, arguably one of the %ost i%portant FhristianF philosophers "as
Augustine. Writing during the #ery troubles that "e ha#e desribed, Augustine outlined three
#ital additions to the generally understood #irtues assoiated "ith *toiis% and the esoteri
judai and hristian notion of hea#en8A2Ba general argu%ent of proof of the e0istene of an
ulti%ate %onotheisti god and A3B%an onei#ed as a o%posite of t"o substanes, body and
soul, of "hih the soul is by far superior.

AugustineRs onepts represented a po"erful philosophy during a ti%e of great fear, agony
and pain. <e resurreted the 1gyptian and 6ythagorean idea of the soul and proeeded to
%ake it so%ething e#eryone possessesQ the gift of i%%ortality. <e then %ade it the pri%e
purpose of life to look beyond the "orld of the senses, to an inner "orld of spiritual
%editation free fro% sin in order to li#e in 9odRs ityQ the ity of hea#en.

5y artiulating an arhiteture for <ea#en, o%bined "ith life after death and a purpose for
life Augustine laid the foundation of the early 'hristian %ind. While the great ities of the
/o%an e%pire fell into frozen pits of death, hunger and disease, his ideas ga#e %illions hope
of a better "orld to o%e.

Het Augustine "ent e#en further. =nstead of rejeting siene and reason, he used its #ery
e0istene to espouse an ulti%ate i%%utable truthQ that being the e0istene and %ind of 9od.
<is "as an e%brae%ent of siene as justifiation for 9od and for%ed the basis of his Dproof
of the e0istene of 9od.P
3.11.2 2ike FfireF through a drought ra#aged forest

The "ell arhiteted philosophy of Augustine "as arguably the first apable of appealing to
the %asses uneduated in siene and %athe%atis as "ell as those rulers and artists "ith
eduation in the 9reek lassis.

5ut as luk "ould ha#e it, his philosophy also a%e at a ti%e "hen other philosophers "ere
espousing Ar%ageddon ADend of the "orldPB, judg%ent, da%nation and anarhy to the dying
and barely li#ing.

2ike fire in a drought ra#aged forest, AugustineRs philosophy help ele#ate 'hristianity fro% a
%inor religion to the do%inant religion in 1urope in less than 2.. years.

=t is AugustineRs philosophy that underpins the 'hristian %ind and introdued an inner
onflit %ehanis% bet"een the body and soulTAhate of the body, lo#e of the soul B "hih
ontinues in the %inds of hundreds of %illions of people to this day.
3.11.3 1arly %edie#al philosophy

While Augustine sa" all sientifi kno"ledge as a positi#e to"ards #alidating 9od, %any "ho
follo"ed o#er the ne0t four hundred years did not.
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The "holesale breakdo"n in organized soiety brought "ith it terrible e#il and hardship.
:any bla%ed soiety and kno"ledge itself for the failure. 3ortress %onasteries bea%e the
last #estiges of "hat kno"ledge had not been destroyed.

To this day, e#ery history book on 1arth ignores the greatest period of death in hu%an history
Aso farB and ontinues to propagate the %yth that /o%e fell beause of its o"n orruption.

6eople suh as 'isterian 5ernard of 'lair#au0 A1.-.811!3B, "ere suspiious to"ards the use
of seular learning and philosophy in %atters of faith. With a history of personal health
proble%s, 5ernard pro%oted a life of austerity and onte%plation on the Ddi#ine %ysteriesP
and Dlife of 'hristP as "ell as de#otion to :ary.

The proble% for %any 'hristian sholars trying to reonile the Augustinian %odel "as that
so %any of the anient "orks ontradited it.

T"o organized %ethods e%erged, one of syste%atially seeking out de#iation, disrediting it
and then destroying it Apeople and;or kno"ledgeB and /e8lassifying kno"ledge into a
'hristian %odel of the "orld.
3.11.4 The battle of realists and no%inalists

:idst the struggle of 'hristianity to do%inate the kno"n "orld, a battle re8e%erged bet"een
those belie#ing in the e0istene of kno"ledge;things beyond the %ind ADrealistsPB and those
belie#ing kno"ledge as a onstrut purely of the %ind ADno%inalistsPB.
At stake in the battle "as the legay of 6lato and Augustine in Apro%oting realis%B, #ersus the
Dne" "orldP being for%ed by 'hristian sholars.

>otions of inter8onnetedness i%plied in the teahings of 6lato, )esus 'hrist AD= a% in you
and you in %ePB and Augustine did not sit "ell "ith a hurh seeking greater ontrol o#er the
%inds of indi#iduals. =nstead things gi#en %eaning through logi and DtruthP, "ith these
ulti%ately being the possession of 9od deli#ers a po"erful %odel.

To ensure ontrol, indi#iduals %ust belie#e in the notion of separateness. Then applying the
philosophy of inner onflit Aphysial self8hate, spiritual self8lo#eB a person %ight be plaed in
perpetual unbalane and hene be %anipulated.
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3.12 'C5+1S1'C/ 1200 23 to 1400 23AThe reformed %hristian mind

5y the 12..s, 1uropean soiety had ree%erged fro% enturies of feuds and strife into nations
of Kings and Lueens "ith the blessing of the 'hurh.

At the sa%e ti%e the pre#ious fears of seular kno"ledge so%eho" da%aging the hurh ga#e
"ay to re8e%braing sientifi and anient kno"ledge thanks the diso#ery of AristotleRs great
"orks and %athe%atis through Arab sholars suh as A#ienna A-+.81.3(B.

=n Aristotle, 'hristian sholars found a "ay to defeat 6latonis% as Aristotle hi%self had
hoped it "ould against the teahings of his %aster 1... years earlier.

*o profound "as the spread and %o#e%ent of AristotleRs philosophy through the ranks of
'hristian sholars that the 12..s to 14..s ould be lassed as the true great age of
Aristotelianis%. :ysti onte%plation and the arts ga#e "ay to the i%portane of gra%%ar,
logi and dialetis AlassifiationB.
3.12.1 The end of realis% and the supre%ay of logi

'hristian sholars found in AristotleRs %ethods of argu%ent a perfet "eapon by "hih to
defeat any ene%y, any philosophial threat.

As a result, the hurh for the first ti%e "as able to oherently for% an organized syste% for
the identifiation, interrogation and judg%ent of heretis "ith 6ope 9regory =I in 1231
instituting the papal =nquisition.
3.12.2 The rise of the uni#ersities

The age of Aristotelianis% also represented a histori re#ersal of kno"ledge in general.
=nstead of organizing ar%ies to syste%atially "ipe out great kno"ledge Ai.e. 6atrik #s the
4ruid Kings of =relandB onfident in the infallibility of logi, the 'hristian hurh supported a
ne" age of diso#ery.

)e"ish te0ts, Arabi te0ts and all kinds of anient %anusripts began to re8e%erge and be
translated. The entres of this "ork "ere also the entres of a ne" organized %ethod of
learningQ the uni#ersities.
3.12.3 *holastiis%

*holastiis% is the ter% gi#en to the theologial and philosophial teahings of the
shool%en in the uni#ersities. The first t"o of these great entres of learning being 6aris
A11$.B and E0ford A11$+B.

Teahing "as by leture and for%al debate. A leture onsisted of the reading of a presribed
te0t Ai.e. Aristotle, 6lato, A#iennaB follo"ed by the teaherCs o%%entary on it. :asters also
held debates in "hih the affir%ati#e and negati#e sides of a question "ere thoroughly argued
by students and teaher, before the latter resol#ed the proble%.

There "as no one *holasti dotrineM eah of the *holastis de#eloped his o"n, "hih "as
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often in opposition "ith that of his fello" teahers. <o"e#er, the uni#ersally aepted pri%e
te0ts and %ethods for organized learning %eant that a syste% that ould be %anaged and
ontrolled. To this day, all organized Western learning Ashool, ollege, uni#ersitiesB is
%odeled on this adopted approah.
3.12.4 The priniple of e0peri%ental proof

With Aristotle a ne" "a#e of rational thinking e%erged in "estern philosophy. Ene of the
%ost i%portant ideas to e%erge "as the onept that things an be pro#en to be false or true
through obser#able e0peri%entation.
The t"o great pioneers of the ti%e, 9rosseteste and his pupil /oger 5aon laid the ground
"ork for our %odern notion of siene.

5aon, %ore fa%ous in history probably for his in#entions suh as gunpo"der and
%ehanized %ahines also ontributed greatly in the philosophy of siene by proposing a
uni#ersal "isdo% e0ists that unifies all the sienes.
3.12.! 3ree "ill and the la"s of the &ni#erse

While Aristotle logi opened a great %any doors in the study of natural sienes, it presented
diffiulties to the notion of an o%nipotent 9od.

The proble% rests "ith that %ost basi of tests Q an o%nipotent 9od should by definition be
able to inter#ene "here#er he hooses. 5ut if this is the ase, "hat does this %ean to free "ill?

=t "as Tho%as Aquinas A1224812(4B "ho first posed an argu%ent that on refletion bears
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striking rese%blane to the notion of &nique 'olleti#e A"areness A&'AB as both the drea%
and the drea%er.
'reation Aof the uni#erseB is ontinuous, in "hih the dependene of the reated Auni#erseB on
the reati#e "isdo% AreatorB guarantees the reality of the order of nature. 9od %o#es
so#ereignly all that he reatesM but the supre%e go#ern%ent that he e0erises o#er the
uni#erse is onfor%ed to the la"s of a reati#e 6ro#idene that "ills eah being to at
aording to its proper nature.
This autono%y finds its highest realization in the rational reature7 %an is literally self8
%o#ing in his intelletual, #olitional, and physial e0istene. :anCs freedo%, far fro% being
destroyed by his relationship to 9od, finds its foundation in this #ery relationship.

The notion that 9od ating "ithin the &ni#erse is onfined to the sa%e natural la"s as all of
us represents one of the greatest ideas in the for%ation of the "estern %ind.

Today, only a handful of 'hristian and =sla%i e0tre%ists atually belie#e in a 9od that an
at in defiane of the la"s of physis. <o"e#er, at the ti%e of Tho%as Aquinas %ost people
belie#ed in an o%nipotent 9od apable of hanging the la"s to suit hi%self.
3.12.$ =n 9ods o"n i%age

1ffeti#ely the philosophy of Tho%as Aquinas represented the beginning of the %odern
'hristian %ind, a belief in a 9od of nature. <e also "ent one big step further. Aquinas
asserted that to be hu%an is to be a li#ing realization of the %ind of 9od.
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This is a radially ne" and different idea fro% those onsidered o#er the pre#ious 1... years.
*uddenly, to be a li#ing hu%an is a positi#e thing, instead of a stinking hulk of baterial fluids
and rotting flesh.

Aquinas established the notion of DbeingP, "hih he defined as the at of e0isting AesseB. 9od
is pure being, or the at of e0isting. :an partiipates in being, or the at of e0isting, to the
e0tent that his hu%anity, or essene, per%its.

These understandings are so ad#aned and %ysterious that to this day %uh of "hat Aquinas
"rote is not properly understood or %isinterpreted.
3.13 'hilosophy 1400 23 to 1"00 23AThe renaissan%e of the western mind

9reat periods of i#ilization an be defined by great e#ents as "ell as great ideas. A singular
and great idea that %arks the turning point of the 'hristian %ind to the "estern %ind "as the
realization that the 1arth orbits the sun aording to preditable rules.
3.13.1 The helio entri %ind
That the hea#ens an be defined and %apped represented a profound philosophial
breakthrough for the hu%an %ind at the ti%e. =t ended the hea#ens as the do%ain of 9od and
the angels. =t ended the perfet piture of siene being aligned "ith the anient stories of
Ada% and 1#e and the 1arth being the entre of the &ni#erse.
At the sa%e ti%e, it opened the %inds of the great thinkers of the ne0t fe" enturies to the
language of %athe%atis and the siene of reason and %easure%ent.
With this ne" understanding also a%e so%e of the greatest and "orst in#entions of
hu%anityQ the printing press for %ass o%%uniation of kno"ledge and gunpo"der for %ass
%urder.

3.13.2 >e" seularis%
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>e" %ilitary "eapons using ne" kno"ledge shifted the po"er fro% the hurh to seular
authorities. >e" ideas began to e%erge on the effeti#e %anage%ent of these ne" soial
strutures. The ity states of =taly pro#ided fertile ground for ruthless %odels of %anage%ent,
"hile the opening up of ne" "orlds spelt ne" opportunity for thinkers suh as Tho%as :ore.
3.13.3 *ientifi kno"ledge as po"er
Kno"ledge based on authority is not ertain beause e#en e0perts are so%eti%es "rong.
Kno"ledge fro% sensory e0periene is untrust"orthy beause people so%eti%es %istake one
thing for another. Kno"ledge based on reasoning is unreliable beause one often %akes
%istakes of logi. Kno"ledge %ay be illusory beause it o%es fro% drea%s or insanity or
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fro% a de%on able to deei#e %en by %aking the% think that they are e0periening the real
"orld "hen they are not. What is ertain is that = think, therefore = a%. The kno"ledge = e0ist
is ertain.
All %aterial bodies, inluding the hu%an body, are %ahines that operate by %ehanial
priniples. Ani%als do not ha#e souls. Enly hu%ans ha#e souls loated inside the pineal
gland.

5rilliant thinkers suh as /ene 4esartes introdued a "hole ne" "ay of approahing both
self8kno"ledge as "ell as general kno"ledge.
3.13.4 :etaphysial reasoning
The response to the philosophy of a spiritual "orld also hanged "ith ne" diso#eries.
=nstead of #ague desriptions of parallel "orlds and DideasP, ne" thinkers suh as 2eibniz and
*pinoza outlined philosophies inorporating %ore sophistiated %athe%atis. Their
philosophies supported the idea of a %easurable uni#erse in so far as the %ost basi of all
building bloks re%ains pure 9od;*pirit;*oul Aor a"arenessB.
3.13.! =nreasing self "orth of being hu%an

That leading philosophial thought #alidated the self, indi#idual entrepreneurs, leaders and
thinkers felt %ore a"are and self8"orth. This onfidene in self as so%ething %ore, as being
free fro% diret inter#ention of the 9ods "as refleted in the dra%ati inrease in reati#ity of
the ti%e.
<u%ans ould think. What is %ore, they ould think beyond their o"n planet. >o longer "as
kno"ledge so%ething for esoteri self8justifiation, kno"ledge "as real po"er.

3.14 'hilosophy 1"0023 to 1*00 23A The empiri%al western mind
While the gro"th of kno"ledge in the preeding period A14..81(..B set the stage for the
independent e%pirial "estern %ind, an ine#itable baklash;re8adjust%ent took plae.
The 1$..s sa" the e%ergene of anti8tehnology, anti8siene religious ultures that instead
sa" the %eaning of life to be a status8quo adoption of stoi #irtues. 9eneral poor li#ing
standards and o#erro"ding in %ajor 1uropean ities sa" terrible disease and plague.
This negati#e baklash itself pro#ed to be a propulsion to"ards greater opti%is% and
onsideration for "hat kind of soieties should hu%anity adopt. 9reat thinkers e%boldened
"ith siene and %aths ould onei#e of better syste%s of li#ing, go#ern%ent and
tehnology.

3.14.1 'onquering the FforesF of nature8 the %ehanial uni#erse
The great pi#ot point representing the ne0t %ajor e#olution of hu%an thinking "as the
onquering through siene the understanding of the fores of nature. =saa >e"ton stands
out as one of the greatest %inds of hu%anity. <is ideas on fores defined through
%athe%atis ga#e the basi te%plate for all in#entors to onsider the ta%ing of natural
pheno%ena, fro% stea%, eletriity, %agnetis% to ulti%ately the petroleu% engine.

3.14.2 6olitial renaissane
=n response to the terrible horror of disease and "eak ity infrastruture, in#entors and
philosophers used their inreased kno"ledge and skills to in#ent solutions to hygiene, ity
planning, po"er syste%s, transport syste%s and ulti%ately politial syste%s.
The liberation of the hu%an %ind fro% the luthes of 9od of the old testa%ent also
represented a ti%e to reflet on e0atly "hat kind of i#il soiety onstitutes just and honest
go#ern%ent.
2okeRs e0tensi#e and detailed %odel of an ideal politial syste% represented the %ost
o%prehensi#e and serious "ork of its kind in history. :any philosophers had speulated
about #arious politial syste%s fro% the ti%e of 6lato. <o"e#er 2oke "as the first to pro#ide
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a o%prehensi#e fra%e"orkQ a blueprint. This is "hy 2oke represents one of the %ost
influential %inds e#en today as #irtually e#ery %ajor politial syste% on planet 1arth deri#es
its origins fro% his ideas.

3.14.3 1li%inating the %etaphysial
At the sa%e ti%e, the age of siene and diso#ery sa" a onerted effort to the eli%ination of
all %etaphysial onepts as ha#ing any #alidity in siene one and for all.
&ntil this ti%e, %any of the Dold sienesP of alhe%y, astrology and %ysti inspiration had
hung on. :any great %inds sa" this as baggage of a pre8siene error, ha#ing no #alid
e0istene in a rational "orld.
:en suh as <u%e and Kant pro#ided the basi fra%e"ork for logi argu%ents that "ould
help kill these DsienesP one and for all. With the end of %etaphysis as a branh of siene
the hu%an %ind "as preparing for its ne0t great leap.

The great idea of e%pirial rationalis% "as the belief that anything redued to a parado0 is
absurd and therefore false, enabled the eli%ination of %ystiis% on %athe%atis and siene.
As %athe%atis ontained %any parado0es, these ideas and areas quikly bea%e disredited
and eli%inated fro% serious thought. To eli%inate the parado0 bea%e the underpinning of
%athe%atial diso#ery.
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3.14.3 1#olution re#olution against Freationis%F
=nreasingly isolated against the barrage of ne" ideas, one key area of religious thought still
re%ained in the area of os%ogony and life. /eligions suh as 'hristianity asribed to the
Ada% and 1#e story of reation. =n ontrast, great e0plorers and sientists suh as 'harles
4ar"in and )ean85aptiste de 2a%ark a%e up "ith pro#able alternati#e theories on the
e#olution of life on 1arth.

5y sho"ing that all life an be traed bak to earlier lifefor%s, 4ar"in and 2a%ark ended the
e0lusi#e philosophial %onopoly of religion on the reation of life.
>o" "ithout any see%ing foothold in natural siene and philosophy, religion and the belief
in 9od stood isolated and #ulnerable for one final push and hangeQ the 2.th 'entury %ind

3.1$ 'hilosophy 1*0023 to 2000 23AThe s%ientifi% mind

>o" "ith 9od and %etaphysial onepts able to be rationally e0luded fro% both the
e0ternal "orld as "ell as the internal "orld, hu%anity ould be perfetly sientifi in %ind, its
o"n god. 1li%inating god of the %ind8the birth of psyhology
While sientifi thought had suessfully #anquished %etaphysial onepts fro% the
landsape of the e0ternal "orld, the internal "orld8 the hu%an %ind still represented a
hallenge.
E#er a hundred years ago people did Aand still doB belie#e there is %ore going on "ith our
%inds than si%ple Dghosts in the %ahineP, an ano%aly, a fraud. 5ak then people still
strongly belie#ed in po"ers of the %ind and the 1-th entury sa" an enor%ous boo% in all
things paranor%al and %etaphysi.
A key assu%ption of this %odel "as and is the belief in a pre8e0isting "eb of kno"ledge, a
"eb of a"areness, prior to the birth of language or thought in a unique hu%an %ind. To
defeat any kind of %etaphysi required that the proof of thought e0isting prior to language
needed to be defeated.

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3.1!.1 1li%inating the %ind

There "as Aand isB no roo% for a soul in any sientifi %odel of %ind. There is no god, only
the i%pressions "e reate in our o"n %inds. There is no %ystial, only the delusions of a sik
%ind that refuses to apply logi to its thinking of the orret i%age of the "orld.
3.1!.2 An ani%al "ithout a soul

=n eli%inating god, %odern sientifi philosophy also eli%inated the onept of the soul and
"ith it the onept of life after death. The belief of life after death and the soul bea%e an
irrational belief to a rational fear of death. An inaurate thought but "ith a justifiable
e0planation. An error.
*uh thinking at the turn of the entury assisted in great ad#anes in the understanding of the
%ehanis of the hu%an %ind, but also opened up an ability for rational people to effeti#ely
rationalize terrible beha#iour and thinking. &sing the onept of killing of a soulless ani%al is
al"ays %uh easier to justify than the killing of so%ething that is %ore.
As a result of suh thinking, the 2.th entury sa" the t"o greatest "ars of hu%anity in ter%s
of loss of hu%an life and gro"th of e#il. =n World War ==, under the tyranny of the >azis,
:illions of people "ere syste%atially buthered like diseased li#estok and on#erted into
soap and %attress filling.
The re#i#al of religionQ rebellion against the soulless %ahine
Against suh terrible e#ents and against suh pure old logi, a re#i#al of religion steadily
gre" through the seond half of the 2.th entury.
=n rebellion to the soulless %ahine "orld #ie" of the "estern sientifi %ind, entertainers
and re#olutionaries e%erged. >e"8age ults and ne"8age religions began to e%erge as "ell as
a ne" radialis% "ithin traditional religions suh as isla%.
&nder8represented %inorities no" had a justifiation to fight the "estQ as the "est had no"
beo%e a denial of god, of soul.
3.1& 'hilosophy 200023AThe enli!htened self.aware mind

At the rosso#er of the 2.th 'entury into the 21st entury has seen a steady gro"th of
a"areness bak to religious and %etaphysial onepts.
A gro"th in old %etaphysial understandings has happened in spite of the best efforts of
onser#ati#e rationalists.
/eligions o%ebak and in so%e ases funda%entalist has been attributed to a nu%ber of
fators inluding disenfranhise%ent, radialis% and a reation to three deades of %ass
onsu%eris%.
Whate#er the o%bination of auses, spirituality has re8e%erged in a huge "ay and is only
e0peted to gro".

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3.1$.1 The e%ergene of &nique 'olleti#e A"areness A&'AB %odel and &'A4=A> %odel.
The &'A4=A> philosophy represents a unique approah to synthesizing the pre#ious ideas of
all philosophers and great ideas. =n e%braing the e0istene of parado0, rather than seeking
truth or false, one an deter%ine the %easure for all ideas.
04. eli!ion and self

4.1 /eligion and *elf
:ore than +! N of the people li#ing on the planet 1arth today subsribe to the beliefs and
rituals of at least one religion. Ef the hundreds of religions that ha#e e0isted and ontinue to
e0ist, just four aount for o#er (3N of the "orldCs esti%ated $ 5illion religious population as
at 1--$. 'hristian hurhes, suh as the /o%an 'atholi, 6resbyterian, 'hurh of 1ngland,
and :or%ons ount around 1.-! 5illion A34NB, :usli%s around 1.1 5illion A1-NB, <indu ..+
5illion A14NB and 5uddhis% 32! %illion A$NB.

While so%e of us %ay tend to disount the i%portane and influene of religion in the 21st
entury, the religions %entioned abo#e represent7

the largest o%%on interest o%%unities on the planet
the "ealthiest land and asset o"ning organisations.

/eligion per%eates and per#ades al%ost e#ery %ajor o%ponent and institution of soiety life
aross the hu%an rae, fro% the %ore ob#ious e0a%ples suh as shrines, hurhes and
te%ples, the %oral la"s of soiety, their onstitutions, and legal syste% to the less ob#ious
e0a%ples suh as the e#eryday "ords "e use, as "ell as rights of royal fa%ilies and attitudes
to"ards oursel#es and others.

*o it has been sine the first de#elop%ent of organized settle%ents of hu%ans "ere founded,
that religion and go#ern%ent, religion and the funtion and nature of soiety ha#e been
inti%ately linked. The #ery basis of organized soiety, the #ery first %odels of i#ilization o"e
their struture and funtion to key religious priniples. *o it has been that not one generation
of hu%an beings ha#e li#ed on the planet 1arth sine the reation of the first organized
soieties "ithout the shado" of one or %ore religions profoundly influening their li#es.

What makes reli!ions so powerful;

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An often quoted e0planation for the po"er and influene of religions is that Fhu%an beings
need to belie#e in so%ethingF, or Fthey need to be at least ertain of a fe" key onepts in
order to %o#e out and e0plore the "orld "ith onfideneFM hene the need for religion.
<o"e#er is this orret? After all, beliefs an be pro#ided in dou%ents "ithout neessarily
the need for buildings, priests and internal rules.

As you an see by the religious buildings in any to"n entre around %ost hu%an ities in the
"orld, religion is about %ore than just Fthe %essageF. =t is o%%on sense that there %ust be
%ore to religions per se, gi#en %any ha#e sur#i#ed for e0traordinary lengths of ti%e, albeit in
%odified for%s Ae.g. the 1gyptian :aster 5uilders;6riests to the Knights Te%plar and
3ree%asons onnetion8 a supposed +... year lineB.

This is the first purpose of this hapter, to in#estigate "hat %akes a religion a religion by
sho"ing the o%%on struture and operations e0isting aross al%ost all religions.

The key influen%es of reli!ions on the or!anisation> fun%tions and -alues of
so%iety

As the goal of this book is to seek and find ans"ers to the question of life balane and
har%ony, our pri%e onern is to identify those beliefs and onepts that i%pat our sense of
"ho "e are, "hy "e are here and "hy "e do "hat "e do.

As %ost of us li#e "ithin so%e kind of organized settle%ent of #arious soieties, ho" "e li#e
our li#es in the %ost part is influenes by the rules of the soiety "e li#e in.

As religions ha#e historially been the ore influeners of soieties sine the reation of
hu%an i#ilization, our seond objeti#e in this hapter is to identify and understand the key
influenes of religions on the organisation, funtions and #alues of soiety.

What are the %ommon themesDhistory of reli!ions;

=n libraries aross the "orld, there are literally hundreds of thousands of te0ts dediated to
#arious religions. The nu%ber of 9ods listed by #arious ultures throughout the history of
hu%anity nu%ber into the thousands. =n %any ases, religions suh as 'hristianity and =sla%
see% o%pletely at odds? Het are they?

When "e look at the origin and heritage of religions, "e see that historially ne" religions
ha#e sprung fro% old, rather than fro% a o%pletely ne" base. 'hristianity sprung fro% the
roots and heritage of the )udai gnostis and 9reo8/o%an F%ystiF shools, =sla% also
ounts )udais% as the basis of %any of its foundations. )udais% itself shares heritage to e#en
older religious beliefs fro% as far as =ran;=raq and the 1gyptians. 1#en *th A%erian
religions share e0traordinarily si%ilar "ords, stories and the%es to those of the Anient
:iddle 1ast.

'o%%on the%es appear aross al%ost all religions, fro% the struture and hierarhy of 9ods
and lesser 9ods Ae.g. angelsB, to the rituals and i%portant sy%bols. <o"e#er, it is not al"ays
easy at first to see %any of the o%%on the%es, as ne" religions so often seek to distane
the%sel#es fro% their past. Eften this has been done by si%ply o%ing up "ith a ne"
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FlabelingF syste%. *o%eti%es e#en by deliberately destroying any physial e#idene of past
heritage as in the ase of 'hristianity.

Eften as the reation of a ne" religion o%es fro% the splintering of interpretation and belief,
the old "ays beo%e Fthe ene%yF of the ne" religion. 2ike you %ay ha#e e0periened or seen,
no greater hatred or bitterness is there than bet"een those that "ere one onsidered fa%ily
and friends. This an be seen in so %any "ays, fro% fa%ily feuds through to the atroities
o%%itted during ti%es of 'i#il Wars.

/eligions are no different. <ene the greatest ene%ies of religions are nor%ally those that
represent those religions losest to their true past, for e0a%ple the traditional ani%osity
bet"een the )e"s and 'hristians, the :usli%s and the )e"s and the )e"s and the
1gyptians;5abylonians.

This is the third goal of this hapter, to seek to bring together the o%%on the%es throughout
the %ajor religions and seek to %ake sense of their o%%on pedigree and history of
de#elop%ent.

To understand the effe%t of reli!ion on our sense of self

Eur o#erall goal therefore of this hapter is to seek to understand the #arious faets of religion
and in doing so learn %ore about our sense of self and "hy "e do "hat "e do, "hy "e think
the "ay "e do and ulti%ately to find the ans"ers listed in 'hapter 2 of the journey of self.

The differen%es and diffi%ulties of this topi%

What "ill %ake this one of the %ore diffiult topis disussed so far is that "e begin to
unearth understandings about religions that by definition "ill be onsidered ta%pering of
%any religions. As an be understood, %any religious regard suh unauthorized questions
and in#estigations as highly threatening and onsider suh ation often in ter%s of the "ords
heresy and blasphe%y.

=t is ritial that "e ha#e no intention to offend readers "ho ha#e strong beliefs in the history
of their partiular religion, nor in the integrity of leaders of #arious religions "ho hoose to
read this book or obtain e0erpts of this book. Eur goal is not to attak a partiular religion or
ause diso%fort to those people "ho belie#e "hat they belie#e.

We restate one again, e#erything in this book are ideas8 "e lai% none of "hat "e are about
to say is fat. Therefore no religious leader or belie#er should in any"ay feel threatened that
"hat they state as FfatF is under threat. Eur goal is to seek to find a o%%on thread of
understanding of our past and our present. That requires us to pursue different a#enues of
thinking. At all ti%es "e ha#e the ut%ost respet for the beliefs of the religions of the "orld
and their leaders. We hope they find no offene to these FideasF #ersus the truths, beliefs and
fats of their speifi religion.

We "ill no" begin "ith an in#estigation into the %eaning of the "ord religion and the
priniple the%es that are found e%bedded in the philosophy of all religions.
4.2 The %on%ept of reli!ion
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The "ord religion, used in 1nglish to desribe Fall syste%s of "orship, ritual and sared te0tsF
o%es fro% the 2atin root religio %eaning Fobligation Aas an oathB, bond bet"een %an and
the gods, sruples, re#erene for the gods.F

<ene, the %odern generalized #ersion of the "ord, %eaning FA partiular syste% of faith or
"orshipF, and FAtion or ondut indiating a belief, re#erene for and desire to please a
di#ine ruling po"erM the e0erise or pratie of rites or obser#anes of this.F

As si%ple and o%%on sense as these definitions of the "ord FreligionF appear, they are in
fat the starting point of the o%%on the%es of e#ery single religion that has e#er e0isted on
the planet. These literal i%pliations are the foundations upon "hih eah and e#ery religion
is based.

1 st literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 The e0istene of supernatural being;fore or
beings;fores

5y definition, the "ord religion outlines the first and %ost i%portant belief of all religions of
hu%an history8 the e0istene of supernatural being;fore or beings;fores greater than the
fore;apability of the hu%an being.

<istorially all religions fall into one of four %ajor ategories aording to di%ension and the
sope of the po"ers of the supernatural beingAsB;foreAsB they define7

,bsolutheism

The belief that there is only one absolute being represented by the lass of all things
Ainluding the &ni#erseAsB being a sub8seg%ent of the absoluteB and hu%anity. Absolutheis%
also allo"s for #arious s%aller lasses of things to all possess superior position;qualities than
hu%an beings, e.g. The &ni#erse, The 9ala0y, The 6lanet. :any anient ultures Ae.g.
5rah%ans, <er%eti *hoolB "orship a for% of absolute theis%, "ith partiular fous on the
di#inity of the 1arth as the %ost signifiant point of "orship and understanding.

(onotheism

The belief that there is only one supre%e being Aby definition the only oneB. While
:onotheis% states there is only one, %ost %onotheisti religions fail to define the one as the
lass of all things, rather the one re%aining a sub seg%ent of all things, thus i%plying a
greater fore;being. 1.g. 9od in hea#en i%plies 9od is a sub seg%ent of <ea#en, "hih is a
sub seg%ent of &ni#erse of all things. :onotheisti religions are by definition, s%aller in
sope and %ore loalized than absolute theisti religions. :odern )udais% and =sla% Athe
three largest religions on planet 1arthB are all e0a%ples of %onotheisti religions.

'antheism

The belief that there are %any beings;fores e0isting in so%e hierarhy and order of po"er.
=nterestingly, a nu%ber of pantheisti religions no%inate one being as the lass of all things,
"hile the others are a sub seg%ent of all things, re%aining superior to hu%an beings. Al%ost
all of the anient religions older than 3... years "ere pantheisti based A e.g. 1gyptians,
*u%erians, *th A%erians, *u%erians, Akkadians and e#en anient %ysti )udaisti shool.
5y definition, 6antheisti religions are the %ost loalized of all three %ajor lasses of
religions. As e#idened by :odern <induis%, 9ods an be as loalized as geographi regions.

(ono.'antheism

The belief that there is only one supre%e being Aby definition the only oneB but that there is
also higher beings Aarhangels and angelsB. While :onotheis% states there is only one, %ost
%ono8pantheisti religions fail to define the one as the lass of all things, rather the one
re%aining a sub seg%ent of all things, thus i%plying a greater fore;being. 1.g. 9od in hea#en
i%plies 9od is a sub seg%ent of <ea#en, "hih is a sub seg%ent of &ni#erse of all things.
:ono86antheisti religions are attrati#e beause of the o%bined philosophies of both
%onotheis% and pantheis%. 'hristianity is a %ono8pantheisti religion. This is "hy
'hristianity has do%inated and been able to destroy so %any o%petitors beause it appeals
to both %onotheisti and pantheisti groups.

,bsolute.(ono.'antheism

There has ne#er been an absolute8%ono8pantheisti religion in hu%an history. This is
probably due to the e0tre%e diffiulty on onstruting any kind of oherent belief syste% on
the pre%ise that the uni#erse is absolute, a %onotheisti deity e0ists in so%e pantheisti
desending order. =n effet, absolute8%ono8pantheis% "ould be the FperfetF religion, and
the %ost po"erful religion e#er de#ised e0ept no indi#idual or group has been apable of
presenting suh a philosophy.

2nd literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 <u%an beings are less than the supernatural
being;fore or beings;fores

5y definition, the "ord religion i%plies the e0istene of so%e arrange%ent of supernatural
beingsAsB;foresAsB A i.e. %onotheis%, pantheis%B and by i%pliation t"o points of profound
i%portane an be stated7

1. These po"ers are superior to %ankind and al"ays "ill be A by definitionB
2. :ankind is a subjet to these po"ers fro% "hih they annot esape

Thus all religions by definition onsider hu%an beings less and al"ays "ill be less than the
beingAsB;foreAsB that they define. 4epending on the struture and beliefs of the #arious
religions, this position in the she%e of life has #aried fro% #irtual annon fodder to Fthe
hosen peopleF.

=%portantly, this hierarhy of po"er is ritially i%portant as the pri%e %odel of FlordF,
FsubjetF, the basis of all syste%s of ontrol and obediene throughout the hu%an rae fro%
the %ilitary, politis, to royal authority.

3rd literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 The inidene of ontat bet"een the
supernatural being;fore or beings;fores and ertain hu%an beings

The 3rd literal i%pliation of the "ord religion by definition is the require%ent for there to
ha#e been so%e history of ontat bet"een the supernatural being;fore or beings;fores and
ertain hu%an beings. After all, there an by definition be no o#enant if there has been no
relationship and no relationship "ithout ontat.

5y definition of the 2nd literal i%pliation, FlordF and FsubjetF, ontat is typially
onsidered to be at the prerogati#e of the 9odAsB, not the other "ay around. Therefore hu%an
beings "ho ha#e been ontated by a partiular religionCs 9odAsB are traditionally #enerated
as speial hu%an beings, hosen by 9odAsB. The "ords 'hristos AFanointed oneFB, 6rophet
AFinterpreter, spokes%an of the "ill of a 9odAsBFB and :essiah AFanointed oneFB and %any
other labels ha#e been plaed on these people that #arious religions belie#e "ere the hosen
%essengers of the 9odAsB.

5eause of the ob#ious i%portane religions plae on %essages fro% their partiular 9odAsB,
all religions ha#e relied on ertain FsignsF and syste%s to sort bet"een FtrueF %essages and
FfalseF %essages. Typially, this has operated under only four %ethods7

trial8 the testing of a %essenger by so%e pre#ious riteria to seek the in#oation of di#ine
inter#ention to their aid, thus establishing their redibilityM
prophey8 the for"ard projetion by an established redible soure of future signs by "hih a
true %essenger %ay be identifiedM and
birthright;bloodline8 the belief that ertain bloodlines ha#e been hosen in perpetuation to
FleadF and instrut the people on the %essage of the rele#ant religionCs 9odAsB.
6ossession;position of holy objets8 the belief that ertain objets are endo"ed "ith di#ine
po"er and that those in legiti%ate possession position auto%atially beo%e the %outhpiee
of the %essage Ae.g. traditional priest astes, e%perors et.B.

:ost religions ha#e e%ployed all four %ethods in so%e %anner throughout their history.
4th literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 The e0istene of dou%entation as the basis of
a pat;o#enant;oath;bond bet"een the godAsB and hu%anity
The 4th literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF by definition is the e0istene of
dou%entation as the basis of a pat;o#enant;oath;bond bet"een the godAsB and hu%anity.

This i%plies that the "ords trans%itted by hu%ans fro% their respeti#e F9odAsBF e0ist in
so%e oherent for% and te0t8 thus the entral i%portane of sared te0ts to all %ajor
religions. To the )e"s it "as the Ten 'o%%and%ents, the basis of their o#enant "ith
H<W<. To the 'hristians it "as the sy%bol of the 1uharist Asy%boli 6asso#er %ealB as the
basis of their o#enant, and so on.

'o#enant;6at;Eath also i%plies an e0hange of agree%ent8 not one "ay. =.e. for our
de#otion and gratitude, the 9odAsB "ill protet us et. Thus the agree%ent of the Ten
'o%%and%ents "as the agree%ent for the )e"ish ho%eland and protetion, the o#enant of
'hrist is supposed to be the opportunity for eternal life, et.

The onept of a o#enant;agree%ent is ritially i%portant, not only in establishing a
po"erful %essage, but an instru%ent of po"er in itself in that it represents the religions
legiti%ay in referene to other religions. Therefore religions that possess Fe0pansionistF
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o#enants suh as 'hristianity and =sla%, the belief in a legiti%ate o#enant has been the
basis of ati#e and passi#e on#ersion to their respeti#e religions sine their reation.

A di#ine o#enant also i%plies by definition di#ine rules, "hih of their nature %ust be
superior to hu%an rules. Therefore di#ine la" is the %ost funda%ental basis of all hu%an la"
and has been sine the ineption of all i#ilizations. That is "hy in Western *oiety, the
s"earing allegiane;oath to the 5ible is so i%portant, for it is the #isual and #erbal referene
to the e0istene of a o#enant "ith rules, that take preedene and basis of all hu%an la".

!th literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 The ontinued e0istene of authority,
ad%inistration to %aintain de#otion to pat;o#enant;oath;bond bet"een the godAsB and
hu%anity

9i#en the pre#ious i%pliations, by definition the "ord religion i%plies that so%e apparatus
of authority %ust ontinue, in order to %aintain the de#otion;pat;o#enant bet"een the
speifi 9odAsB and hu%anity.

Thus all religious ad%inistrations an justify their e0istene by #irtue of the e0istene of so%e
o#enant bet"een 9odAsB and hu%anity. They are the keepers, the protetors and interpreters
of this legay.

This opens up the door to the interesting onept that historially one F%essengersF ha#e
established a platfor% belie#ed by others to be a basis of "orship, their ontinued e0istene in
fat ounters the authority of the hurh apparatus. A %essenger takes preedene o#er
hurh offiials. =t is not surprising then that al%ost all religions ha#e e%erged "ithin their
early years bet"een the struggle of those that pro#ide the %essage of 9odAsB and those that
ad%inister it.

Without ne" %essages, %ost religions e#entually "ither and die. <o"e#er, "ithout strong
ad%inistrations, a religion an quikly frag%ent into "arring a%ps and onfliting
%essages. The /o%an atholi 'hurh for e0a%ple is at a point "hereby the ad%inistration
o#er"hel%ingly holds s"ay at the e0pense of 'atholis "ho belie#e that legiti%ate
%essengers of their religion e0ist and are speaking no".

$th literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF 8 *peifi rituals, de#otions, ations, ondut that
are pleasing to 9odAsB and those that are not

The $th and final literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF by definition is that there are
ertain rituals, de#otions, ations and ondut that is pleasing to the 9odAsB and those that
are not.

&nlike the o#enant, rituals, de#otions and ations relates speifially to the beha#iour of the
%e%bers of the partiular religion. Therefore these fall under the orret proedures and so
Fad%inistrati#eF po"er of the rele#ant religious organization.

The %ore strit the interpretation of ation that is pleasing, and not pleasing, the %ore po"er
the religious organization potentially has in the li#es of its follo"ers. The less rules that are
pro#ided on proper ondut the less po"erful.
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=%portantly, it is not neessarily "hether the rules are follo"ed fully or not, for %any rules by
an ad%inistration %ay %erely be de#ies to establish its authority, rather than 9odAsB la".
The /o%an 'atholi ad%inistrationCs interpretation on priest elibay, fish on 3ridayCs, and
e#en ontraeption are all lassi e0a%ples of "hen ad%inistrations lose touh "ith the
original preepts of the o#enant of the religion in the first plae.

The $ %ost i%portant and %ost o%%on features of all religions

Therefore by in#estigating the "ord religion itself, "e see that the $ %ost i%portant and
o%%on the%es are built into the "ord.

Luite possibly, this gi#es us so%e lues as to the e0traordinary i%portane and influene that
religions ha#e then had on the li#es of eah and e#ery generation of hu%an beings sine the
ineption of the first i#ilizations.
4.3 The %ommon %omponents to all reli!ions

There are so %any religious te0ts and so %any different "ords, sy%bols and %ethods used by
different religions that so%eti%es it see% #ery diffiult to %ake sense of it all.

The proble% of si%ply o%paring the different na%es, usto%s and beliefs of religions is that
"e study the differenes rather than the si%ilarities. There are %any fine books that study the
differenes bet"een religions. =n this setion, = "ant to fous on the o%%on o%ponents to
all religions

The %eaning of the "ord religion pro#ides the ans"er to the o%%on o%ponents

The i%pliations e%bedded in the onept of religion pro#ides the best starting point for
understanding the o%%on o%ponents for all religions. These are the things that all
religions share, e#en if "ritten in different languages o#er different ti%e periods and
indi#iduals.

The o%%on o%ponents are the underlying fra%e"ork and ideas that flo" fro% one religion
to another, "hether "e realize it or not.

The o%%on o%ponents of all religions /egardless of religious belief, all religions share the
follo"ing o%%on o%ponents7

'entral deity
Anestral religious heritage
*ared o#enant;agree%ent
:essiahs;saints
*ared te0ts
*ared sy%bols
*ared loations
*ared objets
*ared rituals
'hurh ad%inistration
3unda%entalists;fanatis
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4.4 2ommon %omponent. %entral deity

The first i%pliation of the %eaning of the "ord religion and the %ost o%%on o%ponent of
all religions is the belief of so%e entral deity. This %ay be in the for% of an absolute deity, a
%onotheisti deity, a pantheisti Agroup deityB or a o%bination.

All religions belie#e in so%e deity. The na%e they gi#e this deity is often the starting point for
the religion itself.

5y definition, the "ord religion outlines the first and %ost i%portant belief of all religions of
hu%an history8 the e0istene of supernatural being;fore or beings;fores greater than the
fore;apability of the hu%an being.

The uni#erse as an absolute deity

5y definition the broadest of religions belie#e the uni#erse to be an absolute deity in its o"n
right. This is pure absolutetheis% and is a funda%ental o%ponent of 5uddhis%, Taosis%,
>ati#e8A%erian 'ulture, Australian Aboriginal ulture, 'elti ulture and 6olynesian
ulture.

These belief syste%s use #arious "ords to desribe their na%e for the absolute deity.
<o"e#er, they all agree on the sa%e priniple that the uni#erse is a li#ing and spiritual entity
in its o"n right.

The loal FphysialF deity

=n ontrast to the uni#erse as an absolute deity, %any religions "ere founded on the e0istene
of so%e loal FphysialF deity. The 1gyptian pantheisti religion put the pharaoh as the li#ing
god <orus reborn. The :ayans plae their kings as li#ing gods.

The oldest Asia8:inor i#ilizations belie#ed the gods "ere flesh and blood and that they "ere
our geneti arhitets. 1#en anient :editerranean ultures belie#ed in flesh and blood gods
until the age of Fenlighten%entF "hen the naturalist philosophers ended the reign of the flesh
and blood gods.

The giant FphysialF deity

Anient *outh A%erian ultures "orshipped the *un as a physial god. *o%e northern
1uropean tribes "orshipped the sky as a god. The anient druid and anestors of "ia sa"
the %oon as a god.

The solar syste% deity

=n onte0tual history, %any religions ha#e no" e0tended their pratial %odel of deity to a
solar syste% le#el, to ao%%odate "hat "e kno" about siene.

5eause "e no" kno" that planets are a nor%al feature of #irtually e#ery star for%ation and
star life, the hane of iron planets e0isting "ithin life zones around %ore than one star in the
trillions of trillions of billions of trillions of stars in the uni#erse is reasonable. Therefore, the
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lai% that a religion o"es its legiti%ay to a o#enant "ith the only son of god holds true in so
far as the hu%an speies.

To lai% that a religions founder is also the only son of the god of alien self8a"are higher
order life for%s is not redible or sustainable as a logial or rational argu%ent. =t is an
irrational argu%ent that is unsupportable unless you %aintain that the hu%an speies is the
only higher order lifefor% in the uni#erse.

*uh a state of %ind is non sientifi and irrational and ulti%ately unsustainable. There is life
throughout the uni#erse. The uni#erse is ali#e. 4istane is #ast. *igns of life are e#ery"here.

'hristianity is a solar deity religion. =t %ay lai% to ha#e absolutetheisti e0istene in the
%odern "orld and %odern e#angelial hristian %o#e%ents, but this is ontrary to its
inherent struture. To belie#e hristianity is to belie#e that )esus is the only son of god,
therefore the only son of all lifefor%s in the uni#erse.

This in part is one of the reasons for the radialization of hristianity in de#eloped ountries
in reent years. 'hristians "ho ha#e any le#el of a"areness kno" that the argu%ent Fjesus is
the only son of godF is unsustainable "ith the ontinuing diso#eries of siene. The response
by so%e is to funda%entalize and seek to rejet %odern siene;soiety as an ene%y.

=n o%ing years, ountries suh as the &nited *tates, 'anada as "ell as 1uropean ountries
"ill unfortunately e0periene %ore and %ore tragedies surrounding funda%entalist hristian
ults "ho are set on killing the%sel#es and others.
4.$ 2ommon %omponent. an%estral reli!ious herita!e

10ept for the earliest religions of hu%anity, all other religions o"e their birth to the pre8
e0istene of other religions. =n other "ords, all religions of the "orld today ha#e o%%on
religious parents, "hether they kno" it or not.

'hristianity is the hild of )udais% and /o%an 6antheist *toiis% parents. =sla% is the hild
of )udais% and Soroastrian parents. )udais% is the hild of 1gyptian A%en8/a %onotheis%
and Akkadian stoi pantheis% parents.

/aised as orphans

:any people are raised in the belief syste% of a religion belie#ing so%eho" that the founders
of the religion and the religion itself "ere orphans. At no point do hristian shoolhildren
learn about the true history of the religion and its religious anestry.

To intelligent hildren aross the globe, it is as if hristianity e%erged fully for%ed fro% . '1
and "ith so%e %odifiations is "hat "e find today. The %ost that so%e students "ould learn
is that )esus "as je"ish and that the 9od of the )e"s is also the 'hristian 9od.
T
he respet of reognizing religious parents

=n truth, all religions Ae0epting the firstB ha#e lear religious parents. 'hristianity is the hild
of )udais% and /o%an 6antheist *toiis% parents. =sla% is the hild of )udais% and
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Soroastrian parents. )udais% is the hild of 1gyptian A%en8/a %onotheis% and Akkadian
stoi pantheis% parents.
*a#iour 9od 'ulture of origin 4ate of birth Hear of birth
Ta%%uz *yria;5abylon %idnight 24th 4e 4,... 5'1
4ionysus 6hoeneians %idnight 24th 4e 2,... 5'1
:ithra 6ersia %idnight 24th 4e 1,... 5'1
5ahus /o%e %idnight 24th 4e 4.. 5'1
Adonis 9reee %idnight 24th 4e 4.. 5'1
)esus )udea;/o%e %idnight 24th 4e . '1
To reognize these parents is to also reognize the sared te0ts, sared sy%bols, sared
"isdo%, saints and haraters that also enter as the foundation of a ne" religion. =n other
"ords, understanding that hristianity is desended fro% )udai and /o%an pantheisti
parents %akes sense "hen you see the sa%e types of elebrations on the sa%e day, the sa%e
rituals, the sa%e god8deity relationships, the sa%e feasts.

<ating the parents

&nderstanding the heritage of religions also helps us understand "hy ertain religions are so
negati#e to"ards others. Why =sla% appears to hate the )e"s. Why hristian funda%entalis%
see%s to hate the )e"s.

When you look %ore losely, it is not beause of so%e e#ent, so%e insult, so%e alleged e#il
deed, it is beause the religion that is hated is a parent. )udais% is the %other of 'hristianity
and for so%e reason hristianity annot see% to reonile this. /o%an stoiis% is the father
and the fathers traits of %ystiis%, double %eanings, seret %enCs business still arries
through "ith dupliit i%agery and seret soieties Aas "ritten in the 4a Gini odeB.
=sla% hates )udais%, yet the "hole basis of =sla% "as the refor% judais%8 hene "hy the
LCran speaks of a ne" )erusale%, "hy :oha%%ed e#en speaks of )erusale%. =f =sla% "as not
a )udai refor%ist religion then it "ould ha#e been "ritten in the LCran that )erusale% should
be destroyed.

The per#ersity of %odern negati#e religious dotrine

The per#ersity of %ost %odern negati#e religious dotrine is that it is direted to"ards
anestors "hen in fat anestors should be #enerated. =ndi#iduals "ho profess to truly
understand and follo" =sla% should be the greatest protetors of )e"s, not killers of innoent
people. 'hristians "ho profess tolerane, should be grateful ousins to =sla% and its parents.

*o %uh hate "hen so %uh is in o%%on. Ene day, this hate "ill be o#ero%e by the light of
a"areness.
4.& 2ommon %omponent. sa%red %o-enantDa!reement

The ne0t %ost o%%on o%ponent of all religions is the belief in so%e sared
o#enant;agree%ent bet"een the deity and hu%anity.
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The 4th literal i%pliation of the "ord FreligionF by definition is the e0istene of
dou%entation as the basis of a pat;o#enant;oath;bond bet"een the godAsB and hu%anity.

This i%plies that the "ords trans%itted by hu%ans fro% their respeti#e F9odAsBF e0ist in
so%e oherent for% and te0t8 thus the entral i%portane of sared te0ts to all %ajor
religions. To the )e"s it "as the Ten 'o%%and%ents, the basis of their o#enant "ith
H<W<. To the 'hristians it "as the sy%bol of the 1uharist Asy%boli 6asso#er %ealB as the
basis of their o#enant, and so on.

As an agree%ent

'o#enant;6at;Eath also i%plies an e0hange of agree%ent8 not one "ay. =.e. for our
de#otion and gratitude, the 9odAsB "ill protet us et. Thus the agree%ent of the Ten
'o%%and%ents "as the agree%ent for the )e"ish ho%eland and protetion, the o#enant of
'hrist is supposed to be the opportunity for eternal life, et.

The onept of a o#enant;agree%ent is ritially i%portant, not only in establishing a
po"erful %essage, but an instru%ent of po"er in itself in that it represents the religions
legiti%ay in referene to other religions. Therefore religions that possess Fe0pansionistF
o#enants suh as 'hristianity and =sla%, the belief in a legiti%ate o#enant has been the
basis of ati#e and passi#e on#ersion to their respeti#e religions sine their reation.

A di#ine o#enant also i%plies by definition di#ine rules, "hih of their nature %ust be
superior to hu%an rules. Therefore di#ine la" is the %ost funda%ental basis of all hu%an la"
and has been sine the ineption of all i#ilizations. That is "hy in Western *oiety, the
s"earing allegiane;oath to the 5ibleis so i%portant, for it is the #isual and #erbal referene
to the e0istene of a o#enant "ith rules, that take preedene and basis of all hu%an la".
4." 2ommon %omponent. messiahsDsaints

The 3rd literal i%pliation of the "ord religion by definition is the require%ent for there to
ha#e been so%e history of ontat bet"een the supernatural being;fore or beings;fores and
ertain hu%an beings. After all, there an by definition be no o#enant if there has been no
relationship and no relationship "ithout ontat.

5y definition of the 2nd literal i%pliation, FlordF and FsubjetF, ontat is typially
onsidered to be at the prerogati#e of the 9odAsB, not the other "ay around. Therefore hu%an
beings "ho ha#e been ontated by a partiular religionCs 9odAsB are traditionally #enerated
as speial hu%an beings, hosen by 9odAsB. The "ords 'hristos AFanointed oneFB, 6rophet
AFinterpreter, spokes%an of the "ill of a 9odAsBFB and :essiah AFanointed oneFB and %any
other labels ha#e been plaed on these people that #arious religions belie#e "ere the hosen
%essengers of the 9odAsB.

5eause of the ob#ious i%portane religions plae on %essages fro% their partiular 9odAsB,
all religions ha#e relied on ertain FsignsF and syste%s to sort bet"een FtrueF %essages and
FfalseF %essages. Typially, this has operated under only four %ethods7

U trial8 the testing of a %essenger by so%e pre#ious riteria to seek the in#oation of di#ine
inter#ention to their aid, thus establishing their redibilityM
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U prophey8 the for"ard projetion by an established redible soure of future signs by "hih a
true %essenger %ay be identifiedM and
U birthright;bloodline8 the belief that ertain bloodlines ha#e been hosen in perpetuation to
FleadF and instrut the people on the %essage of the rele#ant religionCs 9odAsB.
U 6ossession;position of holy objets8 the belief that ertain objets are endo"ed "ith di#ine
po"er and that those in legiti%ate possession position auto%atially beo%e the %outhpiee
of the %essage Ae.g. traditional priest astes, e%perors et.B.

:ost religions ha#e e%ployed all four %ethods in so%e %anner throughout their history.

*ons of 9od

Ene of the %ost o%%on phrases used to desribe pri%ary %essiahs "ho are also dee%ed
sa#iourCs Afounders of a religionB are Fsons of godF. =n the ase of hristianity, this phrase has
been altered to Fonly son of godF.
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4.# 2ommon %omponent. sa%red te?ts

All religions ha#e te0ts they regard as sared. 'hristians ha#e the 5ible, )e"s ha#e the
Tanakh, :usli%s ha#e the LurCan AKoranB.

Types of sared te0ts

There are different types of te0ts as "ell as different le#els of sared nature.
4.* 2ommon %omponent. sa%red symbols
All religions ha#e sy%bols "hih they dee% as sared. To hristians it is the ross. To )e"s, it
is the star of 4a#id. To =sla% it is the resent %oon, to 5uddhis% it is the "heel, to Taois% it
is Hin8Hang.

The po"er of sy%bols

*o%e of the %ost i%portant stories "ithin the belief syste% of hristianity is reinforing the
physial po"er of the ross sy%bol. The "hole "ere"olf;#a%pire;de%on syste% of the 1-th
entury literature and 2.th entury horror fliks paints the ross sy%bol as apable of
"arding off e#il.

The anient pratie of talis%an

Talis%an, trinkets and keepsakes are ite%s that hu%ans ha#e arried as re%inders for as long
as hu%ans ha#e li#ed. These %ight be i%ages of anestors, a sy%bol of the o%%unity belief,
a sy%bol to keep safe and "ard off e#il.

>eklaes, braelets and je"elry has historially al"ays played an i%portant part in
representing personal protetion and "ell8being. reognizing this, religions ha#e played a
funda%ental part in shaping the sy%bols "e use in e#ery day life.
4.10 2ommon %omponent. sa%red lo%ations

All religions ha#e plaes on 1arth they regard as %ost sared. Te%ple :ount in )erusale% is
suh an e0a%ple of a plae "here three of the great religions all lai% the sa%e spot as
funda%entally sared to their o"n religion.

*ared plaes of burial;death

6laes of hu%an burial and death ha#e al"ays been onsidered sared. The respet of the
dead is a entral o%ponent to all the %ajor religions, although the treat%ent of hu%an
re%ains is different. :ost of the %ono8related religions hoose preser#ation of hu%an
re%ains as a key part of religious belief. =n ontrast, other religions suh as <induis% teah
re%ation as a %ethod of disposal.

5attlefields ha#e historially been onsidered sared, as "ith loations of any %ass death or
burial. The site of the t"in to"ers in >e" Hork is and "ill al"ays be one of the %ost sared
sites in A%eria for enturies to o%e.

*ared plaes of di#ine ontat;te%ples

6laes of lai%ed di#ine ontat ha#e also al"ays been onsidered sared. The initial site
%ight start out as a roky outrop, or a strea%. 5y the ti%e the religion has finished, it "ill be
a grotto underneath a %assi#e te%ple.

*ared plaes beo%e sared te%ples and so beo%e doubly sared. The te%ple %ount in
)erusale% is suh as plae. 5uilt and re8built by different religions and generations, it is
onsidered so sared, that not one stone should or ould no" be %o#ed.

*ared plaes of %essiahs life

6laes "here %essiahs of a partiular religion li#ed are also frequently onsidered sared. The
anient ity of &r is and should be onsidered sared as the 5irthplae and ity of Abraha%.
4.11 2ommon %omponent. sa%red ob=e%ts

All religions ha#e physial objets they onsider sared. The oldest of hu%an "orship is the
belief in objets ha#ing speial po"er;signifiane.

F=dol "orshipF re%ains the single %ost o%%on and auto%ated %ethod of "orship by
hu%ans today. :illions are dra"n to any point on the globe "ith the slightest sign of a
pre%onition or display of di#ine influene on an objet. Weeping %adonnaCs are a fa#ourite.

The bones of saints and the dead

Ene ategory of objets that uni#ersally is ad%itted as being sared and po"erful are the
bones of saints and the dead.

The bones of the dead, partiularly the skull has played a key part in religious rituals fro% the
beginning of hu%an history. =n anient 1uropean pagan ultures, the bones of the dead ha#e
partiular signifiane to those "ho ha#e departed and as a tool for %agi.

The alleged po"ers of "ithraft are strongly assoiated "ith the po"er assoiated "ith the
sared objets of bones.

*ared te0ts

All religions regard reprodutions of their sared te0ts as sared objets. To defile a book
representing one of the sared te0ts of a religion is to defile that religion. =n so%e ultures
suh as =sla%, this is justifiably onsidered a slur on all belie#ers of that religion.
4.12 2ommon %omponent. sa%red rituals

To be hu%an and to be ali#e is ause for elebration. While our li#es #ary fro% periods of
regret and hurt, "e also e0periene periods of happiness and joy.

To be hu%an is to partiipate at so%e point in elebration "ith others. =n its si%plest for% it
%ight be a elebration at the birth of a ne" fa%ily %e%ber. A elebration of oneCs birthday is
often an oasion to join "ith others. The elebration of a %arriage, or the funeral elebration
of so%eone "ho has passed.

6hysial elebration

Throughout hu%an i#ilization, to elebrate is to elebrate physially, in one plae at one
ti%e.

=n anient ultures, this elebration %ight ha#e inluded dane and ere%ony at so%e sared
land%ark or te%ple. 3or t"o %illennia, "orship is %ore likely to ha#e ourred in a hurh,
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te%ple or %osque.

=n reent years, the ad#ent of the nightlub and audio #isual %usi syste%s has opened up a
"hole ne" for% of elebration, the elebration of the dane.

To elebrate is to be hu%an. =t is good to rejoie. =t is good to grie#e. To elebrate these
e%otions together is the essene of "hat it is to be part of a hu%an o%%unity.

*ared ritual

/eligions ha#e al"ays pro#ided for%al sared rituals and praties around the %ajor life
e#ents of hu%an o%%unity. All religions ha#e rituals for the "elo%ing of ne" hildren into
the religion. All religions ha#e rituals for %arriage and union. All religions ha#e rituals for
Fo%ing of age;adulthoodF. All religions ha#e rituals for dying, death and funeral rites.

5loody sarifie and sared ritual

=n and around %ajor life e#ents are also the life e#ents of ne" seasons, ne" rops, battles,
"ars, and infighting. /ituals also e0ist for these i%portant e#ents. And "ith these e#ents ha#e
al"ays been assoiated fro% the earliest ti%es the bloody sarifie of ani%als or hu%ans.

5lood the food of the gods

There is o#er"hel%ing e#idene that the pratie of ritual sarifie of both hu%ans and
ani%als has been going on in religious pratie for o#er 1.,... years of hu%an ulture. As
frightening as it %ight see%, the pratie is still "idespread. 1#en the har%less appearing
ere%ony of bread and "ine in hristian ere%onies is a bloody sarifie ritual Aalthough no
body is atually killed in the ritual8 the "ine Fbeo%esF blood of the sarifiial la%b8)esus
'hristB.

5lood and blood sarifie it see%s has been the food of the gods sine the earliest hu%an
rituals. The %ost bloody "ere probably the Aztes and =nas at the ti%e :e0io 'ity just on
the ti%e of the *panish onquest. The *arifiial te%ples Ano" buried deep under the entre
of :e0io 'ityB "ere flo"ing in ri#ers of blood fro% the %urder of hundreds of thousands of
innoents.

The *u%erians and Akkadians "ere also kno"n for hu%an sarifie to appease the gods. =n
ontrast, )udais% and =sla% replae the hu%an sarifie "ith ani%al sarifie as re8enated
through the ere%ony of Abraha%.

5read and "ine rituals

Ene of the key distintions of Asia8:inor religions fro% around 4,... 5'1 "as the
replae%ent of publi hu%an sarifies "ith alternate i%agery and ritual8 the bread and "ine
ere%ony for e0a%ple.

The bread and "ine ere%ony represents not only a ere%ony of elebration, but
funda%entally is one of sarifie and annibalis% as part of a ritual feast. Today, the origin
and funda%ental purpose of suh ere%onies is lost on %ost follo"ers.
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The %ost notable religions "ith bread and "ine rituals are7
<u%an sarifie goes underground

While the bread and "ine ere%ony has replaed publi rituals of sarifie, bloody sarifie
re%ains assoiated "ith ertain fanatial branhes of %ajor religions and blak8%agi satani
ults.

=n ountries suh as the &nited *tates, &K, Australia indi#iduals and groups %indlessly
follo" anient praties of hu%an sarifie in so%e deluded belief that it brings po"er fro%
their gods. =n ountries suh as <aiti and %any 'aribbean;Afrian ountries, bloody sarifie
re%ains a entral ritual.
4.13 2ommon %omponent. %hur%h administration

All religions ha#e transfor%ed fro% ults into organisations. As organisations, religions ha#e
ad%inistrations.

The strongest ad%inistrated religions happen to also be so%e of the strongest religions in the
"orld. The ro%an hristian religion inherited the brilliant organizational %ind of the stoi
ro%an e%pire. Ene 'hristianity transfor%ed fro% a doo%sday ult in 4.. '1 to a fully
fledged organisation, it has ne#er looked bak.

=n ontrast, =sla% has undergone so%e "eak years due to a lak of ohesi#e and organized
global leadership. =f =sla% ahie#es a strong global ad%inistration o#er the ne0t deade, then
radial =sla% "ill ulti%ately end.
4.14 2ommon %omponent. fundamentalistsDfanati%s

All religions ha#e attrated funda%entalists and fanatis. 2ooking at all religions ha#ing a set
of life stages, one of those stages is to gro" stagnant and lose its "ay.

This period is often after a period of great gro"th. =sla% is in suh a period at the %o%ent, as
too is hristianity and judais%. =n response to the #auu% of entral global leadership,
splinter groups e%erge, seeking to Frefor%F the religion fro% the inside.
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'hristianity has undergone a nu%ber of %ajor e#ents and Frefor%ationF break8a"ayCs, %ost
notably 2utherans;6resbyterians and the 'hurh of 1ngland.

The ro%ane of funda%entalists

What is often %issed "hen trying to understand radial %o#e%ents, partiularly, #iolent
fanatis is that to the follo"ers, the fanatial leaders are /o%anti #isionaries and leaders.

A spiritual quest is one of the %ost po"erful and e%otionally appealing journeys for any
hu%an being, espeially those "ho ha#e i%agination and under ahie#ed a%bitions. =t is the
eduated that beo%e the follo"ers of fanatis, not the illiterate.

The notion of the spiritual quest, of doing battle against a perei#ed e#il is liberating to those
"ith poor sense of self. 3anatial leaders kno" this and prey on this "eakness of "anting to
so%eho" Fright a life of under ahie#e%entF.

When suh quests in#ol#e danger, e#en %ortal danger, to the follo"er of the fanatis, the
feeling is like the ulti%ate high. 'larity of %ind, larity of spirit. These are all sensations
e0periened by follo"ers of fanatis on ro%anti paths.

That ats suh as suiide bo%bing and %urder of innoents ould so%eho" be onsidered
e#il and not righteous does not e#en fator into the fanatial follo"er on their quest.

The only "ay to bring a follo"er of a fanati out of their ro%anti delusion is to all on their
greater desire to find the real truth behind the ro%anti %essage they are follo"ing. :ost
speifially on the real %oti#es of the leaders of these groups.

'ountries and organisations targeted by fanatis should fous on %aking publi the real
finanial and %oral position of %essiani fanatis. The %ore a"are follo"ers are of the true
selfish nature of fanati leaders, the less likely follo"ers "ill stay.

To date this is the opposite strategy adopted by ountries suh as the &nited *tates. =nstead,
reent ad%inistrations ha#e added redibility to fanatis by not e0posing the% as o%%on
ri%inals.
4.1$ )ni-ersal reli!ious %on%epts. reli!ious instruments of power

While "e ha#e been able to su%%arize the si0 key literal i%pliations of the onept of a
religion upon "hih all religions are based, these i%pliations only desribe the essential
strutural o%ponents. All religions in so%e "ay possess "hat "e an lassify as
Finstru%ents of po"erF "hether it be physial objets, te0ts, rituals or seret;sared
kno"ledge.

The onept of po"er

The "ord po"er in the 1nglish language is a translation of the Eld 3renh "ord poer, poeir
originating fro% the 2atin potere, posse %eaning Fbe ableF. *ine the !th 'entury '1, the
"ord po"er see%s to ha#e been in use to desribe t"o speifi %eanings AaB as a quality or
property of things and AbB as a person, body or thing7
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As a person, body or thing FAn influential or go#erning person, body or thingM in early use one
in authorityF A14..CsB

As a quality or property FAbility to at or affet so%ething strongly, physial or %ental
strength, #igour, energy, fore of harater.F A144.B

Therefore "hen "e onsider the "ord po"er, "e are talking about those things that are
onsidered po"erful Ae.g. a 9od, or a %ilitary ar%yB and the ability of those things to affet
our li#es A e.g. a 9ods ontrol o#er life and deathB.

The onept of an instru%ent of Fpo"erF

We define a Finstru%ent of po"erF as being7

An instrument of power is any physical object(s), text, ritual or secret/ sacred
knowledge that is deemed to be divine/Universal (from the od!s) or deadly/strong
in nature and is used to reinforce/maintain the desired behaviour of followers and
supporters of that particular system"

As "e "ill see, it is these instru%ents of po"er are "hat %ake a religion great, in ter%s of the
nu%ber and de#otion of its follo"er base and longe#ity as "ell as uniqueness in ter%s of its
pedigree to other religions fro% "hih it %ight ha#e spa"ned.
*u%%ary of the lassifiation and types of religious instru%ents of po"er

All religious instru%ents of po"er of all the religions %ay be lassed into t"o %ain groups7

positi#e religious instru%ents of po"er
negati#e religious instru%ents of po"er

#ositive $eligious %nstruments of #ower

4i#ine ethereal gifts
The gift of soul
The pro%ise of e#erlasting life
&ivine 'isdom
4i#ine tehnial "isdo%
4i#ine %ethods of life "isdo%
&ivine (ealing
:irales
The gift of absolution Aforgi#enessB

)acred )ounds
The sared sounds
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)acred )ymbols
*y%bols suh as the ross
)acred *bjects
The bones of FsaintsF
*ared te0ts

)acred +ocations

Te%ples and hurhes
*ared geographi loations

8e!ati-e eli!ious 5nstruments of power

,reach of divine trust
Eriginal sin
*in Ain generalB

%ll (physical pain)
4isease and pain

-vil (physical and mental/spiritual pain)
The 4e#il
1#il spirits

&eath
The pain of death or infliting of atual death Ae.g. 9od killing disbelie#ersB

-ternal death and damnation
<ell

The stren!th of ne!ati-e reli!ious instruments of power %ompared to positi-e
reli!ious instruments of power

'ontrary to "hat religions state is the ase, the strongest instru%ents of po"er for all
religions ha#e been the negati#e instru%ents of po"er, o%%only lassed as FforeF, FfearF
and FdangerF. =t has been these instru%ents of po"er representing the FthreatF and real use of
po"er that signify the greatest influene on hu%an beha#iour fro% religions.
4.1& )ni-ersal reli!ious ne!ati-e instruments of power
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Ene of the greatest assets and distintions of the hu%an speies fro% other resident speies
on the planet 1arth is our ability to re%e%ber and to assoiate onepts8 %e%ory and
intelligene of lassifiation. This gi#es us our ability to re%e%ber stories, to re%e%ber
"ritten sy%bols to "ord onepts to oral sounds.

We re%e%ber signifiant e#ents e#en though "e %ay desensitize oursel#es on a day to day
li#ing to these ritial %o%ents suh as death. 5ut just as "e re%e%ber, fare"ell and
elebrate the death of people "e lo#e "ith funerals, burials and prayers, our anestors also
understood the signifiane of suh %o%ents.

:ost funda%ental to all speies "ith %e%ory is the abhorrene of the sight of death of their
o"n. *o%ething deep "ithin the olleti#e %ind of the speies ryCs out at the lessening of the
hane for the speies to ontinue to sustain itself. We see it %ore as the loss of a blood line, a
fa%ily, a dynasty, a tribeCs ability to ha#e any %ore hildren, to li#e. Therefore "e dread the
death of others.

Eur o"n dread of death or illness

:ore so, it is our o"n personal apprehension of the feelings of pain and ulti%ately of death
that lurks deep "ithin all of us. Whether our %ind an o#erpo"er our fear of death, or pain
Aas it so%eti%es anB, %ost of us at so%e point in our li#es fear or ha#e feared pain and death.

The e0tension of the onept of life and the onept of death

/eligions too understood the po"er of suh %o%ents as the gi#ing of birth and the ending of
physial life AdeathB. They took ontrol of the onepts and their potential beyond the physial
yle of life and death of nature into a real% entirely different to that of the onsiousness of
other lo"er de#eloped speies. The hu%an being is able to oneptualize the e0tension of life
beyond the physial Ahea#enB as "ell as death beyond the physial Ahell, hadesB.

This is "here religion has played and ontinues to play a signifiant influene on our sense of
self, destiny and final destination8 in the onepts that alter our beliefs on "here "e %ight be
heading after death, to eternal life, ne" life or eternal death;pain, or nothingness.

The de#elop%ent of negati#e instru%ents of po"er threatening physial death, pain and
eternal death, pain.

/eligions not only de#eloped onepts that e0tended our thinking to the possibility of life
after death or eternal pain after death, they de#eloped instru%ents of po"er along "ith the%.

Through the rituals of %agi and the po"er of objets and onepts, religions ha#e influened
to the illness and death of %any %illions of people.

The %ost rude of these instru%ents of po"er ha#e been7

diret physial injury;death
indiret physial injury through %agi
diret physial fear of danger and thus ontrol

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The negati#e instru%ent of po"er8 diret physial injury;death

The atual injury, illness or disable%ent of hu%an beings #ia the po"er of 9ods, or of the
representati#es of the 9ods has been a feature of religion and soiety sine the #ery beginning.

=n tribal and aboriginal ultures, "e see the entral role of the With 4otor, playing the
dualisti role of not only apable of healing, but injuring hu%an beings through their ontrol
of the FspiritsF, or FgodsF.

=n larger, organized religions "e see the sa%e thing8 religions "ith their o"n %ilitary fores
apable of seizing ities, ountries and indi#iduals in the na%e of religion and ha#ing the%
tortured, i%prisoned or e0euted.

War and religion are t"o sides of the sa%e oin "hen onsidering the launhing of alulated
aggression against nearby settle%ents of hu%an beings. )ust in the past one thousand years,
in e0ess of !. %illion hu%an beings ha#e lost their li#es on religious grounds.

The negati#e instru%ent of po"er8 indiret physial injury through %agi

/eligion through its absolute onepts and ethereal onepts also possesses po"erful negati#e
instru%ents of po"er in the belief that physial injury an our indiretly.

A s"ord %ay not need to be used, a urse %ay ause you to fall ill. This FblakF %agi has
been a po"erful tool of religious pratie for thousands of years and ontinues strongly in
%any ountries, espeially in <aiti "ith the perpetuation of the po"ers of Goodoo.

The negati#e instru%ent of po"er8diret physial fear of danger and thus ontrol

E#er"hel%ingly, religion has the strongest instru%ents of po"er #ia the tools of fear and
danger.

3ear

The "ord fear in its original for%s are found throughout the anient 1uropean languages,
fro% Eld 1nglish Afaeran, faerJdanger, a%bush, perilB, Eld *a0on AfaronJ lie in "aitB, Eld
<igh 9er%an Afaren, faraJ plot against, lie in "ait, a%bush, danger, deeitB and Eld >orse
AfaeraJ taunt, slightB.

=n the original sense, onsidering the earliest definition ofFsudden a%bushF, the %eaning of
fear "as Fa state of alar% or dread.F Thus the onept of FfearingF those things that %ay
a%bush our intentions preedes all other definitions of fear.

Around the late 14th ', the additional and %ore onte%porary %eaning appeared of Fthe
e%otion of pain or uneasiness aused by the sense of i%pending danger, or by the
apprehension of e#il Aoften personifiedB.F A=n Eld 9er%an the "ord gefahr J danger.B

This additional %eaning to the definition of fear is historially i%portant, for it appears
before the %ore %odern definition of danger , therefore i%plies a link bet"een AaB "hat
people in authority an do to subjets Aanient definition of dangerB and AbB "hat subjets feel
about the threat of that po"er being used AfearB.

<ene this seond definition represents the birth of the onept of fear, e0pressed as the
e%otions of dread, an0iety, pain, uneasiness as a F"eapon of the %indF of those in authority
against those they "ish to ontrol.

Then around the late 1!th ', the irular %eaning "as applied Fthe state of fearing so%ething,
espeially a %ingled feeling of dread and re#erene to"ards 9od, or for%erly any rightful
authority.F

=t is one of the %ore bizarre definitions in the 1nglish language, onsidering the o%%on
usage of the "ord fear and the onte%porary onepts of 9od being lo#ing and kind. <ere "e
see a reinfore%ent of the "eapon qualities of fear, no" e0pressed using the onept of 9od
as a kind of Fabsolute fearF.

>o" those in authority ould not only "ield the "eapons of the *tate against subjets in a
state of fear, but ould all upon the religious aspet of 9ods "rath a religious and absolute
fear.

The "ord fear in its original for%s are found throughout the anient 1uropean languages,
fro% Eld 1nglish Afaeran, faerJdanger, a%bush, perilB, Eld *a0on AfaronJ lie in "aitB, Eld
<igh 9er%an Afaren, faraJ plot against, lie in "ait, a%bush, danger, deeitB and Eld >orse
AfaeraJ taunt, slightB.

=n the original sense, onsidering the earliest definition ofFsudden a%bushF, the %eaning of
fear "as Fa state of alar% or dread.F Thus the onept of FfearingF those things that %ay
a%bush our intentions preedes all other definitions of fear.

Around the late 14th ', the additional and %ore onte%porary %eaning appeared of Fthe
e%otion of pain or uneasiness aused by the sense of i%pending danger, or by the
apprehension of e#il Aoften personifiedB.F A=n Eld 9er%an the "ord gefahr J danger.B

This additional %eaning to the definition of fear is historially i%portant, for it appears
before the %ore %odern definition of danger , therefore i%plies a link bet"een AaB "hat
people in authority an do to subjets Aanient definition of dangerB and AbB "hat subjets feel
about the threat of that po"er being used AfearB.

<ene this seond definition represents the birth of the onept of fear, e0pressed as the
e%otions of dread, an0iety, pain, uneasiness as a F"eapon of the %indF of those in authority
against those they "ish to ontrol.

Then around the late 1!th ', the irular %eaning "as applied Fthe state of fearing so%ething,
espeially a %ingled feeling of dread and re#erene to"ards 9od, or for%erly any rightful
authority.F

=t is one of the %ore bizarre definitions in the 1nglish language, onsidering the o%%on
usage of the "ord fear and the onte%porary onepts of 9od being lo#ing and kind. <ere "e
see a reinfore%ent of the "eapon qualities of fear, no" e0pressed using the onept of 9od
as a kind of Fabsolute fearF.
>o" those in authority ould not only "ield the "eapons of the *tate against subjets in a
state of fear, but ould all upon the religious aspet of 9ods "rath a religious and absolute
fear.

4anger

The "ord danger o%es fro% the Eld 3renh "ord dangier, itself a deri#ation of the 2atin
roots do%nus, do%inus Alord, %asterB. =n its original sense, the "ord %eant FThe po"er of a
lord, jurisdition, do%inion.F <o"e#er, later the "ord a% to %ean FA6o"er of a 2ordBM po"er
to dispose of, or to do har%.F

=t "asnCt until the late 1!th 'entury that the "ord a%e to ha#e its general %odern %eaning
Fliability, or e0posure to har% or injuryM risk, peril.F

4anger therefore is a strange "ord, gi#en its historial attah%ent to the potential negati#e
beha#iour of those in Authority. =t is also interesting that this underlying unonsious
assoiation "ith the negati#e aspets of authority A e.g. "arnings on po"er lines, %ine fields,
seurity installationsB ontinues today.

The negati#e instru%ent of po"er8physial and spiritual pain fro% breah of trust8 sin AguiltB

The "ord sin, o%es fro% the "ord sons and sont %eaning Fguilt, guiltyF. 9uilt in turn %eans
literally Fbreah of trust.F Therefore sin by definition an be onsidered a Fbreah of trust by a
person in the di#ine rulesF.

9uilt also denotes a feeling of regret and lessening of self pereption, t"o negati#e qualities
that are also inti%ately linked to the onept of sin. All religions define the relati#e sins.

5y definition, as ad%inistrations of religions largely ontrol the books of rituals, beha#iors
and %editations that are onsidered pleasing and not pleasing, o#er the years the list of "hat
is good and "hat is sinful has hanged fro% religion to religion, fro% age to age.

*in has also been a po"erful negati#e instru%ent of po"er as religious ad%inistrations ha#e
been able to %aintain ontrol by deter%ining "hat they onsidered is sinful and "hat is not.
'urrently, the /o%an 'atholi 'hurh has used this religious negati#e instru%ent of po"er to
effet ne" sins suh as o%puter fraud, s%oking, as "ell as older e0traordinary sins suh as
ontraeption and priests ha#ing se0ual relations.

The negati#e instru%ent of po"er8 1#il

Apart fro% the influene of %agi, religions ha#e all had in so%e "ay or another the
%anifestations of po"erful negati#e instru%ents of po"er in the belief of e#il spirits.

1#il spirits are defined uni#ersally as entities that an %o#e bet"een di%ensions or reality
and unreality and physial for% and influene the physial health, %ind, state of an
indi#idual negati#ely.

All religions in so%e "ay ha#e identified e#il beings e0isting and all ha#e in so%e "ay
identified negati#e beha#iour as being under the influene entrap%ent of these %ale#olent
beings.

The fear of e#il has in %any periods of history aused large follo"ings and support for "ith
burnings and the hunting of indi#iduals "ho appear to ha#e abo#e8a#erage skills. :any %id8
"i#es of the 14th and 1$th enturies suffered greatly at the hands of hoards of indi#iduals
egged on by religious leaders to torture and %urder these people.
4.1" )ni-ersal reli!ious positi-e instruments of power

As %entioned, apart fro% negati#e instru%ents of po"er, religions ha#e de#eloped positi#e
instru%ents of po"er to enourage ertain beha#iour in supporters.

4i#ine ethereal gifts

6o"erful instru%ents of po"er of religions are those that religions state are di#ine gifts to
indi#idual follo"ers. As %entioned, the three historially %ost po"erful onepts in this
ategory are o the gift of hu%an life o the gift of soul Aspark of the di#ineB o the gift of di#ine
inspiration Aso%eti%es onsidered possessionB and o the pro%ise of e#erlasting life.

=nherent in eah and e#ery li#ing thing is the desire to li#e and the a#oidane of death.
<u%ans espeially naturally fear the onept of physial death and fear the unkno"n and
see%ingly finality of death. Those religions that ha#e been able to de#elop instru%ents of
po"er offering the hope of e#erlasting life ha#e been the %ost suessful religions by far o#er
the last 2... years.

The hope of e#erlasting life and the resurretion for% arguably the %ost i%portant
instru%ents of po"er for the 'hristian 'hurhes and e0plain in large part its pheno%enal
suess as a religion o#er the past 2... years.

4i#ine Wisdo%

As "e ha#e disussed %any ti%es no", it is a natural feature of hu%an e0istene to question
our purpose, our diretion and relationship "ith the "orld. As "e "ill disuss in %ore detail
in 'hapter - AA ne" understanding of our AnestorsB it "as the beliefs and instru%ents of
po"er of the oldest religions of hu%anity that all kno"ledge Atehnial, astrono%ial, soial
struture, building, far%ing and spiritualB originally a%e fro% the 9odAsB.

4i#ine <ealing

The ability to heal has been one of the %ost po"erful and sought after gifts of hu%ans in
e#ery age. 6eople "ith the Fhealing giftF ha#e been sought after by kings, Lueens and e#en
6opes throughout the ages. =n tribal #illage life, healing is a %ajor positi#e instru%ent of
po"er of the "ith dotor.

While physial healing ontinues to be an instru%ent of po"er %ore often abused by
harlatans and outright frauds, there ha#e nonetheless been enough apparent inidenes of
di#ine healing in eah and e#ery religion to pro#ide support to this instru%ent.

Ene of the s%artest reations has been the 'hristian onept of di#ine spiritual healing8 the
Fhealing of the soulF through the gift of absolution Aforgi#enessB. This onept has been
e0tre%ely attrati#e to %any %en and "o%en throughout the enturies eager to leanse
the%sel#es and heal. The hristian ere%ony pro#ided at the point of death is still one of the
%ost sought after ats e#en for people pre#iously agnosti until that point.

There is so%ething luring and attrati#e about the onept of spiritual peae and healing,
e#en if the body re%ains physially ill and failing. To this day, di#ine spiritual healing is
onsidered one of the %ost attrati#e instru%ents of po"er for those religions that offer it.

*ared Ebjets

*ared objets ha#e been po"erful positi#e instru%ents of po"er sine the beginning of
i#ilization of hu%anity. Ebjets inluding the ro"n of a King, the lothes that they "ear, the
instru%ent ArodB that they hold and the orb instru%ent are anient in oneption.

*ared objets inlude sared te0ts and e#en the bones of #enerated saints. 3or enturies,
sared objets ha#e been the physial re%inders of di#ine po"er and %any %illions of people
diret their attention to these objets plaes strategially in shrines throughout the "all %ore
so than the intangible onepts.

Ene of the oldest and %ost sared sy%bols of religion is the sared Frod of po"erF Athyrsus in
9reekB used as both an initiating tool and a "eapon.

*ared *y%bols

*ine the beginning of i#ilization, there are ertain geo%etri and non8geo%etri sy%bols
onsidered so sared, that so%eti%es they ha#e not been per%itted to be dra"n. The sared
sy%bols of the oldest religions, pentagra%s, star of da#id, the ross, the s"astika, the ao% are
just a fe".

*ared sy%bols ha#e also inluded the sy%bols of seals of #arious 9ods and ities, the rests
of ertain offiials and kings. probably the oldest sy%bols apart fro% those identifying the
9ods, ha#e been those of the anient astrologial harts of the *u%erians and *th A%erian
i#ilizations sy%bolizing the zodia.

*ared 2oations

All religions ha#e loations onsidered as their %ost sared. *urprisingly, %any loations are
onsidered sared by %any religions, often for different regions. The %ost elebrated of
religious entres for 3 great religions A)udais%, 'hristianity and =sla%B is )erusale%.

=n 2ebanon, the site 5aalbek "as onsidered one of the %ost sared sites for /o%an, 9reek,
and 6agan ti%es. =n *outh A%eria, si%ilar sites are onsider holy of holies.

*ared Words

/eligions e#en possess po"erful instru%ents of po"er through "ords. As "ords are the
%eans by "hih the di#ine o%%uniates to hu%anity, %any religions ha#e regarded ertain
"ords as the %ost sared of all. *o%e e#en belie#e that the %ost sared of all should not be
pronouned A as in anient )e"ish traditionB.

*ared *ounds

*ared sounds are inti%ately linked to sared "ords. the sound E:, is onsidered one of the
%ost sared sounds of all ti%e.

*ared /ituals

The ability to "ard off e#il through rituals ha#e also been onsidered po"er instru%ents of
po"er. /ituals are onsidered in the%sel#es to be po"erful instru%ents. =n the 'hristian
ere%ony the %ass is onsidered a sared objet in itself, as do the )e"s belie#e in the
6asso#er %eal as a sared %o%ent in its o"n right.
4.1# 2ommon reli!ious %on%ept.wisdom

Wisdo% is one onept that finds its "ay into the funda%ental #oabulary of al%ost e#ery
religion of the planet sine anient ti%es. 5eause of the uni#ersal nature of the onept, it is
i%portant that "e re#ie" the "ord.

The origin of the "ord Wisdo%

=t "as the 9reeks reated the "ord "isdo% A translated as "eistu%B %eaning Flegal sentene,
preedentF. =n translation, the "ord in Eld 1nglish bea%e "isdo%.

The original %eaning of "isdo% essentially %eans FThe quality or harater of being "ise, or
so%ething in "hih this is e0hibited.F

The "ord "ise in anient 9reek originally %eant sophia %eaning Ffor%, shape, kind, state of
things, ourse of ation.F

=n this, "ise essentially inferred Fthings as they are, the orret ourse of ationF, "hile
"isdo% originally inferred Fthe quality of kno"ing things as they are and the right ourse of
ation.F

Therefore, the earliest of definitions of "ise speak of F To sho" the "ay A to a personBM to
guide, diretF and F AaB <a#ing or e0erising sound judg%ent or disern%entM ha#ing the
ability to perei#e and adopt the best %eans for ao%plishing an end7 haraterized by good
sense and prudene. AbB Ef ation speeh, personal attributes, et7 proeeding fro%,
indiating or suggesting sound judg%ent or good sense.F

The #alue of "isdo%

Within the "ord "ise and "isdo% is the assu%ption that7

AaB a person %ust kno" ho" things are in ter%s of for%, shape, kind, state of things first, in
order to be "iseM
AbB one kno"ing ho" things are, a person %ay diret the right ourse of ation.

This is distint fro% kno"ledge, or e#en infor%ation. = %ight ha#e infor%ation in the for% of
ne"spaper artiles on a range of subjets. En one or t"o subjets, = %ay ha#e a deeper sense
of understanding that is kno"ledge. Het on ho" %any subjets "ould = feel onfident in
saying AaB that = understand ho" things really are in ter%s of for%, shape, kind, state?

This is the separation of people "ho are "ise #ersus people "ho are not, fro% "isdo% and
kno"ledge.

Wise and "isdo% therefore i%plies a deep le#el of understanding. The output of "isdo% is a
deep and rih sense of kno"ledge.

When "e apply these definitions to a subjet suh as the operation of the &ni#erse, the
di#isions of soiety into people "ho li#e and generally aept "hat they are told and those that
question and seek deeper le#els of understanding appear strongest. *i%ply, %ost of hu%anity
has al"ays been busy in li#ing to spend the ti%e of onte%plation and fored separation that
is required to onsider suh large questions and onepts.

Wisdo% therefore has al"ays been a rare o%%odity.

Wisdo% and the teaher and sage

=n anient soieties trying to understand ho" things are and "hy things happen "hy they do,
people "ho e0hibited strong o%%on sense and ould o#ero%e the superstitions of old
theories to piere through and understand "ere to be re#ered and feared.

These people "ere the prophets, the holy %en, the sages. 6eople "ho ould understand the
"orld and "hat is in it. These people "ere the teahers.

=n soieties that reognized or allo"ed "isdo% to be e0hibited and put into pratie, these
"ere the li#ing 9ods. To other soieties "ith great superstition, fear kept %any people a"ay
and in so%e ases doo%ed suh people to terrible deaths.

=t has al"ays been this fine line that the "ise person, the prophet, the sage treads. To speak of
things as they are, "hen soial strutures are often based on best appro0i%ations and
so%eti%es on quite fallaious grounds is dangerous. =t is "hy so %any "ise people of history
ha#e suffered under the ausation of either treason, heresy or both.

Het there ha#e also been ti%es in history "hen "isdo% "as allo"ed to flourish and enable it
to be trans%itted into so%e for% of per%anent thought #ia "ritten language. This re%ains
one of the %ost i%portant features of Anient 9reee8 a period "here %inds "ere allo"ed to
questions and e0plore.

The %issing anient definitions of "isdo%

There is a definition and %eaning of "isdo% and "ise that has been lost to todayCs soiety.
The lost %eaningAsB are as old as the "ord itself and literally dates bak to the the ti%es of
6lato and Aristotle.

The onnetion and assoiation %ay appear so far fethed as initially to sound absurd. Het,
e#en four hundred years ago, the onnetion There is a definition of "ise and "isdo%, that
interhanges the "ord "ith another anient "ord. =n fat, aording to the original %eaning
of the "ords and "isdo%, the lost anient %eaning "as literally and figurati#ely
interhangeable.

The :agi of 6ersia

=f you ha#e read the >e" Testa%ent of the 5ible, you "ould ha#e heard the story of the three
Wise :en that attended the birth of )esus. =n another translation, they are alled :agi, in
another translation it is shepherds that attend the birth.

All three desriptions are essentially o%pli%entary desriptions of the sa%e thing, gi#en that
"isdo% and teahing AshepherdingB are interhangeable and the Anient :agi of 6ersia "ere
regarded at the ti%e of the birth of )esus as so%e of the "isest of the "ise to ha#e e#er li#ed in
the anient "orlds.

The "ord F:agiF is in fat an anient 6ersian "ord, translated in 2atin to :agus Aas in *i%on
:agus, a onte%porary of )esusB. The :agi "ere the priestly aste of 6ersia, and hene in
touh "ith %ost of the anient sriptures and "ritings of the agriulturalist soieties that
%aintained a re#erene to the :esopota%ia;Tigris basin as a F:eaF a touhstone of
o%%on and anient anestry.

3ro% as far a field as 'hina a%e the "ritings of the = 'hing. 3ro% =ndia, the great "ritings of
the 5rah%ans, and understanding the essential nature of the &ni#erse as being F%indF, then
the kno"ledge of 1gypt and the %ethods of de#eloping i%%ortality of %ind. The :agi had
aess to all this kno"ledge and %ore. They "ere onsu%%ate astrologers. They "ere also
%agiians and sorerers.

The "ord F%agiF itself is deri#ed fro% :agi and originally %eant Fthe ability to alter %atter
and the spirit "orld, through ritual and personal skill and understanding.F :agi as a "ord,
a%e into being fro% the 2atin "ord %agius, desribing the skill of one alled :agi, or in
2atin %agus.

:agi and Wisdo% are interhangeable

The assoiation bet"een the "ords :agi and Wisdo% is si%ple and o%%on sense, one the
legay of hundreds of years of %isinfor%ation are ignored for a %o%ent.

At the heart of "isdo% is the deep kno"ledge of ho" things are. This translates into
o%%uniation of this kno"ledge. When this kno"ledge is applied, the people "ho ha#e a
deep understanding of it an also alter the struture of ertain things "ithin their o%%unity.
To an anient rae of hu%an beings, the kno"ledge of ho" to reate fire on de%and "ould
ha#e been both "isdo% and %agi8 so%ething to be re#ered in a"e and feared at the sa%e
ti%e.

The surprising thing is that one %agi is returned to its onnetion to "isdo%, the natural
hu%an reations to pure "isdo% %ake sense. 6ure "isdo% is at one enlightening and
frightening "hen shone against the assu%ptions and frail strutures of soial reality. 3aades
of reality %ay ru%ble at the slightest bea% of pure "isdo%.
6utting so%e kno"ledge into ation in a odified sense %eant ritual. /itual still today is the
bakbone of %agi. Therefore %agi in a sense "as the pratial appliation of a large setion
of "isdo%.

*adly this relationship "as lost and deliberately sullied. The anient rituals of %agi and their
onnetion to o%%on sense "isdo% ha#e been obsured by superstition and plain faniful
desriptions. The "ord %agi no" has lost %ost of its poteny and is no" seen largely as the
field of delusion pratied by ne"8age pagans.

Het, the diret i%pliation of our original story about the #isiting :agi to the birth of )esus is
that they "ere also "ise %en A>4 shepherds at the sa%e ti%e. :ore i%portantly and
interestingly, they "ere also A8grade sorerers.

5efore "e e#en ask the question "hy the 5ible "ould speak of three sorerers attending the
birth of )esus, let us in#estigate another onnetion bet"een the "ords F"isdo% and %agi.F

The "ise king *olo%on

=n the old testa%ent, t"o figures stand out as e0eptional priest8kings, King 4a#id and his
*on Aby Lueen 5ehershebaB King *olo%on.

5oth kings are regarded as %en "ho in history "ere e0eptionally "ise. 9i#en our
understanding of the double %eaning of the "ord "ise, it is "orth in#estigating if other parts
of history also attribute any F%agialF po"ers to the %en as "ell.

As it turns out, it "as King 4a#id "ho reated the he0agra% sy%bol "hile King *olo%on and
his ourt "ho reated and used the pentagra% sy%bol, so synony%ous "ith %agi and
sorery as his %ain oat of ar%s. This %ay appear diffiult to fatho% to present day readers
as the history of %agi and the history of kno"ledge fro% the period has largely been
ho%ogenized #ia the /abbini )e"ish and 'hristian religions. Het it is both a historial and
ultural fat that the 6entagra% is one of the oldest and %ost i%portant sy%bols of religious
ionography that has its heritage in )e"ish religious and politial history.

Het "hether "e hoose to look into the detail of onnetions bet"een the early religious
leaders of the Eld Testa%ent and hene the je"ish and 'hristian faiths, there is one si%ple
and eloquent legay of the onnetion bet"een the understanding bet"een Wisdo% and
:agi. King *olo%on is regarded as ha#ing been spiritually "ise, to the point that "isdo% is
al%ost synony%ous "ith the onept of *olo%on like "isdo%. =n %agi, it is the onjuring of
spirits supposedly o%%anded by *olo%on to build the great Te%ple of )erusale% that are
part of the rituals of 5lak and White :agi, adding of ourse the pentagra%, the sy%bol of
King *olo%on.

The histori need to separate %agi and "isdo% by 'hristianity and )udais%

=n Western i#ilization, as opposed to the ontinued pratie by tribal raes that ontinued
their praties until the "eight of hristianity bore do"n on the%, the onnetion bet"een
%agi and "isdo% has for the large part been deliberately broken sine the early for%ation of
the hurh.
There are %any reasons for this, fe" refleting positi#ely on /abbini )udais%, nor on /o%an
'hristianity. 1ssentially, the reasons appear not to be fro% fear, but fro% the desire to
keep the true "isdo% Atherefore the true nature of %agiB seret fro% the o%%on person
and to use this %agi in its %ost potent for% by "ay of fear.

This has been one of the greatest strengths of the 'hristian religions throughout the ages, the
pratie of %ystiis%8 de#eloping this up as a replae%ent to %agi. :ystiis% i%plies so%e
deeper onnetion to the spiritual "orld, "ithout the onnotations of "isdo%, i%plying that
the operator understands "hat he;she is doing and in fat an o%%and suh ourrenes at
"ill.

=n fat, the /o%an 'hristian religion has suessfully "ritten out %agi fro% al%ost all the
anient "isdo% te0ts. That %agi "as synony%ous "ith %ost shools of "ise thought
throughout anient 1urope is al%ost lost. 6ythagoras is possibly one of the fe" shools of
anient 9reee "here it "as #irtually i%possible to separate the kno"ledge and %agi side.
=nstead, the "ord %ysti is used, a kind of %erlot, a blend and %i0 of the truth, to loud o#er
the speifi understanding and rituals of these shools.

)ust as t"o thousand years ago, pure "isdo% like pure %agi represents a funda%ental threat
to those organisations that operate on foundations other than pure truth and o%%on sense8
that operate on old superstitions and fear. That operate on the ontrol of "isdo% and the
%agi arts to %aintain ontrol.

To these organisations, the ontinued onnetion bet"een %agi and "isdo% represent a
funda%ental danger. The solution has been to desribe "isdo% being on the one hand the
goal of /o%an 'hristian and /abbini )udais%Cs path, "hile things %agial are those things
that are not "isdo%, but superstition and therefore un"ise and bad.

*uh t"isting and deeit has largely sueeded o#er the t"o thousand years due to the fat
that the anient "isdo% and o%%on sense kno"ledge of the "orld has been lost. =t has also
failed as those that possessed the pure "isdo% and pure %agi hose to hide it, rather than
o%bat the hurhes head on.

Those organisations that did hoose to fight the hurh "ith their o"n ga%e ha#e also
e0periened the terrible losses of genoides by the /o%an 'hristian 'hurh, the %assare of
the 9nosti groups throughout 1urope, the perfidy and deeit, regarded as the ulti%ate e#ils
of hu%anity.
4.1* 2ommon reli!ious %on%epts. e-il and e-il bein!s

As "e ha#e disussed, a o%%on negati#e instru%ent of po"er for all religions is the syste%
of beliefs assoiated "ith e#il beings, apable of injuring religious supporters and threatening
their future after death.

=n 'hristianity, "e ha#e the onept of the 4e#il8 the supre%e e#il being "ho after being
ursed by 9od, e0ists on 1arth and is single %inded in his quest to turn as %any people as
possible a"ay fro% 9od and into the fires of <ell. =n other religions it is a s%all ar%y of
de%ons that "ork against the future and benefit of soiety.
Whate#er "e %ay feel and belie#e about religious dou%entation on e#il beings and de%ons,
the "ords "e use and the na%es "e use ha#e hanged and de#eloped o#er history. Whate#er
"e belie#e is the uniqueness of a partiular religion in desribing FhellF, %ost religions share
o%%on features and the%es. The purpose of this setion then is to outline the history of
understandings about e#il beings and de%ons and seek to %ake sense bet"een the different
"ords and the%es used.

The understandings fro% 'hapter 1( of &'A

=n 'hapter 1( of &'A "e disussed the #arious na%es for e#il and diso#ered that the nature
of e#il beings has e0isted in hu%an language sine the earliest of religions.

To the 1gyptians, it "as the pri%al e#il being, the *eth. To the *u%erians, it "as Kingu. The
leader of the rebels, "ho ga#e his life up8 the Kingu in the 1nu%a 1lish8 the rebel leader. =n
je"ish tradition it "as Azazel, in 'hristian 9reek it "as Arhangel :ihael, in /o%an 9reek it
"as 2uifer, the %orning star8 Genus.

Het beyond this first of beings that roa%s the 1arth, "ithin us and around us, %any other
na%es ha#e been %entioned and a brief history.

Arguably the strongest history is that of the je"ish and 'hristian %ystial traditions that
appear to be the only re%nants of the one #ast and fabulous treasure of 1gyptian %ystiis%.

=n reent ti%es, the arheology de#elop%ent of the tunnels underneath the 9reat 6yra%ids
offers hope of #erifying %ore detail and fatual aount of the 1gyptian beliefs in spirits.

=n the 'hristian esoteri traditions, "e see the e0istene of e#il spirits fro% the putting do"n
of the rebel gods at the destrution of *odo% , 9e%orah and the battle against 5abylon.

This great battle, the spirits of the dead gods roa% the earth in #arious for%s, against the
benefit of the hu%ans. =t "as "ise King *olo%on "ho "as supposed to ha#e harnessed the
po"er of these dead alien spirits in the building of the *ared te%ple.

The gnosti te0ts reall the keys of *olo%on as sared inantations to try and su%%ons these
po"erful spirits for ser#ie to %agiians. The te0ts go on to say that the /o%ans disturbed the
#essels in A4 (. in "hih *olo%on raftily trapped these spirits after the building of the
te%ple and that the unleashing of e#il on the "orld has been diretly and indiretly aused by
these spirits e#er sine.
4.20 )ni-ersal reli!ious %on%ept. the %reation story

Ene of the %ost uni#ersal of all religious onepts is the story of hu%an reation. =t also
happens to be the oldest traditions of story telling of all hu%an ultures.

The geneti engineering of hu%an beings

The uni#ersal belief of #irtually e#ery anient Asia8:inor religion is that hu%ans "ere
genetially reated by the gods. =nitially, the earliest of ultures sa" these gods as flesh and
blood gods fro% another planet.
9enerations that follo"ed reated these gods into %ore %ythial haraters. Het the story
re%ains onsistent8 it is the 9enesis reation %yth8 Ada% and 1#e and the garden of 1den.

3,... years e#en before the founding of )udais% and 'hristianity 1,!.. years later the
*u%erians belie#ed that not just one rae of hu%ans "ere genetially reated, but t"o8 first
the "orker bees and then the e0peri%ental being.

:ystery shool hints

Ene of the %ost sy%boli and rih soures of infor%ation supporting the %ost anient of
stories and %ore %odern religions are the %ystery shools and seret soieties that ha#e
flourished behind losed doors. The Knights Te%plar, the anestors of the 3ree%asons sa"
hints of this heritage in their quest to re8aquire the kno"ledge lost in the 1ast and Asia.

*upporting geneti ano%alies

As "e disussed in the )ourney of &'A there are unique geneti ano%alies found in the
hu%an geno%e like no other ani%al on planet 1arth. ano%alies that ould not ha#e possibly
been reated naturally beause they put us at en#iron%ental disad#antage 8 guaranteed
e0tintion e0ept for the blessings of i#ilization and tehnology.

As "e also outlined, there is a%ple e#idene to suggest that if the reation story related to
so%e alien rae fro% a nearby star syste% then quite possibly the oldest of hu%an stories, the
foundation of so %any religions %ight ha#e so%e basis of truth.
4.21 &ni#ersal religious onept8 the soul story

All %odern religions inorporate the belief of the hu%an soul into their dotrine. The idea8
that all hu%ans possess as spiritual o%ponent that has the ability to li#e on after death is
one of hu%anities %ost i%portant ideas.

While not e#ery person belie#e in life after death, a good %ajority of hu%ans belie#e that if
they follo" the basi teahings of their religion then there is so%e hope of a happier e0istene
after death in so%e state of hea#en.

The sanitized #ersion of the gods and hu%an soul

The sanitized #ersion of god;s and the hu%an soul is that it "as a gift fro% godAsB to hu%an
beings. This is a funda%ental teahing of %ajor religions that belie#e in the soul.

The darker history of the soul

The darker, %ore sinister and oldest "ritings on the hu%an soul atually paint a o%pletely
different piture of the hu%an soul. =nstead of being a gift, the gnosti gospels point to the
soul being an unintended onsequene of the arrogane of our %akers.

The gnosti gospels desribe a si%ilar story to the *u%erians in that hu%ans "ere genetially
F%adeF. <o"e#er in the ase of auasian hu%ans, the "ritings talk of the e#ent being dri#en
out of arrogane, not neessity or produti#ity.
FThe body %o#ed and gained strength, and it "as lu%inous...F
FAnd in that %o%ent the rest of the po"ers bea%e jealous, beause he had o%e into being
through all of the% and they had gi#en their po"er to the %an, and his intelligene "as
greater than that of those "ho had %ade hi%, and greater than that of the hief arhon. And
"hen they reognized that he "as lu%inous, and that he ould think better than they, and
that he "as free fro% "ikedness, they took hi% and thre" hi% into the lo"est region of all
%atter.
F5ut the blessed Ene, the :other83ather, the benefient and %eriful Ene, had %ery on the
po"er of the %other "hih had been brought forth out of the hief arhon, for they Athe
arhonsB %ight gain po"er o#er the natural and pereptible body. And he sent, through his
benefient *pirit and his great %ery, a helper to Ada%, lu%inous 1pinoia "hih o%es out of
hi%, "ho is alled 2ife. And she assists the "hole reature, by toiling "ith hi% and by
restoring hi% to his fullness and by teahing hi% about the desent of his seed AandB by
teahing hi% about the "ay of asent, A"hih isB the "ay he a%e do"n. And the lu%inous
1pinoia "as hidden in Ada%, in order that the arhons %ight not kno" her, but that the
1pinoia %ight be a orretion of the defiieny of the %other.
FAnd the %an a%e forth beause of the shado" of the light "hih is in hi%. And his thinking
"as superior to all those "ho had %ade hi%. When they looked up, they sa" that his thinking
"as superior. And they took ounsel "ith the "hole array of arhons and angels. They took
fire and earth and "ater and %i0ed the% together "ith the four fiery "inds. And they
"rought the% together and aused a great disturbane. And they brought hi% AAda%B into
the shado" of death, in order that they %ight for% Ahi%B again fro% earth and "ater and fire
and the spirit "hih originates in %atter, "hih is the ignorane of darkness and desire, and
their ounterfeit spirit. This is the to%b of the ne"ly8for%ed body "ith "hih the robbers had
lothed the %an, the bond of forgetfulnessM and he bea%e a %ortal %an. This is the first one
"ho a%e do"n, and the first separation. 5ut the 1pinoia of the light "hih "as in hi%, she is
the one "ho "as to a"aken his thinking.
FAnd the arhons took hi% and plaed hi% in paradise. And they said to hi%, C1at, that is at
leisure,C for their lu0ury is bitter and their beauty is depra#ed. And their lu0ury is deeption
and their trees are godlessness and their fruit is deadly poison and their pro%ise is death.
And the tree of their life they had plaed in the %idst of paradise.
FAnd = shall teah you Apl.B "hat is the %ystery of their life, "hih is the plan "hih they %ade
together, "hih is the likeness of their spirit. The root of this AtreeB is bitter and its branhes
are death, its shado" is hate and deeption is in its lea#es, and its blosso% is the oint%ent of
e#il, and its fruit is death and desire is its seed, and it sprouts in darkness. The d"elling plae
of those "ho taste fro% it is <ades, and the darkness is their plae of rest.
F5ut "hat they all the tree of kno"ledge of good and e#il, "hih is the 1pinoia of the light,
they stayed in front of it in order that he AAda%B %ight not look up to his fullness and
reognize the nakedness of his sha%efulness. 5ut it "as = "ho brought about that they ate.F
And to = said to the sa#ior, F2ord, "as it not the serpent that taught Ada% to eat?F The sa#ior
s%iled and said, FThe serpent taught the% to eat fro% "ikedness of begetting, lust, AandB
destrution, that he AAda%B %ight be useful to hi%. And he AAda%B kne" that he "as
disobedient to hi% Athe hief arhonB due to light of the 1pinoia "hih is in hi%, "hih %ade
hi% %ore orret in his thinking than the hief arhon. And Athe latterB "anted to bring about
the po"er "hih he hi%self had gi#en hi%. And he brought a forgetfulness o#er Ada%.F
And = said to the sa#ior, FWhat is the forgetfulness?F And he said F=t is not the "ay :oses
"rote AandB you heard. 3or he said in his first book, C<e put hi% to sleepC A9n 2721B, but Ait
"asB in his pereption. 3or also he said through the prophet, C= "ill %ake their hearts hea#y,
that they %ay not pay attention and %ay not seeC A=s $71.B.
FThen the 1pinoia of the light hid herself in hi% AAda%B. And the hief arhon "anted to
bring her out of his rib. 5ut the 1pinoia of the light annot be grasped. Although darkness
pursued her, it did not ath her. And he brought a part of his po"er out of hi%. And he %ade
another reature, in the for% of a "o%an, aording to the likeness of the 1pinoia "hih had
appeared to hi%. And he brought the part "hih he had taken fro% the po"er of the %an into
the fe%ale reature, and not as :oses said, Chis rib8bone.C
FAnd he AAda%B sa" the "o%an beside hi%. And in that %o%ent the lu%inous 1pinoia
appeared, and she lifted the #eil "hih lay o#er his %ind. And he bea%e sober fro% the
drunkenness of darkness. And he reognized his ounter8i%age, and he said, CThis is indeed
bone of %y bones and flesh of %y flesh.C Therefore the %an "ill lea#e his father and his
%other, and he "ill lea#e to his "ife, and they "ill both be one flesh. 3or they "ill send hi%
his onsort, and he "ill lea#e his father and his %other ... A3 lines unreadableB
FAnd our sister *ophia AisB she "ho a%e do"n in innoene in order to retify her defiieny.
Therefore she "as alled 2ife, "hih is the %other of the li#ing, by the forekno"ledge of the
so#ereignty of hea#en. And through her they ha#e tasted the perfet Kno"ledge. = appeared in
the for% of an eagle on the tree of kno"ledge, "hih is the 1pinoia fro% the forekno"ledge of
the pure light, that = %ight teah the% and a"aken the% out of the depth of sleep. 3or they
"ere both in a fallen state, and they reognized their nakedness. The 1pinoia appeared to
the% as a lightM she a"akened their thinking.
FAnd "hen Haltabaoth notied that they "ithdre" fro% hi%, he ursed his earth. <e found
the "o%an as she "as preparing herself for her husband. <e "as lord o#er her, though he did
not kno" the %ystery "hih had o%e to pass through the holy deree. And they "ere afraid
to bla%e hi%. And he sho"ed his angels his ignorane "hih is in hi%. And he ast the% out
of paradise and he lothed the% in gloo%y darkness. And the hief arhon sa" the #irgin "ho
stood by Ada%, and that the lu%inous 1pinoia of life had appeared in her. And Haltabaoth
"as full of ignorane. And "hen the forekno"ledge of the All notied AitB, she sent so%e and
they snathed life out of 1#e.

The Aporyphon of )ohn A>ag <a%%adi *roll8 dating 1gypt +.82..A4B Apart listedB
4.22 )ni-ersal reli!ious %on%ept. the %ross

The sy%bol of the ross appears in %ore than a dozen anient religions pre8dating
hristianity. At the ti%e of the uprisings in )udea and the destrution of /o%e in (. '1, the
1gyptian ross sy%bol of the Ankh "as kno"n throughout the anient "orld as the sy%bol for
death and resurretion, the sy%bol of eternal life and of one dying to sa#e us.
4.23 2ommon reli!ious %on%epts. serpents and win!ed !ods

A o%%on the%e of all anient religions and %ost %odern religions is the representation of
9ods as either serpents AreptilesB or "inged ani%als. Today, the gargoils standing guard at
the top of athedrals are seen as being %ore an artisti o%ponent to gothi arhiteture than
ha#ing deep sy%boli %eaning. *i%ilarly, stories of dragons and serpents are onsidered
%ore the stuff of %yths and legends than ha#ing a ritial sy%boli %eaning to %ajor
religions suh as hristianity.

The &baid ulture e0isted bet"een !,... and 4,... 5'1, e#en before *u%er, in "hat is no"
=raq and figurines of their gods are lear representations of reptile8like, lizard8like
hu%anoids. Ene of the oldest an %ost fa%ous artifats of hu%an history sho"s a &baid
figurine of a lizard hu%anoid %other holding her lizard hu%anoid baby.

The 'entral A%erian ultures had their "inged serpent god, LuetzaoatlM the <opi =ndians
had their plu%ed serpent god, 5aholinkonga and the >ati#e A%erian ulture is a"ash "ith
serpent i%agery, inluding the %ysterious serpent8shaped %ound in EhioM the 1ast =ndians
speak of the reptilian gods, the >agas Athese "ere a rae of de%ons in =ndian legend and their
na%e %eans Fthose "ho do not "alk but reepFM the 1gyptians had their serpent god Kneph,
and pharaohs "ere often pitured "ith serpentsM the 6hoeniians had Agathode%on, another
serpent figureM the #oodoo people ha#e a god they all 4a%balla Wedo, "ho is depited as a
serpentM and the <ebre"s had >akhustan, the 5razen *erpent.

The anient 5ritish god, kno"n as the 4ragon8/uler of the World, "as alled <&.

The "inged dis sy%bol of the *u%erians, "hih is found all o#er the anient "orld, "as
nor%ally featured "ith t"o serpents.

The link bet"een serpents and sared plaes

There is a o%%on the%e aross he globe of sared plaes being guarded by a serpent or a
dragon.

We ha#e the serpent in the 9arden of 1den. The 6ersians spoke of a region of bliss and
delight alled <eden "hih "as %ore beautiful than all of the rest of the "orld. =t "as the
original abode of the first %en, they said. before they "ere te%pted by the e#il spirit, in the
for% of a serpent, to partake of the fruit of the forbidden tree.

There is also the 5anyon Tree under "hih Krishna, sat upon a oiled serpent and besto"ed
spiritual kno"ledge on hu%anity. The anient 9reeks had a tradition of the =sland of the
5lessed and the garden of <esperides in "hih gre" a tree bearing golden apples of
i%%ortality. This garden "as proteted by a dragon. =n the 'hinese sared books there is a
garden in "hih gre" trees bearing the fruit of i%%ortality and, it too "as guarded by a
"inged serpent alled a dragon. =n anient :e0ian aounts their #ersion of the 1#e story
in#ol#es a great %ale serpent. Another <indu legend speaks of the sared %ountain of :eru
guarded by a dreadful dragon. E#er and o#er "e see the sa%e the%e of sared plaes guarded
by fearso%e dragons and of a reptilian or a half reptile8half hu%an, gi#ing spiritual
kno"ledge to hu%ans.
4.24 2ommon reli!ious %on%epts. the !olden rule

Ene of the uni#ersal religious onepts that binds all religions is "hat is kno"n as the Fgolden
ruleF or the F1thi of /eiproityF. Girtually e#ery religion states the sa%e belief as a
foundation of beha#iour for all follo"ers.

<ere are so%e e0a%ples7
4.2$ )ni-ersal reli!ious life a!es

All religions go through #arious life ages. The hallenge at eah point is "hether the religion
an gro" into the ne" age or "ill "ither and deline.
4.2$ <induis%

About +. perent of =ndiaCs population regard the%sel#es as <indus and 3. %illion %ore
<indus li#e outside of =ndia. There are a total of -.. %illion <indus "orld"ide, %aking
<induis% the third largest religion Aafter 'hristianity and =sla%B.
The ter% F<induis%F inludes nu%erous traditions, "hih are losely related and share
o%%on the%es but do not onstitute a unified set of beliefs or praties.

<induis% is thought to ha#e gotten its na%e fro% the 6ersian "ord hindu, %eaning Fri#er,F
used by outsiders to desribe the people of the =ndus /i#er Galley. <indus the%sel#es refer to
their religion as sanata%a dhar%a, Feternal religion,F and #arnasra%adhar%a, a "ord
e%phasizing the fulfill%ent of duties Adhar%aB appropriate to oneCs lass A#arnaB and stage of
life Aasra%aB.

<induis% has no founder or date of origin. The authors and dates of %ost <indu sared te0ts
are unkno"n. *holars desribe %odern <induis% as the produt of religious de#elop%ent in
=ndia that spans nearly four thousand years, %aking it the oldest sur#i#ing "orld religion.
=ndeed, as seen abo#e, <indus regard their religion as eternal Asanata%aB.

<induis% is not a ho%ogeneous, organized syste%. :any <indus are de#oted follo"ers of
*hi#a or Gishnu, "ho% they regard as the only true 9od, "hile others look in"ard to the
di#ine *elf Aat%anB. 5ut %ost reognize the e0istene of 5rah%an, the unifying priniple and
*upre%e /eality behind all that is.

:ost <indus respet the authority of the Gedas Aa olletion of anient sared te0tsB and the
5rah%ans Athe priestly lassB, but so%e rejet one of both of these authorities. <indu
religious life %ight take the for% of de#otion to 9od or gods, the duties of fa%ily life, or
onentrated %editation. 9i#en all this di#ersity, it is i%portant to take are "hen
generalizing about F<induis%F or F<indu beliefs.F

The first sared "ritings of <induis%, "hih date to about 12.. 5', "ere pri%arily
onerned "ith the ritual sarifies assoiated "ith nu%erous gods "ho represented fores of
nature. A %ore philosophial fous began to de#elop around (.. 5', "ith the &panishads
and de#elop%ent of the Gedanta philosophy. Around !.. 5', se#eral ne" belief syste%s
sprouted fro% <induis%, %ost signifiantly 5uddhis% and )ainis%.

=n the 2.th entury, <induis% began to gain popularity in the West. =ts different "orld#ie"
and its tolerane for di#ersity in belief %ade it an attrati#e alternati#e to traditional Western
religion. Although there are relati#ely fe" "estern on#erts to <induis%, <indu thought has
influened the West indiretly by "ay of religious %o#e%ents like <are Krishna and >e"
Age, and e#en %ore so through the inorporation of =ndian beliefs and praties Asuh as the
hakra syste% and yogaB in books and se%inars on health and spirituality.
4.2" Buddhism

5uddhis% represents one of the foundation and do%inant religions of hu%an beings on the
planet 1arth. Ene in ten of all of us profess to be follo"ers of a 5uddhist faith.
5uddhis% and &'A

5uddhis% in seeking enlighten%ent also seeks to e%pty oneself to a perfet an#as, a plae of
nothingness and all.

The deepest and %ost spiritual of buddhists teahers and philosophers understood this plae
in the arty of %editation. They also "rote about in the "ise books of buddhist philosophy.

The %ystery of nothing, the parado0 of absolute is brought to life in the understanding of
&'A. =n being buddhist your path to"ard enlighten%ent brings &'A and the &'A4=A>
%odel to the fulfill%ent of that drea%.

=t is possible to ahie#e enlighten%ent. =t is possible to e%anipate the soul.
4.2+ )udais% religious %odel
4.2* 2hristianity and )2,

'hristianity represents one of the foundation and do%inant religions of hu%an beings on the
planet 1arth. Ene in three of all of us profess to be follo"ers of a hristian faith.
4.3. =sla%

=sla% represents one of the foundation and do%inant religions of hu%an beings on the planet
1arth. Ene in si0 of all of us profess to be follo"ers of =sla%.
4.31 'a!anDWi%%a reli!ious model

The pagan and "ia religious groups all share the o%%on belief in the spiritual po"er of
the 1arth and nature itself. 6agan and "ia seek to return to old "ays, espeially "hat is
belie#ed to be anient 'elti AdruidB beliefs.

6agan and &'A

The base of the &nique 'olleti#e A"areness and this "hole journey and "ebsite is the belief
that the uni#erse is a"are, that the 1arth is a li#ing and unique spiritual entity. =n this sense,
&'A is perfetly aligned "ith "ia and pagan.

<o"e#er, "here pagan and "ia are fi0ated in areas of har%s, rystals, potions and %agi,
&'A sees the %agi in ordinary things, in all life in touh and li#ing.

&'A opens the "ia %ind to greater %agi. The &adian sy%boli language is pure %agi. =n
this "ay the fulfill%ent of Wia is to adopt the understandings of &'A.
4.32 Satanism and bla%k ma!i%

>o" that "e ha#e disussed the onept of "isdo% and its historial onnetion to the rituals
and objets of %agi, it is i%portant "e briefly disuss the onept and nature of blak %agi
beyond the su%%ary as a negati#e religious instru%ent of po"er.

=%ages of fear and e#il

When the a#erage person ali#e onsiders %agi per se, they probably think of people in loaks
and i%ages of the pentagra% and a ra%s head %an "ith red e#il eyes, or so%e other si%ilarly
foreboding i%age. We no" kno" this is not the ase "hen onsidering %agi o#erall. 9ood
%agi, good "isdo% is the essential distillation of understanding of the "orld around us for
positi#e purposes.

<o"e#er, any initial feelings of fear and trepidation are not far fro% the %ark in ter%s of the
ulti%ate keys to "hy blak %agi "orks.

The high rituals of blak %agi

The high rituals of blak %agi entre around one funda%ental priniple8 to ensnare the
ser#ie of departed spirits to loyally arry out tasks assigned of the blak
%agiian;sorerer;"ith. This is typially alled FThe Art of >ero%anyF.T

Ene a blak %agiian has in their ontrol one or %ore departed spirit, or %ore partiularly
the ser#ies of a reognized de%on then that person onei#ably an e0hibit great po"ers
o#er objets, health and the li#es of the people in the distrit;region.

E#er the years, there ha#e been ountless rituals diso#ered A and a great %any F%ade upFB
regarding nero%any, %ost in#ol#ing elaborate preparation and %i0tures of sared
geo%etry, sared sy%bols, rare objets, li#ing sarifies, "ords and sounds.

The suess of blak %agi #ia fear

The key of all suessful blak %agi, like any religion is7

AaB to on#ine the li#ing it "orks, and at the sa%e ti%e
AbB on#ine the dead

Therefore, the %ore grueso%e and o%pliated;sereti#e the rituals, the %ore hane that
both the li#ing and the dead belie#e in so%e "ay that it "orks.

Ef ourse "hen people do belie#e it "orks, it "orks. Therefore, in blak %agi "e see fear
being the i%ple%ent to build belief, to build po"er.

9rand 9ri%oire and other tales of blak %agi books

>o" that "e ha#e e0plained the priniple high ritual of blak %agi and the essential goal and
underlying %ehani of blak %agi, there is no need to e0plain the elaborate and often
onfusing rituals assoiated "ith %any rites.

=n ter%s of 5lak %agi atually being based around so%e kind of great te0t of blak %agi8
the fabled 9rand 9ri%oire, the %ost notable historians in 5lak :agi refute suh a book
e#er e0isting. 1#en if suh a book did e0ist, "e no" ha#e a better understanding of the
essential priniples of 5lak %agi and "hy it "orks "hen it "orks.
4.33 )2,75,8 reli!ious model

The proble% in possibly "anting to rise abo#e religion and anient beliefs is that to be
hu%an, "e need to elebrate, "e need ritual.
>ature hates a #auu%. Whene#er one appears so%e idea, so%ething fills it. That is the
parado0 of religion. =n seeking to find ans"ers and greater a"areness, one still needs an
option.

A syste% free of %essiahs

EK, "hat if there "as a religion that "asnCt based on "orshipping so%e %essiah, but
elebrating and respeting eah other?

What is there "as a syste% that still helped us to elebrate together births, birthdays,
%arriage and "hen "e die, but also ai%ed to open our %inds, rather than fill the% "ith
doubt, and feelings of being less?

What if there "as a religion that taught you are %ore beause of "ho you are, not less and
that the ans"ers to life are inside, not e0ternally.

The *E2 ode

3or an eternity "e ha#e been told by others and oursel#es that "e are less beause of "ho and
"hat "e are. A host of reasons ha#e trapped us as being less, "hether "e belie#e "e are ugly,
poor, fat, too skinny, bald, hairy, short or too tall.

We ha#e been taught that e#en to be a perfet hu%an is to be an i%perfet being, a lesser
being than any god or the uni#erse. We ha#e also been taught that only a handful of hu%ans
e#er get a gli%pse of di#ine inspiration and for the rest of us it is a %atter of hoosing "hih
%essiah and "hih religion "e feel best benefits us.

5ut "hat if e#ery hu%an did ha#e the ability to both kno" and feel onneted "ith the
uni#erse? What if the kno"ledge and inspiration "e seek has been hidden in our 4>A Athe
*E2 odeB all along, just "aiting to be unloked?

What if life is a drea% and e#erything is onneted? What if the hu%an %ind is already
i%%ortal and "e ha#e no need of any %essiahs or gurus?

This is the purpose of uadia.o%, to e0press as learly as possible that "e are %ore beause
of "ho and "hat "e are, not less, that no8one has the right to try and interpose the%sel#es
bet"een oursel#es and the absolute.
0$.1 So%iety and self

All hu%an beings, no %atter "here they are on the planet 1arth are affeted by at least one
soiety.

3or %ost of us, fro% the ti%e "e are born, to the ti%e "e die, li#e, "ork and interat "ithin
the onfines of ertain rules and standards set do"n by national and state go#ern%ents, ity
ounils, assoiations and orporations.

Where "e li#e, "hat "e o"n, "here "e "ork, "here "e hoose to rela0, ho" "e %o#e
bet"een plaes are all largely deter%ined by the produts, ser#ies and rules of our soieties.
:ost i%portantly, ho" "e see oursel#es, our standards and aspirations, "hat "e learn and
ho" "e keep infor%ed Ae.g. #ia tele#ision and or other %ediaB is strongly influened by
go#ern%ent.

*o strong is a soieties influene o#er its inhabitants that %ost of the 1arthCs population only
speak one language. 1#en then, the "ay in "hih a language is spoken %ay differ greatly fro%
region to region. When "e seek to identify oursel#es to people fro% different parts of the
"orld, "e %ay instinti#ely desribe oursel#es as Afro8A%erian, or Australian, or
=ndonesian, i%plying a set of harateristis just by our national FidentityF.

*o all per#ading is the influene of a soiety o#er its inhabitants that in so%e ases it an
literally on#ine people that Fblak is "hiteF and F"rong is rightF. 4uring World War ==, the
propaganda %ahine of the >azis "as %ost suessful "ith a#erage 9er%an fa%ilies in
on#ining the% that fello" neighbours and friends "ho happened to ha#e parents, grand
parents or e#en one great grand parent "ho %ight at one ti%e ha#e been )e"ish "ere
sub#erting soiety and Fene%ies of the stateF. Without the tait appro#al of the 9er%an
%iddle and "orking lasses, the plans of <itler "ould not ha#e sueeded for the length of
ti%e it did.

=n *erbia and 5osnia, the atroities o%%itted by neighbour against neighbour beause of
ultural heritage at the end of the 2.th entury "as not the "ork of barbarians, but eduated
Westerners. :any forget that *areye#o, a ity of infa%y "as also one the ho%e of one of the
"orlds great spetales of ahie#e%ent, the Ely%pi AWinterB 9a%es. The leader of the
*erbian 5osnians, %ain profession before genoide "as as a philosopher and poetV

=n =raq, e#en though older people re%e%ber the terrible ost of the "ars "ith =ran and the
rest of the "orld, the hildren #ie" their leaders "ith affetion beause of the onstant
%essages taught to the% at shool.
!.1.1 About this hapter

E#er the pre#ious hapters, "e ha#e disussed and understood that a great %any fators
o%bine to influene our sense of "ho "e are and "hy "e do "hat "e do, inluding needs,
"ants, #alues beliefs, goals, relationships "ith other people.

*ignifiantly, "e ha#e seen that these fators also affet ho" "e perei#e life and li#ing to be.

>o" in this setion, "e seek to understand the i%pat of soial syste%s on oursel#es and our
#alues as "ell as our pereptions. =n this "ay, "e ontinue to searh for the underlying
ans"ers to the questions first posed in hapter 1.

=n this hapter "e also seek to understand "hat %akes a soiety, its rulers, its go#ern%ent, its
rules, its ities, its people and ho" these still strongly influene us today.

=n seeking to understand, "e seek to understand further influenes of ho" and "hy "e do
"hat "e do, "hat "e "ish and ho" "e think.
$.2 The importan%e of so%iety and self

All of us li#e under the ontrol of one soiety or another. 1#en people li#ing in isolated
loations are able to do so under the protetion of so%e nation.

:ost of us li#e in large o%%unities that are defined by the geography of the loation, the
li%ate, the population, the nature of "ork and industry and ity ser#ies.

Eur li#es are do%inated by our soieties

We are born into, li#e in and "ill die in so%e kind of soial struture. The "ay in "hih "e
li#e, the "ay in "hih "e interat, "here "e "ork, "here "e entertain are all deter%ined by
the soial strutures around us.

*o%eti%es these strutures are for%ed in suh as "ay that the quality of life of itizens is #ery
good Asuh as AustraliaB. 3or %any ho"e#er, the quality of their life in their soiety is far fro%
happy. 3or %ost of the hu%an rae, life is %arginal.

&nderstanding the o%ponents of our o"n soiety

And in being so totally influened by the soiety in "hih "e li#e, it is i%portant then to
understand "hat the o%ponents of our soiety are. Why is it so? 4oes it ha#e to be? Are
there other ideas?
$.3 The %ommon %omponents of all so%ieties

5efore "e #enture further into ne" onepts onerning struture, and %odern e0a%ples of
soiety, "e should su%%arize the key insights disussed r;e soiety and self fro% 'hapter 2.
of book &'A8 &nique 'olleti#e A"areness.

=n addition, gi#en that religion represents the funda%ental te%plate upon "hih the first and
al%ost all i#ilizations sine ha#e been built, it is "orth re#ie"ing "hat "e ha#e learned
onerning instru%ents of po"er and integrated syste%s of ontrol established in 'hapter 48
/eligion and :e.

A general re#ie" of the si0 le#els of organized self a"are life

We began "ith a general re#ie" of the si0 le#els of higher order self a"are life four, of "hih
hu%an beings and all speies of si%ilar or higher potential %ight be ategorized, na%ely7

Type = 'i#ilization of a olony and language
Type == 'i#ilization of a /egion
Type === 'i#ilization of a 'ountry Athis is "here all our i#ilizations are at the %o%entB
Type =G 'i#ilization of a 6lanet
Type G 'i#ilization of A *olar *yste%
Type G= 'i#ilization of a 9alati Luadrant

A re#ie" of the 12 key onepts assoiated "ith a soiety

=n 'hapter 2. of &'A A<u%an 'o%%unity 2ifeB, "e introdued the essential onepts
assoiated "ith any organized soiety.
The definition and lassifiation of different %odels of soiety

We then in#estigated ho" these o%%on o%ponents of all soieties o%e together to for%
different %odels of soiety na%ely7
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 1&0 of $%0
The earliest %odels Aategory 1B of i#ilization;soiety and religion

We then sa" the diret translation of ele%ents of ategoryA1B i#ilization fro% the religious
syste%s of beliefs and soial %odel being one and the sa%e. That religion has influened and
ontinues to influene the #ery fabri, the #ery %odels and beliefs upon "hih all soieties
ha#e been based sine the first reorded settle%ents by hu%ans around +,... to 14,...
years ago.
$.4 2ommon %omponent.The si? le-els of or!anised self aware life

=n 'hapter 1!of &'A, si0 speifi le#els of organised self a"are life "ere defined7

U Type = 'i#ilisation8:asters of a olony and language
U Type == 'i#ilisation8:asters of a /egion
U Type === 'i#ilisation8:asters of a 'ountry Athis is "here all our i#ilisations are at the
%o%entB
U Type =G 'i#ilisation8:asters of a 6lanet
U Type G 'i#ilisation8:asters of A *olar *yste%
U Type G= 'i#ilisation8:asters of a 9alati Luadrant

!.4.1 The lassifiation of Type =8 :asters of a loal olony @ language

Type = 'i#ilizations are those that ha#e at least %astered at least one type of ergon partile
field as "ell as basi "eak he%ial fusion;fission in the for% of fire and agriulture. Their
kno"ledge of their planet is li%ited and i%portantly they ha#e de#eloped the basis of "ritten
language, oral o%%uniation and the ability to pass to ne" generations the kno"ledge
gained fro% pre#ious generations.
!.4.2 The lassifiation of Type ==8 :asters of a region

Type == 'i#ilizations are those speies that ha#e suffiiently %astered %atter, ergon fields and
the proesses of fusion and fission to de#elop transport #ehiles and %ahines. A region is
defined as large land %ass, or series of land %asses A suh as an =sland 9roupB that are
onsidered autono%ous and ontrolled by so%e for% of organized leadership.
!.4.3 The lassifiation of Type ===8 :asters of an 1%pire

Type === 'i#ilizations see the e%ergene of ne" energis understanding, the unloking and
a"areness of %atter and the nature of %otion. They begin to harness their understanding into
genetially altering life. Type === i#ilizations ha#e %astered the basis of ontrol of strong
he%ial, "eak he%ial fission, but not yet "eak nulear fission A ato%i fissionB.
!.4.4 The lassifiation of Type =G8 :asters of an 6lanet

Type =G 'i#ilizations are defined as :asters of a 6lanet 'i#ilizations This an %ean one of t"o
things8 the ability to destroy their planet, as "ell as the ability to protet and %anage their
planet.

>egati#e8 6lanet FdestroyersF
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 1&& of $%0
6ositi#e8 6lanet FreatersF
!.! 'o%%on o%ponent8The 12 rules of reation of all soieties

=n 'hapter 2. of &'A, "e in#estigated the o%%on strutural o%ponents to all %odern
soieties.

)ust as a ity %ay be defined by its o%ponents, a soiety %ay also be defined by its organi
o%ponents. 4iffering opinions still e0ist as to e0atly "hat onstitutes the essential ele%ents
of a soiety. <o"e#er, in the onte0t of &'A, a soiety is onsidered a li#ing organis%, thereby
e0hibiting the sa%e %oti#es and ele%ents that onstitute all %atter in the uni#erse7

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The 12 la"s of a soiety
$.& 2ommon %omponent.eli!ion

/eligion has al"ays been a o%%on o%ponent of #irtually e#ery soiety.

As you %ight ha#e already guessed, instru%ents of po"er e0ist as the basis of any organized
for%al po"er of soiety 8 the ability to %aintain ontrol and influene.

When "e onsider the influene of religion in ter%s of the struture and nature of soiety
later in this hapter, "e should e0pet to see the e0istene of religious instru%ents of po"er
as the basis for %ost %odels of organized soiety.

9i#en "hat "e ha#e disussed in ter%s of religious instru%ents of po"er, it is i%portant to
reflet on the i%pliation of religious instru%ents of po"er al"ays being the %ost po"erful of
all instru%ents of po"er.

:ilitary;*tate %andate #ersus religious %andate
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=n si%plest ter%s , the right to go#ern, the right to lead and the instru%ents of po"er that
reinfore these rights are %ost po"erfully positioned and rafted by religions than the *tate.

5y definition, a religion is a Fdi#ine o#enant "ith 9odF, "hereas a state onstitution in the
traditional sense is a Fo#enant bet"een %enF. Therefore, religious %andates are
philosophially stronger than *tate %andates in strongly religious soieties.

The instru%ents of po"er are %ore po"erful for a religion than a state

5y definition, the instru%ents of po"er representing physial objets of a religion "ill al"ays
be %ore po"erful than those of a *tate This is beause the religious instru%ents of po"er
representing physial objets for a religion are onsidered absolute and di#ine8 abo#e the la"s
of %an, "hereas the *tate instru%ents an only be a subset of these instru%ents.
$." 2ommon %omponent. 0o-ernment E laws

2a"s and go#ern%ent Ae0euti#e po"erB ha#e al"ays been o%%on o%ponents of soiety.

While %ilitary po"er an sustain a te%porary in#asion, it has al"ays been the po"er of la"s
and go#ern%ent to build, onstrut and alloate li%ited resoures that has deter%ined the
longe#ity of soieties and e%pires.

1#en soieties "ith #ast %ilitary %ahines suh as the *o#iet 1%pire of the 2.th entury "as
ulti%ately unsustainable beause it "as based on suh poor la"s and go#ern%ent. =n
ontrast, "ell onstruted la"s and go#ern%ents suh as the /o%an 1%pire "as able to last
o#er 4.. effeti#e years. :ost reently, the longest lasting la"s and go#ern%ents are The
&nited Kingdo%, The &nited *tates of A%eria, 3rene /epubli and Australia.

The onstitution of a soiety

Ef all the la"s that define and hold a soiety together as one, it is the onstitution that is %ost
i%portant.

The onstitution is the dou%ent "hih is the first to define the state as one, to na%e its
pri%ary institutions, state the legiti%ay and soure of po"er and sustain%ent of po"er. =t is
the pri%ary la" of all la"s.

=n older soieties, suh dou%ents "ere prinipally %odeled around essential sets of rules or
o%%and%ents. Then in the 1(th and 1+th entury, the notion of a dou%ent been apable of
defining a nation as a de%orati %odel "as first onsidered possible.

*ine then all soieties "hether orrupt, ditatorships or de%oratially eleted go#ern%ent
are all based on so%e kind of onstitutional dou%ent.
$.# 2ommon %omponent. (ilitary power

/ule by fore and %ilitary po"er has al"ays been a o%%on o%ponent of soiety and
1%pires. The ability to defend ones o%%unity and to ontrol other o%%unities has al"ays
traditionally relied upon the po"er of %ilitary fores.
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The earliest and %ost suessful e%pires of hu%anity "ere in %any respets a result of
ad#aned %ilitary skills and "eapons. Ale0ander the 9reat "as as %uh an inno#ator in
tatis of "arfare as a builder of o%%on la"s and ities.

The /o%ans bea%e e0perts at organizing %ilitary units and effeti#e battle. =n reent years
it has e#en been diso#ered that the "hole /o%an 1%pire and the position of /o%an 2egions
"as suh that "ithin a fe" days, great ar%ies of %en ould be %o#ed fro% one plae to
another to squash an uprising.
!.+.1 :ilitary supply and eono%i ati#ity

>ot only has %ilitary po"er been a o%%on o%ponent of all %ajor soieties sine the
beginning, but eono%i gro"th and ati#ity Ajobs and gro"th of prosperityB ha#e been
i%portant fators in underpinning the eono%ies of 1%pires.

The %ahines of "ar need to be built so%eho". This %eans people need to be e%ployed and
"hen not sla#es, need to be paid. =n turn these people buy other goods and support their
fa%ilies and o%%unities.
=n#est%ent in %ilitary po"er has been a %ajor soure of underlying eono%i ati#ity for
%any of the great 1%pires inluding /o%e, *pain, 3rane, 1ngland, /ussia, )apan and The
&nited *tates of A%eria.
!.+.2 :ilitary po"er and protetion;gro"th of trade

5y far the %ost influential aspet of %ilitary po"er and general prosperity of the ho%e nation
of the 1%pire has been its use to gro" and protet trade and in %any ases, dislodge
o%petitors fro% #aluable %arkets.

5oth %any eono%ists and %ilitary historians alike forget this essential ele%ent regarding
po"erful %ilitary fores o#er ti%e, that they ha#e ser#ed a %ore #aluable ser#ie in proteting
trade than %erely defeating ene%ies in "ar and battle.
$.* 2ommon %omponent. primary elements of e%onomy

=n 'hapter 2. of &'A, "e introdued the essential para%eters upon "hih any soiety, and
ity, indeed any population of hu%an beings %ay be onsidered eono%ially.

While the %odel differed fro% the traditional nature of eono%is, it nonetheless enabled us
to gli%pse a si%ple and effeti#e understanding of the inter linkages of an eono%y as "ell as
the key the%es of trade that ha#e e0isted at eah and e#ery le#el step of hu%an i#ilization.

The key o%ponents to an %odern eono%y

)ust as anient eono%ies, the basi ele%ents to a %odern eono%y are the sa%e, na%ely
pri%ary produers;industry. <istorially and today, the first and %ost i%portant pri%ary
produers and industry are7

U 3ood U Water;*anitation
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U 3uel U :ining and %aterials
U Transport *yste%s U *torage and distribution
U 5uilding U /ules of eono%y8 eono%i poliy
U :eans of e0hange A%oneyB U 6eople
U Kno"ledge;eduation syste% U 2a";legal syste%

6eople

The entral en#iron%ental and eono%i proble% of the "orld today is the o#erpopulation of
hu%an beings. /egardless of studies that sho" a %ore equitable distribution of resoures
"ould enable %ost people to li#e abo#e po#erty, the urrent esti%ate of ( 5illion people and
1. 5illion people by the year 2..! "ill streth the resoures of the "orld to its li%it.

E#erpopulation inredible strain on the resoures of any ountry, and no "here is suh strain
not needed than poorer under de#eloped ountries "here o#er population if rife.

The strange t"ist of the 2.th 'entury has been that thanks to the i%pro#e%ents in %ediines
and health, the rate of population gro"th has ne#er been greater.

3ood

=n ontrast to o#er population, the largest populations of the "orld e0periene shortages of
essential dietary foodstuffs. At the sa%e ti%e, de#eloped ountries are battling a o%pletely
different proble%8 the inrease in obesity fro% o#er eating.

As a result and quite per#ersely, people hooked to satellite in poor third "orld ountries are
able to "ath able TG sho"s about the fat and os%eti proble%s of de#eloped ountries,
"hile rain"ater erodes under their tin shaks.

Water;*anitation

*i%ilarly to food, the planet no" suffers hroni lak of adequate "ater and sanitation
syste%s in %ost ities A de#eloped "orldB and espeially unde#eloped "orld.
As a result, periodi outbreaks of infetious diseases ontinue to erupt in ities right around
the "orld. As %ost ities are built on ri#ers, the ri#ers the%sel#es ha#e beo%e one of the no 1
arriers of infetious death to thousands of ity residents per year.

3uel

As "e disussed in 'hapter 1( of &'A, fuel is a funda%ental resoure for any soiety. A lak of
fuel leads to a dra%ati redution in %anufaturing and inreased fous on essential li#ing
needs8 and abundane of fuel leads to a gro"th in %anufaturing and health of the eono%y.

At the end of the 2.th entury, there has been a general inrease in the ost of fuel,
orresponding to a rise of sarity of essential fuels. As a result, %any %anufaturing
industries ha#e no beo%e effeti#ely e0tint, "hile at the sa%e ti%e gro"ing une%ployed in
ountries as di#erse as A%erian hea#y %anufaturing to Afria.

:ining;:aterials refine%ent
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There has been a steady inrease in the ost of %ining and %aterials refine%ent throughout
the 2.th entury.

=n ontrast, so%ething rarely understood, the %anipulation of %inerals in 1-2.Cs ontributed
in part to se#ere eono%i slo"do"n in the 1-3.Cs through 9er%any A in partiularB and
again in the 1-(.Cs "ith higher osts in applianes and transport being a refletion of both
higher pri%ary %ineral Arefine%entB osts and fuel osts.

'ountries "ith rih %ineral "ealth e0periened a strange en#iron%ent in the 1-3.Cs and
1-(.Cs;1-+.Cs "ith high inflation, yet high "ealth fro% the %ineral deposits ./efine%ent
industries e.g. Australia, &*A, 'anada and *th A%eria.

Transport *yste%s

Transport is undoubtedly one of the three greatest eono%i gro"th areas of the 2.th entury
and a key signature to the %odern soiety. =n the last 1.,... years, "e ha#e gone fro%7

U The road and art 1.,... years to 4... years
U The o%%erial airport and plane !. years ago to present day

While "e outlined the inherent i%portane of integrated transport strategies, transport
planning has largely been a o%%erially dri#en part of the eono%y for %ost of the 2.th
entury A e0epting t"o "orld "arsB.

As a result, fe" transport syste%s of the "orld are fully integrated and opti%ized. =nstead,
%ost eono%ies "aste preious resoures in dupliation and tripliation of transport8 fro%
national high"ays, to national rail syste%s, to %ultiple ity transport syste%s.

Transport type 'argo type Epti%u% distanes
2arge *hips *eafaring82ong haul, hea#y argo 1...Cs k%
*%all ships 'anals;loked ri#ers8 short haul hea#y argo 1. to 1..k%
/ail8 :ediu% hall, hea#y argo 3. to 1... k%
/oad8 *hort hall, s%all argo . to 3.k%
Air Gery long haul, s%all argo 1...Cs k%

At the sa%e ti%e, eah syste% of transport is least effiient in ertain iru%stanes8

U 2arge *hips8 U *hort distanes
U *%all ships8 U 2ong distanes
U /ail8 U 2ong distanes, #ery s%all distanes
U /oad8 U :ediu% to long distanes
U Air U *hort distanes

*torage and distribution

Traditionally storage and distribution is seen either as a funtion of transport or a seondary
industry. <o"e#er, in ter%s of infrastruture and planning, storage and distribution A i.e.
"arehouses and doks;goods transfer syste%sB ha#e been a feature of the earliest ities of
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hu%anity to the present day.

A soiety "ith poor storage apaity is #ulnerable in ti%es of lo" fuel, food, %ineral le#els. A
soiety "ith good storage apaity has greater hane of o#ero%ing seasonal #ariations and
unforeseen e#ents suh as "ar. 6rinipally the funtion then of an effiient syste% of flo"ing
goods and ser#ies is a o%bination of both storage, distribution and transport syste%.

5uilding

As "e disussed, si%ilar to storage and distribution, building is often seen as a seondary
industry assoiated "ith the souring of %aterials A suh as "ood;stoneB. <o"e#er, the skills
and de#elop%ent of ities as "ell as key strutures rests on the ability to build and build "ell.

=t is to the eternal regret of the hu%an rae that building and the assoiated skills of
arhiteture, stone %asonry and raftspeople has been replaed by funtional;uni#ersal
design so that a building in >e" Hork looks e0atly the sa%e as a building in do"nto"n <ong
Kong.

:eans of e0hange;finane

:oney is also a signature of the 2.th entury, the ad#ent of eletroni %oney and the speed of
gro"th of %oney relati#e to the gro"th of eono%i "ealth. :oney is an independent po"er
unto itself, apable of bankrupting or supporting an eono%y "ithin hours.

=n the 2.th entury, the ad#ent of foreign e0hange hedging has gi#en rise to speulati#e
#alues of urrenies and the %anipulation of e0hange rates by %arket fores for their o"n
gain.

1duation;skills;kno"ledge

Ef all syste%s that ha#e suffered under the refor%ing of the %odern soiety has been the
Gitorian drea% of an enlightened soiety. >o" %uh of eduation has been left open to
o%%erial %arket fores, shaping attitudes and ideas #ia tele#ision, the >1T and %ass
%arketing.

3e" soieties ha#e ontrol of the eduation of their %asses. Those that do, ontrol their %edia
for other %oti#es, suh as state ontrolled tele#ision as a key part to ditatorship rule.

The ogniti#e disad#antaged an be seen aross the "orld in no starker e0a%ple than the
%odern 2.th entury ity ghetto, of poor eduation standards, deli#ery orresponding to e#en
bleaker job prospets. To onsu%er o%panies, these people still represent legiti%ate
%arkets. <o"e#er to la" %akers, these areas represent dead eono%i #alue.

We "ill say %ore about this issue and its i%pliations later in this hapter.

2egal;2egal syste%

As "e disussed, the legal fra%e"ork of the soiety, si%ilar to eduation is often onsidered
%ore a seondary ele%ent than pri%ary eono%i ele%ent of a soiety.
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A great trend and e0peri%ent of the 2.th entury has been the A%erian drea% #ia the
&nited >ations to de#elop international la". While signifiant dou%ents ha#e been
designed, international la" has also had the unintended result of "eakening the effeti#eness
of la" enfore%ent in %any ountries.

6er%issi#e erosion of la" enfore%ent, to statute la" has aused the la" proess in %any
ountries to beo%e orrupted to its foundations. The rele#ene in litigation in the &nited
*tates of A%eria is testi%ony to the deline in the enfore%ent of surgery asa funda%ental
attak on the integrity of the legal proess.

At the sa%e ti%e, the opening of trade #ia rela0ation of trade restritions has resulted in
%any ountries losing #ast eono%i "ealth to the ho%e of %ulti8nationals "ell strutured to
taking ad#antage of distribution opportunities and loopholes.

1ono%i poliy

The deter%inations and fous of the state leadership has a signifiant effet on a soieties
eono%y and therefore %ust be onsidered a pri%ary ele%ent.

=n ter%s of soial siene, eono%i poliy has been one the greatest gro"th areas in thinking
of the 2.th entury, fro% %ore of a philosophy to a seriously reognized siene and regarded
as ritial for projetion planning for all go#ern%ents and %ajor orporations.

1ono%i poliy effeti#ely an be di#ided into the follo"ing ategories7

U %onetary poliy
U go#t e0penditure poliy
U go#t standards
U go#t planning and trade

A healthy eono%y

A healthy eono%y is "here all 12 pri%ary ele%ents are funtioning and ha#e solid
foundations, ideally self souring.

As "e ha#e sho"n, leaders that understand this, ha#e prospered greatly in "orld history.
=nreasingly, eono%i poliy has been a"ay fro% understanding these ele%ents of part of a
losed syste% and %ore points of speialization in an inreasingly speialized "orld. As a
result of free %arketing thinking, %any ountries ha#e opted to "ind do"n ertain parts of
their eono%y in preferene for speialization in so%e other area.

=nreasingly, the push and priniples of a global eono%y has been in opposition to this point.
$.10 2ommon %omponent.Se%ondary elements of an e%onomy

The 12 pri%ary eono%i ele%ents are enablers to the seondary eono%i ele%ents8 a far
#aster and riher #ariety of ati#ity that o"es its e0istene to the healthy e0istene of the
pri%ary ele%ents.

We an su%%arize the seondary ele%ents as7

U %anufaturing8 do%esti;business;go#ern%ent
U ser#ies 8 do%esti;business;go#ern%ent
U retail 8 do%esti;business;go#ern%ent
U o%%uniations8 do%esti;business;go#ern%ent

:anufaturing8 do%esti;business;go#ern%ent

:anufaturing is hea#ily dependent on the relati#e abundane of fuel, people and %aterials
for the right pries.

=n an e#er inreasing global %arket, the %ost e0pensi#e resoure of the 3 has been the
inreased quality of li#ing standards of people in de#eloped ountries. As a result, large
%anufaturers ha#e re8loated fatories to ountries "here labour rates are as heap as
possible. =n de#eloped ountries, this has %eant the e0odus of hundreds of thousands of jobs
pre#iously a#ailable to lo" skilled people.

*er#ies8 business;do%esti;go#ern%ent

=t is the ser#ie and o%%uniation setors that ha#e been the largest reators of ne"
e%ploy%ent in the past 1.. years. 3ro% li%ited professional ser#ies 1.. years ago,
industries suh as entertain%ent, finanial ser#ies, %arketing @ ad#ertising, health, fitness,
legal, aounting, psyhology, os%etis and personal beauty, ha#e all e0ploded in jobs.

&nlike %anufaturing, ser#ie industries are so%eti%es diffiult to pinpoint as "ealth
reators A e.g. touris%B. 3or the %ost part, ser#ie industries are "ealth absorbers and
therefore are ulti%ately reliable on "ealth reators of the pri%ary ele%ents and
%anufaturing seondary ele%ents to prosper.

As has started to be e0periened, ountries and ities that ha#e beo%e entres for ser#ie
industries risk strong eono%i do"n8turns if %anufaturing or the pri%ary ele%ents
hange.

Tell8tale eono%i signs of an eono%y in dangerous position of o#er8reliane of ser#ie
industries at the e0pense of %anufaturing is rising business debt A in the for% of urrent
aount defiitB. While the dollar of a ountryCs e0hange rate %ay re%ain relati#ely strong,
%ini reessions an still our as ertain ser#ie industries feed on the%sel#es to sti%ulate
eono%i gro"th8 an ele%ent of %ergers and aquisitions is suh an e0a%ple.

'ountries that sho" these tell8tale signs of o#er8reliane on ser#ie industries A#s delining
%anufaturingB are Australia, &*, 'anada and %any 1uropean ountries.

The risk as %anufaturing loally is allo"ed to deline #ersus inreased e0penditure on
ser#ies, is that any %ajor shift in the pri%ary ele%ents ausing a do"nturn, an result in
atastrophi job losses as ser#ie industries go into deep reession. A global do"nturn of
signifiant proportions is yet to be felt in de#eloped ountries.

6rodut sales
6rodut sales Aoften defined as retailB is the industries that deli#er end %anufatured
produts to do%esti %arkets. =nreasingly as global o%panies shift %anufaturing off8
shore in searh of heap labour %eans that i%ports of produts has skyroketed in %ost
de#eloped ountries.

Added to this is the fat that ountries that ha#e liberalized their trade tariff barriers %eans
that large orporations are able to distribute heaper stok, or o%pete against against loal
%anufatured produt, often happy to sell at a loss. While anti8du%ping la"s are in plae,
%ost are reati#e Aafter the fatB rather than pr8ati#e Atariffs before %arketB. Thus %any
eono%ies ha#e seen shrinkages in both do%esti seondary %anufaturing and pri%ary
eono%i ele%ents.

=n %any ountries, the lo"ering of trade barriers has had the effet of sti%ulating eono%i
gro"th fro% do%esti de%and, partiularly in e%ploy%ent in produt sales and ser#ies,
thus reating an effet of eono%i prosperity. ho"e#er the signs of %isaligned eono%i
poliy re#eal the%sel#es in stagnant le#els of long8ter% une%ployed in geographi densities,
rising ri%e in these for%er entres of %anufaturing and rising urrent aount defiits.

3urther, the lak of real "ealth retained in these eono%ies is re#ealed in the delining ta0
proportion of business as #alue8add pri%ary and seondary %anufaturing delines. A sharp
hange in onditions, ausing a sharp lo"ering in onsu%er onfidene an ause a %assi#e
drop in eono%i ati#ity8 as e0periened in the global shift in Asia at the end of the 2.th
entury.

'o%%uniation;=nfor%ation

Ene industry of speialized %anufaturing and ser#ies that has gro"n dra%atially in the
past 2. years is o%%uniations. &nlike %any other seondary %anufaturing,
o%%uniations infor%ation requires skilled labour. =ntelligent go#ern%ents around the
"orld ha#e reognized this as one of the e0a%ples of ha#ing high8skilled "orkfores and
de#eloped #aluable e%ploy%ent and "ealth reating industries. The &nited *tates is the best
e0a%ple of this, playing a do%inant role in the o%%uniation;infor%ation influene of the
"orld.
$.11 2ommon %omponent. 2ities and %iti<ens

'ities and itizens ha#e al"ays been a o%%on o%ponent of soiety. A soiety after all is a
li#ing e%bodi%ent of the people that li#e "ithin it.

=n %any ases, an 1%pire has been defined by the ity representing its apital and heart suh
as the /o%an 1%pire.

The apital ity of an 1%pire or a *oiety has al"ays sy%bolized the soiety itself and as suh
has also been a plae of po"er and influene.

The apital of the &nited *tates of A%eria AWashington 4'B is a largely planned apital by
the founders of the onstitution and that soiety in suh a "ay that the entral instru%ents of
po"er "ithin the ity "ould also be arranged by positions and relationships of po"er.
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=n reent years, onspiray theorists and fans of the oult ha#e pointed to the star designs in
relationships bet"een the White <ouse and other %ajor buildings of Washington 4' as proof
of so%e great onspiray. The truth is that the founders of A%eria "anted it to be so.
!.12 *oio86olitial %odels

When you look at any enylopedia on referenes to types of soial syste%s, t"o broad
ategories are often defined8 politial philosophy and soial philosophy.

*oial philosophy is typially the o#erall ategory defining the beha#iour of soieties and
soial beha#iour, "hile politial philosophy is onerned "ith funda%ental questions about
the state, go#ern%ent, politis, liberty, justie, property, rights, la" and the enfore%ent of a
legal ode by authority.
!.12.1 The dozens of different Fis%sF of politial %odels

Epen any te0tbook on politial siene and;or politial philosophy and you "ill see literally
dozens of purportedly different %odels suh as o%%unis%, soialis%, liberalis%,
onser#atis% et.

1ah politial philosophy or Fis%F is lai%ed as distint based on a nu%ber of riteria
inluding Abut not li%ited to7B

O original in#entors;authors;pro%oters of the distint politial philosophyM
O e0a%ples of politial parties and;or go#ern%ents that ha#e o%e to to po"er on the basis of
suh politial ideologiesM
O ability to define a unique set of approahes to the struture of go#ern%ent and poliy.
!.12.2 The blurring of the lines bet"een #arious Fis%sF

Ene hundred and ten years ago "hen 1urope "as one again in dra%ati politial hange and
%onarhies and "ealthy lasses "ere being hallenged by a ne" breed of soialist ideologies,
the differenes bet"een philosophies suh as %onarhis%, liberalis%, onser#atis% and
soialis% ould not ha#e been learer.

4istintions ould be %ade by the absene of key ele%ents suh as onstitutions under
ditatorships and %onarhies. 'lear differenes e0isted on approahes to poliies and
politial apparatus suh as the pro%otion of "elfare, "orkers rights under %odern liberalis%
and the support of business and lo"er ta0es under onser#atis%.

<o"e#er, the rise of the %odern FglobalF eono%y and the pressures of %odern ities for
#irtually e#ery state %eans that e#en %ost ditatorships today ha#e onstitutional rule of la",
e#en soialist states ha#e "orkers rights and support of pri#ate property8 the lines bet"een
these %odels ha#e beo%e blurred.
!.12.3 4ozens %ore Fis%sF and less larity of differene

6olitial siene no" finds itself in the strange position of dozens %ore Fis%sF yet less larity
bet"een the%. =n a "ay, Fis%sF no longer represent genuinely different and "holly unique
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politial philosophies rather than atte%pts of Fbrand differentiationF by authors, in#entors,
politial parties and go#ern%ents.

As a result, the #alue of %eaning %any %ethods of desribing politial ideologies ha#e
the%sel#es beo%e less %eaningful and in so%e ases, %erely an ad#ertise%ent for a
partiular ideology.
$.13 The %ore types of so%iolo!y.politi%al models

'learly, there re%ain key differenes bet"een #arious soio8politial %odels suh as
ditatorships and de%orati states. 5ut ho" best to define the lassifiation of the %any
dozens of different soio8politial %odels?
!.13.1 The eight A+B key soio8politial %odels of hu%an soiety

&'A4=A defines all possible soio8politial %odels into eight A+B ore types7
All the #arieties of different politial ideologies, "hile superfiially appearing different an be
lassified by these eight ore soio8politial %odels
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!.13.2 A soiety %ay shift bet"een t"o or %ore soio8politial %odels o#er ti%e

&nlike onte%porary syste%s of lassifiation that Fbo0F soieties by for%s of go#ern%ent,
politial ideologies, the &'A4=A soio8politial %odel reognizes that a soiety %ay shift
bet"een #arious ideologies fro% ti%e to ti%e as different leaders o%e to po"er and;or as the
attitudes of the population hange.
$.14 So%io.'oliti%al (odel. 7i%tatorship
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$.1$ So%ial model.(onar%hism

=nitially, the onept that a soiety ould funtion on a %odel that is based on dis%antling the
soial infrastruture and pulling bak hu%an rights, trade and learning %ay see% strange. =n
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fat, %any o%%unities ha#e rejeted tehnology and Fgone bak in ti%eF in praties and
beliefs and pro#en self8suffiieny.
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=n %any parts of the "orld, the soial %odel of nihilis%, of tearing do"n soiety, of returning
to anient restriti#e ultural praties is inreasing in popularity, espeially a%ongst the
disenfranhised of =sla%i nations.

:any of the radial intelletuals and their teahings that ha#e inreased in influene and
po"er sine the 1-!.Cs ai% for an =sla%i super state based on nihilisti priniples.

'a%bodia and 6ol 6ot

A reent e0a%ple of e0tre%e nihilis% "as the terrible reign of 6ol 6ot and the Kh%er /ouge
in 'a%bodia. =n a reign of horror, the haris%ati leader and follo"ers %assared %illions of
innoent %en, "o%en and hildren in a delusionary goal of bringing 'a%bodia bak to stone
age priniples.

=ran

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=ran is another e0a%ple of a ountry that through the adoption of radial =sla%i priniples
has li#ed under a nihilisti soial %odel for o#er 2. years.

What one "as an enlightened ountry "ith a strong %iddle lass and fine unique ulture has
been syste%atially been dis%antled and destroyed by isolated and bak"ard thinking for
deades. :ore reently there ha#e been signs that =ran %ay "ish to return to a %ore sensible
soial %odel. <o"e#er, radial =sla% re%ains the stronger opponent to hange.

Si%bab"e and /obert :ugabe

An e#en %ore reent e0a%ple of e0tre%e nihilis% is the %ost reent reign of terror of /obert
:ugabe. Approahing the end of his life, this early rusader for hu%an rights and the end of
F"hite ruleF in his ountry has no" beo%e deter%ined to dis%antle and destroy the
o%plete infrastruture of the ountry he one sa#ed.

There are %any historial e0a%ples of po"erful ditators during the final years of their li#es
atually initiating a kind of %ass suiide pat "ith the soiety that so trusted the%. 2ike the
stories of anient pharoahs of 1gypt "ho de%anded their ourts death on their death.

This kind of nihilis% is the %ost terrible and sad and "as e#idened during the final %onths
of the reign of <itler and other terrible ditators.

>ihilis% still re%ains attrati#e to so%e

=n spite of all the terrible e#idene of the onsequenes of nihilisti poliies, there are %any
li#ing in soieties that hate their li#es and their fello" itizens so %uh that they seek to
destroy soiety.
This is partiularly e#idened by e0tre%e anarhists and suiide bo%bers. *o filled "ith self8
hate and feelings of underahie#e%ent, the pro%ise of destrution is %ore attrati#e than
ontributing to soiety.

=n future, nihilisti attration an be redued by lear eduation on e0a%ples and history of
nihilis% as a soial %odel.
!.1$ *oio8politial %odel81litis%

:onarhis% is the oldest soial %odel of hu%anity and is based on the priniples that
so%eone through birthright has po"er o#er you as your King;Lueen "hile you are their
subjets.

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:onarhis% has al"ays been assoiated "ith so%e %ajor state religion as the assu%ed po"er
of the %onarh is as FgodCs representati#eF. =n anient ultures this "as perfetly aligned
"hen the king "as also the high priest.

The strength of the %onarh %odel
$.1" So%io.politi%al model.So%ialism

*oialis% is an anient soial %odel and is based on the priniple that the olleti#e o"ns the
assets of soiety that in turn is %anaged through so%e elite. This elite %ight be in po"er
through fore, or through eletion.

*oialis% bears %any o%%on features to %onarhis% and the outo%es of both syste%s in
ter%s of historial poor hu%an rights is #irtually idential.
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Luazi8born to rule

Typially soialist states gro" out of the ollapse and re#olution of %onarh states and
around so%e great and haris%ati leader. The result is that the fa%ilies of the leadership of
the re#olution beo%e the defato rulers and quazi8born to rule.

3e" soieties ha#e e#er i%ple%ented an effeti#e #ersion of de%orati soialis% "here the
elite go#ern%ent in fat li#es up to the %orals of state o"nership and the rights of the
olleti#e. :ost i%ple%entations of soialis% ha#e bred orrupt and ulti%ately ino%petent
elite soial lasses "ho fail to %anage the o#erall dyna%i needs of the soiety.

'hina in so%e respets is an e0eption "here generational hange see%s to ha#e beo%e a
strategy of the politial infrastruture so that pre#ious leaderships and their fa%ilies and
relati#es do not hold and retain po"er as defato 1%perors.
$.1# So%io.politi%al model.8ationalism

1%piriis% is a soial %odel "hereby an elite seek to e0tend their po"er and "ealth through
the ontrol of global orporations and syste%s.
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!.1- *oio8politial %odel8'onser#atis%

'apitalis% is a soial %odel "hereby the "ealth of a nation is di#ided a%ongst its itizens
"ith itizens being able to inrease the #alue of their "ealth and assets through trade and
"ork.

Gery fe" pure apitalisti soieties ha#e e#er e0isted. ertainly none of the %odern national
eono%ies are apitalisti. :ost are onsu%eristi or e%pirial.
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$.20 So%io.politi%al model.+iberalism

'onsu%eris% is the soial %odel "hereby itizens of nations and the "orld are gi#en aess
to the "idest possible hoie of onsu%er ite%s to buy, "ith "orkers "orking to %ake %oney
to purhase goods and through the freedo% of trade barriers the standards of li#ing "ill
inrease.
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The post"ar outlook that e#entually took shape, "ith origins atually e0tending to the
internationalists surrounding Woodro" Wilson during World War = A1-1481-1+B "as si%ple
in its funda%ental pre%ise7

3irst, it "as the assu%ptions7

A1B That e#ery nation "ill at out of its o"n self interestM
A2B 1#ery nation ulti%ately do "hat it thinks "ill best pro%ote its o"n eono%i "ell being
and national seurity.

*eond, it "as to on#ine eah nation that its self8interest, fro% onsu%er goods, to seurity
"as best proteted by proteting the other fello"Cs self interest.

=n short, the idea "as to build international eono%i interdependene or, in the fashion of
todayCs language, a global eono%y.

'ordell <ull, as a senator and as 3ranklin 4. /oose#eltCs seretary of state, had been arguing
this point prior to the *eond World War and had sought to sho" ho" national prosperity
"as dependent on a #itality shared a%ong nations.

<e initiated a series of trade agree%ents in 1-34 that sti%ulated a liberalization of trade. <e
"rote in his %e%oirs as 1-1$ that Funha%pered trade do#etailed "ith peaeM high tariffs,
trade barriers and unfair eono%i o%petition "ith "ar.F

<e reasoned that if he ould get a freer flo" of trade8 freer in the sens of fe"er
disri%inationRs and obstrutions8 so that one ountry "ould not be deadly jealous of
another, the li#ing standards of all %ight rise.
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=%ple%enting this sort of philosophy after 1-4! "ould be as daunting as it had been after
WW=.

The reation of the global order, the early outlines of a ne" epoh had to begin "ith the
%aterial rehabilitation of nations injured by the "ar and an eono%i syste% that ensured
inreasing le#els of prosperity e#ery"here.

A%erian eono%i do%inane "as the first obstale to %aking the #ision a reality. When the
&nited *tates entered the "ar, it held about +. perent of the "orldCs gold supply. A%erian
deision %akers realized that the &nited *tates aounted for nearly !. N of the "orldCs gross
do%esti produt in 1-4+.T

'learly, for one nation to aount for half the dollar #alue of all goods and ser#ies e0hanged
on the planet "as unrealisti. A%erian produts needed %arketsM that required the
re#italisation of 1uropesC eono%i strength.

A Fdollar shortageF "hether real or i%agined, "as a hurtful to A%eria as it "as to 1urope.

*eond, the reju#enation and reonstrution of a 1urope de#astated by "ar had to proeed
against a night%arish bakdrop of depri#ation and hopelessness. :illions "ere ho%eless. The
infrastruture "as in a sha%bles e#en t"o years after the "ar 5ridges "ere still in disrepair.

A lak of oal aused a defiit of steel prodution that inhibited the onstrution of e#erything
inluding ironially badly needed oal %ines.

*killed "orkers "ho had gone off to "ar had not returned. 2ong standing o%%erial
relationships had been destroyed. =nflation had rendered %any urrenies useless.

Agriulture for lak of fertilizer and neglet of the soil, ould not yield the har#ests neessary
to pre#ent star#ation throughout 1urope.

The A%erians "ere ruial in restoring onfidene, pro#iding %oney, food, fuel and
%ahinery and in pushing 1urope to"ard sharing defense, eono%i integration and the
o%%on :arket.

Along "ith the establish%ent of the World 5ank, the =nternational :onetary 3und, the
9eneral Agree%ent on Tariffs and Trade A9ATTB, the 5retton Woods arrange%ents, the
&nited >ations and partiularly the :arshall 6lan, A%erian efforts "ere learly ai%ed at
building a "orld order out of different di%ension. The intention "as to de%onstrate the
po"er of %utual aid and olleti#e responsibility. =t "as to restore faith in free %arket
syste%s and to inspire de%orati proesses.

The :arshall 6lan is often taken as e%ble%ati of both the hallenge and the ahie#e%ent. =t
"as, aording to historian :ihael <ogan, an outgro"th of A%eriaCs Fsearh for a ne"
eono%i order at ho%e and abroad.F

=n this sense, the plan "as an effort to reast 1urope in A%eriaCs o"n i%age.

1-$. the t"ist in the tail
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The pri%ary lesson of epohal hange is the ob#ious one7 it requires adaptation. A%eriaCs
suess in aelerating global eono%i interdependene "as not %athed by its readiness to
deal "ith this ne" inter8relatedness.

A nation that held s"ay o#er %ost of the globe at %id8entury openly "ondered, not %ore
than a generation later, about the deline of its ability to o%pete internationally.

The roller oaster ride of A%eriaCs international o%petiti#eness pro#ides dra%ati e#idene
that judg%ent, as "ell as resoures, needs to keep pae "ith the hanges taking plae.

The suess of #arious reonstrution ati#ities "ould ha#e onsequenes for "hih &*
industry leaders "ere not prepared.

A%eriaCs unique position at the end of the "ar "as an ano%aly. =t "as unlikely that $
perent of the "orldCs population ould ontinue to aount for half of the "orldCs eono%i
ati#ity.

=ndeed, by the late 1-$.Cs, the A%erian share in the "orld eono%y had delined to around
2! perent, roughly "here it re%ains today.

The surprise that e%erged throughout the "orld "as that the hanges aused a "hole ne" set
of business dyna%is to de#elop. =n a phrase, transfor%ation to a global eono%y fored
orporations "orld"ide to rene" and rein#ent the%sel#es.
$.21 So%io.politi%al model.Syner!ism

*ynergis% is a ne" soial %odel based on the integrated philosophies of the &'A4=A>
%odel. *ynergis% essentially states that the effeti#e funtion and operation of soiety is to be
found in the effeti#e synergy bet"een its #arious parts.

An opti%u% soiety needs to ha#e an opti%u% onstitution.
$.22 The sti%ky web of so%ial -alues and %onstants

Whate#er "e %ay think about the #alues of our different soieties, the "eb of onepts fro%
the pri%e uni#ersals, seondary uni#ersals to pri%e ideas is so o%ple0 and o%plete that
there is oneptually no esape.

2ike an onion, "e %ay strip a"ay at the #alues and standards that affet our pereption of
rae, reed, olour, gender, physial appearane. *tep by step "e %ay re8assess our trust in
the nature of %oney, la", #irtues, or e#en re8assess our opinions in negati#e beha#iour
dee%ed as bad, e#il deeitful, sinful.

Het as far as "e go, the pri%e uni#ersals and seondary uni#ersal onepts and pri%e ideas
re%ain untouhed, unhallenged. *i%ply, the irular self8referene and absolute nature of
these onepts do not per%it oneptual breakout. *o "e li#e, as all i#ilizations of hu%anity
ha#e li#ed8 "ithin the %odels that ontinue.
!.22.1 The internal onflits of the present soial syste%

The onflits of absolutes re%ainM the rigidity and uno%pro%ising nature of the &ni#ersals.

Terrible sadness has and ontinues to be "rought. 3ro% the unjust %urder of %illions of
hu%ans for thousands of years, to the onsign%ent of indi#iduals hu%ans to "ork as #irtual
sla#es for the benefit of a fe".

What is saddest of all is the "ay in "hih soial organisations ha#e suppressed the self "orth
and self #alue of the hu%an being for thousands of years.

3unda%entally, the first pri%e uni#ersal onstant proposes that higher beings e0ist to
oursel#es and effeti#ely Do"n useP and ha#e the po"er to judge us. *eondly these sa%e
9ods A or 9odsB tell us "hat "e %ust do, or fore#er be da%ned.

Thanks to &'A and all the kno"ledge that it displays, "e kno" these pri%e uni#ersal
onepts to be inferior. There is no higher than our highest self. Eur require%ent for
e0istene is per%anent.

Eur onnetion to all other things is absolute. >o hu%an being stands or an stand bet"een
oursel#es and our greatest self.

Hou kno" no" that there is no uni#ersal judg%ents e0ept life and that your judg%ent
%atters. yet, the urrent %odels underpinning %ost of our soieties do not share these
understandings. =n their eyes, you are less than AaB "hat you think you are and;or AbB "hat
you ould or should be.

We ha#e people still being born today that are told they are less, beause of %oney, rae,
religion, fa%ily history, aste, ulture and physial appearane. We ha#e gurus and prophets
telling us "e are born less and ould be %ore Ausually if "e asribe and follo" their %essage.B

Where is the organisation that tells us "e are %ore than "hat "e think "e are, not less?
&nfortunately there are none. The "eb has been so strong for so long that e#erything is
tainted.
$.23 Top 10 0eneral so%ial trends

There are %any soial issues that are listed in the ne"spapers and tele#ision e#ery day suh as
ri%e, health are, eduation, the en#iron%ent, the "ar on terror and %any others.

The frequeny of these reports and the i%portane see%ed to be plaed on the% by
politiians and the %edia %ight indiate that suh issues are at the #ery heart of hallenges
faing the nation. <o"e#er, %any of these issues quoted are si%ply a refletion of %uh %ore
signifiant and underlying trends in our soieties around the "orld.
!.23.1 The top 1. general trends

=t is these underlying trends, these %assi#e hanges in the nature of soiety that are ausing
%any of the proble%s "e see as day to day soial proble%s. The top 1. general soial trends
for the "orld are7

?1 The shift of intelligene by geography
?2 The ageing population
?3 The rise of re%ote and non8personal interation
?4 The rise of personal and ho%e entertain%ent
?! The gro"ing gap bet"een the #ery rih and lo"er8%iddle ino%e earners
?$ The gro"th in personal, fa%ily and inherited debt
?( The gro"ing dependene on syntheti drugs
?+ The rise in %ental illness
?- The rise of urban radialisation and e0tre%is%
?1. The rise of big brother sur#eillane
$.24 0eneral So%ial Trend F1A

The shift of intelligene by geography

Ene hundred years ago, "ithin soial fra%e"orks by geography people of higher than a#erage
intellet li#ed, "orked and played in o%%unities alongside people of a#erage or lo"er than
a#erage intellet. 5efore the e0plosion of 2.th entury %ega ities, the e#idene of loalised
intelligene "as e#ery"here, fro% the o"ners of entral stores, to the dotors and speialists
that e0isted side by side "ith their patients, usto%ers and supporters.

<o"e#er, sine the de#elop%ent of large urban landsapes, this distribution of intelligene
has hanged dra%atially. We no" see the de#elop%ent of intelletual ghettos, of upper
%iddle lass and %iddle lass DfortressP neighbourhoods populated by eduated people "ith
degrees.

At the other end of the spetru%, those "ith higher than a#erage ogniti#e abilities ontinue
to be pluked out of poorer areas to be shooled, de#eloped and so%eti%es redistributed into
the intelligent ghettos. >ot sine the earliest days of soieties ha#e "e seen suh a deliberate
delineation of resoures and poliies to the detri%ent of those that ha#e less.
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/ather than reduing suh trends, go#ern%ents of de#eloped and de#eloping eono%ies ha#e
ati#ely pro%oted suh stripping of general and higher intelligene fro% o%%unities into
Ds%art ghettosP and Ddu%b ghettosP.
!.24.1 The in#isible %igration

As "e desribed, the ogniti#e elite refers to people in the top perentiles of ogniti#e ability
"ho, o#er the ourse of the 2.th entury, ha#e been part of a #ast but nearly in#isible
%igration.

At the beginning of the entury, the great %ajority of people in the top ! to 1. perent of the
intelletual distribution "ere not ollege eduated, often not e#en high shool eduated and
they li#ed their li#es sattered al%ost indistinguishably a%ong the rest of the population.
Their interests "ere just as #ariegated. :any "ere s%all business people or far%ers, sharing
the politial outlook of those groups. :any "orked on asse%bly lines or as skilled rafts%en.
The top of the ogniti#e ability distribution probably inluded leaders of the labour %o#e%ent
and of o%%unity organisations.

A%ong the s%art "o%en, a fe" had professional areers of their o"n, but %ost of the% kept
house, reared hildren and "ere often the organizing fores of their religious and soial
o%%unities.

6eople fro% the top of the ogniti#e ability distribution li#ed ne0t door to people "ho "ere
not so s%art, "ith "hose hildren their o"n hildren "ent to shool. They soialised "ith,
"ent to hurh "ith, and %arried people less bright than the%sel#es as a %atter of ourse.
This "as not an egalitarian utopia that "e are trying to reall. En the ontrary, o%%unities
"ere stratified by "ealth, religions, lass, ethni bakground and rae. The stratifiation %ay
ha#e been stark, e#en bitter, but people "ere not stratified by ogniti#e ability.

As the entury progressed, the historial %i0 of intelletual abilities at all le#els of soiety
thinned as intelligene rose to the top. The upper end of the ogniti#e ability distribution has
been inreasingly hanneled into higher eduation, espeially the top olleges and
professional shools, thene into high8 =L oupations and senior %anagerial positions. The
upshot us that the sattered brightest of the early 2.th entury ha#e ongregated, for%ing a
ne" lass.

:e%bership of this ne" lass, the ogniti#e elite, is gained by high =L7 neither soial
bakground, nor ethniity, nor lak of %oney "ill bar the "ay. 5ut one in the lub, usually by
age eighteen, %e%bers begin to share %uh %ore as "ell. A%ong other things, they "ill o%e
to run %uh of the ountryCs business. =n the pri#ate setor, the ogniti#e elite do%inates the
ranks of '1ECs and the top ehelon of orporate e0euti#es *%art people ha#e no doubt
al"ays had the ad#antage in o%%ere and industry, but their ad#antage has gro"n as the
barriers against the F"rongF nationalities, ethniities, religions or soioeono%i origins ha#e
been dis%antled. %ean"hile, the leaders in %ediine, la", siene, print journalis%,
tele#ision, the fil% and publishing industries and the foundation "orld o%e largely fro% the
ogniti#e elite.

Al%ost all of the leading figures in aade%ia are part of it. =n Washington, the top ehelons of
federal offiialdo%, speial interest groups, think tanks and the rest of WashingtonCs satellite
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institutions dra" hea#ily fro% the ogniti#e elite. At the %uniipal le#el, the loal businesses
and politial %o#ers are often %e%bers of the ogniti#e elite.
!.24.2 9i#ing %ediority its due

2ife has been inreasingly good for the ogniti#e elite, as it has displaed the soioeono%i
elites of earlier ti%es. =n the far8fro%8idylli past "hen %ost of the people at the top of the
ogniti#e distribution "ere far%ers, house"i#es, "orkers and shop o"ners, %any of the%
"ere also frustrated, a"are that they had apabilities that "ere not being used,. The steps of
steep rise in =L jobs of the ourse of the entury "as to so%e i%portant e0tent a piture of
people %o#ing fro% unsatisfying jobs to lurati#e and interesting ones.

Tehnology has not just reated %ore jobs for the ogniti#e elite, but re#olutionized the "ay
they %ay be done. :odern transportation has e0panded the real% in "hih people "ork.
5eyond that, physial separation is beo%ing irrele#ant. A sientist passionately de#otes to
the study of a ertain protein or an in#est%ent analyst follo"ing a %arket an be in daily
eletroni on#ersation "ith people throughout the "orld "ho share the sa%e passion,
passing drafts of "ork bak and forth, alling up data files, doing analyses that "ould ha#e
required a %ainfra%e o%puter and a tea% of assistants only a fe" years ago8 all "hile sitting
alone at a o%puter, "hih need not be in an offie, but an as easily be in a beah house
o#erlooking the oean.

Aross the oupational do%ain of those "ho "ork pri%arily "ith their %inds, the e0plosion
of o%puter and o%%uniations tehnologies has liberated and e0panded reati#ity,
produti#ity and personal freedo%. They %ay be so%e osts of this physial isolation, but
%any people are happier and %ore fulfilled as a result of the reah of %odern tehnology.

3or a nation as a "hole, the in#isible %igration has surely brought benefits as "ell. We annot
%easure the gains preisely, but they are the ine#itable side effets of greater effiieny in
identifying intelletual talent and hanneling it into high8=L oupations. 'o%pared to 1-..
or e#en 1-!., A%eria in the 1--.Cs is getting %ore produti#ity out of its stok of hu%an
apital and this presu%ably translates into %ore jobs, gains in 9>6 and other effets that
produe %ore "ealth for the soiety at large.
!.24.3 =solation "ithin the ogniti#e elite

What is onerning about the e%erging ogniti#e elite is its oalesene into a lass that #ie"
soiety inreasingly through a lens of its o"n. The proble% is not si%ply that s%art people
rise to the top %ore effeti#ely these days. =f the only quality that '1Es of %ajor orporations
and %o#ie diretors and the White <ouse inner irle has in o%%on "ere their ra"
intelligene, things "ould not be so %uh different no" than they ha#e al"ays been, for to
so%e degree the %ost suessful ha#e al"ays been dra"n disproportionately fro% the %ost
intelligent.

5ut the in#isible %igration of the t"entieth entury and ontinued into the t"enty first
entury has done %uh %ore than let the %ost intelletually able sueed %ore easily. =t has
also segregated the% and soialised the%. The %e%bers of the ogniti#e elite are likely to
ha#e gone to the sa%e kinds of shools, li#e in si%ilar neighbourhoods, go to the sa%e kinds
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of shools and restaurants, read the sa%e %agazines and ne"spapers, "ath the sa%e
tele#ision progra%s, e#en dri#e the sa%e %ake of ars.

They also tend to be ignorant of the sa%e things. They "ath far less o%%erial tele#ision
than the a#erage A%erian. Their %o#ie going tends to be highly seleti#e. They seldo% read
the national tabloids that ha#e the highest irulation figures of listen to the talk radio that
has beo%e the %ajor for% of national o%%uniation for other parts of A%eria. This does
not %ean that the ogniti#e elite spend their li#es at the ballet and reading 6roust. Theirs is
not a high ulture, but it is distinti#e enough to set the% off fro% the rest of the ountry in so
%any i%portant "ays.

The isolation of the ogniti#e elite is by no %eans o%plete, but the statistial tendenies are
strong, and the sa%e ad#aned in transportation and o%%uniation that are so enhaning
the professional li#es of the ogniti#e elite "ill %ake their isolation fro% the rest of the publi
that %uh greater. As their o%%on ground "ith the rest of soiety dereases, their
oalesene as a ne" lass inreases. The traditional separations bet"een the business "orld,
the entertain%ent "orld, the uni#ersity intelletuals and go#ern%ent are being replaed by an
a0is of bright people that runs through soiety. They already sense their kinship aross these
spheres of interest. This too "ill inrease "ith ti%e.
!.24.4 The ne" underlass

A frightening, terrible and fearful trend has been ourring in de#eloped and de#eloping
nations as a result of the e0tration of intellet and the reation of intelletual ghettos8 a ne"
underlass that has neither the skills nor the intelletual o%petene to take are of
the%sel#es, let alone their hildren.

*ingle parent fa%ilies, %ultiple fathered hildren, long ter% hroni "elfare reipients, hea#y
drug dependene, #iolent and angry hildren. *o poor are the onditions for this ne"
underlass of belo" a#erage intelligene that hildren unfortunate enough to be born into
suh onditions are statistially %ore likely to follo" the %ediority and failures of their
parents.
!.24.! The D"elfareP and Dorretness debateP that hides this trend

As per#erse as the trend of intelletual ghettos is as a global trend aross nations, raes and
religions, the D"elfareP and Dpolitial orretness debateP "hih refuses to ad%it its e0istene
is #erging on e#il. >ot only do those "ho refuse to ad%it the root ause of ri%e, drug
dependene, une%ploy%ent and failed %arriages for the %illions of people "ho li#e in these
belo" a#erage intelligene ghettos, but they attak any person "ho e#en suggests these people
ha#e any ogniti#e hallenges as elitists and so%eti%es raists.
!.24.$ The bleak future for the underlass

The future is not bright for the underlass. 3or no", the state tolerates to so%e degree the
ost of "elfare, the le#els of ri%e and soial proble%s of these intelletual ghettos. 5ut there
"ill be a ti%e soon "hen the osts of dealing "ith their proble%s "ill beo%e too high.

When this happens, e0pet to see ghettos transfor% into their ne0t e#olutionary phase8 prison
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settle%ents, "here people fro% these areas "ill need passes and authority to #isit other parts
of the nation for "hih they "ere born a itizen. The transfor%ation "ill be o%plete8 they
"ill ha#e beo%e offiially seond and third lass itizens.
$.2$ 0eneral So%ial Trend F2A

The aging population

The populations of de#eloped and de#eloping nations are aging rapidly due to t"o
ontributing fats7 inreased life e0petanies and delining birth rates assoiated "ith
i%pro#ed li#ing onditions and soial hoies.

!.2!.1 =%pliations

The i%pliations and i%pat of the ageing populations of de#eloped and de#eloping ountries
"ill be different to so%e degree, but all "ill relate to the sa%e general issues7

W redution in national sa#ings7 W redued publi sa#ings beause of the all on publi
resoures for age related ser#ies and ino%e supportM W redued pri#ate sa#ings through
indi#iduals dra"ing do"n on their sa#ings to fund their retire%ent W redution in in#est%ent
beause of the dra"do"n on national sa#ings W redued ta0ation through "ages and salaries
and subsequent pressures on federal budgets W a slo"ing of produti#ity gro"th "ith the
ontration of labour supply W loss of hu%an apital through retire%ent "ithout replae%ent
by younger people.
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=n nations that ha#e also e0periened a %o#e%ent of intelligene into ghettos, the effet "ill
be e#en %ore pronouned as the lo"est birth rates tend to be the %ost produti#e and
eduated %e%bers of soiety, "hile the least produti#e and lo"er ogniti#e skilled ha#e a
higher birth rate Asee %egatrend ?1B.

This "ill a%plify the "elfare budget gap for %any nations ausing dra%ati hanges in
go#ern%ent "elfare and further soial disruption and anger, partiularly a%ong the
underlasses.
$.2& 0eneral So%ial Trend F3A

The rise of re%ote and non8personal interation

*it on a train, or bus and you "ill see it. Wath any group of people outdoors and youRll
"itness it8 The pheno%ena of %obile te0t, e%ail and phone alls.

There is onser#ati#ely esti%ated to be around 1.3 billion %obile phones A2..!;2..$B no" in
e0istene around the "orld8 an unheralded tehnology adoption greater than the adoption of
o%puters A!(+ %illion as at 2..!B and seond only to tele#isions as the %ost per#asi#e
e0a%ple of tehnology A1.$ billion tele#isions as at 2..!B.

While suh tehnology represents a "onderful inno#ation for anyti%e o%%uniation, it also
represents a %ajor influene in the rise of re%ote and non8personal interation.

/e%ote and non8personal interation is "hen indi#iduals hoose to o%%uniate #ia so%e
inter%ediate de#ie or foru% rather than fae to fae. 1%ail is a lassi e0a%ple of re%ote
and non8personal interation. A phone all is an e0a%ple of re%ote interation.
!.2$.1 The dra%ati rise of non8personal and re%ote interations

*ine the early 1--.Rs, there has been a dra%ati rise in the #olu%e and use of non8personal
and re%ote interations thanks to the t"in tehnologies of %obile phone de#ies and
e%ail;internet. This is espeially the ase a%ongst the Dhildren of the internet ageP, those
born after 1-(! "ho are or "ere in their teenage years during the birth of the internet and
%obile phone de#ies.

These people are by far the hea#iest users of re%ote and non8personal o%%uniation to the
point that for %any fa%ilies, traditional dinners around a dinner table ha#e beo%e quarterly
e#ents, e#en "hen all %e%bers still li#e under the sa%e roof.
!.2$.2 The i%pat of non8personal and re%ote interations

The i%pat of non8personal and re%ote interation is different depending upon "hether you
"ere born before, during or after the ad#ent of the internet;%obile phone age. 3or older
generations born before the ad#ent of these tehnologies, they represent useful and seondary
%ethods that in %any ases enhane e0isting relationships.

<o"e#er, for people born during and after the ad#ent of these ne" tehnologies, the phone
and e%ail;internet represent pri%ary %ethods and a#enues of relationship for%ation, "ith
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fae8to8fae ontat often being a seondary, or in so%e ases non8e0istent ele%ent of
relationships.

The effet of suh detah%ent fro% the reality of flesh and blood relationships is still a %atter
of fiere debate a%ongst De0pertsP. What is lear is that suh dependene and e#en addition
to a re%ote "orld of relationships Asuh as :y*paeB an lead to dissoiati#e %ental
disorders "here young people are ut8off fro% the nor%al net"ork of support relationships
that used to be a feature of li#ing in a real8"orld o%%unity.
$.2" 0eneral So%ial Trend F4A

The rise of personal and ho%e entertain%ent

'o%puter ga%es, like o%puters, are relati#ely young pheno%ena. 1#en %ore reent is the
trend of Dsuper sizedP TGRs onneted to high quality #ideo and audio de#ies reating Dho%e
theatreP en#iron%ents.
!.2(.1 Ebesity epide%i in hildren as a sy%pto%, not a ause

=n %any de#eloped nations, the epide%i of hildhood obesity is ausing great onern gi#en
the long ter% health i%pliations of diabetes, heart disease and other o%pliations. Het "hat
is the underlying auses of suh obesity?

*o%e De0pertsP bla%e the fast food industry for targeting young hildren by slik %arketing
a%paigns. *o%e la"yers ha#e e#en ju%ped on Dfast foodP as the ne0t big thing in lass la"
suits after the suess of tobao. Het is fast food a ause, or a on#enient sape goat for a
%uh deeper proble%?

There are nu%erous studies by non8litigious De0pertsP that ounter the argu%ent of fast food
being to bla%e for hildhood obesity pointing to the le#els of onsu%ption and alories
intakes being roughly the sa%e as those fro% the 1-$.Rs, 1-(.Rs and 1-+.Rs. What is
dra%atially different is that hildren today perfor% far less physial ati#ity than hildren of
pre#ious generations.
!.2(.2 Why are hildren spending less ti%e "ith physial ati#ity and e0erise today?

=f the underlying DauseP of hildhood obesity is the dra%ati redution in hildhood e0erise
and physial ati#ity, then "hat is the underlying ause of this fat? The ans"er quikly
o%es bak to the gro"th in popularity of both o%puter ga%es and ho%e entertain%ent
syste%s.

<o%es aross the de#eloped and de#eloping "orld are fast beo%ing the ne" Dpinball
aradesP "ith hildren glued to %onster sized tele#isions "ith high quality o%puter ga%e
onsoles, 4G4 players and surround sound. When hildren are not playing their high quality
graphis o%puter ga%es, the rest of the fa%ily is using the Dsuper8sizedP TGRs for other
entertain%ent suh as able, 4G4s and reordable Dli#eP able;TG de#ies suh as T=GE.
!.2(.3 The al"ays8on TG ho%e entertain%ent syste%
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=n the 21st 'entury, the super sized TG in %any ho%es is al"ays on. 1#en ne" kit ho%es
being de#eloped in nations suh as Australia, The &nited *tates, the &K and 'anada are being
designed around the entertain%ent roo% being the %ost i%portant roo% of the house, ne0t
to the kithen. These ne" D::ansionsP are being designed on super8sized bedroo%s for
o%puters, abling throughout the house, large entertain%ent areas and no need for
bakyards or in so%e ases e#en a front yardV

The fat that suh houses are popular8 houses for fa%ilies "here the outside spae for
hildren has been sarified for the indoor spae for personal and ho%e entertain%ent
syste%s speaks #olu%es as to the likely future trend of hildhood obesity. =f it is bad no", this
is only the start.
$.2# 0eneral So%ial Trend F$A

The gro"ing gap bet"een the #ery rih and lo"er8%iddle ino%e earners

The global eono%y has gro"n se#enfold sine 1-!.. :ean"hile, the disparity in per apita
gross do%esti produt bet"een the 2. rihest and 2. poorest nations %ore than doubled
bet"een 1-$. and 1--!.
Ef all high8ino%e nations, the &nited *tates has the %ost unequal distribution of ino%e. =n
A%eria, the "ealthiest 2. perent of households in 1-(3 aounted for 44 perent of total
&.*. ino%e, aording to the 'ensus 5ureau. Their share ju%ped to !. perent in 2..2,
"hile e#eryone elsesC fell. 3or the botto% fifth, the share dropped fro% 4.2 perent to 3.!
perent.
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!.2+.1 Are the rih really getting riher?8 fat #s s%okesreen gobblygook

*o%e %ay be surprised to learn that "hile --.-N of the population kno" "ith their o"n eyes
that the rih are getting riher, that fe" politiians in de#eloped and de#eloping ountries are
prepared to ad%it this undeniable fat.

*o%e, %ost notably those in the &nited *tates are e#en onfident to deny the fats by quoting
gobblygook DreportsP and sur#eysP that o%pare real "ages, buying po"er and all sorts of
other distrations to lai% the "ages of the poorest ha#e ne#er been better.

1#en %ore suprising is that these s%okesreen antis not only get printed, they largely hide
this trend fro% %edia srutiny for se#eral years at a ti%e, until the ne0t undeniable report is
published and pro%ptly attaked.

As a result, fe" nations ha#e e#en o%%issioned any kind of series in#estigation into "hat
fators are ausing the undeniable shift of proportion of "ealth and assets to the already rih
at the e0pense of the poor and %iddle lass of soiety.
!.2+.2 4onRt pani, its perfetly nor%al, it "ill be o#er soon

Arguably one of the %ost ynial and %ost o#er used e0uses by leaders of de#eloped and
de#eloping nations "hen finally ornered on the truth that the rih are getting riher is the
e0use that it is a Dperfetly nor%alP eono%i pheno%ena and that the trend "ill soon
hange.

This e0use has been trotted out e#ery fe" years for no" lose to thirty years "hen trends
started to learly sho" an alar%ing gap in the distribution of "ealth in de#eloped de%orati
nations. 1#en today, the e0use is still used e#en though the fastest gro"th in the gap has
been in the last fi#e to ten years.
The priniple argu%ent used by politiians under the ad#ie of De0pertP eono%ists is that as
the eono%y adjusts fro% uno%petiti#e industries A"here jobs are sent offshoreB and fir%s
beo%e %ore o%petiti#e, they hire %ore staff and "ages inrease.

=n fat, "ages in %any industries "ithin de#eloped ountries ha#e re%ained stati "ith
"orking onditions atually going bak"ards under industrial refor%s designed to %ake
fir%s D%ore o%petiti#eP8 the result is higher profits, the right getting riher and "orkers
getting less in their pokets.
!.2+.3 Why is the gap happening?

*e#eral features ha#e onspired against the poor to %iddle ino%e earners in %ost de#eloped
nations o#er the past 1. years, in ontrast to the i%pro#ed onditions of the #ery rih.

The first is the gro"ing inequality of effeti#e ta0es and fines. While the effeti#e ta0 burden
of the #ery rih has dereased, the effeti#e ta0 and fine burden of the poor and %iddle lasses
has inreased due to the gro"th in ta0es, parking fines and all sorts of osts fro% loal and
state go#ern%ents. When federal go#ern%ents point to the lo"ering of ta0 rates for the lo"est
and %iddle ino%e earners, they frequently fail to inlude the rising osts of rates, fines, and
assorted loal and state go#ern%ent re#enue raising.

The seond is the stati nature of real "ages. While high ino%e earners ha#e been able to
take ad#antage of bonuses and other inenti#es, lo"er and %iddle ino%e earners no" ha#e
to o%pete for jobs "ith heaper o#erseas suppliers. The result has been a trade off for those
"ho still ha#e jobs in being %ore produti#e "hile keeping a job #s fir%s "ho shift their
%anufaturing;ser#ie enters o%pletely off8shore.

The third is the higher ost of purhasing and %aintaining pri%ary assets suh as a ho%e and
a %otor #ehile and the depreiation or slo" gro"th of suh assets #ersus those of the #ery
rih. =n %any ountries, the gro"th in #alues of real estate of the %ost e0pensi#e properties is
ten to t"enty ti%es that of the heapest property. =t %eans %any poor to %iddle ino%e
earners ha#e engaged in high personal debt "ith assets that are either stati in #alue or losing
%oney.
!.2+.4 The future i%pat

The "orld has seen great gaps bet"een the #ery rih and poor %any ti%es in the past. =n fat,
%ost of the history of the "orld has seen great inequality of assets bet"een the rihest and
poorest of soiety.

6eriodially ho"e#er, the poor ha#e risen up and hallenged the rih, so%eti%es
o#erthro"ing suh unjust regi%es, taking the assets of "ealthy under the leadership of
ha%pions of re#olution. Eften, all that effeti#ely happens is that people "ho "ere one rih
are %urdered, i%prisoned and stripped of their assets and another band suddenly beo%e
#ery rih and po"erful.

'ertainly, the ti%e is fast approahing, thanks to denials and ination in de#eloped nations,
that the seeds of re#olt ha#e been so"n. Enly ti%e till tell "hen the poor "ill rise up and "hat
"ill happen.
$.2* 0eneral So%ial Trend F&A

The gro"th in personal, fa%ily and inherited debt

4ebt has been a finanial option for so%e ountries and o%panies for deades. <o"e#er, for
onsu%ers, aess to debt finaning "as li%ited until the last thirty to forty years. Today,
there are literally hundreds of different types of redit and loyalty ards and thousands of
finane options for %ost onsu%ers in de#eloped nations.

The net result of this sea of debt finane has been to fuel an unpreedented period of
onsu%er spending in nations suh as Australia, the &nited *tates, &K and 1urope.
&* onsu%er debt has reahed staggering le#els after %ore than doubling o#er the past 1.
years. Aording to the &* 3ederal /eser#e 5oard, onsu%er debt hit X1.-+ trillion in Etober
2..3, up fro% X1.! trillion three years ago. This figure, representing redit ard and ar loan
debt, but e0luding %ortgages, translates into appro0i%ately X1+,(.. per &* household.

Eutstanding onsu%er redit, inluding %ortgage and other debt, reahed X-.3 trillion in
April 2..3, representing an inrease fro% X( trillion in )anuary 2.... The total redit ard
debt alone stands at X(3! billion, "ith the household ard debt of those "ho arry balanes
esti%ated to a#erage X12,....

Aording to '>>:oney, onsu%er spending aounts for so%e (. perent of the &* gross
do%esti produt. D*o the "orld eono%y is le#eraged to the &* onsu%er. And the &*
onsu%er is le#eraged to the hilt,P states the "eb site.

10perts "arn that the debt bubble potentially d"arfs the &* stok %arket asset bubble that
burst in 2.... 'onsu%er redit and %ortgage debt represent a higher perentage of
disposable ino%e than e#er before. <ousehold debt as a perentage of assets reahed the
histori high of 22.$ perent in the first quarter of 2..3. The 3ederal /eser#e re#ealed that
personal sa#ings dropped to a %ere 2 perent of after8ta0 ino%e in the first half of 2..3.
!.2-.1 /ising inflation, interest rates and the doo%sday senario

=f e#erything "ere to re%ain the sa%e, espeially lo" interest rates and stable osts, then the
onsu%er debt bubble of the &* and the "orld ould probably ontinue along for a fe" %ore
years. <o"e#er, the doo%sday senario has already started in the &nited *tates, e0ept for a
brief bli%p "hen the 5ush Ad%inistration deliberately du%ped %illions of barrels of oil into
the eono%y to keep fuel pries lo". =t is rising inflation fuelling rising interest rates and
ulti%ately %assi#e debt default le#els.

The ost of energy has been pushing up pries aross the "orld. =nterest rates ha#e already
started to rise in %ost %arkets and just ho" dangerously geared households is refleted in
onsu%er beha#iour to s%all interest rate rises. =f inflation ontinue to rise, then interest
rates "ill also ha#e to rise and %illions of households around the "orld risk losing e#erything.
!.2-.2 The biggest rash in history

&nless tens of %illions of A%erians find a "ay of si%ultaneously reduing their debt burden,
then "hen the rash ours, the bankrupty of A%erian onsu%ers "ill potentially be the
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largest finanial disaster in hu%an history8 ausing so%e of the "orldRs largest o%panies
suh as ar %anufaturers, airlines, %assi#e retail stores to ollapse.

This is not an unsubstantiated or arbitrary hope for suh terrible outo%es, but the
realization that the rash, aused by runa"ay debt fuelling onsu%er spending for o#er ten
years "as ne#er sustainable and ulti%ately the "orld eono%y "ill ha#e to pay the prie.
$.30 0eneral So%ial Trend F"A

The gro"ing dependene on syntheti drugs
Ene of the great hanges of soiety o#er the past forty years has been the a%paign of
transferene and ulti%ate do%ination of global phar%aeutial o%panies in the prodution
of syntheti pain killers o%pared to traditional plant based opiates.

3or thousands of years, o%%unities around the "orld ha#e gro"n and har#ested their
%ediine plants alongside their food rops. <ardy and tough plants suh as he%p
A%arijuanaB ha#e been relati#ely easy to gro" and ha#e been a soure of #ery heap, reliable
pain killers along "ith the poppy A%orphineB and a host of other naturally gro"n plants.

<o"e#er, in the spae of a ouple of generations, %ostly A%erian and so%e 1uropean based
onsortiu%s ha#e sueeded in ensuring #irtually e#ery nation on 1arth has banned the
gro"ing, i%portation and use of naturally gro"n pain killer rops in preferene to the highly
e0pensi#e, tightly ontrolled supply of patented pain killers and other drugs.
!.3..1 The %assi#e size and #alue of the &* ontrolled phar%aeutial industry

The global phar%aeutial industry is #ast, at around X3!. billion in annual sales. >orth
A%eria A&* around !.N of total "orld %arketB, 1urope and )apan together aounted for
++ per ent of the "orld"ide %arket. Ef that, (.N of sales "ere syntheti pain killers.

While the total syntheti drug %arket ontinues to gro" at around ! to 1.N, the size of the &*
%arket has started to deline, %ainly beause of the long ter% health side effets and ensuing
la" suits against #arious syntheti pain killers that ha#e been found to ha#e potentially lethal
side effets. :any A%erians no longer trust these %ulti8billion dollar syntheti drug
%anufaturersR pro%ises on the safety of their drugs.

At the sa%e ti%e, it has e%erged in the past four years that %any hundreds of thousands of
A%erians and people around the "orld ha#e beo%e addited to syntheti pain killers, %uh
like addits to prohibited drugs. <o"e#er, unlike heroin or %arijuana addits, the supply of
these pain killers ha#e been %uh easier to soure, and so%eti%es pro%oted.
!.3..2 6rohibited drug trade

The prohibited drug trade is the prodution, traffi and onsu%ption of drugs that ha#e been
%ade illegal by the %ajority of go#ern%ents of the "orld. These prinipally onern the
agriulture rops of opiu%, oaine Aoa plantB and %arijuana Ahe%p plantB. =t also inludes
the inreasing %arket for syntheti opiates.

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While #irtually all of these drugs ha#e been legal at so%e ti%e in e#ery ountry and the global
o#erage of prohibition has only effeti#ely e0isted in pratie for the past t"enty years.

Today, the prohibited AillegalB drug trade is #ast, aounting for o#er X24. billion in annual
"orld trade Aaround 2.$N of total "orld tradeB and slightly under the legalized %onopoly of
syntheti drugs. <o"e#er, unlike legally traded o%%odities, no effeti#e diret go#ern%ent
re#enue is gained fro% this traffi.

Ef all illegal drugs, appro0i%ately X1!. billion and around 4 %illion Kg of opiu% resin
ontinues to be produed eah year, %ainly the %ountainous Asian nations, predo%inately
Afghanistan. This in turn fuels the X2! billion heroin industry per year. 'oaine Aaround
+3!,... Kg at around X22 billionB, :arijuana A2 %illion Kg and around X12 billionB, <ashish
A23.,... Kg and around X4 billionB are the other traditional drug rops no" produed
illegally by organized ri%e.

*ignifiantly, %ethyl a%pheta%ines, largely produed fro% on#erting legal syntheti drugs
suh as flu pills into illegal drugs has gro"n quikly to aount "orld"ide trade of around
$4.,... Kg and X1( billion.
!.3..3 1ffets of handing legal ontrol of syntheti drug %anufaturing and supply to &* and
1uropean 4rug 'o%panies

The effet of enforing the legal %onopoly of syntheti drug %anufaturing o%panies of the
"orldRs %arket of pain killers has been as de#astating distortion of the "orldRs resoures,
indi#idual health and "ell being.

:ost ruelly, it has denied %any of the poorest ountries in Afria and Asia the right to gro"
and supply their itizens "ith heap, safe pain killers. =nstead, drug o%panies ha#e for the
past ten years been du%ping old stok, "hih pro#ides ne0t to no effeti#e relief along "ith
potentially lethal side effets on the poor nations of the "orld, "hile reei#ing foreign aid
dollars for their efforts.

At the sa%e ti%e, ta0payers in de#eloped nations ha#e "athed as billions of dollars ha#e
been di#erted to enfore the legal %onopoly of drug o%panies, oasionally s%ash DillegalP
drug artels and jail %illions of people found to be using, or selling drugs not %anufatured
by A%erian and 1uropean drug o%panies.

A%erian politiians funded and supported by drug o%panies ha#e no" jailed o#er 2 %illion
of their fello" itizens, of "hih (.N relate in so%e "ay to drug ri%es.

:ean"hile, billions of dollars in DillegalP drug trade is unta0ed and a#ailable aross the "orld
to help fund terrorist and radial organizations, organized ri%e and bribe hundreds of
thousands of offiials around the "orld.
!.3..4 The loo%ing syntheti ti%e bo%b

=n an added per#ersion, the %ost reent loo%ing risis is the dra%ati rise in the use of
%ethyl a%pheta%ines, a %arket of illegal drugs essentially %ade possible beause of the
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%onopoly of %ulti8national syntheti drug %anufaturers of flu and ough %ediines as "ell
as other pain killers.

What %akes this latest drug raze of greater onern is that along "ith #irtually all syntheti
lasses of drugs produed by the %ulti8national drug o%panies, there are se#ere side effets
in long ter% use, %ost notably se#ere psyhosis and #iolene.

The drug DieP, a refined for% of %ethyl a%pheta%ines has been found to be responsible for
so%e of the %ost shoking #iolent ri%e in %ajor urban A%erian and 1uropean ities sine
it bea%e popular.

At the sa%e ti%e, the #ery A%erian and 1uropean o%panies that fored la" %akers around
the "orld to %ake their drugs the only legally a#ailable pain killers are no" faed "ith a
disaster of their o"n %aking as lass ations in A%eria and else"here are tipped to ost the
industry tens of billions in o%pensation for the %isery, death and per%anent health injuries
their drugs aused thousands of unfortunate users.

=n the end, naturally gro"n, side effet free opiate drugs %ight be per%itted to be gro"n
again as phar%aeutial o%panies are sued out of the business of %aking pain killers after
all.
$.31 0eneral So%ial Trend F#A

The rise in %ental illness

While the %edia fouses on the sad plight of %illions of people "ho ha#e ontrated
<=G;A=4* and other potentially lethal diseases, the World <ealth Erganisation AW<EB has
esti%ated in a series of reports sine 2..1 that appro0i%ately one in four of the "orldRs
population "ill at one point in their li#es suffer fro% so%e for% of %ental illness.

=f true, it %eans around 1.$ billion people are suffering so%e kind of %ental illness or are at
risk of %ental illness %aking %ental illness the largest pande%i in the history of the hu%an
rae.
!.31.1 What is the urrent state of %ental illness?

:ental illness is a broad generi label for a ategory of illnesses that %ay inlude affeti#e or
e%otional instability, anti8soial beha#iour and;or ogniti#e dysfuntion or i%pair%ent.
There are literally dozens of no" reognized %ental disorders inluding %ajor depression,
addition, generalized an0iety disorder, bipolar disorder, psyhosis and shizophrenia.

W<E esti%ated in 2..1 that around 4!. %illion people around the "orld suffer fro% %ental
or neurologial disorders suh as depression. Ef these, appro0i%ately 121 %illion people "ere
suffering fro% depression, 24 %illion fro% shizophrenia and around (. %illion fro%
addition.
!.31.2 What is the trend? <as %ental illness al"ays been high?

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As substantial as the present day figures on %ental health appear, a key question is "hether
%ental illness is rising, delining or has al"ays been high, just under diagnosed.

*urprisingly, there are different De0pertsP "ho argue in fa#our of all three positions. 3or those
"ho say %ental illness has al"ays been signifiant point to the lak of adequate analysis one
hundred years ago, let alone t"o hundred years ago. There are e#en those "ho lai% that
so%e %ental health issues Asuh as shizophreniaB are atually dereasing fro% a peak in the
1-$.Rs. Then there is a large body of respet sientists "ho point o#er"hel%ingly to %ental
illness being an e#er gro"ing %odern pande%i.

&nfortunately histori reords of %ental illness ases are highly suspet, gi#en it reords only
the %ost e0tre%e of ases. <o"e#er, if these De0tre%eP ases are taken on their o"n then in
the &nited *tates, the nu%ber of se#erely %entally ill in 1+4. "as listed as 2,!$1, in 1-!! it
"as !!+,--2 and in 2..! around 1$ %illion to 2. %illion.

=f A%eria is taken as one e0a%ple, then learly se#ere %ental illness is on the rise, and
dra%atially so, e#en if non se#ere %ental disorders are being better diagnosed today than
one hundred years ago.
!.31.3 What is ausing the rapid rise in %ental illness around the "orld?

Ene again, %ental health De0pertsP disagree "ildly on the auses of the rapid rise of %ental
illness, "ith so%e bla%ing %odern ulture and soiety, others bla%ing %odern food, so%e
drugs suh as %arijuana and alohol and others still bla%ing an as yet undiagnosed #irus.

=n ter%s of drug abuse, there is no question that e0essi#e use of opiates and;or sedati#es an
lead to se#ere %ental illness. 'ontrary to %arijuana being a %ajor ause of %ental illness as
pro%oted by so%e politiians and %edia, alohol abuse is t"enty ti%es %ore pre#alent a
ause for %ental illness than Ds%oking potP.

=n ter%s of food additi#es and diet, there is so%e e#idene to suggest that high sugar and salt
diets an affet the brain o#er long periods of ti%e ausing so%e people to be %ore prone to
%ental illness suh as depression. <o"e#er, the nu%ber of people and the onsisteny of data
annot %ean this is the sole reason, or e#en a signifiant fator alone.

=n ter%s of %odern soiety, there is a "ide nu%ber of possible andidate ontributing fators
to %ental illness, fro% the rise in isolated beha#iour, the rise of personal and ho%e pressures
and the general proessing stresses plaed on the %odern hu%an brain. 10luding e0tre%e
substane abuse, the effets of %odern soiety see% to be a %ajor ontributing fator in the
rise of %ental illness.
!.31.4 *o "hat ne0t?

When your o"n soiety is slo"ly killing you and sending you insane, do you honesty think the
leaders of suh a soiety are going to stand up one day and fi0 things?

*uh is the urse of the eono%i suess of de#eloped nations "ho ha#e been %anaged by
De0pertsP obsessed in eono%i gro"th at the e0pense of quality of li#ing. The net result is
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Droad rageP, Do%%uter hellP, Dper%anent s%ogP and a host of other soial illnesses in the
"ay our ities fail to run properly.

/ather than ad%it suh poliies of eono%i rationalis% "ere "rong, %any e0perts ha#e
beo%e e#en %ore e%boldened in enouraging %assi#e job outsouring and the reation of
ne" %ass une%ploy%ent of ser#ie jobs in de#eloped nations to de#eloping nations. =n the
end, it "ill not be until re#olutionary hange e0pels suh people and their theories to obli#ion
that %odern de#eloped soieties "ill ha#e a hane to start to pik up the piees of any
e0isting quality of life and re8built, onsolidate and heal.

&ntil then, our ities ontinue to be li#ing hell for %any. A breeding ground for insanity,
%anaged by insane poliies by people "ho refuse to akno"ledge the %adness of it all.
$.32 0eneral So%ial Trend F*A

The rise of urban radialization and e0tre%is%

=n generations gone by, "hen faed "ith oppression, "hen faed "ith intolerable ruelty and
depri#ation, %asses of ordinary itizens rose up against the go#ern%ent of the day and those
that benefited by it and hanged soiety.

&nfortunately, the history of re#olution has not al"ays resulted in better onditions for those
"ho need it. :any raft ditators ha#e ridden to po"er on the bak of soial disenhant%ent
only to reate e#en "orse onditions than the people "ho they helped o#erthro". *uh is the
danger of gro"ing urban disontent and radialization.
!.32.1 &rban disenhant%ent, radialization and e0tre%is% is on the rise

&rban disenhant%ent, radialization and e0tre%is% is on the rise. <o"e#er, you %ay not
ha#e heard it put in suh a "ay before. =nstead, ertain politiians ha#e %anaged to ske" the
%essage as Dthe "ar on terrorP, a see%ing battle bet"een the ulture of =sla% and the ulture
of 'hristianity.

'ertainly, the tragedy of -;11 and the World Trade 'enter is an e0a%ple of this radial =sla%i
terroris%, but it is %inor and separate to"ards a gro"ing global trend.

&rban disenhant%ent and radialization has nothing to do "ith &sa%a bin 2aden, although
e0tre%ist and un"ise poliies by so%e Western go#ern%ent see% hell bent on %aking the
t"o one and the sa%e. >ot"ithstanding poor hoies of "ords and e0tre%ist rhetori fro%
both sides, in "estern de%oraies and de#eloping nations, a gro"ing per%anent underlass
is "athing as it is largely ignored, re%ains under e%ployed, or une%ployed and inreasingly
#iti%ized by %ore %ilitant la" enfore%ent regi%es.

This is the sa%e underlass %entioned in the first trend, people li#ing in ogniti#e ghettos,
people li#ing in poorer housing, but urrently "ith equal aess to TG, ne"s and to obser#e
the e#er inreasing "ealth of their ogniti#e elite neighbours.

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'ontinuing de%ands for Dzero toleraneP by the ogniti#e elites as "ell as deliberate ignoring
of the plight of this underlass by %any nations has no" put this loosely affiliated group on a
ollision ourse.

We are not talking about a fe" sleeper ells of e0tre%ist :usli%s. =nstead, "e are talking
about tens of thousands and %illions of disenfranhised people "ho ha#e lost all "ork, lost all
hope and ha#e nothing to lose.
!.32.2 The forest is dry, but "here is the spark?

'o%e the day that the debt dri#en &* onsu%er spending bubble bursts, "ill see %any
%illions of the ogniti#e elite thro"n into the sa%e "rethed onditions as the underlass
they so despised. When this happens in %onths or a fe" years, the onditions "ill be ripe for
soial re#olution and radialization aross a "hole nu%ber of nations inluding #irtually
e#ery de#eloped de%oray and de#eloping nations.
=t is at this point that the ne0t breed of sa##y, politiians "ill rise up and take ontrol, using
the %ass protests against the #ery rih, against "ealthy and orrupt orporations as the fous
of %ob anger.

Will they sueed? <istory tells us that in the short ter% al%ost ertainly yes. Will these ne"
radial leaders ha#e the ability to sol#e the soial proble%s of nations in tur%oil? =t is yet to
be seen.
$.33 0eneral So%ial Trend F10A

The rise of big brother sur#eillane

9eorge Er"ell fa%ously "rote a book D1-+4P in "hih he predited a "orld in "hih the state
had both the tehnology and the %andate to pry and interrogate e#ery aspet of its itizenRs
li#es, an ulti%ate regi%e of ontrol, fear and po"er.

Ef ourse, there ha#e already been a great %any regi%es in the 2.th entury "ith ad#aned
ontrol tehniques for urban %asses, not the least being the >azis, the *tasi A1ast 9er%an
*eret 6olieB and the K95 A*o#iet &nionB.

What is different bet"een 2.th 'entury DfearP states and %odern fears of 5ig 5rother is that
it is supposedly de%orati and free states that are no" olleting unpreedented a%ounts of
data and spying on its o"n itizens.

A reent e0a%ple is the &nited *tates and a %assi#e illegal phone tapping progra% ai%ed to
allegedly stop potential terrorist threats. Another e0a%ple is the %assi#e net"ork of a%eras
and intelligent soft"are linking %ajor infrastruture areas in 2ondon and around the &nited
Kingdo%.
!.33.1 =f you ha#e nothing to hide, "hat is there to fear?

=t is a perfetly reasonable assu%ption that if you ha#e nothing to hide, then "hy should the
itizens of de%orati nations fear the %assi#e apparatus of big brother being built around
the%? Ef ourse, this assu%ption rests on a questionable underlying pre%ise that the
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go#ern%ent and its authorities are o%petent at distinguishing threats and that the
go#ern%ent and its authorities re%ain by and large disposed to upholding %ost of the #alues
of a progressi#e de%oray.

<o"e#er "hat happens "hen the go#ern%ent gets it "rong and "hat happens "hen so%eone
is eleted "ho reognizes the unpreedented po"er of the ne" big brother apparatus of
a%eras, %onitors and o%puters to quash dissent and %aintain po"er?

&nfortunately, history is a ruel and unrepentant teaher that "hen you build so%ething as
po"erful as a fully integrated state %onitoring and ontrol syste%, one day in the %onths and
years ahead, it is going to be used for e#il.
!.33.2 &rban radialization and future e0tre%ist leaders

/eturning to the pre#ious %ajor trend of urban radialization, the national big brother
apparatus is an asset to la" enfore%ent in being able to identify potential proble%s and
alloate resoures8 a fairly benign use of suh po"erful tehnology under a de%oray.

*o%e bak roo% po"er brokers %ay e#en feel that suh apparatus ulti%ately ats as a
disinenti#e to re#olution, %uh like the %assi#e :aginot 2ine of 3renh reinfore%ents "as
supposed to bog do"n <itlerRs ar%y for years. 'ertainly, "hen a fe" hundred and e#en a fe"
thousand people are in uprising, the syste% is useful in quelling suh unrest. 5ut "hat
happens "hen tens of thousands and e#en hundreds of thousands of people and in unrest?
What good is the %ahine then?

Ef ourse, the sa%e apparatus that "as built to seek out and deal "ith urban radials and
terrorists represents the %ost perfet tools of ontrol for any radial go#ern%ent s"ept to
po"er on anti8rih, anti8establish%ent anger.

This is the real and present fear of the big brother syste% being built today. >ot that it "ill
hurt itizens "hile go#ern%ent ontinue to be eleted de%oratially, but "hen ine#itable
soial uphea#al o%es, beause of years of poor poliy and neglet, suh apparatus "ill %ake
any restoration of #alues, of genuine de%oray against ditators and their supporters a #ery
hard hallenge.
0&. 'eople and Self

We depended upon other hu%an beings for our reation as an organis%. We depended upon
our %other for our safe de#elop%ent in her "o%b and other hu%an beings, "hether it be
dotors or %id"i#es for our safe deli#ery at birth. And "e depended on hu%an beings, fa%ily
or others for our nurturing as a hild.

We are in e#ery aspet, a soial ani%al, dependent upon other hu%an beings to so%e degree,
for our entire li#es.

As "e disussed in 'hapter 1! and 1+of the book &'A, our dependene on others goes %uh
further than the require%ents of food, lothing and shelter. Eur de#elop%ent as healthy and
o%plete %e%bers of the speies is signifiantly dependent upon the le#el and quality of
physial ontat "ith other hu%an beings fro% birth. And our %ental de#elop%ent is
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inti%ately linked to the interation, i%itation and support of others and hene our sense of
self.

=n the pre#ious hapter, "e onsidered in detail the underlying %oti#ations behind our
ations, inluding the i%portant beliefs, #alues and ethis linked to our life as hu%an beings.
While this hopefully helps us refine a learer piture of our goals, neessities and desires, it
nonetheless does not yet ans"er the essential questions outlined at the beginning of this book
e.g. "hy do = feel the "ay = do? <o" an = find balane?

>o" "e seek to %o#e loser to finding ans"ers to the questions originally posed by
onsidering ho" and "hy "e think of oursel#es the "ay "e do? and the %ass of relationships,
interations and pressures fro% others that affet us and shape self.
&.2 The influen%e of relationships. who are you;

Who are you? and "hy? Why do you do "hat you do? and ho" do you #ie" your ations and
thoughts?

3ro% suh si%ple questions, "hole industries of therapists, books and hundreds of thousands
of pages no" e0ist. Ans"ers to these questions flood our li#es, fro% gossip %agazine
horosopes, to our friends and relati#es pro#iding FfreeF ad#ie.

*o As it is, "e "ent so%e "ay to atte%pting to pro#ide for you ans"ers to the question of
"hat you are aording to &'A, yet this is our opinion8 not neessarily yours.

What "e "ish to understand no" is "hat you think about your self? and "hy you think that
"ay? What "e seek is to understand the range of interations and influenes that affet our
li#es and our attitudes to these questions.
$.2.1 What you think you are AselfB

What you think you are8 is "hat you are8 to you. This irular argu%ent is self referening,
and therefore is both true and false.

Ef ourse, "e as hu%an beings are %ore than "e think "e are fro% ti%e to ti%e, yet our %ind
li%its our pereption fro% ti%e to ti%e for us to think of oursel#es as less.

That "e see oursel#es as just hu%ans, as being alone, as being less, of not being attrati#e, of
being too old, of being less intelligent, less haris%ati, of being less "ealthy, of being less
able.

All of the pereptions of %ind are "hat you think you are8 yet are not. This is the illusion of
the %ind and the greatest frustration, to try to al% our %inds so that "e an think and see
beyond those thoughts that rule our pereption of "ho "e think "e are.
$.2.2 What others think of you AselfB

Hou are "hat others think of you8 e#en though you %ay disagree. =f a %agistrate or a judge on
a ourt on#its you of being a thief, or being a liar, then you are a thief and a liar in the eyes
of others. This annot be disputed.

The issue is "hether you perei#e yourself to be and "hether you perei#e this to be true and
aurate.

3or %ost of us, "hat others think of us is often the %ain soure of our opinion of oursel#es.
That "hen "e reei#e negati#e feedbak, it affets us to belie#e "e oursel#es are less.
$.2.3 What others think of you AselfB

Hou are "hat others think of you8 e#en though you %ay disagree. =f a %agistrate or a judge on
a ourt on#its you of being a thief, or being a liar, then you are a thief and a liar in the eyes
of others. This annot be disputed.

The issue is "hether you perei#e yourself to be and "hether you perei#e this to be true and
aurate.

3or %ost of us, "hat others think of us is often the %ain soure of our opinion of oursel#es.
That "hen "e reei#e negati#e feedbak, it affets us to belie#e "e oursel#es are less.
$.2.4 What you are A&'A understanding of selfB

Then there is the you8 "hat you are8 "hat you are underneath and abo#e the petty
pereptions of others and of our o"n %inds. That "e are the earth, "e are the sun, the solar
syste%, the stars, &'A and A22.

This is the hardest self to stay foused and li#e at the sa%e ti%e. 3or %o%ents, for gli%pses
"e %eld into the oneness, only to be faed "ith %ore deisions of the self, of the person
others see us as, as
$.2.! /elationships as trans%itters of belief syste%s

Ef all the belief syste%s of the "orld, soiety and religion8 the infor%ation is still trans%itted
#ia indi#iduals to indi#iduals. =nreasingly infor%ation is pro#ided to us, %inus the hu%an
touh8 the #oie ati#ated phone .

/elationships therefore are pri%ary influeners of our sense of self8 for it is through
relationships that belief syste%s are de#eloped and inputted into our o"n %ind.

/elationships lose to us beo%e %ajor areas "here belief syste%s ha#e an enor%ous i%pat
on ho" "e see oursel#es8 our parents.
&.3 Types of relationships and self

The relationships "e ha#e "ith others has a profound and defining i%pat on our sense of
self. <u%ans, like %ost sophistiated ani%als on the planet 1arth learn %uh of their
eduation fro% "athing and i%itating others of the sa%e speies.
$.3.1 The definition of relationship
The "ord relationship o%es fro% 2atin ste% relatusA a past partiiple of referreB %eaning
Fha#ing relation to, or relationship "ith so%ething else.F =n a %odern sense, there are t"o key
definitions of relation7

FThe state of being relatedM a ondition or harater based upon thisF and
FEf persons onneted by blood or %arriage to another, or "ith eah other 1(.2F

Therefore, the people "ho li#e around our plae of residene are related to us, based on
geographi pro0i%ity. The people "e "ork "ith are related by #irtue of our plae of "ork, the
people "e see and join in group ati#ities are related by our o%%on interests and
assoiation, and so on.

A hu%an being, therefore %ay ha#e %any hundreds and thousands of relationships
depending on their loation, plae of "ork, interests, hobbies and friends.
$.3.2 The relationships of fa%ily

The "ord fa%ily o%es fro% the 2atin ste% fa%ilia %eaning F householdF, and related to the
"ord fa%ulus %eaning Fser#antF.

<ene, one of the earliest definitions of the "ord Aaround the +th enturyB %eans Fthe body of
persons "ho li#e in one house under one head, inluding parents, hildren, ser#ants.F =n this
definition "e see no distintion bet"een fa%ily and non fa%ily %e%bers based on blood, but
aording to the o%%on loation of residene and leadership.

&ntil the last t"o hundred years, a %ore speifi "ord FkinF "as used to desribe blood
relation only. The "ord kin o%es fro% the old 1nglish ynAnB related to the 2atin ste% genus
%eaning FraeF. Kin originally %eant Fa group of persons desended fro% a o%%on
anestor, and so onneted by blood8relationship, a fa%ily, stok, lan.

The ne0t %ajor de#elop%ent of the "ord fa%ily did not appear until the late 1$th ' "ith the
definition FThe group onsisting of parents and their hildren "hether li#ing together or notM
in "ider sense, all those "ho are nearly onneted by blood or affinityF andM FThose
desended or lai%ing desent fro% a o%%on anestorM a houseM a kindred, lineageF.

Thus by the 1$th 'entury, the "ord de#eloped a %ore speifi referene to blood
relationships, %inus the geographi require%ent to be in the sa%e loation. While both
understandings are still used today, %ost go#ern%ents around the "orld, tend only to
for%ally reognize the %ore reent Fblood or %arriage relationshipF definition of the "ord.
$.3.3 The relationships of friends

The "ord friend is deri#ed fro% Eld >orse and Eld 9er%an "ord frijojan %eaning Flo#eF and
frijaz %eaning Fbelo#edF. =n old 1nglish the "ord "as freond. =n 2atin the "ord a%ius is
equi#alent to the "ord friend.

Ene of the earliest definitions of friend is FEne joined to another in %utual bene#olene and
inti%ay. >ot ordinarily used of lo#ers or relati#esF andM FEne "ho is not an ene%yM one "ho
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is on good ter%s "ith another, not hostile or at #arianeM one "ho is on the sa%e side in
"arfare, politis.F

Thus "e see in the "ord friend a literal relationship to the "ord lo#e and the bonding of
o%%on interest.
$.3.4 The relationships of strangers

The "ord stranger o%es fro% the 14th 'entury and is a deri#ation of the :iddle 3renh
"ord estrangier %eaning Fforeign or foreignerF.

Thus people "ho look different by "ay of their appearane and;or dress appeared %any
enturies ago to be fro% a foreign plae and therefore strangers.

Today, "e use the "ord to desribe so%eone "ho is unfa%iliar to us "ithout realizing the
stig%a assoiated "ith the "ord fro% its #ery origins.
$.3.! The relationships of ene%ies

The "ord ene%y o%es fro% Eld 3renh ene%i, fro% enne%i, %odifiation of 2atin ini%ius,
=> Y a%ius Anot friendB

Thus, the definition FEne that hates and "ishes or seeks to injure anotherM an ad#ersary,
opponentF andM FEne of a hostile ar%y or nationF
&.4 0uilt> fear and an?iety

1ssentially, "hen "e look at negati#e "ords, "e are looking into the heart of the philosophy of
hu%an beha#iour8 "hat "e do and "hy "e do it. =t is in the philosophies o#er the ages that "e
see the greatest gro"th in %eanings and key understandings.

A person has a hand gun and shoots another dead. This represents not only a #iolent at, but
a %orally questionable at as "ell. We then in#estigate it, not only in ter%s of forensi
understanding, but also for the understanding of "hy the person did it and for "hose benefit.
We are therefore in#estigating the ation of hu%an beha#iour.

<o"e#er, there is e#en greater i%portane in relation to the negati#e beha#iour of hu%anity,
espeially "hen "e onsider the historial %eanings of the "ords Flie , false and deei#e.F =t is
essentially the s%oothness of operation of hu%an o%%uniation.

=n spite of e#erything that is printed, sho"n on #ideo sreens and %ountains of books, the
onnetion bet"een hu%an beings is at best tenuous. Eur ability to o%prehend the
on#ersation of others perfetly, let alone in a rough8hand "ay is in bits and hunks. =t is still
one of the %ost a%azing things to hear your #oie bak on tape after a on#ersation, unkno"n
that the on#ersation "as taped and to onsider "hat you re%e%ber and "hat you forget.

What is e#en of greater onern, is the fat that the nuanes of hu%an o%%uniation, so
integral to the on#ersation ha#e passed and "e sarely forget the saras% infleted on
ertain "ords. 9o a step further and "ath the on#ersation reorded seretly on a%era and
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try to re%e%ber the body %o#e%ents as "e speak.

Then it an beo%e quite apparent just ho" little "e re%e%ber of the thousands of
infletions and body %o#e%ents that go "ith our on#ersations.
$.4.1 'ontrol "ords, ontrol beha#iours

The "ay soiety sur#i#es is not by ha#ing polie and guards at e#ery orner to ensure "e do
the right thing, but that "e gro" up and quikly learn "hat is onsidered right fro% "rong.

:ore i%portantly, there are ontrol onepts and ontrol "ords that are taught early in life
that at as beha#oural li%iters for %ost people8 the key onepts and ontrol beha#iours %ost
i%portant for urbing i%pulsi#e beha#iour are onsidered guilt, fear and an0iety.
$.4.2 The nature of guilt

The "ord guilt o%es fro% the Eld 1nglish "ord gylt before the 12th entury %eaning Fri%e,
sin, fault, fineF. 9yltis so%eti%es also assoiated inorretly to the definition of FdelinquenyF
"hih is a %ore reent definition added to the onept of guilt around the 1(th 'entury.

The unique aspet of the original onept of guilt as opposed to sin is that it o%bined both
the idea of a breah of ondut and so%e kind of penalty. This is possibly due to a si%ilar Eld
1nglish onept at the ti%e gieldan Fto pay for, debtF.

As the "ord guilt "as de#eloped "ith %ore %eanings, it took on the added %eaning of
Ffeelings of ulpability espeially for i%agined offenses or fro% a sense of inadequayF.
Therefore in legal understand, to ad%it true FguiltF is to also sho" lear signs of re%orse. A
lak of re%orse, therefore sho"s a lak of true ad%ission of guilt.
$.4.3 The nature of fear

The "ord fear o%es fro% 12th 'entury Eld 1nglish faer %eaning Fsudden dangerF. 3aer
itself originates fro% %uh older "ords and onepts fro% +th 'entury Eld >orse far
%eaning Fhar%, distress, deeption or a%bushF and old 9er%an 9efahr %eaning FdangerF.

The "ord danger "hih is an essential o%ponent to the "ord fear itself o%es fro% the old
12th entury 1nglish83renh "ord daunger %eaning Fpo"er of a lord or %aster, jurisditionF
and dangier Fpo"er to har%, %asteryF Afro% 2atin do%inariu%Fpo"er of a lordCB. <ene,
sudden danger i%plies the sudden enation of the po"er of a lord;go#ern%ent;authority to
do har%F.

=t %akes perfet sense then that the onept of fear has al"ays been assoiated "ith po"erful
entities "hether it be the fear of di#ine retribution, or fear of go#ern%ent ation or e#en fear
of loss of property;liberty.
$.4.4 The nature of an0iety

The "ord an0iety o%es fro% the noun an0ious, itself a "ord o%ing diretly fro% 2atin
an0ius Fsoliitous, uneasy, troubled in %ind,F
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Therefore "hen a person is being an0ious, they are in fat sho"ing out"ard signs of a
troubled and uneasy %ind.

An0iety re%ains an i%portant tool of ontrol of soiety as people "ho are troubled and
uneasy in %ind are less likely to think "ith larity and therefore represent a lear and
effeti#e threat.

That is "hy go#ern%ents periodially %ust %i0 good ne"s "ith terrible ne"s in order to
ensure a population re%ains unsettled so so%e degree and unable to be learly foused.
4uring lose fought eletions, desperate go#ern%ents ha#e frequently %anufatured dangers
and fears to raise an0iety le#els in the hope that eletors "ill stay "ith "hat they kno".
$.4.! 2ie

=s the present partiiple of lying Eld 1nglish8 2iggest. The for% lie replaed the nor%al
:edie#al spelling of ligge fro% the 2nd and 3rd person singular position. The origin of the
"ord is the 2atin "ord 2etus J bed

Ef persons or ani%als7 To be in a prostrate or reu%bent position +.. A.4. A2ig J lieB, "hile
A2igan J 2yingB

Ef %aterial things7 to be plaed horizontally or length "ise or at rest on the ground or other
surfae.
To be e0tended on a bier or the likeM to be buried A in a speified plaeB +.. A.4.
To be deposited, re%ain per%anently in a speifi plaeM
To re%ain un"orked, unused untouhed or undiso#ered.
To re%ain in a speified position of subjetion, helplessness, %isery, degradation or apti#ityM
to be kept in prisonM to ontinue in sinM also si%ply Fto lie in prisonF 1(.. A4
To re%ain in a state of inati#ity or oneal%ent Anot neessarily prone or reliningB 14..8
1$..
To d"ell or sojournM espeially to sleep or pass the night A in a plaeB, to lodge te%porarily
14..81$..
To be situated Ain spaeB, to ha#e speified position.

$.4.$ 2ie

Eld 1nglish J 2eogan, and Eld 1nglish 2yge.
To tell a lie or liesM to speak falsely7
To on#ey a false i%pressionM to be deepti#eM

$.4.( &ntrue

Eld 1nglish J untreo"e, untre"e
Ef persons7 unfaithful, faithless A14..CsB
'ontrary to fat, false, late
4ishonest, unfair, unjust, "rong
>ot straight, ine0at, not agreeing "ith a standard

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$.4.+ 2ying

The telling of lies
:endaious, deeitful, false.

$.4.- 3alse

2atinJ falsus Aadjeti#eB and falsu% sb prop. pa. partiiple of fallere J deei#e. 4eei#e is an
older "ord than 3alse7

4eeitful, treaherous :1
4efeti#e A1!23B
3allaious, deepti#eM distorting A1!31B
To ounterfeit A%oneyB, to forge A a dou%entB A1!!3B
=%properly so alled A1!(+B
'ounterfeit, sha%M pretendedM artifiial A1!-1B
To falsifyM to orrupt A1!-+B
*purious A1$..B
To %aintain to be false, i%pugn A1(.+B

$.4.1. :endaious

2atin7 %endu% Adefet, faultB Y ai a0 Agi#en to, inlined to, abounding inB
2ying, untruthful, false.

$.4.11 6erfidy

2atin perfidia, perfidus J treaherous, The "ord o%es fro% per A through, by, by %eans ofB Y
fides AfaithB

The profession of faith;friendship in order to betray
The deeitful #iolation of faith or pro%iseM base breah of faith or betrayal of trustM often the
professional of friendship in order to betray.

$.4.12 Trikery

Eld 3renh J trique, trihe, trihier The "ord is of unkno"n origin
deei#e, heat

$.! 6ereption of others, o%%uniation and the assu%ption of trust

=f you li#e in a %odern large ity, then hanes are you ha#e to interat "ith literally hundreds
of people eah day, %aneu#ering to get onto the ele#ator, onto and off the train, through the
doors of an offie blok, or "ait in line to be ser#ed for lunh, apart fro% shopping at a
super%arket. Then there are those people "ho "e all our fa%ily and friends and those "ho
"e lass as just aquaintanes.

=n this data o#erloaded en#iron%ent, that is a %odern ity, "e no longer ha#e the ti%e or
neessarily the patiene to approah o%%uniation "ith others slo"ly. A hundred years ago,
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it "as onsidered proper beha#iour that a person first reei#e an FintrodutionF either by
letter or in person before approahing another. As arhai as suh a syste% %ay sound to us
today, it allo"ed in large part a filter %ehanis% of onfidene thanks to those "ho pro#ided
the introdution in the harater of those "e then %eet.

Today, the art of on#ersation and ontat has been replaed "ith a Fjust the fatsF approah.
2ike hanging hannels, our on#ersation ti%e has beo%e less about o%%uniating than
data e0hange, "hereby one person Fdo"nloadsF to the other person and then the other tries
to do the sa%e before %o#ing onto the ne0t urgent task of the day.

=n suh an en#iron%ent, it is understandable that "e rely hea#ily on assu%ed onfidene that
those "e %eet are "ho they are, and %ean "hat they say and say they "ill do. 3or if "e "ere
to start to question and doubt the integrity of "hat people around us say, then #ery quikly "e
"ould find it ne0t to i%possible to li#e in suh an en#iron%ent, gi#en the #olu%e of
interations and the onstant require%ent to hek and test e#ery bit of infor%ation that
o%es to us.

That is "hy the onept of trust is so ritial to the funtion of hu%an relationships, espeially
so in the %odern high infor%ation "orld "e li#e in.
$.!.1 The ritial onept of trust

The "ord trust o%es fro% the :edie#al 1nglish "ord traiste %eaning F to ha#e faith or
onfideneM to plae relianeM to onfideF. <ene to FtrustF so%ething is to be onfident in the
reliability that so%ething is "hat it see%s.

&nlike "ords suh as #erify and #alidity, trust is the assu%ed belief so%ething is true. =n
%any ases the e#idene that "e aept to %ake suh a judg%ent %ay be superfiial and in
%any ases %ay si%ply be on fae #alue e.g.Fhe is "earing a suit, looks like a good person and
appears to at like one.F

Thus the loss of trust in people an be one of the %ost rippling episodes to people "ho
e0periene it, as opposed to the people "ho aused it.

We rely on trust to be able to o%%uniate and to o%%uniate quikly an effiiently. What
"ould happen if "e did not belie#e "hat "e read in the papers, or did not belie#e "hat "as
said on tele#ision, or e#en doubted the "ords of our friends and our fa%ilies? =n suh a
situation, "e %ight desribe suh a notion as paranoia.

Het is it justified to quikly dis%iss the onept that al%ost e#eryone "e %eet and e#erything
"e read is in so%e "ay a persons interpretation of e#ents that atually happened or are
happening. That the hu%an input of interpretation, gi#en our inability to apture a o%plete
and true piture %eans "e "ill al"ays get ertain slants on the true nature of infor%ation. =t
is on this basis that studies around the "orld ha#e sho"n that al%ost e#ery person in so%e
"ay says tells lies, so%eti%es hundreds , so%eti%es a fe" eah day. ThatCs a fe" dozen lies
eah and al%ost e#eryone of us say to others eah and e#ery day.
$.!.2 The need for ertainty
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As "e disussed and diso#ered in the seond hapter of :1, "e eah seek in so%e "ay a
degree of ertainty in the "orld and en#iron%ent in "hih "e li#e. 'ertainty pro#ides us "ith
a base, fro% "hih "e %ay hoose to e0plore ne" relationships and ne" interests.

The loss of ertainty, is no less se#ere than the loss of physial %o#e%ent in our li%bs. =t is a
paralyzing e0periene. Without ertainty, hu%ans find the%sel#es unable to streth out to
their full potential, nor fous on greater gro"th.

We beo%e suspiious and easily depressed. We look at eah situation and eah "ord, looking
and "aiting for the pro#erbial rug to be pulled out fro% underneath our feet.

=t is "hy "hen trust is breahed, so %any people find the%sel#es, returning to a %ini%al
ontat beha#iour until trust in people is regained and they feel onfident enough to re8
approah the "orld.
$.!.3 The destruti#e priniples of breah of trust

/e%e%ber the onept of trust? =snCt a key negati#e to losing trust is to be deei#ed? =f "e
"ere to take this onept of dozens of "hite lies eah and e#ery day to its fullest e0tent, then
"e are effeti#ely being deei#ed fro% the true nature of truth eah and e#ery day by o%plete
strangers and friends and relati#es;"ork olleagues.

=t is no surprise then that trust bet"een hu%ans, partiularly in soial strutures is a tenuous
and %ost preious thing. To protet that trust has so%eti%es required e0traordinary lengths
of go#ern%ents, to perfor% landestine ats to o#er landestine ats.

<istory is littered of stories "hen soieties ha#e lost trust in their leaders and institution
leading to re#olution, re#olt and hange. Trust is so%ething, one broken, is al%ost
i%possible to get bak "ithout the onsisteny of ti%e. =n %ost ases, this is a lu0ury "e
annot afford8 "e ha#e no ti%e.
$.!.4 The inidene of breah of trust of self to others

=n our "orld, "here "e do not asribe any greater harateristis to ato%s and sub8ato%i
partiles other than their fast %o#e%ent and see%ingly unpreditable beha#iour, the nature
of trust is sorely %isunderstood.

Trust isnCt only displayed at the o%ple0 hu%an le#el of struture. =t is sho"n throughout the
uni#erse and is an integral part of ho" the "ay the uni#erse operates.

Trust is based on the assu%ption that beha#iour shall re%ain largely the sa%e after a brief
enounter. This inludes lassifiation and then assu%ption.

=n the ase of the hu%an deision %aking proess, the proess goes so%ething like F if it looks
like a duk, and ats like a duk then it is a duk.F

This "ay fro% a #ery short and #ery s%all a%ount of infor%ation an objet an be lassified
and interpreted.
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)ust as a hu%an being annot al"ays predit aurately ho" ertain peoples beha#iour "ill
our in different en#iron%ents, the sa%e applies at the ato%i le#el and at eah and e#ery
le#el of %atter.

=f a ertain struture is the sa%e size and appears to #ibrate "ithin ertain toleranes, then it
is possible under ertain iru%stanes for this partile to be %istaken for another.

This %ost often happens to partiles that ha#e si%ilar sizes and si%ilar general harateristis
in the %ost nor%al of onditions. <o"e#er, under e0tre%es of onditions, these partiles
beha#iour hange dra%atially.

A lassi e0a%ple is the beha#iour of bro%ine to %i%i iron under ertain onditions. The
sa%e an be said for the hlorine ato% and the fluorine ato%s.

The result is the lo"ering of perfor%ane of the %etabolis% of ertain people e0posed to large
a%ounts of these ele%ents at gro"th stages of their li#es.

This %eans that issues relating to the treat%ent of a range of diseases does not take into
aount that the body does not kno" it has strutures in plae that under ertain onditions
"ill beha#e totally differently.

The lassi e0a%ple of this substitution proble% "orking against the %odern hu%an is in the
presene of strong %agneti fields. This is "here the beha#iour sho"s up in the strongest
possible "ay as the substituting partiles sho" stronger e0tre%es ausing the da%age that
ours.

=n the ase of hildren, "ith leuke%ia, it is in the failure for the bro%ine to allo" the proper
funtion of he%oglobin strutures and the leehing of aliu% fro% the syste%, attrated to
the stronger bro%ine.

The ure is in the inreased dosages of iron and the use of neutral apture %ehanis%s suh
as zin tablets that are able to leeh the bro%ine fro% the body.
&.& The %on%ept of personality

=n reognition of the o%ple0ity of personality, it has been said that e#ery person is in ertain
respets like all other people, like so%e other people and like no other person.
$.$.1 The general onept of personality

What this %eans is that, although all hu%an beings share the biologial features that are
uni#ersal to the speies, they also hold %e%bership in a partiular soiety and take on the
harateristis of ertain people in that soiety. =n spite of all these physial, soial and
ultural unifor%ity, ho"e#er, eah person in the "orld re%ains "holly unique.

Hou an say that about yourself that in the long history of the hu%an rae and the lengthier
future that lies ahead, there has ne#er been and "ill ne#er be anyone quite like you. The "ay
you think, feel, perei#e and beha#e has a pattern "hih, in its finest details, "ill ne#er be
dupliated. Hou si%ply annot be lonedV
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Hour indi#idual personality is reated by a o%bination of unique fators8 your biology,
onstitution, te%pera%ent, geneti struture, soial de#elop%ent, %oti#ational patterns,
speifi fa%ily and ultural en#iron%ent and life e0perienes. All these ontribute both to
your indi#iduality as "ell as to your si%ilarity to others.

The idea that you are "hat you are and that you an ne#er be replaed is %ind8boggling, not
only for you, but for the personality theorist and researher "hose hallenge it is to integrate
these %any aspets and di%ensions of personality into a oherent fra%e"ork.

We begin our disussion of the topi of personality "ith the searh for a theoretial
fra%e"ork "ithin "hih to understand the o%ple0ity of hu%an personality. Theorists ha#e
addressed this hallenge ha#e adopted one of t"o alternati#e orientations or oneptions.

The first is the desripti#e #ie" "hih e%phasizes the struture of personality, either in ter%s
of %ajor beha#ioral di%ensions alled personality traits or in ter%s of personality types.

The seond is a de#elop%ental orientation in "hih the task is to desribe ho" personality
de#elops and ho" indi#iduals adapt to their di#erse en#iron%ents
$.$.2 Trait theory

A trait is a stable and enduring attribute of a person that is re#ealed onsistently in a #ariety
of situations. Were a trait theorist to study all possible harateristis that an be used to
desribe indi#iduals, the nu%ber of possibilities "ould be o#er"hel%ing.

The %ost ited nu%ber in the psyhology of personality %ay be 1(,-!3. This is the nu%ber of
distinguishing adjeti#es that 9ordon Allport and <enry Edbert A1-3$B "ere able to e0trat
fro% the 1nglish language "hen they set out to reate a ditionary of trait na%es that ould
be used to distinguish one personCs beha#iour fro% another. Thirty years later, Warren
>or%an A1-$3B de#eloped a pool of so%e 4.,... trait8desripti#e ter%s. &sing e0peri%ental
and statistial %ethods, ho"e#er, >or%an "as able to redue this nu%ber dra%atially.

<e began his searh for si%pliity by reating a set of paired polar opposite adjeti#es fro%
the Allport8Edbert list. *tatistial analysis re#ealed that fi#e personality traits see%ed to
aount for the "ay in "hih ratings by subjet grouped together.
$.$.3 *oure Traits and *urfae Traits

*urfae traits are onsidered the o#ert e0pressions of personality. *peaking figurati#ely, these
attributes are lose to the surfae and are e0pressions of %ore basi traits of personality.
&sing a statistial %ethod alled fator analysis, si0teen soure traits "ere identified.
$.$.4 Type theory

Types are broad inlusi#e patterns of traits on "hih so%e psyhologists ha#e atte%pted to
lassify people. perhaps the %ost fa%ous of all typologies is that of intro#ersion8e0tro#ersion
first desribed by 'arl )ung. Aording to )ung, the e0tro#ert is outgoing, e0uberant, li#ely
and inlined to"ard diret ation. The intro#ert presents the opposite side of the beha#ioral
oin and is %ore prone to thoughtful refletion. This attrati#e typology unfortunately shares
the t"o %ajor shorto%ings of all si%ple typologies.

3irst, typologies put people into e0tre%e ategories that apply only to a fe" indi#iduals. As
"ith %ost di%ensions of hu%an #ariation, the graduation fro% intro#ersion to e0tro#ersion is
a ontinuous one on "hih people are nor%ally distributed.

:ost people fall in the %iddle of the di%ension and sho" both intro#ersion and e0tro#ersion
to a degree. *eond, in their si%pliity, typologies ignore one of the %ost i%portant fats
about personality, that it is %ultidi%ensional and onsists of %any attributes.
$.( The historial de#elop%ent of personality theories

The roster of great na%es in history of ideas %ust surely inlude hat of *ig%und 3reud is "e
aept as a riterion of greatness the influene of a person upon soiety.

3reud ontributed to psyhology and psyhiatry, to our language and to the arts and
literature.

<e put for"ard theories of personality struture and personality de#elop%ent. he de#eloped a
%ethod of psyhotherapy. As a result of 3reudCs "ork, FegoF, FunonsiousF, FrepressionsF
and FneurosisF bea%e e#eryday e0pressions. =n a %ore general "ay the lenient soial and
se0ual %orals of the 2.th entury are attributable in part to 3reudCs influene.

3reud born in 1+!$ spent al%ost his entire life in Gienna. There, o#er a span of %ore than
fifty years, sitting in his study, surrounded by his books and 1gyptian art objets, 3reud
listened to his patients, obser#ed their distress and "athed their struggles to onquer it. En
this basis he for%ulated, re#ised and re#ised again his theory of psyhoanalysis. When the
>azis %o#ed into Austria, 3ranklin 4. /oose#elt and %any others urged 3reud to lea#e
Gienna. relutantly he finally did so. he tra#eled to 2ondon a dying %an, ra#aged by the
ter%inal stages of aner of the %outh and ja", the result of deades of relentless igar
s%oking.
$.(.1 The e%ergene of psyhoanalysis

=f one had to point to the first great %ilestone in the historial de#elop%ent of
psyhoanalysis, it "ould ha#e to be 3reudCs %eeting "ith )osef 5reuer, a noted Giennese
physiian. 5reuer "as treating a young "o%an, no" elebrated in psyhoanalyti literature as
F3raulein Anna EF, "ho suffered fro% a #ariety of hysterial sy%pto%s, inluding paralysis,
an inability to s"allo", blurred #ision and #isual halluinations. 5reuer used hypnosis to treat
her, "ould plae Anna into a se%i trane.

4uring these states Anna "ould ry out, as though she "as going through an anguishing
e0periene. 5reuer found that "hen he asked Anna "hat "as tor%enting her , she "ould
desribe painful %e%ories of the past. 5reuer found that "hen she Ftalked outF these
e0perienes, Anna "ould a"aken rela0ed and o%fortable, her hysterial sy%pto%s ob#iously
relie#ed.

While both %en tried this o%bination %ethod of hypnosis and letting the patient Ftalk
throughF the e0perienes disturbing the%, eah "rote differently on "hat they onsidered
"ere the auses for the proble%s. 3reud e%phasized repressed se0ual fatorsM 5reuer tended
to bla%e the Fhypoboidal stateF of the neuroti. 2ater these differenes "ere to split the %en
apart fro% any%ore joint researh.

3reud through seeing the %alleability of patients in de#eloping an addition to the notion of
psyhoanalyti treat%ent de#eloped the onept of transferene8 a #ie" that holds that the
analyst ats as the parent substitute, attrating the patients lo#e for this reason.
$.(.3 'lassi theory of personality struture8 *ig%und 3reud

3reudian theory di#ides personality into three %ajor o%ponents7
id
ego
superego

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The id is the original and largest o%ponent of %ental organisation and represents a soure
of instintual energy deri#ed fro% the essential needs of se0 and aggression. =t is the
repository of unaeptable thoughts and i%pulses and is representati#e of a persons baser
nature.

The id is go#erned by the pleasure priniple, a searh for pleasure and i%%ediate
gratifiation.

The ego is the rational, onsious o%ponent of a personality and unlike the id is go#erned by
the reality priniple. =ts ations are onstantly %onitored by the de%ands of reality. The ego
ser#es to keep the id in hek by rejeting the pri%iti#e and a%oral fores that are under the
idCs diretion. =n this sense the ego is the instru%ent of soialization "hereby the indi#idual
learns to forgo %inor i%%ediate gratifiation for %ore signifiant delayed gains.

The superego is equi#alent to onsiene and e%erges in hildhood so%eti%es bet"een the
ages of three and si0 as a neessary aspet of ego de#elop%ent. =t reflets the hildCs
aeptane of the #alues and %orality of soiety8 the ego ideal. =n the struggle bet"een id and
ego, the super ego ob#iously stands on the side of the ego and assists in ontaining the
pleasure de%ands of the id.
$.(.4 An0iety and the %ehanis%s of defene

/epression is the unonsious banning fro% %e%ory of trau%ati, dangerous or
e%barrassing thoughts, e#ents and desires, thus pre#enting arousal of an0iety. repression
differs fro% inhibition holding bak a response for fear of punish%ent and also fro%
suppression, a onsious e0lusion of an unpleasant thought.

4enial8 one of the %ost pri%iti#e of the defene %ehanis%s, is frequently used by hildren
and se#erely disturbed adults. =n denial, the indi#idual rejets an intolerable reality by
denying its e0istene. 6ersistent denial as an a#oidane of reality an, in ti%e produe %ore
serious signs of disorder.

/epression and denial are designed to blok the e0pression of a "ish or thought. A %ore
adapti#e for% of defensi#e %ehanis% in#ol#es the use of a group of %ehanis%s in "hih a
"ish or thought is e0pressed but in a %odified for% designed to disguise its true nature.

4isplae%ent is a %ode of defense in "hih one objet is substituted for another as a soure
of gratifiation. The point to re%e%ber is that an assoiati#e link %ust e0ist bet"een the
original sti%ulus and the substitute sti%ulus onto "hih and e%otion or ation is displaed.
3reud sa" drea%s as a for% os displae%ent in "hih the ontents of the drea% ser#ie as
sy%bols of other ations or persons that e#oke se#ere an0iety and thus require repression.

=ntrojetion, taking onto oneself the beliefs and #alues of another and identifiation in#ol#ed
i%itation of the attributes and qualities of another person. =dentifiation is the result of
introjetion.

6rojetion is introjetion in re#erse. =t in#ol#es a proess "hereby undesirable traits or
i%pulses in oneself are attributed to others
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/ationalisation is the %ost o%%on and %ost har%less of the %ehanis%s probably beause
it o%es losest to representing a onsious "ay of dealing "ith unaeptable %aterial.

*ubli%ation is a %ehanis% "hereby the e0pression of an i%pulse in its original for% is
repressed, but the i%pulse e%erges in a soialized %anner so that it an be gratified "ithout
disappro#al.

/eation for%ation is losely related to repression and represents one %ethod for
%aintaining it.

'o%pensation is a %ehanis% that is %ore related to ones status than to the satisfation of
unaeptable i%pulses and needs. =t is a %ethod for handling our defiienies by F%aking upF
for the% in so%e "ay.
$.(.! The psyhose0ual theory of personality de#elop%ent

The indi#idual aording to 3reud, has a ertain a%ount of psyhi energy or libido. The
history of psyhose0ual de#elop%ent is the history of the #arious ati#ities and objets to
"hih the libido attahes itself. Aording to the theory in the nor%al ourse of de#elop%ent
the indi#idual goes through a nu%ber of stages in "hih the libido is in#ested first in one kind
of ati#ity and then in another.

3reud assoiated the se0ual instint in infany "ith the %anipulation of #arious body parts
for pleasure. tensions that build up in these areas are redued by %anipulation and suh relief
is pleasurable. The %ajor areas for satisfation , ter%ed erogenous zones, are the %outh, anus
and genitals. 1ah is assoiated "ith a pri%ary dri#e8 hunger, eli%ination, and se08 and eah,
in turn, beo%es the entral fous of the hildCs ati#ity in a stage sequene of de#elop%ent.
$.(.$ 'lassi theory of personality struture8 'arl )ung

)ung not only hallenged 3reudCs preoupation "ith the se0ual basis of neurosis but his #ery
onept of the unonsious. )ung argued that se0ual thoughts "ere not alone in being subjet
to repression. he belie#ed that repression ould lead to the forgetting of any frightening
e0periene or threatening e#ent. )ung also belie#ed that these repressions for% Fo%ple0esF
in "hat )ung ter%ed personal unonsious. As one al"ays interested in %yth and %ystiis%,
)ung belie#ed that there also e0isted an i%personal olleti#e unonsious. The olleti#e
unonsious ontained the i%ages of hu%anity8 the inherited arhetypes that reflet the great
%ythial ideas of the past and in#ol#ed the repeated e0perienes of hu%an kind. part of those
e0perienes are represented in the onept of persona, or the soial %ask people use to
portray the roles that soietal pressures i%pose on the%.

A final point should be %ade about another %ajor theoretial shift that )ung introdued. he
sa" hu%an de#elop%ent as gro"th8oriented, and as suh it "as ai%ed not at the resolution of
onflit but at goals %arked by ahie#e%ent, %aturity and Fself8atualizationF. The "ords
"ere )ungCs not Abraha% :aslo".
&.# 5mpa%t and influen%e of personality theories on people today

'harateristially, the beha#iour of others affets us in different "ays, depending on the
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%eaning "e assign that beha#iour. This %eaning in turn, is onditioned by our pereptions of
the beha#iour itself, but also by our pereptions of the %oti#es, intentions and broader
personal dispositions of the person so beha#ing.

The aount of an ar breakdo"n an be a tragi reital of unfortunate fats, a hilarious
aount of the dri#erCs o"n %ehanial ineptitude, or a plainti#e plea for help, depending on
the iru%stanes surrounding the telling. >ot surprisingly, a great deal of researh and
theorizing has onerned the pereptions of persons, their %oti#es and dispositionsM and if "e
aept the reasonable position that the beha#iour of persons obser#ed is onditioned by soial
sti%uli as perei#ed by the%, person pereption is as good a plae as any to enter the real% of
the soial psyhology.

6eople are, of ourse perei#ed as physial objets just as surely as "e perei#e roks, trees
and skysrapers as objets. 6eople e%it sound, they reflet different "a#elengths of light, they
ha#e three8di%ensional solidity and palpable te0ture. Typially , ho"e#er, people are
i%portant beause of the psyhologial signifiane of "hat they o%%uniate #erbally and
non #erbally.
$.+.1 *tereotyping and the influene of ategory

'ountless studies ha#e sho"n that the #ery fra%e"ork of a question has a profound i%pat
on the results of the e0peri%ent. While personality tests do not ha#e the sa%e rigorous
siene nor%ally attahed to the% as e0peri%ents, the effet is not dissi%ilar to the Fobser#er
influeneF outlined in Luantu% :ehanis. =n Luantu%, the atual obser#ation of an
e0peri%ent is itself an ati#e influene in the outo%e of the obser#ation.

This is %anifestly so "hen Fpopularity pollsF use tehniques of presenting FloadedF questions
to push the partiipant into a ertain fra%e of %ind. The best results are o#er"hel%ingly for
negati#e ske"ed phone polling, rather than positi#e. =n the &nited *tates this is alled Fpush
pollingF and se#eral states ha#e no" banned suh pratie.

1ssentially, a desired result an be obtained through the areful onstrution of leading
questions. 3or e0a%ple, to enourage a higher perentage of people FpolledF to o%%ent
negati#ely on an en#iron%ental issue, the questions %ight go so%ething like7

L. *o :r;:s like any responsible person, ho" highly "ould you rate the rise in pollution and
destrution of natural en#iron%ent?

L. And beause you are for the en#iron%ent :r;:s, ho" i%portant "ould you rate loal
e0a%ples of illegal du%ping of to0i "astes and pollution in your area?

L. *o :r;:s are you not onerned, so%e"hat onerned, or highly onerned about
'ongress%an *%ithCs appro#al to Ana%e of big businessB, the biggest polluter in >orth
A%eria to set up a treat%ent plant in our area?

Ef ourse, the results of this Findependent pollF are going to sho" o#er"hel%ingly that good
and onerned itizens are e0tre%ely onerned about 'ongress%anCs plan to allo" this
business to set up a loal operation. And that is ho" so%e rafty, sly and dishonest issue
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groups get to influene the %edia to their o"n ends e#ery day of the "eek in %ost "estern
de%oraies.
$.+.2 *tereotyping and the influene of self8fulfilling propheies

The preeding aount learly i%plies that the pereption of persons is an ati#e, onstruti#e
proess. The perei#er goes "ell beyond i%%ediate infor%ation to onstrut an i%pression of
unseen personal traits and en#iron%ental fores that ontrol beha#iour.

6syhologists ha#e long understood that these onstruted i%pressions are a o%bination of
the gi#en and of the e0peted. 6erei#ers do not onfront the soial en#iron%ent e%pty
handed8 or e%pty %inded. En the ontrary, they ha#e rihly de#eloped e0petanies about
people in general, about lasses or types of people and about people "ho engage in ertain
beha#iour in ertain situations. The net"ork of e0petanies that guide a partiular perei#er
is so%eti%es referred to as an i%pliitly personality theory. *o%e of us ha#e better8
elaborated or %ore artiulate theories than others.

=t "as /obert :erton "ho in 1-4+ first argued that propheies about soial e#ents %ay affet
those e#ents. =n so%e ases soial propheies inrease the probability that the e#ents
propheies "ill atually happen. Aording to :ertonCs self8fulfilling propheies, a false
definition of a situation %ay e#oke ne" beha#iour "hih %akes the originally false
oneption beo%e true. The prophet %ay then ite the atual ourse e#ents as proof that the
prophey or hypothesis "as orret.

This is lassially illustrated in the prophey of the destrution of )erusale% attributed to
)esus both figurati#ely Ahi%selfB and literally to the A4$! /o%an destrution. <o"e#er, it is
beause of )esus and the haraters surrounding "hat ourred that aused the destrution
any"ay.
$.+.3 10petanies and self8onepts

The episode that %ake a prophey about a person self8fulfilling %ay indue a hange in the
persons self8onept, loking in the ne" beha#iour for future oasions. *o%e e#idene for
suh an outo%e has been identified.
$.- Analysis of personality theories and the understandings of &'A

6ersonality theories, intelligene tests and Findependent pollsF ha#e beo%e the hall%ark of
the psyhology industry and people s%art enough to kno" ho" suh reports an be
%anipulated to say anything.

Today, in the 21st 'entury, suh Fsientifi testsF ha#e replaed the snake oil sales%en of the
Eld "ho used to sell %agi re%edy bottles of "hat "as essentially alohol %i0ed "ith
"hate#er they ould find. Today, it is #irtually i%possible not to find a %ajor orporation, nor
a %ajor eduation institution or %edia o%pany that does not rely hea#ily on the outo%es of
these sur#eys to deide their strategies and ne"s.

>o %atter ho" %any ti%es that polls are e0posed as fraudulent, no %atter ho" %any ti%es it
an be sho"n that people "ill say al%ost anything you ask of the%, people "ho should kno"
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better ontinue to support and indeed ad#oate the ontinued use of suh tests.
$.-.1 The e0istene of natural patterns of personality

There are natural patterns that e0ist bet"een all personalities, therefore ertain
ategorization an be ertain.

Therefore, any person "ith a reasonable understanding of de%ographis should be able to
%ake eduated guesses of so%e "ays to ategorize a region.

=n A%eria it ould be older people, e%ployed people, young students and une%ployed. The
trik fro% a %arketing perspeti#e is to o%e up "ith a athy na%e for your de%ographi
lassifiation syste%.

F9eneration IF and 9eneration H ha#e been tre%endously suessful desriptions, "hih in
truth yield no %ore fatual infor%ation than saying people born after 1-(., and people born
after 1-+..

=t is beause se0y %arketing labels sells ad#ertising and %akes people sound %ore in tune
that suh silly lassifiation syste%s "ill ontinue. =n ter%s of &'A, there is no sound basis or
justifiation "hatsoe#er for personality or polls.
&.10 +o-e> lust and human relationships

=n the analysis of hu%an relationships, t"o of the %ost %i0ed around e%otions is the
differene bet"een lo#e and lust.

:any a person has openly stated their undying affetion and lo#e to"ards another only to be
in a state of lust and superfiial attration.
$.1..1 The nature of lo#e

Ene of the proble%s "ith disussing the nature of lo#e is that "hole books ha#e been "ritten
on the subjet, %illions of "ords and poe%s "ithout one onlusi#e agreed position. =nstead,
there are broad ategories of agreed understand on the nature of lo#e.

*o%e %odern day e0perts see lo#e as a physiologial %ehanis% that e%ploys both the
he%ial attrations and rituals as "ell as a degree of %utual respet and o%pro%ise.

*o%e philosophers and ro%antis onsider lo#e both an in"ard and out"ard display of
genuine and deep affetion and friendliness refleted in a desire of inti%ay and
o%panionship.

Ethers still onsider lo#e a %ore esoteri quality that is displayed not neessarily in open
affetion but in the ations of indi#iduals and ho" they protet, nurture and %ake sarifies
for their partner and;or fa%ily and friends Ai.e. the Flo#eF of a soldier for their ountryB.
$.1..2 The nature of lust
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=n ontrast, lust is seen as a set of e%otions dri#en by both strong physial reations and
%ental desires. &nlike lo#e, lust is frequently onsidered to e0lude any higher %oti#es for
inti%ay.
$.1..3 2ust, lo#e and hu%an relationships

4o hu%an relationships bet"een ouples need a degree of lust as "ell as lo#e? :ost
relationships e0perts belie#e so. 'ertainly, healthy and o%plete relationships bet"een
onsenting adults should ha#e so%e kind of healthy se0ual he%istry.

That being said, there are %any long ter% and lo#ing relationships bet"een ouples that %ay
not in#ol#e regular se0ual ontat.
&.11 7efinitions and philosophies of indi-idual human relationships

We define that all hu%ans ha#e the apaity, not "ithstanding death, disease or disable%ent
to undertake the follo"ing indi#idual physial hu%an relationships to other hu%ans7

3a%ily
/elati#e
6artner
3riend
Aquaintane
*tranger

$.11.1 3a%ily

AaB A Ffa%ilyF, is a group of people "ho through o%%on objeti#es, rules and sharing of
resoures hoose to operate eono%ially and soially as greater than t"o indi#iduals.
AbB A fa%ily an ne#er be defined as a grouping of less than three. T"o people for%
partnerships.
AB A fa%ily an ne#er be defined purely on the basis of bloodline, adoption, for%al %arriage
and other legal arrange%ents. All of these %ay be fators, but an ne#er be onsidered on
their o"n as indiating a Ffa%ilyF en#iron%ent.
AdB 3a%ily en#iron%ents should be onsidered the funda%ental units of our soiety for the
gro"th and de#elop%ent of hildren and the are and respet of the elderly.
$.11.2 /elati#e

AaB A relati#e is a person "ho is defined as ha#ing a legally reognized o%%on relationship
"ith another person, usually based on bloodline.
AbB /elati#es an be desribed %ore speifially aording to the type of relationship bet"een
people, defined as7
'ousin
Aunt, &nle
9randfather, 9rand%other Ainluding 9reat 9randfather etB
3ather, :other Ainluding *tep%other, *tepfatherB
*on, 4aughter
5rother, *ister
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AB <usband and "ife relationships are defined as partner relationships, not as relati#e
relationships.
AdB That so%eone is a relati#e does not %ean that they %ay also be a %e%ber of the sa%e
fa%ily. The onept of fa%ily is separate and distint to people being relati#es.
$.11.3 6artner

AaB A FpartnershipF, is "hen people "ho through o%%on objeti#es, rules and sharing of
resoures hoose to operate eono%ially and soially as greater than one indi#idual.
AbB While ertain partnerships %ay be reognized through legal %eans as ha#ing so%e
reognition of t"o people operating as one entity, the lak of legal representation does not
di%inish the soial #alidity of a partnership. A partnership does not need the legal santion of
%arriage to be regarded as a partnership.
$.11.4 3riend

AaB A FfriendshipF is "hen t"o people t"o people through o%%on respet and areas of
interest, share o%%on o%%uniation and pursuits, free fro% threat, %is8intent or pro%ise.
AbB As relationships in#ol#ing the e0hange of %oney require ertain onditions and
pro%ises, the le#el of finanial transations bet"een people an ne#er be onsidered a le#el of
friendship.
AB 3urther%ore, friendship is best identified in the ations of people in ter%s of
onsideration of others by their o"n free "ill. Ebligation is not a o%ponent of friendship.
$.11.! Aquaintane

AaB An Aquaintane is a person to "ho% no establish%ent of o%%on respet, areas of
interest nor o%%on o%%on o%%uniation and pursuits of signifiane urrently e0ists,
but "hose identity is kno"n.
$.11.$ *tranger

AaB A stranger is a person to "ho% no o%%uniation has ourred and "hose identity is not
kno"n.
0".1 (ind and self

E#er the past four hapters, "e ha#e disussed a great %any key influenes on our self8 "hat
"e do and "hy "e do "hat "e do.

=n our disussions, "e ha#e re#ealed a "eb of o%pliated relationships and onepts
"orking against our ability to find ans"ers to our deeper sel#es and "hat "e do. 3ro% the
beliefs that religions tell us "e are if "e are fe%ale. That the i%ages of beauty that "e are
taught fro% a young age if "e are %ale. To the beliefs in the #alue of %oney and seurity in
o"ning our o"n ho%e, in "orking hard.

The "eb of influenes "eighing do"n upon our sense of self see%s endless and inesapable.
3or the #ery thinnest of fibers of our soiety to "hat our teahers taught us are all interlinked
and influened by eah belief.
At the sa%e ti%e, "e ha#e %anaged to identify o%%on threads running through the #arious
belief syste%s that funda%entally influene our sense of self8 fro% religions, to go#ern%ent
strutures and onte%porary ulture. 2ike running our fingers along the edge of an old rug,
"e see the sa%eness is the unity, not the differene. And looking harder at the endless fibres
of beliefs "e see the% for "hat they are8 distrations, distrations fro% "ho "e are and "hat
"e are a part of.

=t is only then that "e see the %ass of o%pliated definitions, of se%anti hair splitting of
"ords and their origins, the tele#ision sho"s, radio "a#es and senseless hatter of ne"s,
disasters and ad#ie8 distrations fro% #ery thing that %akes life so speial8 life as it is, life
no", li#ing life deeply.
(.1.1 *o far, yet so lose

>o" in this hapter "e are ready to fae the final %ajor influene on our sense of oursel#es 8
the ego, the %ind, "hat "e all the = and our #ery sense of self. That "e return to our self, to
look diretly at oursel#es %ake sense. 3or "e kno"8 "hat "e think8 "e are, "hat "e drea%8
"e see.
".2 Summary of influen%es on self dis%ussed so far

As o%ple0 as the "eb appears, let us seek to su%%arize the #ery essential of "hat "e no"
understand7
(.2.1 5elief *yste%s and *elf

=t is belief syste%s that "e ha#e disussed and seen loud our understanding, "hile at the
sa%e ti%e pro%ising. belief di#ides. belief judges. 5elief loses %inds and doors. =t is the
thing "e fear the %ost8 fear is our %e%ory, a %e%ory of a belief o%ing to fruition.

:e%ory and belief, the things that "e say %ake us "ho "e are8 kno"ledge, aquiring
kno"ledge and aquiring belief until "e an see no further.
(.2.2 /eligions and sense of self

/eligions "e no" see share the sa%e undergar%ents, that the olours and hues of the
different religions are like the different olours of the ha"kers stalls in a bazaar. Enly
religions ha#e paraded for so long and ontrolled the destiny of kingdo%s and people that
nothing else has appeared possible.

9iants edifies of history. %ountains of sholarly "ork, lifeti%es of pitures and te0ts,
insights and saints, %irales and "ars, faith and paradise. The e%bers of religion burn on still
in the %inds of billions of hu%an beings. 9reat pillars as hard as the hardest granite are the
pillars of belief upon "hih religions stand. And as solid as the stones of the 9reat 6yra%id,
"e see religions holding fir%, "hen all else hanges. That "e belie#e is their e0istene. Eur
end of belief "ould be their end. 5ut fear and unertainty keeps us going on.
(.2.3 *oiety and sense of self
And in the struture of soiety "e see the influenes of religion per%eating. The instru%ents
of po"er, the legay of enturies and %illennia of beliefs.

=n the %odern soiety "e see the spinning tops of orporations, turning and t"isting
perspeti#e, "orking at our pereptions. We see onsu%ers beo%ing %ore a"are, yet less
po"erful.
(.2.4 /elationships and sense of self

Then at the heart of influene, "e see the i%pat of relationships and the effet of the o#erall
"eb, the reinfore%ent of the #alues displayed in religion and the t"isting of perspeti#e.
2i#ing life "ithout e#er really kno"ing the people "e are surrounded by.
".4 ,n understandin! and %larifi%ation on the %on%epts of per%eption> e!o and
=ud!ment

As sensible and generally understood as the "ords ego and onsiene are, there is so%ething
inherently disturbing to onsider that "ithin us are t"o #oies8 potentially one positi#e and
one negati#e.

=n %odern irles of soial psyhology the analogy is to dis%iss the frag%entation of the %ind
as a natural fle0ibility to response in eah gi#en situation8 in other "ords one %ind8 %ulti8
response.

'ertainly, so%ething "ithin us feels better "ith the notion that our %ind, like our body %ight
be #ie"ed as one. Het is not the onept of t"o hal#es also onsistent "ith %odels of unity?
The %odel of yin and yang for e0a%ple?
(.4.1 The dark side8 is it the de#il speaking?

As "e ha#e disussed, it is a partiular strange harateristi of the hu%an speies that it an
at one be so reati#e and so destruti#e to"ards itself and others. En the one hand, "e %ay
reate poetry and art of beauty and in the sa%e breath kill "ithout gi#ing it a seond thought.
=f that is not base enough, hu%an beings ha#e a unique ability to destroy the%sel#es "ithin
intriate "ebs of unhappiness8
the professional that "orks se#enty hours a "eek for %ost of their li#es8 ahie#es their
finanial a%bitions, but dies before the finish line of retire%entM
the "orker that drea%s of li#ing by the sea for their entire li#es, but instead li#es in a grey
house, in a grey suburb in a grey ity, e#en though the ost of li#ing in rural beah side areas
is probably heaperM
the beautiful girl that has e#erything fro% pri#ate shool eduation, athleti physique,
naturally intelligent and popular, "ho annot be happy "ith "ho they are and %ust o%pare
the%sel#es to fititious i%ages of anore0i drug dependent

=n years gone by, it "as religions "ay of e0plaining the ations of those negati#e aspets of the
hu%an psyhe that e#il thoughts "ere beause of the de#il.
=n so%e ourts in A%eria, this is still oasionally offered up as an e0use8 no" %ore
to"ards a plea of insanity than aquittal. Het there is no e0a%ple of the darkness "ithin
ha#ing anything to do "ith a entrally ontrolled and orhestrated plan to perpetuate e#il8
rather a on#enient e0use to e0ternalize the ause of negati#ity.
(.4.2 The frightening truth8 kept under "raps

The frightening truth as diso#ered by A%erian and /ussian psyhologial testing during the
'old War period is there is a %urderous psyhoti lurking "ithin eah and e#eryone of us.

What the likes of the '=A diso#ered in the 1-$.Cs period of drug taking "as a parallel dark
side to the F%ind e0pandingF effets of 2*4 and other halluinogeni drugs. 4eep "ithin us is
so%ething quite terrible and sa#age8 the ability not only to kill, but to kill for the enjoy%ent of
killing.

While %any of the tests "ere both illegal and i%%oral, they nonetheless pro#ed that ordinary
la" abiding itizens under the right onditions and suffiient indue%ent an beo%e e#ery
bit a killer as a trained soldier.

=n 'hapter $, "e e0plained in part the effet of the %odern ulture of #iolene as
entertain%ent on the psyhe of self and the self8fulfilling nature of #iolene in soiety. As
#iolent as the %o#ies get, soiety only see%s to ath up or surpass the %inds of <olly"ood.

What "e are saying here is that darkness appears to be already "ithin us. *o%ething "e %ay
find abhorrent, yet true.
(.4.3 >o need to judge negati#ely

That "e an be so destruti#e to oursel#es and others, that "e ha#e "ithin us suh darkness
%ay ause us to judge that suh things hold us bak fro% "hat "e %ight be8 to be %ore to be
pure.

Thus in so %any books and so %any books of literature "e see the "ords of leansing8 of
purifiation8 that so%eho" if the "orld "as pure, then the "orld "ould be better8 that
perfetion is better.

This thinking is funda%entally %isaligned to e#erything that &'A has taught us about
balane and the neessity for night to bring day, fro% darkness to balane light, for e#il to
%irror good.

When "e desribe these issues8 "e do so "ithout judging in a negati#e fashion8 "e are not
seeking to Fde%onizeF those things "ithin us8 but to seek to identify the% for "hat they are so
that "e %ight %o#e for"ard.
".$ 5dentifyin! beha-iour and nature of e!o

1go is the you8 the thing that identifies itself as the inner you8 the thing that lai%s to be you
speaking inside of your %ind. =t is the first to identify itself and the first to gi#e ad#ie "ithout
neessarily the gut feel. =t is the loudest #oie in your head. =t is the angry %ob that "ant to
kill so%eone in your %ind. =t is the person o%plaining about tenany in your body. =t is the
friend that ne#er quite see%s to say the right things "hen your alone and onsidering other
peoples ations. =t is the ad#isor that independently tells us to be suspiious or the naughty
hild that tells us "e ha#e a good hane of getting a"ay "ith it. =t is the spiritual guide or the
onfessor that forgi#es our indisretions or the ounselor that e0plains a"ay our ations, or
the bla%er that bla%es others for our indisretions.

5ut it is not o%pletely you8 it is only part of you8 and one of the greatest ahie#e%ents of ego
is to sueed in the lai% that it is the singular you.

When so%eone says FyouCre selfishF, ego doesnCt "ant to be isolated as the failing part of your
harater. =n the first instane, ego "ants all of you to feel guilty, or all of you to rejet suh
attaks.

3or if ego "ere to be isolated, then the truth an be re#ealed that only part of you is that "ay
and that FitF does not neessarily ha#e the best interests of the "hole of you in heart.
(.!.1 Effering no hope of resolution

Whate#er angle ego is approahed, it has an ans"er, for it learns by our e0perienes as %uh
as "hat "e so%eti%es all the FotherF #oie8 our onsiene. When "e try to outs%art it as
part of the harater, it tells us that it is hopeless, it is too engrained.

=t is happy to be fought, for it gains strength fro% suh battles. =n fighting oursel#es, through
disipline or repression of pre#ious beha#ior, it %o#es into guerrilla %ode, onstantly probing
and pushing. 'onstantly, it looks for the openings of "eakness, our fears, any fear that it an
%agnify.

=f it is failure "e fear, then ego beo%es the fears as %anifest as it an %ake the%, the
onerns, the uneasiness. =f it is guilt that "e fear, ego "ill play on our guilt as hard as it an.

3or in battle, "e see it lai% to be our pri%al nature, our ani%al instint. While "e see suh
urban sophistiation in this. *o long as "e are di#ided or ego is in ontrol, it ahie#es its
purpose8 for its best interests ha#e ne#er been our best interests.
(.!.2 1go on the spiritual path

To end the bizarre tyranny of ego is "hy "e go on the aligned &'A path, but the
resourefulness of ego is al%ost infinite and it an at e#ery stage sabotage and per#ert our
desire to be free of it. The truth is si%ple, and the teahings are e0tre%ely lear7 but "e see it
again and again, "ith great sadness, that as soon as they begin to touh and %o#e us, ego tries
to o%pliate the% beause it kno"s it is funda%entally threatened.

At the beginning, "hen "e first beo%e fasinated by the spiritual path and all its
possibilities, ego %ay e#en enourage us and say7 F This is really "onderfulV. )ust the thing for
youV This teahing %akes total senseVF

Then "hen "e say "e "ant to try %editation pratie, or go on a retreat, ego "ill roon7 F
What a %ar#elous ideaV Why donCt = o%e along "ith you? We an both learn so%ething.F All
through the honey%oon period of our spiritual de#elop%ent, ego "ill keep urging us on FThis
is "onderful8 itCs so a%azing, so inspiring..F

5ut as soon as "e enter, "hat an be alled the Fputting into pratieF period of the spiritual
path and the teahings begin to touh us deeply, una#oidably "e are faed "ith the truth of
our sel#es. As the ego is re#ealed, its sore spots are touhed and all sorts of proble%s "ill start
arising.

=t is as if a %irror "e annot look a"ay fro% "ere stuk in front of us. The %irror is totally
lear, but there is an ugly glo"ering fae in it, our o"n, staring bak at us. We begin to rebel
beause "e hate "hat "e see. We %ay strike out in anger and s%ash the %irror, but it "ill
only shatter into hundreds of idential ugly faes, all still staring at us.

>o" is the ti%e "e begin to rage and o%plain bitterlyM and "here is ego? *tanding staunhly
by our side, egging us on7 FHouCre right, this is outrageous and unbearable. 4onCt stand for
it.VF As "e listen enthralled, ego goes on to onjure up all sorts of doubts and de%ented
e%otions, thro"ing fuel onto the fire7 F'anCt you see no" this is not the right understandings
for you? = told you so all alongV 'anCt you see he is not your teaher? After all, you are an
intelligent, %odern, sophistiated Western person, and e0oti things suh as &'A are too
strange.F

As ego "athes gleefully as "e beo%e %ore and %ore ensnared in its "eb, it "ill e#en bla%e
all the pain, loneliness, and diffiulties "e are going through as "e o%e to kno" oursel#es on
the teahing and e#en the teaher7 FThese gurus donCt are any"ay, "hate#er youCre going
through. They are only out to e0ploit you. They just use "ords like Fo%passionF and
Fde#otionF to get you in their po"er..F

1go is so le#er that it an t"ist the teahings for its o"n purposes7 after all FThe de#il an
quote sriptures for his o"n ends.F 1goCs ulti%ate "eapon is to point its finger hyporitially
at the teaher and his follo"ers and say7 F>o one around here see%s to be li#ing up to the
truth of the teahingsVF >o" ego poses as the righteous arbiter of all ondut and the
shre"dest position of all fro% "hih to under%ine your faith, and erode "hate#er de#otion
and o%%it%ent to spiritual hange you ha#e.

Het ho"e#er hard ego %ay try to sabotage the spiritual path, if you really ontinue on it, and
"ork deeply "ith the pratie of %editation, you "ill begin slo"ly to realize just ho" gulled
you ha#e been by egoCs pro%ises7 false hopes and false fears.

*lo"ly you begin to understand that both hope and fear and ene%ies of your peae of %ind7
hopes deei#e you and lea#e you e%pty and disappointed, and fears paralyze you in the
narro" ell of you false identity. Hou begin to see also just ho" all8eno%passing the sa##y of
ego has been o#er your %ind, and in the spae of freedo% opened up by %editation, "hen you
are %o%entarily released fro% grasping, you gli%pse the e0hilarating spaiousness of your
true nature.

Hou realize that for years, your ego, like a razy on artist, has been s"indling you "ith
she%es and plans and pro%ises that ha#e ne#er been real and ha#e only brought you to
inner bankrupty. When, in equani%ity of %editation you see this, "ithout any onsolation or
desire to o#er up "hat youC#e diso#ered, all the plans and she%es re#eal the%sel#es as
hollo" and start to ru%ble.

This is not a purely destruti#e proess. 3or alongside an e0tre%ely preise and so%eti%es
painful realization of the fraudulene and #irtual ri%inality of your ego, and e#eryone elseCs,
gro"s a sense of inner e0pansi#eness, a diret kno"ledge of the FegolessnessF and
interdependene of all things and that #i#id and generous hu%or that is the hall%ark of
freedo%.

5eause you ha#e learned through disipline to si%plify your life, and so redued the
opportunities for ego to sedue youM and beause you ha#e pratied the %indfulness of
%editation and through it loosened the hold of aggression, linging and negati#ity on your
"hole being, the "isdo% of insight an slo"ly da"n. And in the all8re#ealing larity of its
sunlight this insight an sho" you, distintly and diretly, both the subtlest "orkings of your
%ind and the nature of reality.
".& , !reater analysis of the %on%ept of happiness

=n 'hapter 2 of :e "e identified a entral desire, a entral "ant of %ost hu%ans to be happy.
We also onsidered the %eaning of the "ord happiness, first in its original %eaning as
FhaneF and then later as Fthe state of pleasurable ontent of %ind, "hih results fro%
suess or the attain%ent of "hat is onsidered good.F

Eur searh to find a %eans of happiness "as one of the entral goals "e stated in 'hapter 28 a
%eans of finding happiness, of finding balane. =t %ay ha#e surprised you and anyone you
shared these insights "ith to find that the original %eaning of happiness had %ore in
o%%on "ith hane.

While "e %o#ed on, on our searh, "e did not fully in#estigate the i%pliations of the
definition of happiness as Fthe state of pleasurable ontent of %ind, "hih results fro%
suess or the attain%ent of "hat is onsidered good.F
(.$.1 =s happiness found in the physial or the %ental?

5efore you started this book, if so%eone asked you "hat %akes you happy?, you "ould ha#e
probably ans"ered "ith so%ething that inluded a physial o%ponent, e.g.F= like readingF,
or F= like %ountain li%bingF or F= like ie rea%F. =f pressed further "ith the question "hy?,
you "ould probably ha#e pro#ided %ore detail of the objets or proess in#ol#ed.

=t see%s ertain then that the state of being happy al"ays in#ol#es in so%e physial
o%ponent.. or does it?

2et us look again at the definition of happiness "e quoted abo#e, na%ely7 Fthe state of
pleasurable ontent of %ind, "hih results fro% suess or the attain%ent of "hat is
onsidered good.F

>o" let us break this state%ent do"n into a step8by step proess list7

A1B 3irstly "e %ust ha#e so%e i%age;onept in our %ind of "hat "e onsider is good. The
good is entirely subjeti#e and dependent upon our i%pression and #alues. What "e %ight
onsider is good for us, %ay be bad for so%eone else. =n any ase, this first step of ha#ing a
pre8onei#ed goal;desire;#alue is learly %ind.

A2B >e0t is the physial journey;proess "hereby "e set about to ahie#e this pre8onei#ed
goal;desire;#alue. This is learly physial.

A3B Then "e reah the point, ahie#e the goal;desire;#alue as originally set out by %ind. This
is the fulfill%ent. This is a %ind proess at the end of the physial proess.

A4B &pon reahing the goal;desire;#alue and reahing fulfill%ent as reognized by %ind, "e
then feel a state of pleasurable ontent of %ind. 9i#en this ours after the physial and after
the %ental fulfill%ent8 this state "e all happiness is an effet8 a byprodut of the steps listed
in A1B, A2B A3B.

Therefore on saying this "e an onfidently say that happiness is %ore %ental than physial.
<appiness is the effet of pleasure of the %ind, that %o%entary point after "e ahie#e our
desire;goal;#alue, before the ne0t journey.
(.$.2 The fleeting nature of happiness8 pleasure of the %ind

As anyone "ould kno" gi#en the "ay in "hih thoughts in the hu%an %ind hange and
flitter, as happiness is an effet , a state of pleasure in the %ind, its longe#ity an only e#er be
onsidered %o%entary. As soon as the %ind is distrated, that state of pleasurable ontent
shifts. The state of happiness %ay hange "ithin seonds, or if fe" distrations are around in
a fe" hours. =ne#itably, it passes only to hane a return upon the ahie#e%ent of our ne0t
pre8onei#ed goals;desires.

We no" ha#e an understanding of "hy happiness is so fleeting. =t is by nature a fleeting thing,
reliant on fators in our o"n %inds.
"." The nature of desire> anti%ipation and e!o

4esire by ego is a strong e%otion that effets our "hole being. As "e ha#e disussed the "ord
by its original o%ponent parts translates as Fto ha#e a strong "ish for, to long for, ra#e, to
feel the "ant of, to %iss.F As "e also disussed, it is a peuliar "ord in that its 2atin
o%ponents parts de J F=F, sider J FonsiderF and ate J FinfatuationF AateJ the 2atinized
#ersion of the 9reek goddess of infatuation, onsidered the goddess of %isfortune and rash
destrutionB.

What "e antiipate, "hat "e desire is often greater in %ental sti%ulation than the
gratifiation "e reei#e. :ore so, it is often the sti%ulation deri#ed fro% antiipation of
gratifiation that gi#es us greater pleasure than the final gratifiation. 2et us e0plain further
"hat "e %ean.
".".1 The pleasure of anti%ipation for se?

*e0ual antiipation is one of the greatest pleasures of the %ind, surpassed only so%eti%es by
the pleasure of se0ual fantasy and %asturbation.
What "e %ean is that the physial feelings e0periened along "ith heightened sti%ulation
fro% near antiipation of a se0ual enounter "here "e find greater than le#el of o#erall se0ual
e0periene of the at.

To so%e, this %ight appear to be "rong and %isguided, gi#en our ability to reall %o%ents of
great se0ual pleasure. <o"e#er, are these %e%ories e0at? or are these %e%ories aurate?
3or e0a%ple, did the person "e e0periene the se0ual pleasure "ith look e0atly like our
%e%ory of the e0periene? 4id all of our %e%ory of se0ual pleasure o%e fro% the at, or did
so%e of it o%e fro% the feeling of satisfation in fulfill%ent of the e0petation?

=n this "e e0plain fulfill%ent of e0petation;desire as the goal of se0ual pleasure "ith
so%eone "e ha#e desired, so%eone "e onsider se0ually attrati#e?

When "e disount the %e%ory of the pleasure deri#ed fro% the fulfill%ent of desire;goal, is
our %e%ory of the atual se0ual enounters still greater than our atual %e%ory of the at?

Without the initial desire, "ithout the antiipation, sti%ulation leading to the fulfill%ent
"ould not neessarily be as pleasurable.

Thus, "e see the %ind, the ego, the desires of = playing a substantial part in the fulfill%ent of
pleasure fro% the at.
(.(.2 The loss of se0ual pleasure at the lo"ering of antiipation

'on#ersely, "e see e0a%ples in our o"n li#es "hen the lo"ering of antiipation and
heightened pleasurable sti%ulation atually leads to a lo"ering of the pleasure deri#ed fro%
se0.

*o%eti%es, this is %isrepresented as fa%iliarity. <o"e#er, fa%iliarity itself annot be lassed
as a pri%e ause of the lak of antiipation. rather, it is ho" the ego hanges its %ind, one
desired pleasures are fulfilled, or onstantly fulfilled.

3or %any %ales, brought up "ith the %odern de#eloped "orldCs %odels of pleasures, se0ual
e0periene of pleasure "ith a regular partner o#er a period, %ay lessen o%pared to the
heightened potential pleasure fro% lusting for other fe%ale o%panions.

The pleasure, antiipation of alohol;drugs

The thought of a fa#ourite drink and its effets in antiipation atually hanges our physial
state. The sa%e an be applied to al%ost any drug. The %ost pleasurable part is the
o%bination of desire and the i%%ediate point of gratifiation.

Eften the effet of the drug is less than the antiipation. When disussing the addition of
injeted drugs, the greatest pleasure is usually asribed as Fthe hitF, rather than the effet.

Ene again, "e see the %ind being the greatest soure of pleasure, o%pared to the physial
effet of the drug.
(.(.3 The pleasure;antiipation of food
That dogs start to sali#ate unontrollably at the s%ell of attrati#e food and the near
antiipation of fulfill%ent that "e see signs of the effet of antiipation of %ind.

<u%ans ha#e also been sho"n to begin sali#ating in the near point of fulfill%ent of food. =t is
a key onsideration in the beha#iour of people to food. The sugar FhitF, the pleasures of the
first %outhful o%pared to the last. Ene again "e see %ind playing an integral and superior
role to that of the physial effet of the sti%ulus.
(.(.4 The "ord FpleasureF itself denotes %ind

=f this is not enough support, then onsider the "ord pleasure and the understanding of the
influene of %ind in the original definition outlined at the beginning of :e. The "ord denotes
%ind as a ritial fator. Thus "e see the "ord as self fulfilling8 %ind is ritially i%portant in
deter%ining "hat is pleasurable and "hat is not, beause pleasure is a state of %ind, not
neessarily physial.
(.(.! The fine line bet"een pleasure and pain

The fine line bet"een pleasure and pain an be de%onstrated in no better "ay than the "ay in
"hih sti%ulation during se0ual enounters an be reinterpreted in the %ind as pleasurable
and therefore trigger a pleasurable response, aiding he%ial response.

*ignals o%ing into the brain suh as pain is reinterpreted as pleasure triggering the release
of dopa%ine and other neurotrans%itters. 6leasure and pain therefore are al%ost
intert"ined8 both relate to response.

=t is "hy so%e people not only are i%%une to pain but find pleasure in being hurt8 the
%asohist. the person "ho has lost touh "ith "hat should by rights be the natural defene
%ehanis% of their body to denote da%age and pleasure being that sti%ulation that does not
da%age the body.

*e0 to %any people beo%es %uddy "aters "hen these t"o i%portant responses beo%e
intert"ined. 5ut it is ulti%ately the %ind that does so and the ego8 has a large part to play.
".# The nature of depression> loss of desire and e!o

Ef states of %ind that are %ost disturbing and sad, the state of depression "ould ha#e to rank
as one of, if not the "orst state of %ind.

4epressed people, stagnate indoors, a"ay fro% others. They lose appetite. They get sik, they
"ither, they so%eti%es e#en kill the%sel#es.

4epression kno"s no soial barriers8 al%ost e#ery hu%an being has e0periened depression
at least %ore than one in their li#es.

Then there are those "ho e0periene se#ere for%s of depression, so%eti%es alled F%ani
depressionF, or no" kno"n as the ondition Fbi8polar disorderF.
(.+.1 The loss of interest
We so%eti%es all this a Floss of interestF. When "e lose interest, our %ind, our ego, our = no
longer ati#ely partiipates in the ations. =t "anders to other thoughts to o%paring ations,
to o%paring %e%ory "ith ation. We judge the present against the past, or the future and
"e find it less sti%ulating.
(.+.2 The feeling of inner pain

'on#ersely, "e see %ind, ego, = e0periene bouts of depression "hen desire is so%eho" lost.
With this loss of heightened sti%ulation, ations, se0, drug taking and food all lose
sti%ulation.

Therefore "e see judg%ent as a %ajor soure of da%pening desire. That "e judge8 past "ith
present, present "ith future, that "e see a soure of ill feeling.

*adly, "e see depression inreasing as a %ind8set for peopleCs egoCs and %inds, in so%e ases,
ausing people to feel suiidal and relusi#e. <ospitals and linis around the "orld are full of
people "ho suffer this kind of depression. *o %uh so, that depression, loss of
desire;antiipation of pleasure is onsidered a %ajor F%ental illness.F
(.+.3 What this %eans

What this %eans in onsidering desires and pleasures is signifiant in that "e ha#e disussed
a learer and different perspeti#e than is urrently e0plained.

3or "e ha#e disussed and re#ealed that the greatest pleasures are those of the %ind,
e0pressed as Fsti%ulus deri#ed fro% antiipation;fulfill%ent of a desire.F

That our beha#iour to"ards "hat "e see as pleasurable has %ore to do "ith our %inds
pereption than the physial sti%ulus of the ation.
".* The time effe%t of anti%ipationDfulfillment and desireDdepression

A further point to onsider is F "here the %ind is at onerning the present ti%e.F
Antiipation is by definition for"ard %otion. 5ut does antiipation signifiantly in#ol#e
o%parison of the future to the present or the future to the past?

When "e onsider the ations of the %ind, "e see the %ind fousing antiipation;fulfill%ent
of desire bet"een the future and the past, that the present o%es into play fro% the physial
sti%ulus deri#ed fro% the %ind and then judg%ent of past8present one the desire has been
fulfilled.

This %eans that in a state of desire "e ha#e little a"areness8 a"areness of present ation. Eur
%ind s"irls unonsious of the present bet"een the future antiipation and the past %e%ory.
(.-.1 Antiipation;fulfill%ent of desires and for"ard perspeti#e

When onsidering the future, "hen onsidering desire, our %inds dash bet"een the %e%ory
of "hat "e kno" and "hat "e "ant8 the present beo%es the plae "here %o#ies are sho"n
of "hat is to o%e8 F"ath this spaeF as %o#ies of the future beo%es learer and learer8
added realis% as "e %o#e to"ards fulfill%ent.

=n this state, the present a"areness has little to no #alue or %eaning to a %ind rushing
bet"een the future and the past.
(.-.2 4epression;loss of desire and %e%ory perspeti#e

When onsidering a negati#e future, a future "ithout hope, a future "ithout faith, a future
"ithout pro%ise o%pared to the past8 the present represents the pain8 the painful re%inder
of failure.

1ah "aking %o%ent beo%es pain8 beo%es depression. The no" has no #alue, as the
future has no #alue, o%pared to the past, or against "hate#er syste% denotes the future to
ha#e no #alue.
(.-.3 The o%%on the%e bet"een t"o states being loss of present perspeti#e

=n both ases "e see that in a state of desire or in a state of depression, the present has no
#alue. =n other "ords, the o%%on the%e bet"een the t"o states is the lo" #alue of the
present7
".10 The effe%t of different %hara%ters. e!o and memory

2et us then look at pratial e0a%ples of the ego in ation.

A question that is asked onstantly is the question of just "hat #oie is that "e hear "ithin our
heads, Ene aspet , a risk of ego is "hen %ajor inidents our in our li#es "hen ego
frag%ents8 this is the basis of shizophrenia, "hen the ego, "hen the %ind 8 "hen ego fights
bet"een itself8 it is frag%ented..
(.1..1 The de#elop%ent of %e%ory and ego

1go de#elops %e%ory just as "e do8 that is beause ego is us. The au%ulation of responses
ontinues to gro" and "e ontinue to %odify our beha#iour and de#elop greater and greater
%e%ory8 until %e%ory itself takes o#er and "e lose sight.
(.1..2 The de#elop%ent of separate #oies through ego8 shizophrenia

There are ertain inbuilt safety %ehanis%s that pre#ent ego fro% splintering into %any
parts8 si%ultaneously fighting and arguing against one another8 This relates to the bak of the
brain that %akes the onnetion bet"een onsious sti%ulation and internal sti%ulation
%aking effeti#ely the %i08 What this %eans is that during the %i0, the body effeti#ely adds
one %ain #oie, one %ain internal sti%ulus to the urrent e0ternal influene and sti%ulation
at a ti%e8 any %ore and the body is unable to ope "ith the rush8

<o"e#er, "hen e0ternal sti%ulation is redued, or tired, "hen the ontrols are "orn do"n8
due to stress, it is possible for ego to frag%ent into %ore than one #oie8 "orse still it is
possible for ego to begin arguing bet"een itself8 ausing effeti#ely a onsious blok to
reality8 to the ability t funtion "ith input of the no" %o%ent and e0eution progra% of a
single dri#er.

There are a nu%ber of fators that an ontribute to suh as state8 the %ost effeti#e and fast
"orking are drugs, follo"ed by alohol, geneti predisposition and psyhoti breaks ourring
due to shok or horror.

All hu%ans are suseptible to shizophreni reations, espeially the older "e beo%e.
".11 The bases of e!o Gdesire and depressionH

The base of ego is lust8 se0ual desire. The basis of this theory, due in large part to the "ork of
3reud has been #ariously disredited and later reinstated as sound theory. <o"e#er it
re%ains highly ontro#ersial.

*e0ual pleasure se0ual desire bea%e the teahing ground and de#elop%ent of the ounterfeit
spirit8 This is e0pressed in the story of the hief aliens beha#iour to"ards "o%en in the
gestating of the first hu%an beings. therefore desire in the for% os se0ual desire is the base
desire, fro% "hih other desires deri#e.

'ounterfeit e#ils8 greed, anger, en#y, jealousy, desire These appear fro% the beginning of the
de#elop%ent.
(.11.1 2ust

The "ord FlustF o%es fro% Eld 1nglish, Eld 3risian, Eld <igh 9er%an and Eld >orse. =ts
original definition %eant Fpleasure, delight also a soure of pleasure A1$.(BF

*ensuous appetite or desire AE1B
desire, appetite, relish or inlination for so%ething A1$2(B
*e0ual appetite or desire, degrading ani%al passion AE1B
2a"less and passionate desire of or for so%e objet A1$(+B
To ha#e a strong, e0essi#e, or

(.11.2 1n#y

The "ord en#y o%es fro% Eld 3renh Aen#ie, "hih originally translated as desire.B =n turn
the "ord en#ie is deri#ed fro% the 2atin in#idia %eaning F%alie, ill8"ill and in#idere Flook
%aliiously upon, grudgeF. The 2atin is onstruted fro% in Aupon, againstB Y #idere AseeB

<ar%, %ishief A14$.B
:ortifiation and ill8"ill oasioned by the onte%plation of anotherCs superior ad#antages
A1!..CsB
To regard "ith disontent anotherCs possession of A so%e superior ad#antageB
To "ish oneself on a le#el "ith A anotherB in so%e respet, or possessed of A so%ething "hih
another hasB
To feel a grudge against A1$3.B

(.11.3 9reed
<a#ing an intense desire or inordinate appetite for food or drinkM ra#enous, #oraious,
gluttonous

1ager for the gain of "ealth and the like
A#ariious, o#etous, rapaious
Sealous

(.11.4 'o#et

3ro% 2atin upiditare, upiditas AupidityB
To desire, espeially to desire eagerly, long for
To long for "hat is anotherCs

".12 Ireud> 'sy%hoanalysis> 3!o ,nd The 7e-elopment 1f Se?ual 7ri-e. +ust

The theories of 3reud, "hile suspet in so%e regard, also hold #aluable lessons in the
e#olution and onstrut of the ego and the %anifestation of se0ual dri#e at different stages of
hu%an gro"th.
(.12.1 2ibido8 se0ual psyhologial dri#e A3reudB

The first desire is the desire of sensual pleasure fro% sti%ulation, speifially the sti%ulation
of the erogenous zones of the body.

The first period of life, up to the age of se#en or eight %onths, is the oral stage, in "hih the
baby gains intense pleasures fro% nursing, suking and %outhing. =n this stage of
de#elop%ent, the libido e0presses itself as an oral dri#e "ith satisfation of the dri#e usually
pro#ided by the %other. =f this dri#e is frustrated as "hen infants are depri#ed of adequate
%othering, the babyMs beha#iour re#eals its distressM breathing is shallo", rying is
e0aggerated and there is tension and %usular rigidity. Ether babies %ay beo%e lethargi,
their body %usles %ay gro" la0, and tube feeding %ay e#en beo%e %ore neessary. A
return to adequate %othering "ill often relie#e these aute sy%pto%s.

The seond stage of psyhose0ual de#elop%ent is the anal stage, in "hih the baby deri#es
pleasure fro% the proess of eli%ination. 3or the first fe" %onths of life, the eli%inati#e
proesses are auto%atiM apparently the baby is una"are of the%. As the hild %atures, there
is inreasing pleasure in e0retion. The parent in our soiety is likely to frustrate this
satisfation by initiating toilet training, often before the hild has either the neessary
%usular ontrol or the use of language.

6arental diso%fort "ith defeation an pro#ide the gro"ing hild "ith ne" %eans of
e0erising ontrol o#er the parents. =f the hild is inontinent, the parents are distressedM if
fees are retained and offered at the proper ti%e, the hild gains praise and re"ard. =n the
3reudian #ie", the e0perienes of the hild during toilet training an e0ert profound influene
on later adjust%ent.

The third stage in psyhose0ual de#elop%ent is the phalli stage, ourring bet"een the
seond and fourth years. =n this phase definite signs of se0uality appear in the hild,
so%eti%es in the for% of o#ert %asturbation, so%eti%es as a desire for ontat "ith the
parent of the opposite se0. At least in our ulture, %any fators lead to the suppression of this
infantile se0uality. 6arents %ay be disturbed by the hildCs beha#iour, and they %ay a#oid
ans"ering questions that they find e%barrassing or e#en punish this early for% of se0ual
interest.

6artially as a result of parental suppression of early se0uality, the hild %o#es into lateny
stage in "hih little diret se0uality is obser#ed. =nterests are likely to be entered in se08
typed ati#ities and the hild is likely to be negati#e to %e%bers of the opposite se0.

The %ale hild often sho"s strong identifiation "ith his father, the girl "ith her %other.
4uring this period the %ale hild resol#es his oedipal relationship to his %other. this
relationship, generated out of the hildCs original loseness to the %other, repre4sents a
desire for union "ith her. 3reud reasoned that the hild rejets this desire out of fear of
retaliation fro% his father "ho is a lo#er o%petitor.

This is the astration o%ple0. The son then subli%ates his affetion for his %other and turns
to an identifiation "ith his father. The onset of puberty, "hih follo"s the lateny period,
sees the re8e%ergene of heterose0ual interests as the indi#idual reahes the adult genital
stage of psyhose0ual de#elop%ent.
(.12.2 The negati#e reations to 3reud sine theories

*ine 3reud first published his theories of se0ual psyhoanalysis there ha#e been %any that
ha#e found this line of thinking onerning. Ene in partiular "as the e%inent psyhologist
)ung. =n %ore reent ti%es it has been )ung that has been on the asendany, "hile the
theories of 3reud ha#e gradually "aned.
(.13 <abit, 1go And A"areness Ef 6resent

The "ord habit o%es fro% the 13th 'entury and is a translation of the 2atin "ord habitus
%eaning Fondition, haraterF. <ene a habit is often seen as both harater for%ing and a
ondition of oneCs harater.

=n %odern psyhology there are three key definitions used "ith the "ord habit7

a beha#ior pattern aquired by frequent repetition or physiologi e0posure that sho"s itself in
regularity or inreased faility of perfor%ane
an aquired %ode of beha#ior that has beo%e nearly oro%pletely in#oluntary
addition

(.13.1 Are all habits unonsious?

&nonsious as "e ha#e defined is the non8a"areness and partiipation of the %ind in the
present %o%ent.

=t is not to be onfused "ith the %ind not being ati#e. This is a %istake of present day
psyhologial lassifiation.

&nder present lassial psyhologial lassifiation, unonsiousness is defined as non8
ati#ity of the onsious %ind8ego8=.

What "e defined unonsiousness as is the distration of onsiousness8 ego8%ind8= fro% the
present8 either fousing on the future past or a %i0ture of both.

As "e ha#e been able to define the e%otion of desire in ation of antiipation;fulfill%ent as
being a non8onsious state of the present A hene8 unonsiousness stateB "e an onlude
that al%ost all beha#iour that an be lassed as habit as unonsious?
(.13.2 What about a"areness of habit and the pre#ious ans"er

While the pre#ious ans"er appears to %ake sense, so%e readers %ay disagree gi#en the point
that "e ofte disuss and are a"are of our habits.

:ost s%okers kno" they are s%okers. :ost s%okers kno" it is bad for their health. Therefore
ho" does this relate to the ans"er gi#en that habits are supposed to be unonsious?

Another lassi e0a%ple that see%s to ontradit the pre#ious setion is anyone "ho
reognizes they ha#e an eating proble%, suh as o#er onsu%ption of sugars and salts. We
kno" that "hat "e are eating is e0ess is bad for our general health, therefore ho" an "e
onsider the ation unonsious.

Eur ans"er is si%ple8 a"areness in one %o%ent, does not %ean a"areness is neessarily
present in the ne0t %o%ent. Ene desire takes o#er and the near antiipation takes o#er, the
%ind ise0periening heightened sti%ulation to"ards the goal8 present a"areness is bloked,
past a"areness is history and "e eat the hoolate bar any"ay.
".14 The 2y%le 1f Ci!hBs ,nd +ows 5n 0eneral Cuman +ife

While in theory it "ould be nie to be happy all the ti%e, people "ho see% al"ays happy, or
e#en artifially hirpy tend to get on our ner#es after a "hile.

2ife is yle in e#erything "e see and e0periene. >ight turns to to day, then night. /ainy
days, sunny days and then rain again. *pring, su%%er, autu%n, "inter then spring again.
1#erything is yle.
(.14.1 The natural :ood yle of being hu%an

9i#en that e#erything else in nature goes through yles it %akes sense then that the hu%an
%ind affeted both by seasons, and its internal physiologial yles also goes through general
yles of higher than a#erage le#els of seratonin Ageneral sense of "ell beingB and lo"er yles
of seratonin.

This applies both to %en and "o%en, e#en though "o%en ha#e a physial %anifestation of a
yle e#ery 2$ to 3. days in %enstruation.
(.14.2 =ntolerane of natural yles in the %odern "orld
While "e %ay be a"are of our o"n natural yles of highs and lo"s, the %odern "orld in
"hih "e li#e is unfortunately intolerant of suh yles and %akes little to no onessions.

3ront ounter and all enter staff are e0peted to be happy and hirpy e#ery day of "ork.
6rofessionals are e0peted to be i%partial and non8e%otional in the deli#ery of their
respeti#e speialties.

The "orld that "e ha#e reated sets artifiial onstants "hih bear no rese%blene to %ost
natural yles. =t is no "onder that those unfortunate to ha#e the 1 to 3p% ti%eslots for
%eetings in offies frequently find the attendees dozing off8 not beause of large lunhes, nor
boring ontent but beause of the natural iradian ryth%ns of the hu%an body "hih
enourages us to ha#e a brief rest during this period eah and e#ery day.

=n the fe" soieties that reognize suh natural yles should be respeted, the siesta pro#ides
a %ehanis% to try and keep the body, %ind and "orld in har%ony rather than in onflit.
".1$ 3!o and mental illness

=n the pre#ious setion of 'hapter !, "e outlined one of the top 1. trends of %odern soiety is
the e0plosion of %ental illness.

We also disussed that this pande%i re%ains so%ething both highly ontro#ersial and
stubbornly refuted by %any Fe0pertsF and go#ern%ents. As a result, preious little resoure is
alloated "orld "ide into both understanding its auses and finding a ure.

=n the %eanti%e, it is ti%e to re#eal a strong and o%pelling onnetion to the rise of %ental
illness and the de#elop%ent of the %odern ego. 3urther%ore, it is also ti%e to %ake the
onnetion bet"een the gro"th of ego and the gro"th and sophistiation of %oney.
(.1!.1 The lak of F=F prior to $.. 5'1 in 1urope

=s it pure oinidene that the onept of F=F, of FselfF in 1urope oinided "ith the birth of
portable oinage in 9reek ity states and the e%ergene of the "arrior;poet lass?

*o%e %ight say yes, but there is strong e#idene to suggest that the in#ention of not only
oinage but easily redee%able %oney A%oney that "as uni#ersally aepted as ha#ing real
#alue and highly e0hangeableB allo"ed people the ti%e to think about the%sel#es, "ithout
ha#ing to spend e#ery "orking day sla#ing to %ake a li#ing.

1#idene e#en today sho"s learly that people "ho %ust onstantly "ork eah and e#ery day
do not ha#e the pratial ti%e to Fna#el gazeF and look in"ard. The hu%ble far%er re%ains a
noble i%age in %any ultures as a lass of people so%eho" blessed "ith not ha#ing the urse
of the %odern ity ego.
(.1!.2 The sophistiation of 1nglish %oney and the sophistiation of 1nglish ulture and ego

Ene again, is it pure oinidene that the gro"th in sophistiation of 1nglish %oney in the
de#elop%ent of paper %oney, of o%panies for trade and insurane to o#er potential trade
losses also oinided "ith a boo% in 1nglish ulture and ego?
:aybe, %aybe not. What is lear ho"e#er is that "ith the ne" found "ealth and boo%ing
ultural de#elop%ent of 1ngland a%e the gro"th of se#ere %ental disease. *o strong is this
ultural heritage that e#en today the saying F%ad dogs and 1nglish%en..F re%ains a phrase
reognizing the 1nglish as so%eho" ha#ing a higher degree of suseptibility to %adness.

:any ludirous e0uses for this onnetion re%ain part of the rationale for this apparent
onnetion, inluding the alleged poor "eather of 1ngland. Het %any 1uropean and Asian
entres reei#e the sa%e li%ati onditions "ithout any of the histori signs of %ental
illness of 1ngland.
(.1!.3 The e0plosion of A%erian onsu%er redit, A%erian ulture and %ental illness

The &nited *tates is redited in the reation of the %odern %ass8onsu%er age of redit
AdebtB fuelled purhase and %arketing ulture. 1#en today, the &nited *tates o%%ands
around 23N of the "orlds eono%y, largely do%inated by the spending and onsu%ing po"er
of their population.

At the sa%e ti%e, the A%erian ulture of the indi#idual, of the A%erian drea% do%inates
the Western "orld in %o#ies, %usi, art, lothes and #irtually all apsets of hu%an ulture.

The &nited *tates population is also said to ha#e one of the highest rates of %ental illness.
Again are these things all oinidene, or one again are "e seeing the onnetion bet"een
the sophistiation of %oney, the onsequential sophistiation and gro"th of ego and %ental
illness?
(.1!.4 The lear onnetions bet"een ego, %oney and %ental illness

:oney is not neessarily a bad thing, nor is a sense of self, nor e#en the odd eentri
thought. 5ut "hat is lear is that the pande%i of %ental illness has a lear onnetion to the
de#elop%ent of our %odern soiety and %ore partiularly to our sense and beha#iour of self
and that there is a lear link bet"een our egos and the sophistiation of %oney.
".1& The power of e!o to mask the present beyond life. !hosts

Ene of the gro"ing beliefs a%ongst the FspiritualF and FenlightenedF brigade of ne" age
healers and %ystis is that one a person lea#es their body they so%eho" o%e in ontat
"ith a greater a"areness and kno"ledge.

This %ay be so, but "hat about the po"er of ego? =s there so%e"ay to pro#e just ho"
po"erful the ego is e#en after death?
(.1$.1 9hosts and ego

There ha#e been and ontinue to be %any theories onerning ghosts, pro#iding you belie#e
in their e0istene in the first plae.

3or %any ghosts are people "ho are so%eho" trapped bet"een this "orld and the ne0t.
3requently ghosts are said to be people "ho ha#e been %urdered and;or "ho feel they ha#e
unfinished business. 5ut "hat about ego? What if ego has a lear influene in pushing people
into a ghost state and keeping the% there?
(.1$.2 What if the ego has the potential to ontinue to hold a person in delusion e#en after
they ha#e died?

Are "e being too nie to onsider that ego so%eho" passes a"ay "hen the body dies? =s it
possible the effets of ego and %adness an ontinue to entrap us in death as in life?

The ans"er %ay lie fir%ly and squarely on the state of the ego and that indi#iduals %ay not
realize that they are in the state they are8 or "orse8 that they %ay keep the%sel#es in that
state for a range of reasons inluding guilt, sadness, regrets.

9i#en ego is apable of distrating us fro% the no" "hen "e are ali#e, there is nothing to
suggest that ego is not apable of ontinuing on into and beyond life in the physial for% to
the other states of hu%an onsiousness. Therefore it is a progra% of the %ind far stronger
than the original onept of a distration tot he no", to being a distration to &'A8 per se.
".1" The self.destru%ti-e nature of e!o

What "e ha#e just disussed is no less of a parado0 than the %ajor parado0es of e0istene.
<o" ould so%ething as signifiant as ego, of %ind, of that "hih alls itself = be suh a
destruti#e fore "ithin the hu%an %ind?

*urely, suh a judg%ent of the hu%an ego is %isguided, possibly o#erly %oralisti to"ards
general hu%an beha#iour?

We "ish it "ere the ase. We "ish that our understandings of ego "ere si%ply %isguided and
o#er state%ents of a %oral point of #ie". =t "ould then be %uh easier to e0plain the
apparent ano%aly of a progra% operating "ithin the hu%an %ind, largely being the hu%an
%ind that see%s deter%ined to loud the present and to perpetuate beha#iour detri%ental to
the general align%ent, "ell being and sustain%ent of the host.
(.1(.1 1go and #irus

'onsidering that ego operates against the general "ell being and benefit of its host, a
reasonable o%parison an be %ade bet"een ego and another biologial progra% that sho"s
no apparent onern for its host, only for its o"n goals8 the #irus.

As "e disussed in &'A, a #irus is a biologial progra%, based on speifi />A ode that has
the si%ple goal of taking ontrol of a host.

1go to all intensi#e purposes has the sa%e goal. to a#oid at all ost, the host being a"are of
the present, to be lear %inded and fully a"are of the sensations of the present, rather than to
be perpetually foused on the future or %ore likely the past.
(.1(.2 =f the ego is so destruti#e, "here did it o%e fro%?

=t is an interesting question to ask "hether a progra% of this is a ost of ogniti#e intellet, or
so%e other e0planation8 i.e. is ego a produt of ultural and hu%an e#olution, or like
#iruses, potentially fro% other influenes?T

'ertainly the nature of the ego indiates that it does not ser#e hu%anity at all "ill to onsider
itself so different and so unique8 to the point that it isolates itself fro% itself and its potential.

The si%ple ans"er is that ego itself see%s unable and disinterested in generally asking, and
seeking an ans"er to the question. That "e prefer to a#oid suh questions indiates that the
subjet %ight be taboo for %ost egoCs A peopleB.
".1# ,r!uments 1f 3!o Ior 5ts 1wn Self Sustainment

*o%ething that "e are re%inded of by ego eah and e#ery day is that it is all "e ha#e8
e#erything else is either esoteri or beyond our reah;o%prehension.

=nteresting that ego onsiders self referening and self justifiation and i%portant past of
perpetuating its e0istene eah and e#ery day for %any people.

*o the question is ne#er fully, openly posed, is ego the only thing that %akes us? the greater
self? or is there other parts to the hu%an %ind and person that "e are yet to diso#er, fully
appreiate?
(.1+.1 The hu%an soul

The %ost ob#ious o%ponent of that "e are yet to identify as ha#ing physial e0istene is the
hu%an soul.
(.1+.2 <u%an #alues

<u%an #alues are state%ents and %antras that pro#ide instant and i%%ediate fous on
appropriate ation for the e#er hanging en#iron%ent of life. Galues the%sel#es see% to be a
o%ponent that an e0ist outside of the influene of ego.

Are you only you by #irtue of your desires, or beause of %ore? Are you only you beause of
"hat others think of you, or "hat you think of yourself? 4o you as a hu%an being ease to
e0ist if you feel less about your self?

The ans"er to these questions are the sa%e. Hou are you and you are %ore.

1go o%pels us to speak about oursel#es to others, to e0plain the i%portane of oursel#es.
That "e are unique, that "e are speial and %ore.

Het &'A already re#eals to us that e#erything and e#eryone is unique8 so "hat do "e lose if
this kind of self satisfation beha#iour eases to distrat us eah and e#ery day? >othing

1go finds it neessary to re%ind us eah and e#eryday of its e0istene and obtain by so%e
%eans self praise and gratifiation that "e are "orth"hile, that "e are lo#ed.

Het &'A already re#eals that if just one point of our e0istene eased, then the uni#erse "ould
ease to e0ist, "e are %ade of pure &'A, "e are the &'A inarnate. *o ho" an getting people
to tell us "e are the best ook, a great lo#er, a kind partner %ake us any greater? =t doesnCt. *o
"hat do "e lose in signifiane if this kind of onstant require%ent for bak8slapping eases
to be required and sought after eah day? >othing.

1go finds its neessary to fill our %ind "ith desires and urges and then set us on a path for
the fulfill%ent of as %any as possible, so%e short ter% and so%e long ter%.

Het, "e see that in the ase of the fulfill%ent of al%ost eah and e#ery gratifiation and
pleasure, the pleasure to the %ind is greater than the physial benefit;effet. *o "hy hase
pleasures of the %ind "hen the %ind an i%agine "hat e#er it "ishes? What then is lost if "e
fous in the a%aze%ent of the present and the reati#e potential of the %ind to drea%
"hate#er it "ishes to drea%? >othing.

1go finds it neessary to put other people do" in order to build us up.
(.1+.3 1go and guilt

=n all ases, nothing of onsequene appears to be lost "hen ego no longer ontinues to
perfor% "hat it urrently does. >othing of i%portane is lost. =n other "ords, it is still there8
our %e%ories, our senses, our ability to think proble%s, re%e%ber faes, reognize our o"n
unique identity and others8 but "hat is gained is a learer understanding of the present8
"hether or not other o%ponents suh as the soul e0ist or not.
".1* The 5mpli%ations 1f The )nderstandin!s 1f 3!o

=%agine a person "ho suddenly "akes up in hospital after a road aident to find they are
suffering fro% total a%nesia. Eut"ardly, e#erything is intat7 they ha#e the sa%e fae and
for%, their senses and their %ind are there, but they donC t ha#e any idea or any trae of a
%e%ory of "ho they really are.

=n e0atly the sa%e "ay, "e annot re%e%ber our true identity, our original nature.
3rantially and in real dread, "e ast around and i%pro#ise another identity, one "e luth
onto "ith all the desperation of so%eone falling ontinuously into an abyss. This false and
ignorantly assu%ed identity is FegoF.

*o ego, then is the absene of true kno"ledge of "ho "e really are, together "ith its resultF a
doo%ed luthing on, at all osts, to a obbled together and %akeshift i%age of oursel#es, an
ine#itably ha%eleon harlatan self that keeps hanging and has to, to keep ali#e the fition of
its e0istene.

=n Tibetan, ego is alled dak dzin, "hih %eans F grasping to a self.F 1go is then defined as
inessant %o#e%ents of grasping at a delusory notion os F=F and F%ineF, self and other, and
all the onepts, ideas, desires and ati#ity that "ill sustain that false onstrution. *uh a
grasping is futile fro% the start and onde%ned to frustration, for there is no basis of truth in
it, and "hat "e are grasping at is by its #ery nature ungraspable.

The fat that "e need to grasp at all and go on grasping sho"s that in the depths of our being
"e kno" that self does not inherently e0ist. 3ro% this seret, unner#ing kno"ledge springs all
our funda%ental inseurities and fear.

*o long as "e ha#enMt un%asked ego, it ontinues to hood"ink us, like a sleazy politiian,
endlessly parading bogus pro%ises, or a la"yer onstantly in#enting ingenious lies and
deafness, or a talk sho" host going on and on talking, keeping up a strea% of sua#e and
e%ptily on#ining hatter, "hih atually says nothing at all.

2ifeti%es of ignorane ha#e brought us to belie#e the "hole of our being "ith ego. =ts greatest
triu%ph is to on#ine us into belie#ing its best interests are our best interests, and e#en into
identifying our #ery sur#i#al as its o"n.

This is a sa#age irony, onsidering that ego and its grasping are at the root of all our suffering.
Het ego is so on#ining, and "e ha#e been its dupe for so long, that the thought that "e %ight
e#er beo%e egoless terrifies us. To be egoless, ego "hispers to us, is to lose all the rih
ro%ane of being hu%an, to be redued to a olorless robot or a brain8dead #egetable.

1go plays brilliantly on our funda%ental fear of losing ontrol, and of the unkno"n. W1
%ight say to oursel#es7 F= should really let go of ego, =C% in suh painM but if = do, "hatCs going
to happen to %e?F

1go "ill hi%e in, s"eetly7 F= kno" =C% so%eti%es a nuisane, and belie#e %e, = quite
understand if you "ant %e to lea#e. 5ut is that really "hat you "ant? Think7 =f = do go, "hatCs
going to happen to you? Who "ill look after you? Who "ill protet and are for you like =C#e
done all these years? = a% youVF

And e#en if "e "ere to see through egoCs lies, "e are just too sared to abandon it, for "ithout
any true kno"ledge of the nature of our %ind, or true identity, "e si%ply ha#e no other
alternati#e.

Again and again "e a#e into its de%ands "ith the sa%e sad self8hatred as the aloholi feels
reahing for the drink that he kno"s is destroying hi%, or the drug addit groping for the
drug that she kno"s after a brief high "ill only lea#e her flat and desperate.
".20 3!o and respe%t

'an ego, in ation to"ards a desire e#er sho" respet in a present no" %o%ent?

The "ord respet, o%es fro% the 2atin respiere %eaning F look AbakB at, regard, onsiderF
Are Y speere J lookB.

Therefore "hen "e onsider respet in its original sense, "e are talking about the feature of
a"areness of things as they are, the estee% of things "e "itness, as they are.

The "ord estee%, o%es fro% the 2atin aestei%are originally %eaning Ffi0 the prie of,
esti%ate A#alueBF, hene to estee% so%ething is to #alue so%ething.

=n ontrast, as "e ha#e disussed, antiipation and desire of ego is the projetion of the
future, using past onsiderations, "ithout %uh due onsideration to the present a"areness8
this is e0e%plified by the effet of perpetual desires, being habits of beha#iour, or the
onsious ego dri#en %ind being distrated to the present %o%ent.

The original question of this setion an therefore be re8phrased8 Fan ego distrated fro% the
present and sho"ing less regard for estee% of the things of the present, sho" at the sa%e
%o%ent an estee% of things around it at the present?F 'learly the ans"er is no.

What "e are saying then is that ego, in a state of desire, in a state of future %o%entu%, or
e#en in a period of depression of judg%ent an sho" no respet at the sa%e %o%ent. Without
respet, "ithout estee% for the things and people around us, our beha#iour to"ards those
things and those people %ust by definition be less than if "e are in a no" %o%ent state of
respet.

<ene an additional by8produt of habits and desires is the lo"ering of estee%8 self8 estee%
and the estee% of "hat is around us.

What "e ha#e just disussed is no less of a parado0 than the %ajor parado0es of e0istene.
<o" ould so%ething as signifiant as ego, of %ind, of that "hih alls itself = be suh a
destruti#e fore "ithin the hu%an %ind?
0#. )nderstandin! our an%estors

'hapter 12 and 13 of &'A A2ife @ <igher Erder 2ifeB establish learly that the patterns of
%atter throughout the &ni#erse and our o"n solar syste% indiate the onditions for <ydro8
'arbon life is a feature of al%ost all <ydrogen, 'arbon and E0ygen star syste%s.

'hapter 12and 13also established the lear argu%ent i%plying that higher order life at least as
ad#aned, if not %ore ad#aned than the hu%an speies %ust e0ist throughout the :ilky Way
gala0y and likely "ithin near pro0i%ity to our solar syste%. 5y "ay of seeking proof of their
e0istene, in 'hapter 13"e outlined a list of Finter#ention signaturesF by ategory that "hen
onsidered as an entire base of e#idene enable an objeti#e assess%ent of testing "hether
higher order life has influened nearby syste%s of life.
+.1.1 The ontro#ersial onlusions of 'hapter 1! of &'A

Then in 'hapter 1!of &'A A <istory of :odern <u%an 2ifeB, "e outlined a range of e#idene
of apparent Finter#ention signaturesF by higher order life fro% e0ternal syste%s on life on
1arth. =n partiular, "e disussed the strong e#idene pointing to hu%an beings as li#ing
e0a%ples of e0ternal FgenetiF inter#ention by higher order life in the 1arthCs eosyste%.

As learly as "e outlined the e#idene in 'hapter 1! of &'A, the onlusions nonetheless
re%ain ontro#ersial to a great %any readers. =n spite of the e#idene, %any readers %ay
ha#e found "hat "as disussed as highly dubious and laking any real FhardF e#idene.

=n ontrast the sa%e readers %ay feel %ore o%fortable "ith the popular assu%ption of
4ar"inis% and neo84ar"inis% that the hu%an speies is "holly a produt of the unique path
of e#olution on the planet 1arth. This %ay be in spite of the e#idene "e pro#ided sho"ing
that the o8author of origin of *peies, 4r Wallae stated he ould find no other e0planation
for the hu%an speies other than by the e0ternal inter#ention of so%e Foutside foreF, nor the
fat that Erigin of *peies only dealt "ith the rest of life on 1arth not the hu%an speies, as
4ar"in and Wallae ould not %ake hu%an beings fit their assu%ptions on the theory of
e#olutionV
+.1.2 :ost of the "orld belie#es in reation of hu%ans by geneti inter#ention, they just donCt
kno" it

:aybe those readers "ho still find the ontents of 'hapter 1! disturbing, or unbelie#able "ere
one indotrinated into one of the %ainstrea% religions of the "orld suh as =sla%,
'hristianity, )udais%, <indu. =f this is the ase then eah of these religions state ategorially
that hu%an beings are not produts of natural e#olution, but the produt of e0ternal
inter#ention, albeit Fdi#ineF.

As si%plisti as the story of the reation of Ada% and 1#e %ay appear in the 5ook of 9enesis,
it nonetheless desribes a proess of reation. The differene bet"een "hat is "ritten in the
5ibleand "hat "e stated in 'hapter 1! of &'A is that the 4i#ine 5eingAsB are no %ore than
higher order life fro% nearby star syste%s and the FlayF fro% "hih "e "ere %ade, is si%ply
a desription for the essene of life8 4>A.
=
n other "ords the oldest beliefs of hu%ans A"ell before 4ar"inB are that hu%ans "ere
FreatedF, not e#ol#ed reatures fro% e#olution on planet 1arth.
+.1.3 Why?

There are a thousand questions raised by hapter 1!. Why "ould suh an ad#aned rae e#er
be so %isaligned to genetially alter e0isting speies? for "hat end? "hy "ould they do suh a
thing? Then there is the question of "as %ore than one rae of higher order beings in#ol#ed?
%ore than one instane of geneti inter#ention?

These are questions that are ans"ered in %any te0ts of antiquity8 "ith ans"ers being less
than "hat one %ight e0pet.
+.1.4 The trail of e#idene of inter#ention does not end at just reation of the speies

As ontro#ersial as the onept of inter#ention on the 1arth by higher order speies is, the
trail of e#idene of inter#ention does not end there. There is %ore, %uh %ore ontained
"ithin the pages and frag%ents of hu%anityCs oldest and %ost sared te0ts, fro% the /ig
Geda, the >ag <a%%adi *rolls, The 5ible, to *u%erian Te0ts, 5abylonian Te0ts and 9reek
te0ts.

3or it is one thing to assert that hu%an beings are a produt of e0ternal inter#ention, and
another to ask "hy? for "hat purpose "ere "e reated?

This is "hat "e "ill be in#estigating in this hapter, referring bak to the "ords of our
anestors8 the oldest te0ts and traditionally onsidered the %ost i%portant te0ts of history.

5efore "e begin, let us onsider t"o i%portant points that affet our understanding of the
#alue of these te0ts and the %eanings ontained "ithin the%.
#.2 The meanin! of words and their translation

Throughout the journey of &'A and *123 "e ha#e seen the po"er of "ords and their origin
playing a ruial part in understanding the deeper %eaning of ho" and "hy things happen
the "ay they do. The "ord Fhu%ourF as "e disussed, had a #astly different %eaning four
hundred years ago than it does today.

We also sa" that a range of "ords and onepts in fat ha#e a %ultitude of %eanings. That
one "ord an %ean a range of things, depending on the onte0t, suh as the "ord Funi#erseF,
or FgodsF.
+.2.1 The po"er of the translator

The orret translation of %eaning beo%es e#en %ore diffiult "hen onsidering the
translation of anient te0ts "ritten in languages thousands of years old that also refer to
"ords "ith double %eanings and sy%boli representation. =n these ases, the kno"ledge and
i%pressions of the translator an and do ha#e a profound i%pat on ho" te0ts are translated
into 1nglish.

As a result, a te0t ontaining rih and olorful sy%boli %eanings an be rendered si%plisti
and nonsensial due to the interpreters skills and desires. The sa%e te0t, "hen deiphered
"ith a greater understanding of the sy%boli %eanings an ha#e a o%pletely different
interpretation.

Worse, the translator %ay atually hoose to deliberately obsure the depth of %eaning of a
te0t they find partiularly hallenging, or disonerting. This has often been le#eled at those
sholars perfor%ing the earliest translations of the 4ead *ea *rolls and the >ag <a%%adi
*rolls.

A lassi e0a%ple of this is the translation of a nu%ber of anient "ords in <ebre" and in the
*u%erian language.

3or e0a%ple,a popular translation of the <ebre" "ord *he% in anient te0ts is the %eaning
Fhea#en or hea#en hariotF, e#en though the "ord she%8esh %eans Fshe%8fireF. 2ooking at
the "ord and its i%portant relationship "ith the passage of key saints in hebre" literature,
and the To"er of 5abel inident, so%e sentenes do not %ake sense until an alternati#e A%ore
onte%poraryB definition is applied suh as Fsky #ehileF.

Thus the To"er of 5abel story beo%es7 Then they said Fo%e let us build oursel#es a ity
"ith a to"er that reahes to the hea#ens, so that "e %ay %ake a sky #ehile and not be
sattered o#er the faes of the "hole 1arth.F

=n *u%erian, a %ore onte%porary definition of the "ord A>. &>>A. K= is FThose "ho fro%
hea#en to 1arth o%e.F
+.2.2 /e8looking and re8defining te0ts

*o it is, "e re8look at a range of the oldest and arguably the %ost sared te0ts of hu%anity, to
seek and understand the %eanings behind the "ords. =n partiular, "e seek to understand
and see si%ilarities bet"een different ultures regarding the reation of hu%anity, the role of
e0ternal fores in our history and the reasons behind this influene.
#.3 The %on%epts of myth and mysti%ism

The seond %ajor obstale before beginning to onsider the oldest and %ost sared of
hu%anities te0ts is the popular lassifiation of these anient religious "orks and stories as
F%ythsF.
+.3.1 The onept and definition of the "ord F%ythF

The "ord F%ythF o%es fro% the late 9reek %uqoG A2ate 2atin J %ythosB %eaning F a purely
fititious narrati#e usually in#ol#ing supernatural persons, ations, or e#ents, and e%bodying
so%e popular idea onerning natural or historial pheno%ena. Eften used #aguely to inlude
any narrati#e ha#ing fititious ele%ents.F

<ene "hen the "ord %ythology is used to desribe the anient "ritings of 1gypt, 9reee, or
e#en *outh A%eria, the "ord %eans Fa body of %yths, that belong to the religious literature
or tradition of a ountry or peopleF A1(+4B.

The "ord F%ythF in large part is an offensi#e "ord, beause of its i%pliations, yet it is used
freely to desribe the anient "ritings of traditional ultures.

We desribe the history of philosophial and religious thought of the 1gyptians F%ythologyF,
yet onte%porary siene has no o%prehensi#e and pro#able theory on the onstrution of
the 9reat 6yra%id.
+.3.2 The onept and definition of :ysti

The "ord %ysti and %ystial o%es fro% the 9reek onept, translating into %ystius in
2atin. The anient original %eaning "as a o%bination of "ords, fro% Flose Y eyes;lipsF and
in its first o%bined %eaning %eant Finitiated one.F

The o%bined %eaning and the o%bination of "ords of lose Y lips is interesting, gi#en
those FinitiatedF into the %ystis of the 9reek traditions of the te%ples to Erpheus "ere
s"orn to serey, under penalty of death.

Thus the "ords initiation and serey are synony%ous "ith the "ord %ysti. As in its first
%eaning, the "ord %ysti applies to people, not to objets or onepts, as onepts of seret
kno"ledge to the 9reeks "as alled FgnosisF, a o%pletely separate "ord. Therefore, one
shooled in FgnosisF "as a F%ystiF.

The "ord %ystery, itself has an interesting pedigree, o%es fro% the 2atin "ord %ysteriu%
%eaning seret thing or ere%ony, as in the ere%ony A%ysteryB of an initiated one A%ystiB.

=nterestingly, during the %id 1$th 'entury "ith the rise of the trade guilds in 1urope, the
skills, oupation and art of rafts "ere alled by the "ord %ystery, fro% the ontration of
the 2atin "ord %isteriu% , related to %inisteriu% %eaning Fto apply, to ser#e, to i%partF.
9i#en the losed shop nature of the raft guilds and their odifiation of skills as seret arts, it
is entirely o%%on sense that the "ord should ha#e been used in this onte0t, later to be
de#eloped to the abbre#iation of a person skilled in an art or raft or oupation as :ister
Alater ontrated to :rB.
+.3.3 The negation of the "ord F%ystiF

=t "as only around the 14th to 1$th 'entury that the "ords D%ystiP and D%ystialP de#eloped
their negati#e onnotation in 1uropean languages thanks to the rulings of the /o%an
'atholi 'hurh to %ake lear distintions bet"een hurh dotrine and the o%plete
separation and suppression of any %agi re%nants fro% the holy sriptures and holy rituals
of hurh history, e0ept of ourse those per%itted under hurh la" A suh as the
sara%entsB.

This is probably in large part in response to the %ass e0ter%ination of heretial thought and
regions of heretial thought during this period by the hurh and its supporters. =t is during
this period that %ysti and %ystial de#eloped an apparently negati#e onnotation of D of
dark i%port, obsure %eaning, or oult influene,P and D of a person7 obsure in speeh or
styleP.

Thus the ter% %ystiis% e%erged at the end of this period at around 1(.. %eaning D AaB as a
ter% of reproah7 applied loosely to any religious belief assoiated "ith self delusion and
drea%y onfusion of thoughtP and AbB D*o%eti%es applied to philosophial and sientifi
theories "hih assu%e oult qualities or %ysterious agenies of "hih no rational aount
an be gi#en.P

<ene also the derisi#e "ord D%ystifyP, %eaning Dto be"ilder, to play on the redulity of7 to
hoa0, hu%bug, to "rap up or in#ol#e in %ystery7 to %ake %ystial, to in#ol#e obsurity.P
+.3.4 The reation of the siene of D%ythP

The suess of the "ord %yth, o%pared to the other derisi#e "ords attaking %ysti history
is that under the guise of o%%on senses it attaked as unsientifi and fitional the ultural
heritage of non8'hristian ultures.

The dupliity of suh desriptions "ere largely hidden by inluding the ondition that %yths
usually inlude suh supernatural e#ents in a onte0t as to be highly questionable. Therefore
'hristian historians dee%ed the 1gyptian religions as being based on %yth, "hile the Girgin
5irth, resurretion of )esus 'hrist and the the possession of the <oly *pirit as %atters of
personal faith.
+.3.! The subtle rhetori of %yth and %ystiis%

=n o%bination the onepts of %yth and %ystiis% are a po"erful defene for the /o%an
'hristian and >eo 6latoni #ie" of the "orld. En the one hand, stories of the past and anient
kno"ledge an be lassed as %yth, therefore ha#ing no pratial basis, e0ept of ourse for
that literature that oinidentally is dee%ed to ha#e so%e fatual and spiritual basis suh as
The 5ible.
This "ipes out the past. Then if one is to atte%pt to apply any ritual outside the nor%s of the
hristian onept, to question onepts not desribed in the hristian onept, then the
onepts are desribed as %ysteries or %ystiis%. *trike 2 and 3 one %ystiis% is applied,
the derision is already i%plied.

All a riti need do is look to those religions and philosophies that happily aept the
branding of %ystiis% and aept the branding as a point of differene and su%%arize these
as be"ildering lap8trap and ga%e8set8%ath.

This is the greatest sadness of the e%erging ne" age debate. That the "ords of derision of the
past are not onsidered by the authors of the present. They #ie" the nature of "ords suh as
%ystial and %ystiis% as an ad#antage against theology8 not realizing that the "ords "ere
reated and arry the legay of the past derision to "hih they "ere designed.
#.4 The patterns of similarity of an%ient te?ts

While "e %ay hoose to look at the %erit and %essage of indi#idual te0ts and belief syste%s
in searh of lues as to the %oti#es of our reators and their history "ith the hu%an rae, "e
hoose in this setion to see to find synergies and patterns represented in o%%on belief
syste%s "ithin the te0ts.

=n this "ay "e seek to identify those stories that appear to ha#e a o%%on basis aross
different ultures therefore raising the possibility that in the onte0t of e0ternal inter#ention
of higher order life %ight be true.
+.4.1 4ifferenes in "hat "e %ay ha#e originally been taught

=f you "ere shooled as a :usli%, )e", or 'hristian, the belief is that those that reated us did
so for good and holy reasons. 2ike"ise, the sa%e syste%s of belief tell us a different beha#iour
of D9odP in the follo"ing years #ia stories suh as the 9reat 3lood, the destrution of *odo%
and 9o%orrah, the %ental;physial torture of )ob and Abraha%.

To date, this see%ing onflit in beha#iour has represented a pri%e parado0 in the
personality of an apparent supre%e being8 one being absolute in lo#e and are, "hile at the
sa%e ti%e displaying harateristis that if lassed of a hu%an being "ith high tehnology
Ae.g. ato%i "eaponsB "ould be onsidered e#il.

9od J good, hu%ans J fla"ed has historially represented the %ainstrea% position of the
%ajor religions of the planet 1arth for the past 2... years. Het e#en "ithin the 'hristian
fraternity, ounter8argu%ents ha#e also e0isted and ontinued in so%e quarters.

The 9nosti 'hristian sets for instane, belie#ed our reators as inherently e#il and
de#eloped bizarre ere%onies by "ay of repudiating their po"er, in order to DpurifyP
oursel#es to the deeper %essage of 'hrist. While /o%an 'hristian authority has long sine
%assared and destroyed %ost e#idene of suh religious di#ision, the %ystery has persisted.

The reason "e %ention these e0a%ples and onflits before beginning to look at the
si%ilarities and o%%on stories of anient te0ts is that you should be prepared to see quite
different #ie"s and onepts e%erging fro% these te0ts, so%eti%es disturbing in their
i%pliation.
#.$ 2ommon theme G1H. the e?isten%e and history of J!odGsH before %reation of
humans

The first and %ost i%portant o%%on the%e of all anient te0ts, older than 3... years is the
onsistent state%ent that 9odAsB e0isted before <u%an e0isted.

The oldest "ritings fro% *u%eria, 1gypt and the El%es in *th A%eria parallel one another
in the hierarhy of 9ods and their e0istene on the planet 1arth before the e0istene of
hu%anity.

=n %ost ases, these te0ts talk of the 9ods being the reators of the 1arth fro% the pri%ordial
"aters;kaos. =nterestingly, "hen one onsiders another interpretation of this translation, the
reation of order fro% disorder also i%plies the reation of i#ilization, of fields, of the things
"e take for granted out of the unta%ed "ilderness that "ould ha#e been pre8settle%ent
1arth.
+.!.1 2e#els of 9ods8 pre8hu%ans

All anient te0ts uni#ersally desribe #arious layers of hierarhy to the 9ods pre8 e0istene of
hu%ans. There appears to be a supre%e leadership follo"ed by supporting leadership
A ounilB then "orker gods.
+.!.2 3allen;sla#e gods

*eondly, there appears to be a nu%ber of fallen gods, effeti#ely prisoners to those in po"er
"ho effeti#ely "ere the "orkers8 building the failities and life support syste%s of 1st
settle%ent.

=n the ase of anient te0t the 1nu%a 1lish A3...5'1B , "e see the follo"ing key quote,
before any %ention of hu%ans7

D...2et the fallen gods day after day ser#e usM and as "e enfore your "ill let no one else usurp
our offie. :arduk, Tia%atRs onqueror, "as gladM the bargain "as goodM he "ent on speaking
his arrogant "ords e0plaining it all to the gods, DThey "ill perfor% this ser#ie, day after day,
and you shall enfore %y "ill as la".P
+.!.3 4e#elop%ent and loation of 1st settle%ent

)udging by the anient te0ts, the loation of 1st settle%ent appears to be "ithin the region of
Tigris;1uphrates and 1gypt. =n the anient te0t 1nu%a 1lish, a lear passage referring to the
9ods ha#ing lodging at pre8hu%an 5abylon is %entioned7

FWhen others fro% hea#en desend to the Asse%bly, you too "ill find lodging and sleep by
night. =t shall be babylon the ho%e of the gods. The %asters of all the rafts shall built it
aording to %y plan.F 1nu%a 1lish

When both hea#en and earth had been o%pleted finished, And the %other of the goddesses
had been brought into beingM When the earth had been brought forth A andB the earth had
been shapedM When the destinies of hea#en and earth had been fi0edM When trenh and anal
had been gi#en their right ourseM And the banks of the Tigris and 1uphrates had been
established, Then Anu, 1nlil, *ha%ash and 1a The great gods, *eated the%sel#es "ith the
Anunnaki, the great gods, =n the e0alted santuary And reoubnted a%ong the%sel#es "hat
had been reated. D>o" that the destinieis of hea#en and earth ha#e been fi0edM Trenh and
anal ha#e been gi#en their right ourse The banks of the Tigris and 1uphrates ha#e been
established What else shall be do? What else shall "e reate? E Annunaki, ye great gods,
What else shall "e do? Assyrian #ersion of reation A11.. 5'1B

...And Ehr%azd %ade Ti%e of the 2ong 4o%inion %anifest "hih has the %easure of 12,...
unitsZ2!,-2. years aligned to the preession of equino0es of the earth[ and "ithin it he
attahed the fir%a%ent, the artifier A and hea#enB. And eah of the t"el#e *igns of the Sodia
"hih are bound to the fir%a%ent he appointed for a thousand units Z2,1$. years[ . 4uring
three thousand units the spiritual reation "as %adeM and Aries, Taurus and 9e%ini held
s"ay eah for a thousand units.

Then Ahir%an A "ith the aid of Ti%eB turned to"ards the heights that he %ight do battle "ith
Ez%azd7 he sa" an ar%y %arshalled and dra"n up in ranks and rushed bak to hell. 3ro%
the foulness, darkness and stenh that "as "ithin hi%, he raised an ar%y. This "as possible
for hi%. =n this %atter %uh has been said. The %eaning of this is that "hen he "as e%pty8
handed he rushed bak to hell. beause of the righteousness he sa" in Ehr%azd for three
thousand units Z $,4+. years[ he ould not %o#es, so that during these three thousand units
Z$,4+. years[ %aterial reation "as %ade. The ontrol of the "orld passed to 'aner, 2eo and
Girgo. =n this %atter %uh has been said.

= "ill say a fe" "ords on this subjet. =n the reation of the %aterial "orld first he %anifested
the sky and the %easure of it "as t"enty8four by t"enty8four parsangs and its top reahed
9aroo%an... After forty8fi#e groups Z --,3$. years[ he aused the "ater to appear fro% the
skyM after si0ty groups Z12-,$.. years [ the earth appeared out of the "ater M after se#enty8fi#e
groups Z1$2,... years [ he %anifested plants, large and s%allM after thirty groups Z$4,+..
years [ the 5ull and 9ayo%art appearedM and after eighty groups Z1(2,+.. years[ Ada% and
1#e %ade their appearane. *peaking of the "orld ASoroastrianis% $!. 5'1B
#.& 2ommon theme G2H. %onte?t in lead up to %reation of 1st humans

We are no" about to return to stepping outside the boundaries of the 4ar"inian theory of
e#olution again as in 'hapter 1! of &'A to disuss the question of D"hy "ere the 1st hu%ans
reated?P The #ery ans"er to this question represents a foundation belief to all DreationistP
religions. 3or the ans"er to this question represents the atual %oti#ations of 9od or the
9ods in reating hu%an.

We are not going to re8debate the #arious %erits and onerns assoiated "ith a DreationistP
theory #ersus the 4ar"inist De#olutionaryP #ie" as to the truth of our origins as hu%an
beings. This "as %ore than adequately e0plained in 'hapter 1! of &'A itself.

Eur interest in this hapter is to understand the o%%on the%es and inherited kno"ledge of
our anestors as to these questions. 3urther, "e endea#or to shed light on the %eanings of
these anient te0ts in %aking sense of D"hat happened to ause the reation of the 1st
hu%ans.P
+.$.1 4ifferenes in the beliefs of "hat "ere the %oti#ations of 9od;9ods in reating the 1st
hu%ans

The oldest reation stories that desribe the underlying %oti#ation of 9od;9ods in the
reation of the 1st hu%ans an be di#ided into t"o groups7 A1B 9oodness7 those religions that
belie#e the 1st hu%ans "ere reated out of lo#e and design Din the i%age of 9odAsBP and A2B
1#il7 those that belie#e hu%ans "ere reated out of i%%oral pratial sla#ery to be "orkers,
prisoners of a syste% and ne#er to be free.

The beliefs and stories assoiated "ith the 1st hu%ans being reated for 1#il reasons are
essentially the oldest of the t"o groups and date bak to the original beliefs of the *u%erians,
1gyptians and earliest *th A%erian ultures. The beliefs and stories of hu%ans being reated
for 9ood reasons are %ore reent and date bak to the beliefs of :oses, the tribe of =srael and
'hristian;:osle% beliefs.
+.$.2 4ifferenes in reation beliefs relating to different ti%e periods and D#ersionsP of
hu%ans being reated

When "e re8look at the te0ts and t"o groups of 'reation beliefs, it is entirely onei#able that
"e are #ie"ing not t"o o%peting #ie"s, but different aspets of the sa%e #ie" that desribe
t"o periods of history and t"o periods of hu%an reation8 a Gersion ?1 <u%an reated for
1#il reasons and a Gersion?2 <u%an reated for 9ood reasons.

3or this reason, "e "ill no" onsider the heritage of understandings of the oldest religious
te0ts and beliefs to onsider the onte0t, %oti#ations and ti%e of the reation of the 1st
hu%ans by 9od;the 9ods8the sared te0ts of the *u%erian, Akkadian, 1gyptian and earliest
*th A%erian;Afrian ultures.
+.$.3 An uprising by the "orker;sla#e gods

=t is the heritage of the oldest te0ts that desribe hu%ans being reated for 1#il reasons that
also desribe a rae of gods preeding hu%ans that "ere effeti#ely "orker;sla#es. =n the
pre#ious setion, "e su%%arized the onte0t and detail of their e0istene and o%%on sense
onlusions that in effet the "orker;sla#e gods "ere no better than prisoner8sla#es and the
earliest settle%ents being no better than large jails to house the prisoners.

'ertainly, all te0ts and aounts talk of a sparse e0istene and rigid e0istene8 a kind of higher
fored %orality on these "orker;sla#e gods8 that these lesser gods also had lesser %orality. =n
fat the earliest te0ts plae "ith graphi detail the #ery hu%an e%otions of lo#e, hate, jealousy
and e0ess "ith these lesser gods8 in so%e ases, being "hat an only be desribed as e#il
beings.

=n any ase, at so%e point the %ost anient te0ts talk of an uprising by the lesser gods on
1arth against their %aster 9ods. The %utiny by all aounts "as initially suessful, its
%oti#ation o%ing fro% years upon years of bak breaking toil8 in the fields, in %ines, in
building their o"n prisons.
While "ords and their translation differ slightly, "hat is lear fro% the %ost anient te0ts is
that the runh point for the reation of the ho%o sapien speies by the gods, "as an uprising
by the "orker;sla#e gods and a general breakdo"n in la" and order in settle%ents.

The rebellion "as rushed, ho"e#er a onession "as %ade to re8establish peae8 a "orker
"ould be established.
+.$.4 4eision to reate biologial "orkfore

The deision to reate biologial "orkfore7

>o" that :arduk has heard "hat it is the gods are saying, he is %o#ed "ith desire to reate a
"ork of onsu%ate art. <e told 1a the deep thought in his heart. D5lood, to blood, = join,
blood to bone = for% an original thing, its na%e is :an, aboriginal %an, is %ine in %aking.
All his oupations, are faithful ser#ie, the gods that fell ha#e rest, = "ill subtly alter their
operations, di#ided o%panies, equally blessed.P 1nu%a 1lish

That "hih is slight shall gro" to abundane The burden of reation %an shall bear The
goddess they alled ... the %other The %ost helpful of the gods, the "ise %a%i Thou art the
%other8"o%b, the one "ho reates %ankind 'reate then 2ullu and let hi% bear the yokeV The
yoke he shall bear, The burden of reation %an shall bear ...opened her %outh *aying to the
great gods With %e is the doing of all that is suitableM With his...let 2ullu appearV he "ho shall
be...of all.. Eld 5abylonian Te0t A1(!.81!!. 5'1B

With their blood let us reate %ankindM The ser#ie of the gods be their portionM 3or all ti%es
To establish the boundary dith To plae the spade and the basket =nto their hands 3or the
d"elling of the great gods "hih is fit to be an e0alted santuary To %ark off field fro% field
3or all ti%es To establish...
..To %ake the field of the Anunnaki produe, To inrease the abundane in the land To
elebrate the festi#al of the gods To pour out old "ater for the great house of the gods "hih
ius fit to be an e0alted santuary &lligarra and Salgarra They alled their na%es That
&lligarra and Salgarra should inrease o0, sheep, attle fish and fo"l, The abundane in the
land 1nul and 1reshul dereed "ith their holy %ouths Aruru, the lady of the gods, "ho is fit
for rulership, Erdained for the% %ighty destiniesM *killed "orker to produe for skilled
"orker and unskilled "orker for unskilled "orker, *pinging up a%ong the% like grain fro%
the ground... ....A%ong the%sel#es did Anu and 1nlil, 1a and >i%ah The great gods deree
for the% =n the plae "here %anking "as reated There >isaba "as fir%y established 2et the
"ise teah the %ystery to the "ise. Assyrian #ersion of reation A11.. 5'1B

+.$.! 6re89enesis 'reation

The oldest te0ts of the *u%erian and Akkadian i#ilizations of the fertile plains of the Tigris
and 1uphrates talk of a 1st reation of hu%an being the 2u.2u, not Ada% and 1#e. 'ontrary
to the ideal Dreation in his o"n i%ageP, the *u%erian aount is quite brutal in desribing
the 1st hu%ans as being nothing %ore than Dsla#es.P

This does not disount the understandings of the <ebre" and 'hristian history. =t %erely
reflets a pre8dating of belief of reation being different for one generation of hu%ans
o%pared to so%e future genetially reated generation of hu%ans8 Ada% and 1#e o%ing
after the reation of the 1st8 the 2u.2u.
#." 2ommon theme G3H.how were 1st humans %reated

The earliest te0ts of hu%anity are lear and unequi#oal regarding the artifiial reation of the
hu%ans by %ulti8gods #ia the use of ad#aned kno"ledge. 1#en the sanitized 5iblial
#ersions of the 'atholi 'hurh and )e"ish /abbini faith allude to the DartifiialP reation of
hu%ans.

<o"e#er, there still e0ists a substantial differene bet"een the %ost anient aounts of
reation and those of the :iddle 1ast and 9enesis syste%s of belief.
+.(.1 Key steps in reating biologial "orkfore

There is one issue relating to geneti "orkfore8 that is the question of internal kno"ledge.
2..,...Y years ago, ho%inids "ere nothing %ore than s%art apes. To train suh apes to
perfor% and e#en to beha#e "ould take onsiderable ti%e. 3urther, their ability to perfor%
areful duties, re%e%ber instrutions "ould be li%ited A as e#idened by endless studies of
hi%panzees in apti#ityB.
+.(.2 The slaying of rebellious 9od to %i0 4>A

1a ans"ered "ith arefully hosen "ords, o%pleting the plan for the godRs o%fort. he said
to :arduk, Dlet one of the kindred be takenM only one need die for the ne" reation. bring the
gods together in the 9reat Asse%blyM there let the guilty die, so the rest %ay li#e.P :arduk
alled the 9reat 9ods to the *ynodM he presided ourteously, he ga#e the instrutions and all
of the% listened "ith gra#e attention.
The king speaks to the rebel gods, Ddelare on your oath if e#er before you spoke the truth,
"ho instigated rebellion? Who stirred up Tia%at? Who led the battle? let the instigator of "ar
be handed o#erM guilt and retribution are on hi%, and peae "ill be yours fore#er.
The 9reat 9ods ans"ered the 2ord of the &ni#erse, the king and ounselor of gods. D=t "as
Kingu "ho instigated rebellion, he stirred up that sea of bitterness and let the battle for her.P
They delared hi% guilty, they bound and held hi% do"n in front of 1a, they ut his arteries
and fro% his body they reated %anM and 1a i%posed his ser#itude. 1nu%a 1lish

2et hi% be for%ed out of lay, be ani%ated "ith blood 1nki opened his %outh *aying to the
great gods DEn the.. and ..of the %onth The purifiation of the land 2et the% slay one god,
And let the gods be purified in the judg%ent With his flesh and his blood 2et >inhursag %i0
lay 9od and %an *hall.. therein.. in the lay Eld 5abylonian Te0t A1(!.81!!. 5'1B

What else shall "e reate? The great gods "ho "ere present, The Annunuki, "ho fi0ed the
detinieis, 5oth groups of the% %ade ans"er to 1nlilM =n &zu%ua, the bond of hea#en and
earth 2et us slay the 2a%ga gods With their blood let us reate %ankindM Assyrian #ersion of
reation A11.. 5'1B

There is so%ething profound and deep seated in this passage of the 1nu%a 1lish. 5y
onsidering an essential truth, "e %ust onsider that "ithin us, arried "ithin our basi 4>A
seed is the base %e%ory8 of a 9od, of a high alien fro% another solar syste%. *eondly, this
alien "as no less than a leader, alled Kingu A #ery si%ilar to KingB, that died so that "e %ay
li#e.

This is not an unfa%iliar story "hen onsidering the %ost i%portant and po"erful %yths and
sy%bolis% to hu%anity for ontained "ithin these i%pliations is an underlying e0planation
of hu%an features sine the identifiation of the earliest settle%ents. =n %any parts of the
"orld, the King has been sarified for the benefit of the %any, o#er an o#er again. The
sy%bolis% is un%istakable. The ritual of )esus 'hrist is by definition a re8enat%ent of suh
a ritual.

Therefore, suh is the po"er of this sy%bolis% to our #ery origin that so%ething "ithin us
%ust all bak to the #ery beginnings8 the kno"ledge of this anestor and sarifiial parent.
+.(.3 'o%%on the%es of geneti reation

....9od had not aused it to rain upon the earth and there "as no %an to till the groundM but a
%ist "ent up fro% the earth and "atered the "hole fae of the ground, then the 2ord 9od
for%ed %an of dust fro% the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of lifeM and
%an bea%e a li#ing being. 9enesis A$.. 5'1B

...They kissed her feet, *aying DThe reatress of %ankind "e all theeM The %istress of all the
gods be thy na%e They "ent to the <ouse of 3ate >iniguku81a and the "ise :a%a 3ourteen
%other "o%bs "ere asse%bled To tread upon the lay before her 1a says, as he reites the
inantation *itting before her, 1a auses her to reite the inantation %a%a reited the
inantationM "hen she o%pleted her inantation, ...she dre" upon her lay. 3ourteen piees
she pinhed offM se#en piees she plaed on the right, *e#en piees she plaed on the leftM
bet"een the% she plaed a brok. 1a "as kneeling on the %attingM he opened its na#elM he
alled the "ise "i#es. Ef the se#en and se#en %other "o%bs, se#en brought forth %ales,
se#en brought forth fe%ales. The :other8Wo%b, the reatress of destiny. =n pairs she
o%pleted the%, =n pairs she o%pleted before her. The for%s of the people %a%i for%s.
Assyrian #ersion of reation A11.. 5'1B
#.# 2ommon theme G4H.the %reation of 2nd humans

The earliest te0ts of hu%anity are lear and unequi#oal regarding the artifiial reation of the
hu%ans by %ulti8gods #ia the use of ad#aned kno"ledge. 1#en the

....9od had not aused it to rain upon the earth and there "as no %an to till the groundM but a
%ist "ent up fro% the earth and "atered the "hole fae of the ground, then the 2ord 9od
for%ed %an of dust fro% the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of lifeM and
%an bea%e a li#ing being. And the 2ord 9od planted a garden in 1den, in the eastM and there
he put the %an "ho% he had for%ed. And out of the ground the 2ord 9od %ade to gro"
e#ery tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, the tree of life "as also in the %idst
of the garden and the tree of kno"ledge of good and e#il.
A ri#er flo"ed out of 1den to "ater the garden and there it di#ided and bea%e four ri#ers.
The na%e of the first is 6ishonM it is the one "hih flo"s around the "hole land of <a#Rilah,
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"here there is goldM and the gold of the land is goodM bdelliu% and ony0 stone are there. The
na%e of the seond ri#er is 9ihon, it is the one "hih flo"s around the "hole land of 'ush.
And the na%e of the third ri#er is Tigris, "hih flo"s east of Assyria. And the fourth ri#er is
the 1uphrates. 9enesis A$.. 5'1B

FAnd he said to the authorities "hih attend hi%, C'o%e, let us reate a %an aording to the
i%age of 9od and aording to our likeness, that his i%age %ay beo%e a light for us.C And
they reated by %eans of their respeti#e po"ers in orrespondene "ith the harateristis
"hih "ere gi#en. And eah authority supplied a harateristi in the for% of the i%age "hih
he had seen in its natural Afor%B. <e reated a being aording to the likeness of the first,
perfet :an. And they said, C2et us all hi% Ada%, that his na%e %ay beo%e a po"er of light
for us.C
....FAnd "hen the %other "anted to retrie#e the po"er "hih she had gi#en to the hief
arhon, she petitioned the :other83ather of the All, "ho is %ost %eriful. <e sent, by %eans
of the holy deree, the fi#e lights do"n upon the plae of the angels of the hief arhon. They
ad#ised hi% that they should bring forth the po"er of the %other. And they said to
Haltabaoth, C5lo" into his fae so%ething of your spirit and his body "ill arise.C And he ble"
into his fae the spirit "hih is the po"er of his %otherM he did not kno" AthisB, for he e0ists
in ignorane. And the po"er of the %other "ent out of Haltabaoth into the natural body,
"hih they had fashioned after the i%age of the one "ho e0ists fro% the beginning. The body
%o#ed and gained strength, and it "as lu%inous. ..P
The Aporyphon of )ohn A>ag <a%%adi *roll8 dating 1gypt +.82..A4B

./ And the +*$& od caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept0 and he
took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof1
.. And the rib, which the +*$& od had taken from man, made he a woman, and
brought her unto the man"
.2 And Adam said, 3his is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh0 she shall be
called 'oman, because she was taken out of 4an"
.5 3herefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his
wife0 and they shall be one flesh"
91>1*=*8The 5ible
#.* 2ommon theme G$H. the !reat flood

Ene of the uni#ersal the%es a%ongst the anestors of the :esopota%ian region is the history
of a great flood. En unearthing the lay tablets of the *u%erians, one of the key stories
translated turns out to be the story of >oah and the Ark.

While the stories right do"n to the 5iblial #ersion talk of a great global flood, it is quite
possible that this flood relates in part either to the :esopota%ian region or a %ajor shift and
flooding of the 5lak *ea. This "ould aount for the ruins of hu%an settle%ent found on the
sea floor of the 5lak *ea.

A %ajor 1arthquake ausing the higher "ater le#els of the :editerranean to flood through the
straits and into the 5lak *ea "ould ha#e been the end of the "orld for any far%ing
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o%%unities li#ing in the path of the "all. *uh an e#ent ould ha#e represented a %ajor loss
of life onsistent "ith the story.

/ And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and
daughters were born unto them,
. 3hat the sons of od saw the daughters of men that they were fair1 and they took
them wives of all which they chose"
2 And the +*$& said, 4y spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is
flesh0 yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years"
5 3here were giants in the earth in those days1 and also after that, when the sons of
od came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same
became mighty men which were of old, men of renown"
6 And od saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every
imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually"
7 And it repented the +*$& that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at
his heart"
8 And the +*$& said, % will destroy man whom % have created from the face of the
earth1 both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air1 for it
repenteth me that % have made them"
9 ,ut :oah found grace in the eyes of the +*$&"
; 3hese are the generations of :oah0 :oah was a just man and perfect in his
generations, and :oah walked with od"
/< And :oah begat three sons, )hem, (am, and =apheth"
// 3he earth also was corrupt before od, and the earth was filled with violence"
/. And od looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt1 for all flesh had
corrupted his way upon the earth"
/2 And od said unto :oah, 3he end of all flesh is come before me1 for the earth is
filled with violence through them1 and, behold, % will destroy them with the earth"
/5 4ake thee an ark of gopher wood1 rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt
pitch it within and without with pitch"
/6 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of0 3he length of the ark shall be
three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits"
/7 A window shalt thou make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above1 and
the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof1 with lower, second, and third
stories shalt thou make it"
/8 And, behold, %, even %, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all
flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven1 and every thing that is in the
earth shall die"
/9 ,ut with thee will % establish my covenant1 and thou shalt come into the ark, thou,
and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons! wives with thee" 3(- ,ible> 3he reat
?lood
0enesis

#.10 The %reation of the human soul

While in the book &'A "e disussed and desribed no apparent physial proof of the
e0istene of the onept of soul as an objet that atually e0ists, there is sared literature that
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pro#ides apparent lues as to "here the soul %ight be loated and "hat the nature of soul
%ight be.
Ene of the strongest hints to"ards both the e0istene of the soul and the %ethod in "hih
soul "as gi#en to the hu%an being is the story ontained in the >ag <a%%adi *roll,
translated as the DAporyphon of )ohnP. The language is at ti%es flo"ery and diffiult to fully
o%prehend. <o"e#er, the i%agery is un%istakable.

After the jealousy and %isery aused by a lo"er higher order being upon others prior to the
hu%an rae, the reation of <o%o *apien takes plae. =n this "ay, the onept of %any gods
o%ing together to for% the hu%an being is onsistent "ith the early *u%erian and Akkadian
religious stories of reation.

Het the definite fous of this setion of the Aporyphon of )ohn sroll is the gift of the hu%an
soul and ho" this re%arkable e#ent took plae. The urrent 'hristian 5ibledoes not pro#ide
suffiient infor%ation on this %ost funda%ental belief of hristianity in the e0istene of the
soul, e0ept to i%ply that the breath of life by 9od at the beginning of 9enesis, represents the
gi#ing of this %ost i%portant of hu%an onepts8 the onept of soul.

&nlike the %ore spiritual and generalized nature of the 'hristian 5ibleaount, you "ill be
able to learly see by the follo"ing translation that the soul represents #ery %uh so%ething
attahed to "isdo%;kno"ledge and po"erful kno"ledge;"isdo% at that.
+.1..1 The loss of the po"er Haltabaoth stole fro% *ophia to :ankind

FThe body %o#ed and gained strength, and it "as lu%inous...F
FAnd in that %o%ent the rest of the po"ers bea%e jealous, beause he had o%e into being
through all of the% and they had gi#en their po"er to the %an, and his intelligene "as
greater than that of those "ho had %ade hi%, and greater than that of the hief arhon. And
"hen they reognized that he "as lu%inous, and that he ould think better than they, and
that he "as free fro% "ikedness, they took hi% and thre" hi% into the lo"est region of all
%atter.
F5ut the blessed Ene, the :other83ather, the benefient and %eriful Ene, had %ery on the
po"er of the %other "hih had been brought forth out of the hief arhon, for they Athe
arhonsB %ight gain po"er o#er the natural and pereptible body. And he sent, through his
benefient *pirit and his great %ery, a helper to Ada%, lu%inous 1pinoia "hih o%es out of
hi%, "ho is alled 2ife. And she assists the "hole reature, by toiling "ith hi% and by
restoring hi% to his fullness and by teahing hi% about the desent of his seed AandB by
teahing hi% about the "ay of asent, A"hih isB the "ay he a%e do"n. And the lu%inous
1pinoia "as hidden in Ada%, in order that the arhons %ight not kno" her, but that the
1pinoia %ight be a orretion of the defiieny of the %other.
FAnd the %an a%e forth beause of the shado" of the light "hih is in hi%. And his thinking
"as superior to all those "ho had %ade hi%. When they looked up, they sa" that his thinking
"as superior. And they took ounsel "ith the "hole array of arhons and angels. They took
fire and earth and "ater and %i0ed the% together "ith the four fiery "inds. And they
"rought the% together and aused a great disturbane. And they brought hi% AAda%B into
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the shado" of death, in order that they %ight for% Ahi%B again fro% earth and "ater and fire
and the spirit "hih originates in %atter, "hih is the ignorane of darkness and desire, and
their ounterfeit spirit. This is the to%b of the ne"ly8for%ed body "ith "hih the robbers had
lothed the %an, the bond of forgetfulnessM and he bea%e a %ortal %an. This is the first one
"ho a%e do"n, and the first separation. 5ut the 1pinoia of the light "hih "as in hi%, she is
the one "ho "as to a"aken his thinking.
FAnd the arhons took hi% and plaed hi% in paradise. And they said to hi%, C1at, that is at
leisure,C for their lu0ury is bitter and their beauty is depra#ed. And their lu0ury is deeption
and their trees are godlessness and their fruit is deadly poison and their pro%ise is death.
And the tree of their life they had plaed in the %idst of paradise.
FAnd = shall teah you Apl.B "hat is the %ystery of their life, "hih is the plan "hih they %ade
together, "hih is the likeness of their spirit. The root of this AtreeB is bitter and its branhes
are death, its shado" is hate and deeption is in its lea#es, and its blosso% is the oint%ent of
e#il, and its fruit is death and desire is its seed, and it sprouts in darkness. The d"elling plae
of those "ho taste fro% it is <ades, and the darkness is their plae of rest.
F5ut "hat they all the tree of kno"ledge of good and e#il, "hih is the 1pinoia of the light,
they stayed in front of it in order that he AAda%B %ight not look up to his fullness and
reognize the nakedness of his sha%efulness. 5ut it "as = "ho brought about that they ate.F
And to = said to the sa#ior, F2ord, "as it not the serpent that taught Ada% to eat?F The sa#ior
s%iled and said, FThe serpent taught the% to eat fro% "ikedness of begetting, lust, AandB
destrution, that he AAda%B %ight be useful to hi%. And he AAda%B kne" that he "as
disobedient to hi% Athe hief arhonB due to light of the 1pinoia "hih is in hi%, "hih %ade
hi% %ore orret in his thinking than the hief arhon. And Athe latterB "anted to bring about
the po"er "hih he hi%self had gi#en hi%. And he brought a forgetfulness o#er Ada%.F
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+.1..2 HaltabaothRs sedution of 1#e to produe sons

FAnd the hief arhon AHaltabaothB sedued her and he begot in her t"o sonsM W the first is
1loi%, "ho had a bear8fae. W the seond is Ha#e, "ho had a at fae.
W Haltabaoth set 1loi% o#er the "ater and the earth, W Haltaboath set Ha#e o#er the fire and the
"indM
W 1loi% is un righteous W Ha#e is righteous
W 1loi% "as also alled by Haltabaoth as Abel, "hile W Ha#e "as also alled by Haltabaoth as
'ain "ith a #ie" to deei#e Aso%eone?B
1loi% has a bear8fae and Ha#e has a at8fae. The one is righteous but the other is
unrighteous. AHa#e is righteous but 1loi% is unrighteous.B Ha#e he set o#er the fire and the
"ind, and 1loi% he set o#er the "ater and the earth. And these he alled "ith the na%es 'ain
and Abel "ith a #ie" to deei#e.
F>o" up to the present day, se0ual interourse ontinued due to the hief arhon. And he
planted se0ual desire in her "ho belongs to Ada%. And he produed through interourse the
opies of the bodies, and he inspired the% "ith his ounterfeit spirit.
FAnd the t"o arhons he set o#er prinipalities, so that they %ight rule o#er the to%b. And
"hen Ada% reognized the likeness of his o"n forekno"ledge, he begot the likeness of the
son of %an. <e alled hi% *eth, aording to the "ay of the rae in the aeons. 2ike"ise, the
%other also sent do"n her spirit, "hih is in her likeness and a opy of those "ho are in the
plero%a, for she "ill prepare a d"elling plae for the aeons "hih "ill o%e do"n. And he
%ade the% drink "ater of forgetfulness, fro% the hief arhon, in order that they %ight not
kno" fro% "here they a%e. Thus, the seed re%ained for a "hile assisting Ahi%B, in order
that, "hen the *pirit o%es forth fro% the holy aeons, he %ay raise up and heal hi% fro% the
defiieny, that the "hole plero%a %ay AagainB beo%e holy and faultless.F
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And = said to the sa#ior, F2ord, "ill all the souls then be brought safely into the pure light?F
<e ans"ered and said to %e, F9reat things ha#e arisen in your %ind, for it is diffiult to
e0plain the% to others e0ept to those "ho are fro% the i%%o#able rae. Those on "ho% the
*pirit of life "ill desend and A"ith "ho%B he "ill be "ith the po"er, they "ill be sa#ed and
beo%e perfet and be "orthy of the greatness and be purified in that plae fro% all
"ikedness and the in#ol#e%ents in e#il. Then they ha#e no other are than the inorruption
alone, to "hih they diret their attention fro% here on, "ithout anger or en#y or jealousy or
desire and greed of anything. They are not affeted by anything e0ept the state of being in
the flesh alone, "hih they bear " hile looking e0petantly for the ti%e "hen they "ill be %et
by the reei#ers Aof the bodyB. *uh then are "orthy of the i%perishable, eternal life and the
alling. 3or they endure e#erything and bear up under e#erything, that they %ay finish the
good fight and inherit eternal life.F
= said to hi%, F2ord, the souls of those "ho did not do these "orks AbutB on "ho% the po"er
and *pirit desended, A"ill they be rejeted?F <e ans"ered and said to %e, F=fB the *pirit
Adesended upon the%B, they "ill in any ase be sa#ed, and they "ill hange Afor the betterB.
3or the po"er "ill desend on e#ery %an, for "ithout it no one an stand. And after they are
born, then, "hen the *pirit of life inreases and the po"er o%es and strengthens that soul,
no one an lead it astray "ith "orks of e#il. 5ut those on "ho% the ounterfeit spirit desends
are dra"n by hi% and they go astray.F
And = said, F2ord, "here "ill the souls of these go "hen they ha#e o%e out of their flesh?F
And he s%iled and said to %e, FThe soul in "hih the po"er "ill beo%e stronger than the
ounterfeit spirit, is strong and it flees fro% e#il and, through the inter#ention of the
inorruptible one, it is sa#ed, and it is taken up to the rest of the aeons.F
And = said, F2ord, those, ho"e#er, "ho ha#e not kno"n to "ho% they belong, "here "ill their
souls be?F And he said to %e, F=n those, the despiable spirit has gained strength "hen they
"ent astray. And he burdens the soul and dra"s it to the "orks of e#il, and he asts it do"n
into forgetfulness. And after it o%es out of Athe bodyB, it is handed o#er to the authorities,
"ho a%e into being through the arhon, and they bind it "ith hains and ast it into prison,
and onsort "ith it until it is liberated fro% the forgetfulness and aquires kno"ledge. And if
thus it beo%es perfet, it is sa#ed.F
And = said, F2ord, ho" an the soul beo%e s%aller and return into the nature of its %other
or into %an?F Then he rejoied "hen = asked hi% this, and he said to %e, FTruly, you are
blessed, for you ha#e understoodV That soul is %ade to follo" another one Afe%.B, sine the
*pirit of life is in it. =t is sa#ed through hi%. =t is not again ast into another flesh.F
And = said, F2ord, these also "ho did not kno", but ha#e turned a"ay, "here "ill their souls
go?F Then he said to %e, FTo that plae "here the angels of po#erty go they "ill be taken, the
plae "here there is no repentane. And they "ill be kept for the day on "hih those "ho ha#e
blasphe%ed the spirit "ill be tortured, and they "ill be punished "ith eternal punish%ent.F
And = said, F2ord, fro% "here did the ounterfeit spirit o%e?F Then he said to %e, FThe
:other83ather, "ho is rih in %ery, the holy *pirit in e#ery "ay, the Ene "ho is %eriful and
"ho sy%pathizes "ith you Apl.B, i.e., the 1pinoia of the forekno"ledge of light, he raised up
the offspring of the perfet rae and its thinking and the eternal light of %an. When the hief
arhon realized that they "ere e0alted abo#e hi% in the height 8 and they surpass hi% in
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thinking 8 then he "anted to seize their thought, not kno"ing that they surpassed hi% in
thinking, and that he "ill not be able to seize the%.
F<e %ade a plan "ith his authorities, "hih are his po"ers, and they o%%itted together
adultery "ith *ophia, and bitter fate "as begotten through the%, "hih is the last of the
hangeable bonds. And it is of a sort that is interhangeable. And it is harder and stronger
than she "ith "ho% the gods united, and the angels and the de%ons and all the generations
until this day. 3or fro% that fate a%e forth e#ery sin and injustie and blasphe%y, and the
hain of forgetfulness and ignorane and e#ery se#ere o%%and, and serious sins and great
fears. And thus the "hole reation "as %ade blind, in order that they %ay not kno" 9od, "ho
is abo#e all of the%. And beause of the hain of forgetfulness, their sins "ere hidden. 3or
they are bound "ith %easures and ti%es and %o%ents, sine it AfateB is lord o#er e#erything.
FAnd he Athe hief arhonB repented for e#erything "hih had o%e into being through hi%.
This ti%e he planned to bring a flood upon the "ork of %an. 5ut the greatness of the light of
the forekno"ledge infor%ed >oah, and he prolai%ed AitB to all the offspring "hih are the
sons of %en. 5ut those "ho "ere strangers to hi% did not listen to hi%. =t is not as :oses
said, CThey hid the%sel#es in an arkC A9n (7 (B, but they hid the%sel#es in a plae, not only
>oah, but also %any other people fro% the i%%o#able rae. They "ent into a plae and hid
the%sel#es in a lu%inous loud. And he A>oahB reognized his authority, and she "ho
belongs to the light "as "ith hi%, ha#ing shone on the% beause he Athe hief arhonB had
brought darkness upon the "hole earth.
FAnd he %ade a plan "ith his po"ers. <e sent his angels to the daughters of %en, that they
%ight take so%e of the% for the%sel#es and raise offspring for their enjoy%ent. And at first
they did not sueed. When they had no suess, they gathered together again and they %ade
a plan together. They reated a ounterfeit spirit, "ho rese%bles the *pirit "ho had
desended, so as to pollute the souls through it. And the angels hanged the%sel#es in their
likeness into the likeness of their %ates Athe daughters of %enB, filling the% "ith the spirit of
darkness, "hih they had %i0ed for the%, and "ith e#il. They brought gold and sil#er and a
gift and opper and iron and %etal and all kinds of things. And they steered the people "ho
had follo"ed the% into great troubles, by leading the% astray "ith %any deeptions. They
Athe peopleB bea%e old "ithout ha#ing enjoy%ent. They died, not ha#ing found truth and
"ithout kno"ing the 9od of truth. And thus the "hole reation bea%e ensla#ed fore#er,
fro% the foundation of the "orld until no". And they took "o%en and begot hildren out of
the darkness aording to the likeness of their spirit. And they losed their hearts, and they
hardened the%sel#es through the hardness of the ounterfeit spirit until no".
F=, therefore, the perfet 6ronoia of the all, hanged %yself into %y seed, for = e0isted first,
going on e#ery road. 3or = a% the rihness of the lightM = a% the re%e%brane of the plero%a.
FAnd = "ent into the real% of darkness and = endured till = entered the %iddle of the prison.
And the foundations of haos shook. And = hid %yself fro% the% beause of their "ikedness,
and they did not reognize %e.
FAgain = returned for the seond ti%e, and = "ent about. = a%e forth fro% those "ho belong
to the light, "hih is =, the re%e%brane of the 6ronoia. = entered into the %idst of darkness
and the inside of <ades, sine = "as seeking Ato ao%plishB %y task. And the foundations of
haos shook, that they %ight fall do"n upon those "ho are in haos and %ight destroy the%.
And again = ran up to %y root of light, lest they be destroyed before the ti%e.
F*till for a third ti%e = "ent 8 = a% the light "hih e0ists in the light, = a% the re%e%brane of
the 6ronoia 8 that = %ight enter into the %idst of darkness and the inside of <ades. And =
filled %y fae "ith the light of the o%pletion of their aeon. And = entered into the %idst of
their prison, "hih is the prison of the body. And = said, C<e "ho hears, let hi% get up fro%
the deep sleep.C And he "ept and shed tears. 5itter tears he "iped fro% hi%self and he said,
CWho is it that alls %y na%e, and fro% "here has this hope o%e to %e, "hile = a% in the
hains of the prison?C And = said, C= a% the 6ronoia of the pure lightM = a% the thinking of the
#irginal *pirit, "ho raised you up to the honored plae. Arise and re%e%ber that it is you "ho
hearkened, and follo" your root, "hih is =, the %eriful one, and guard yourself against the
angels of po#erty and the de%ons of haos and all those "ho ensnare you, and be"are of the
deep sleep and the enlosure of the inside of <ades.
FAnd = raised hi% up, and sealed hi% in the light of the "ater "ith fi#e seals, in order that
death %ight not ha#e po"er o#er hi% fro% this ti%e on.
FAnd behold, no" = shall go up to the perfet aeon. = ha#e o%pleted e#erything for you in
your hearing. And = ha#e said e#erything to you that you %ight "rite the% do"n and gi#e
the% seretly to your fello" spirits, for this is the %ystery of the i%%o#able rae.F

+.1..3 The i%pat of understanding the Aporyphon of )ohn and the soul

When "e onsider this e0iting and disturbing translated dou%ent, "e see the possibility to
onsider the soul as a distint physial part of eah and e#ery hu%an, but hidden so%eho", in
a plae diffiult to find. We also see the possibility of other i%planted objets of kno"ledge
onsidered DounterfeitP and designed to DblokP a"areness of the soul and po"er of soul.
#.11 The %reation of a %ounterfeit GdarkH soul

What is %ost often %issed in Western %ystial traditions o#er the past 2... years is the
%ost anient of teahings that hu%an beings ha#e a dark soul as "ell as a good soul.

=n the teahings of the gnostis "e see the reason for this as a D%askP to the true kno"ledge of
the good soul, enoded, Aseretly hidden suh as in 4>AB inside e#ery hu%an being.

The seond soul, the dark soul as a %ask supposedly "as the progra%%ing of infor%ation
designed for us to forget this higher soul as realizable in life.

=n the hinese tradition of Hin and Hang, and the onept of good genius and e#il genius
A di#ine inspirationB of the /o%ans in their "ords genii, "e see this a"areness e0isting.


2"/6 And % will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and
her seed1 it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel"
2"/7 Unto the woman he said, % will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception1
in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children1 and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and
he shall rule over thee"
2".. And the +*$& od said, ,ehold, the man is become as one of us, to know good
and evil0 and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat,
and live for ever0
2".2 3herefore the +*$& od sent him forth from the garden of -den, to till the
ground from whence he was taken"
91>1*=* The 5ible

0*. The le!a%y of the !ods

=f there is one thing our anestors seek to tell us o#er the %illennia, it is that hu%an
i#ilization in %any "ays has been trapped in a yle of gro"th and deline sine the
beginning.

:urder and #iolene has al"ays been a part of soiety. =njustie has al"ays been a part of
soiety. 1#il and unhappiness has al"ays been part of a soiety.

=n %any respets the "orld that our anestors belie#ed "as %ade by god or the gods has been
a lesser "orld, a prison, a hell for %any. To a preious fe" it has been 1den and bliss.
-.1.1 =deas gi#e ause to ation

Het just to look at the history of hu%anity is superfiial. The real reasons behind "ar,
unhappiness and a lesser "orld are the ideas the propel the hu%an %ind.

*uiide bo%bers donRt just deide one day to kill people, they are e0posed to ideas that infet
their %ind and on#ine the% that it is Dgods "illP.

The first ideas, the first beliefs, those "hih are ornerstones to our religions and soiety are
those relating to god and the gods.

This "e all the legay of the gods. The ideas that perpetuate the "orld "e see and e#en the
"orld beyond.
*.2 The !eneti% le!a%y of the !ods

=t is the %ost o%%on and %ost anient belief of hu%anity that "e "ere reated by the gods.
The reation of hu%ans as desribed in the anient reation stories of "estern and eastern
ultures is therefore the first legay of the gods.
-.2.1 9enetially engineered fro% apes to be sla#es

The first legay of the 9nosti and *u%erian traditions is hu%ans first being genetially
engineered fro% biped apes into hairless negroid hu%ans.

There is no ro%anti or noble purpose for our first reation by the gods listed in these anient
te0ts other than to ser#e the 9ods as organi %ahines. To "ork their %ines, to toil their
fields, to tend their needs.
-.2.2 9enetially %odified hu%ans to reate DperfetP hu%an

The seond legay of the 9nosti and *u%erian tradition is hu%ans being reated again as a
result of a geneti sa%pling of the best 4>A of the gods to for% one perfet being 'auasian
fro% the first hu%ans as prototype.

3ar fro% "hite hu%ans being reated for good, the anient 9nosti and *u%erian traditions
sa" the seond reation as an at of supre%e arrogane that ulti%ately led to the ne0t
generation of hu%ans possessing the asse%bled sol8odeQ the lu%inosity greater than any of
the anient gods.

Thus in the stories of our geneti reation lies also the seeds of all other e#il and negati#ity
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"e see in soiety suh as the justifiation of rais%, genoide, self8hate, sla#ery and
oppression.
*.3 The mind le!a%y of the !ods

=f the legay of the reation of hu%anity is ontinued, then it follo"s the last %e%ory of the
god DKinguP slain to reate the first hu%ans is also the first %e%ory of being hu%an.

=t also follo"s that the first %e%ories of genetially %odified hu%ans %ust also be the first
%e%ories of %odern hu%ans, passed "ithin the geneti struture of our 4>A, fro%
generation to generation.
-.3.1 What is the first %e%ory?

=f the reation stories of our %ost anient anestors are to be onsidered ha#ing so%e basis,
then it follo"s the first %e%ories of our anestors in relation to the gods "ould ha#e been7

We are not free, We are sla#es;prisoners, We are property, like sheep We are less than the
gods, We %ust obey the gods, We are nothing, The gods are to be feared, The gods ontrol life
and death, The gods %ust be appeased.

5y %e%ory, "e %ean the 1st %e%ories as a hu%an being the 1st thought of any hu%an being8
the 1st geneti anestor fro% "hih "e all trae bak our e0istene as a hu%an being. the
uni#ersal %e%ory trans%itted and stored in 4>A to eah and e#ery generation of hu%ans.
That "hih is our uni#ersal and first %e%ory as one.

This %e%ory is "holly and seondly i%portant in that it represents the last %e%ory
trans%itted fro% our geneti parents8 the 4>A legay that is our basi and unique struture.
the last %e%ory of god, gods or "hat "e "ere before.

6ut si%ply, the first %e%ory, the legay of the gods is the pri%ary negati#e e%otions suh as
self8hate and fear. The belief that "e are prisoners, that "e are not free.
*.4 The ra%e le!a%y of the !ods

The reation stories gi#e us t"o #ery different sequenes and sets of reasons for the reation
of hu%anity8 first the reation of hu%ans as sla#es, "orkers, to till the soil, to %ine %inerals
and to "ork at the guidane of the 9ods. Then "e ha#e the reation of hu%ans as an
glorifiation to the i%age of the reators reator8 the perfet i%age and likeness.
-.4.1 The legay of rais%

What suh stories i%%ediately i%ply is a geneti distintion bet"een t"o raes of hu%ansQ
"hite and blak. 3urther%ore, the stories i%ply that one geneti rae of hu%ans "ere
effeti#ely bred and destined to be sla#es, "hile the other "ere bred to be DlikeP the gods as
rulers. This is pure rais%Q the legay of rais%.
-.4.2 The ignorane of rais%
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9eneti researh has onfir%ed irrefutably that all hu%an beings ha#e a o%%on anestor.
3urther%ore, o%%on sense and enlighten%ent tells us that for one hu%an being to assu%e
superiority o#er another hu%an based on skin olour alone is on fae #alue is "rong and
deliberate ignorane Ae#ilB.

Het the sense of rais%, the belief in one tribe being genetially superior to another runs deep
aross the entire hu%an rae. &p until no", it has re%ained so%e"hat of a %ystery ho" suh
ignorant, stupid and false onepts ould still perpetuate.

=n the legay of the gods "e no" see a possible reason. That rais% ontinues in any part of
the "orld, the legay of the gods ontinues to %anifest itself.
*.$ The emotional le!a%y of the !ods.fear

>o one reading the Eld Testa%ent objeti#ely ould possibly onsider the i%age of 9od being
anything other than fearful.

DAn eye for an eyeP, the destrution of large nu%bers of people and the taunting of %ost loyal
ser#ants suh as Abraha% all insight a 9od of fear and retribution.
-.!.1 3ear of the gods

=n all religions, the gods de%onstrated their absolute po"er o#er hu%an beings by infliting
death fro% fa%ine, flood, earthquake, fire and all kinds of ill. At other ti%es, the gods
besto"ed fa#orable onditions.

The %ost earliest %e%ories of our anestors, the legay of the gods is one of fear. 3ear of the
gods and fear of "hat the gods %ight do if "e displease the%.
-.!.2 1ternal fear of the gods

=n %ore %odern ti%es, this fear has been e0tended to not only this life, but eternal life. >ot
only anRt hu%an beings esape the fear of god in life, but %ust also fae the fear of god after
death "hen "e are supposed to be judged and sa#ed or da%ned on their "ill.

*uh belief strutures ontinue to underpin the %indset of #irtually all the %ajor religions
and hene %ost hu%an beings.

=t %eans the legay of the gods is that to be hu%an is to ne#er e0periene life "ithout fear of
so%e kind.
*.& The %ultural le!a%y of the !ods

Hou only ha#e to "alk do"n a ity street any"here aross the planet 1arth to see so%e kind of
religious building7 the 'hristians ha#e built and ontinue to build hurhes to their 9od, the
)e"s ha#e built and ontinue to build synagogues, the :usli% ha#e built and ontinue to
build %osques to Allah, the <indus ha#e shrines, the 5uddhists their te%ples and e#en the
ne"est of religions ha#e their plaes of "orship.
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All in all, %ore than -.N of the entire population of the planet profess in one "ay or another
to belie#e in so%e kind of religious faith and ha#e attended or ontinue to attend religious
ser#ies.

/eligions olleti#ely are the largest non8go#ern%ent asset o"ners on the planet. The
'atholi 'hurh alone holds property and assets "orth %any hundreds of billions of dollars.
/eligious leaders ontinue to ha#e profound influene o#er the affairs of state.

The building of grand edifies to the "orship of #arious gods Ahigher order beingsB is by far
one of the %ost #isible legay of the gods Ahigher order beingsB. =n so%e ases, te%ples,
shrines, %osques and hurhes beo%e so nu%erous A as in )erusale%B that they al%ost
beo%e in#isible.

Het the #isible signs of the gods Ahigher order beingsB influene on onte%porary hu%an
i#ilization run e#en deeper and %ore profound than si%ply the building of shrines.

There are fe" onstitutions for go#ern%ent in the "orld that do not at so%e point defer to a
higher god or gods as the ulti%ate pro#ider of truth, kno"ledge and "isdo%.

3or e0a%ple the 'onstitution of the &nited *tates is a lassi e0a%ple. =n %any other ases,
prayer is onsidered a %andatory o%ponent of the running of parlia%ent and go#ern%ent.
-.$.1 Those that rule

To belie#e that the gods are greater than hu%ans %eans hu%ans %ust aept their destiny is
to fore#er be so%eone elseRs ser#ant.

A foundation of e#ery religion is the history of so%e kind of o#enant "ith the gods and
anointed hu%ans. =n turn, eah religion presents a history of ho" these blessed hu%ans then
besto"ed their authority on to their follo"ers through so%e kind of hurh.

Thus e#ery hu%an that has e#er been born into hu%an soiety has been born a ser#ant of this
ruling lass, "hether they like it or not.
-.$.2 4i#ine birthright to rule

1#en today, the legay of the gods that so%e hu%ans ha#e a Ddi#ine birthright to ruleP
ontinues. There re%ain a nu%ber of %onarhies in the "orld. There re%ain the hurh
leaders of the %ajor religions around the "orld. There re%ain the "ealthy and elite of
soieties "ho onsider the%sel#es to be the natural rulers of all of us.

The legay of the gods is in e#en reognizing a belief in their e0istene %eans "e are ruled by
so%e higher po"er. And in belie#ing that oneself is a ser#ant to a higher po"er %akes it
easier for others to %ake the ase they too are our rulers, our %onarhs, our leaders.
-.$.3 The onept of la"

=n the onte%porary %odels and onepts of la" that go#ern the people of the planet, that
sentene people to death, that seizes and distributes property, that seeks to protet and
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enfore the la"s of state "here "e see the ontinuing influene of the gods Ahigher order
beingsB.

>o "here is this %ore graphi than in Western *oieties "here "itnesses in ourt are
required to gi#e an oath to FgodF on The 5ible that "hat they shall say is true.
-.$.4 The onept of soial organisation

=t "as the gods Ahigher order beingsB that pro#ided us the blueprints for i#ilization that "e
ontinue to day, the entralized ity8 the onepts of eduation .

The onept of la" and ulti%ate la" being deri#ed fro% god or gods that "e ontinue. =t is
ontinuing legay of the gods go#ern%ents in the "orld.
*." The messiah %omple?

A pheno%ena #irtually ne#er spoken about in publi is the hundreds of thousands of %en and
"o%en around the "orld "ho belie#e in their hearts and %inds that they are the one true
%essiah, o%e to redee% the "orld.

This self8belief is usually %anifested through the assoiated ions of the ulture to "hih the
person "as born. =n the ase of 'hristian ultures, it is the belief by a person that they are
)esus 'hrist, or :ary. =n the ase of =sla% or )udais%, it is the belief of a person in being the
reinarnation of a great prophet.
-.(.1 There are too %any people to si%ply all this just delusion

While %any thousands of unhappy souls ha#e found the%sel#es o%%itted to psyhiatri
linis and prisons around the "orld, an equal nu%ber of people still %anage to funtion
"ithin soiety, %asking their true personal beliefs. *o%e, oasionally %anage to grab the
reins of po"er of a religion or soiety only to "reak ha#o.

The point is that there are si%ply too %any hu%ans that ha#e li#ed and "ho are ali#e today to
onsider the D%essiah o%ple0P, so%e psyhologial delusional disorder.
-.(.2 The great trapQ the poisoned enlightened %ind

=t is the belief of the author that the D%essiah o%ple0P is a deliberate progra% "ithin the
%ind designed to totally disable any %ind seeking greater enlighten%ent and understanding
of self.

Ene stu%bled upon, it poisons --.---N of enlightened %inds to think of the%sel#es as
better, greater, higher, %ore unique than others. A perfet trap, a terrible legay of the gods.
*.# The art and taste for war

War and the gods ha#e been intert"ined sine the first %e%ories of i#ilization. =n all anient
ultures, it is the gods "ho sho"ed hu%anity the terrible e#il of "ar. =n the 9nosti traditions,
it is the gods "ho poisoned the %ind of hu%ans to enjoy and lust for the taste of "ar.
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-.+.1 War in the na%e of the gods

:any of the "orst "ars and genoides of hu%anity ha#e been fought under the na%e of a
god. At the beginning of the 21st entury, holy "ar has re8e%erged bet"een =sla%i
e0tre%ists onsidering it a holy right to kill innoent "o%en and hildren, "hile on the other
side it is a 'hristian right to respond and kill %ore "o%en and hildren through erroneous
bo%bing Aollateral da%ageB.
-.+.2 )ustifiation for "ar

5eyond the horror and shok of "ar and terroris%, it is the funda%ental legay of the gods
that "ars ontinue to be justified in their na%es.

The ats of =sla%i terrorists are in the na%e of their god, not in their o"n na%es. =t is their
god that they lai%s gi#es the% the %oral right and justifiation to kill others.

6robably no %ore heinous and depra#ed thinking e0ists beyond the belief of a god gi#en right
to kill.
*.* The la%k of %are for nature and earth

=t "as the gods that fashioned and shaped the en#iron%ent to their pleasure. *o it is, that the
hu%an rae has done the sa%e. >o %atter ho" hard "e try to e0plain to our populations that
the planet annot possibly sur#i#e if "e ontinue to use and abuse the resoures at our
disposal8 no one see%s to listen.

*o it is that the gods Ahigher order beingsB, plaing e#erything lo"er, e#erything to be used,
that "e inherited the sa%e traits.

*o it is these terrible parents, these unholy beings bequeathed to us suh beha#iour that fight
"ithin oursel#es to understand oursel#es.
-.-.1 =t is not the ani%al, but the 9od that %ust be e0orised

'ountless books and ountless spiritual guides ha#e spoken of the need for the hu%an being
to free itself of its ani%al heritage and e%brae the spiritual legay of 9od, or the 9ods8 that
"hih is i%%ortal8 the hu%an *E2.

Het, "e see a #ery different de#elop%ent "hen onsidering the ations of our parents, of our
anestors and the ultural and beha#ioral heritage they bequeathed to the hu%an rae.

=n gi#ing us the ability to think and to reason, they ga#e use a tre%endous opportunity8 to
seek self realization and to be self8a"are. Het at the sa%e ti%e, they sho"ed no suh e0a%ple
of li#ing and grae8 for theirs "ere the "ealthiest of buildings and to this day, untold a%ounts
of "ealth and i%portant resoures ontinue to go to"ards te%ples ereted in their honour, to
ensla#e the people of the planet into their ser#ie.

The sa%e legaies fro% the 9ods Ahigher order beingsB, talk about the need for the ani%al to
be urbed, for onstant "orship and onstant prayer to"ards the 9od, or 9ods as the only
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"ay for freedo%. Het the %ore "e tread do"n this path the %ore "e ensla#e oursel#es, "ith
#irtual hains.

What is the ani%al of hu%an is the %ost pure8 the heart that beats, the body that li#es, the
lungs that breath, the %outh that speaks.

The ani%al is not responsible for hu%an ations8 it is the beha#ioral legay of the 9od that is
responsible for the failings of %an. 9od is responsible for the failings of %an. The 9ods
Ahigher order beingsB are diretly responsible for the failed beha#iour of %an.

=t is neither their right nor their role to judge that "hih annot be judged and for that, they
the%sel#es are judged by the 9ala0y and the planet.

3or it "as not their role to play 9od. =t "as not their role to assu%e the spokesperson of &'A.
*.10 3-il

The au%ulation of all the legaies disussed so far is itself the %ost terrible of all the
legaies of the godsQ the perpetuation of e#il a%ongst hu%an beings.

That hu%ans hate the%sel#es %eans they so%eti%es find no e%pathy "ith others and so kill
or hurt "ith no re%orse. That the gods justify rais%, or holy "ar, or %aster ser#ant, or ats
of terrible ruelty all helps ontinue e#il and dishar%ony "ithin eah person and bet"een
eah person.
-.1..1 /eligion is only the %ahineryQ the gods are the proble%

*o%e enlightened %inds ha#e rightly pointed to religion as a soure of %any of the "orlds
e#ils and troubles. Het this is only superfiially addressing the proble%. =t is the belief in the
gods the%sel#es, in any god that ensures the ontinued entrap%ent of the hu%an %ind to
belie#e the%sel#es to be less.

*o long a hu%ans belie#e in one or %ore gods, the legay of the gods, the e#il of the gods "ill
ontinue to be %anifest in quarters of hu%an soiety.
-.1..2 The hidden hands of the gods and e#il

Girtually e#ery great e#il that has happened to hu%ans and the 1arth by other hu%ans an be
traed diretly and indiretly to the legay of the gods.

The greatest e#il being the per#ersity and dupliity of the %essage of the gods. All hu%ans
die, yet the hu%an %ind is i%%ortal. The greatest e#il of the gods is to ha#e reated suh
t"isted %essages as lo#e "hen %eaning hate, and peae "hen "aging "ar that the hu%an
%ind is trapped "ithin itself for %illennia.
-.11 The i%prison%ent of the hu%an %ind

Ef all of the legaies that "e inherent fro% the 9ods, the one that %ust be one of the deepest
seated is the nature of prisoner of the syste%. The syste% has ne#er hanged on the planet
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1arth sine the arri#al of the gods and the reation of the 1st hu%ans.
-.11.1 >e#er one been free of the influene of the gods

=n the first instane, the hu%an %ind has ne#er one in its history been free of the t"isted
luthes of the gods. *ine the #ery first i#ilizations to the present day, it is the gods that still
influene our ulture and e#en %ajor "orld politis.
-.11.2 We build ho%es like prisons

<u%ans donCt build ho%es based on so%e anient need to repliate a#es, "e build
residenes like prisons. =t is only if you ha#e "ealth do you get a prison that atually feels
%ore o%fortable.
-.11.3 We aept "e anCt %ake a differene

2ike all long ter% prisoners, "e aept "hat "e are told, rarely asking for a seond opinion or
proof.

The syste% is rule and po"er and prisoners, and depri#ation and sadness, and e#il. We ha#e
ne#er been free, beause "e ha#e ne#er kno"n, "e ha#e forgotten. When "e kne", "e did not
ha#e the one %e%ory8 "e had forgotten the #alues of life. >o" that "e are here, the past os so
far behind us and so see%ingly strange that "e ha#e forgotten or repress it.

3reedo% is the #irtue that "e %ust seek to protet and to support. Without freedo% there an
be no life. 3reedo% %ust be guarded diligently. =t is freedo% that brings greatest hope to the
planet and to the %ind of hu%anity8 freedo% fro% a syste% that is unbroken fro% the days of
the *u%erians to no".
-.12 <ell on 1arth

And so the legay of the gods is for suh a beautiful, %ystial and "onderful planet as 1arth is
hell for so %any billions of self8a"are %inds. *uh paradise is hell.
-.12.1 The %adness of %aking paradise hell

The 1arth is e0traordinary in its natural "ealth and apaity to sustain life, yet "e ontinue to
belie#e all the e#ils of the gods that so%eho" this earth is less than "hat they pro%ise in
hea#en.

>o "here in nature does it say that life on 1arth has to be endured as so%e kind of torture.
There is no uni#ersal la" that says all pristine "ilderness %ust be destroyed in order to
eli%inate beauty.

There is no absolute priniple that says all ities %ust be built so that they %ake the li#es of
its itizens a li#ing night%are.
*.13 3ntrapment of minds for millennia
=f you thought the legay of the gods ouldnCt get any "orse8 you "ere "rong8 one of the
greatest legaies of the gods is to entrap %inds for %illennia, long after they ha#e passed on
fro% their %ortal bodies.

To onsign the %inds of people "ho ha#e suffered in life only to ontinue suffering long after.

=t is a uni#ersal onept of all %ajor religions that <ell e0ists. And for the %illions of souls
that ha#e passed o#er, suh is their self appointed fate that they ontinue to e0ist in a state of
anger, of fear, of unertainty, of hopelessness, of utter darkness.

This is probably the ruelest of legaies of the flesh and blood gods that %ade us. That "e
ha#e inhereted suh e#il that "e ontinue to urse and onde%n people to an e#erlasting
tor%ent. And so e#il begets e#il, hate begets hate and %illions of souls still ha#e no peae.
*.14 The breakin! of the %hains

<o" an "e e0orise suh deep sars, "hen e#erything around us is the legay of the gods
Ahigher order beingsB8 our soiety8 its #alues8 it struture8 "hat "e "ear, "hat "e say the
"ords "e use8 the things "e think8

We desire i%%ortality8 yet "e are already i%%ortal. We desire suess, yet "e are already
ali#e. We desire po"er, yet "e are e#ery bit as po"erful and %ost po"erful "hen "e ease to
grasp.

The 9ods Ahigher order beingsB ha#e left suh deep sars in our psyhe8 to be born naked. To
be ast out, to be oppressed, to be ut and "ounded. To be infeted. 5ut to be healed.

=t is ti%e to dri#e the idols fro% our %inds. The rosses, the statues, those things that keep us
fro% oursel#es. =t is ti%e to be free fro% the yoke of oppression of the e#il and disgusting
beha#iour of our alien anestors.

/ise abo#e this heritage8 it "as their guilt and your blood that "restled the bones of
kno"ledge to gro"8 only to be sattered and di#ided like sheep. They ontinue to play on our
"eakness. They ontinue to play fa#orites and yearn to return to their beha#iour.
-.14.1 5reaking the hains of the gods

=t is only by breaking the hains that bind us to the struggle "ithin that "e an e#er be free. =t
is their "ords and their desires that reate guilt8 that %ake us feel less8that ause us to doubt.
<u%anity should feel no guilt for its ations8for its ations ha#e not been "ith the full
kno"ing and understanding of "hat "e do. =t is the 9ods Ahigher order beingsB that %ust fae
the onsequenes of "hat they ha#e tried to reate and to ontrol.

*oiety is still strutured on the intriate "eb of deeit and lies perpetuated sine the reation
of the hu%an being. The areful hanges in our understanding of our past8 fore#er to %ar#el
at their strength and depth of their kno"ledge.

1#en today, "e stand in a"e at the tehnology for spae tra#el and the ability to tra#el #ast
distanes and "ield suh po"er as to reate ne" life for%s and ontrol "orlds.
5ut it is in li#ing that the po"er resides8 it is in the being and not the doing that the po"er of
&'A and the uni#erse and the gala0y resides. 1#ery ell, e#ery %oleules of our beings is part
of the A228 "e are the all8 "e an see that the break of the hains the break of the struggle
"ithin is in understanding that the standards "e seek to ahie#e, are the standards of the
gods Ahigher order beingsB that ring hollo".
*.1$ We are not e?periments. we are not worthless

Eur heritage begs the question8 are "e an e0peri%ent in the eye of so%e greater tehnology
possessing rae of super beings? Are "e si%ple pa"ns. =t re%ains a heightened an0iety of
e#en the greatest of hu%an beings that sees the%sel#es as so%ething nothing %ore than
grains of sand, to be "ashed a"ay by the "inds of ti%e.

>o" "e say, &'A says that "e are not e0peri%ents8 "e are not "orthless. We are %ore than
our parents, our anestors, for "e rise abo#e their hains and their boasts.

We are %ore beause "e are hu%an beings.
-.1!.1 The false desires

2inked to the spiritual history of the hu%an rae is the gods Ahigher order beingsB desire after
their guilt to infuse strit %oral guidelines on the hu%an rae to li#e to"ards ideals8 of piety
and spiritual pureness8 to abstain fro% those things that they dee%ed as less, the ani%al
nature. To turn us a"ay fro% the instints of life and li#e aording to their rules.

Het their "ords ring hollo" to to #ery deepest %e%ories "ithin our 4>A8 that on the one
hand "e %ust adhere to standards of greatness, "hile akno"ledging our inferiority to their
hidden identity.

Their "ords and their instrutions are fraudulent and hyporitial. >o "onder the greater
population struggles to li#e up to the ontraditions that they espouse.

These rules for higher li#ing are nothing %ore than soial engineering against standards that
they the%sel#es did not nor do not li#e by.

They ha#e no right to judge us by these standards, these hollo" standards, of subjugation.
-.1$ The hu%an being8greater than any god

The legay and the %essage of &'A is that "e an be greater than 9od8 greater than all the
9ods Ahigher order beingsB of our anestors. 3or "e ha#e the apaity to o#ero%e our
inheritane and blosso% forth8 to be in touh "ith that "hih is out of touh8 to be inspired
and to feel A22.

They %ay belie#e that they kno" A22, but it is the unique hu%an gift to feel "hat it is like to
be A22.
-.1$.1 The end of hell

To break our bonds. To free our soul. That is our destiny. To rise abo#e and to relai% eah
and e#ery onsious being into the fa%ily of hu%anity. That is our task.

And as far fethed and unlikely as any suh task %ight appear, there are instru%ents that
e0ist that "ill help us ahie#e suh a goal. The 'onstitution for Ene8<ea#en is one suh
instru%ent8 a legal dou%ent to offiially end the "ar in hea#en and lose the gates of hell
fore#er.
-.1$.2 To heal the earth

And it is our destiny and indeed our sole%n duty to begin to repair the da%age to the 1arth
after thousands of years of selfish beha#iour and lak of respet. To repair the da%age the
%indset of the gods A"hih "e inheritedB enouraged us to beha#e. To lean up the oeans. To
end our dependene on fossil fuels and to return nature to its plae and balane.
-.1$.3 To protet the 1arth

While the healing of the 1arth %ust be our first priority, it "ill also be a sign of our breaking
the bonds of our anestors "hen "e rise up "ith the kno"ledge and tehnology "e possess to
establish a lear defene syste% for the planet against the single largest thing Aoutside
hu%anityB that an destroy life8 e0ternal large i%pats fro% asteroids and;or o%ets.
-.1$.4 To 9i#e life to :ars

And in establishing the protetion of life, there is one %ore thing "e %ust onsider, "hih is
our entry into the pantheon of galati enlightened beings8 the elite of all lifefor%s in the
uni#erse8 to gi#e life bak to :ars by reating a stable %oon to o%press its at%osphere so
one %ore it shall rain on :ars.

>o longer "ill the 1arth be alone. >o greater gift an "e gi#e our *un than the gift of t"o
li#ing "ater planets.
-.1$.! 3orgi#ing the gods. 3orgi#ing our reators

And probably the greatest %o%ent, the point in ti%e that truly sho"s hu%anity has rise to
beo%e an enlightened rae is "hen "e an look honestly at oursel#es and our origins and
forgi#e the gods. 3orgi#e our first parents, the ones "ho first %ade us.
*.1" The hollow se%ret

=f there is one thing that all the elite of seret soieties ha#e in o%%on, it is the belief that
they possess the serets and ans"ers of the true kno"ledge. Het as "e ha#e seen "ith &'A,
this is not so. =n no "ay do "e see the po"er of &'A in their ations. =nstead, "e see the
adherene to a ritualisti beha#iour and feeding of ego to the point of self destrution. Why?
Why should these elite of our soieties ha#e gotten it so "rong in ter%s of the kno"ledge they
"orship as being the supre%e understandings?

The ans"er %ay lie in the origin of this kno"ledge and the #ery nature of the alien %inds that
they ha#e "orshiped and feared for ountless generations. =n anything "e ha#e disussed so
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far, do "e see any o%passion, any are to"ards the hu%an speies other than to diret us so
far a"ay fro% our potential as to trap us for %illennia8 in "ar and self hate?

=f this is the ase then, "hy should their gifts of kno"ledge be anything less. =ndeed, if their
history is anything to go by, it is quite possible they had no #ie" "hatsoe#er as to the po"er
and %ight of &'A re#ealed.

This lea#es only t"o options7

AaB the gods kne" the ans"ers but deliberately %isinfor%ed hu%an desendents. =nstead
setting the% off on a "ild goose hase to find holy grail infor%ation of %eaningless
i%portaneM
AbB they si%ply didnCt kno" and instead plae their o"n %isaligned belief syste%s on us.

1ither "ay, those hu%ans that belie#e the%sel#es to be all po"erful in ter%s of being in
harge of seret soieties are at best %isinfor%ed and sadly out of touh "ith real po"er, or at
"orst on the reei#ing end of the longest running joke in hu%an history8 the seret kno"ledge
of the Te%plars , the hristians, the %asons, the je"s is a joke8 a fraud.

To those in positions of po"er "ho find this i%possible to fatho%, onsider this8 for all the
rituals of sa#agery and depra#ity that they ha#e partiipated in, ha#e they one o%e in
ontat "ith the absolute po"er of all that is A22, o%pared to the flash and sound of pitiful
self absorbed %inds? Ef ourse the ans"er is no.
*.1# Ireedom

=t is the 5uddhists that o%e losest to understanding the nature of po"er and the freedo%
fro% the struggle. The struggle see%ingly bet"een the ani%al and the spirit. The struggle
bet"een the FgiftF fro% god and the ani%al and base nature.

The gnostis too also understood this and in their "ay sought to protest against "hat they
onsidered "as the e#il of the "orld and its %aking. *adly both syste%s of life "ere %istaken
in underesti%ating the depth and the ulprits of the proble%.

2et us rise up and say8 = ha#e no fear8 = ha#e no guilt8 = a% responsible for %y ations and =
li#e by %y ations8 = a% %ore beause = a% a hu%an being.

The battle for po"er and the desire to do%inate others8 the lure of fae #alue and
possessions8 only ser#e to distrat us fro% finding balane "ithin8 the po"er of e#ery ell in
our body of our 4>A realigning itself and understanding ho" beautiful and ho" po"erful a
being "e are.

We ha#e li#ed too long as sla#es. We ha#e li#ed too long being trapped in the shakles of
for%er jailers. Ti%e to "aken is no". Ti%e to understand is no".
10. , new be!innin!

We ha#e o%e to a entral juntion in our journey and our searh. We ha#e in#estigated a
great %any ideas, subjets of hu%an inquiry and ans"ers to funda%ental questions suh as
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the %eaning of life and the searh for *E2 AsoulB.

=n :1, "e ha#e onsidered arguably one of the %ost ontro#ersial ideas that our reators
"ere higher order life fro% nearby stellar syste%s and that their intentions "ere less pure
than "e %ight ha#e pre#iously onsidered.

We established the lai% that these higher8order lifefor%s ha#e had a profound i%pat on the
e%ergene and path of hu%an history. 6robably %ost ontro#ersial of all, "e onsidered the
o#er"hel%ing e#idene that these higher order lifefor%s "ere and are not as "ise nor aligned
to &'A as "e %ay ha#e thought. And in onsidering the last hapter A-8The legay of the
higher order lifefor%s A9odsBB "e an see the %ajority of negati#ity "e personally e0periene
is in large part their legay, not ours.
1..1.1 The question of belief

At ti%es during reading &'A and :e so far, your belief in "hat you ha#e been reading %ay
ha#e been tested to the e0tre%e.

3or e#en no", the infor%ation about &'A and in :e is different and highly ontro#ersial.
There %ay e#en be setions of &'A and :e that you donCt belie#e is aurate or true.

This is good. neither &'A nor :e lai% to be fat or right in the literal sense of the "ord. >or
an &'A nor :e lai% to be true in the literal sense AtrueJ adherene to the la"s of the godsB.

&'A and :e are %odels8 ideas about ideas about AetB. As suh, the only %easures of a %odel
being useful and Ftrue to itselfF is "here7

8 The %odel is onsistent to itself
8 =t ans"ers the questions you ask
8 The physial ans"ers are onsistent "ith "hat "e see

As you kno" by no", both &'A and :e o%pletely %eet these %easures.
1..1.2 Where do "e go fro% here?

The reason "hy "e pause to onsider these thoughts at this points is to onsider "hat our
ans"er %ight be to8 "here do "e go fro% here?

'ertainly the kno"ledge aquired so far, %ay already ha#e pro#en useful in e0panding and
aligning your thinking to a different "ay of looking at life. The question is8 is this enough? or
is there %ore to onsider?

=n this hapter, "e onsider the o#er"hel%ing i%pliation of all that has been "ritten so far,
for the need for a o%plete8 ne" beginning "ithin oursel#es and then to eah and life. or to
hoose one of the alternati#e paths of not8o%pletely o%%itting to a ne" beginning.
10.2 The !reatest e-il.deliberate self i!noran%e

As "e ha#e disussed, there are a great %any ations that hu%an beings ha#e traditionally
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lassed as e#il. Het one stands out as the greatest of all. =t is the e#il that the %ost ad#aned
sages and holy %en ha#e onsidered8 the greatest e#il is deliberate self ignorane.
1..2.1 *o%eti%es "e donCt "ant to kno"

To %ost people, life pro#es #ery early on that there are things "e si%ply donCt "ant to kno".

The daily ritual of flik8passing "indo"s faed en#elopes, or looking a"ay fro% sikly looking
people on the street are t"o onstant e0a%ples. 2ife sho"s us that to be too a"are so%eti%es
is suppose to be too painful, too %uh pressure8 so "e plead ignorane.

That "e %onitor the truth, bending it, %olding it to the iru%stane at the ti%e8 the F"hite
lieF onept that it is better to tell a "hite lie than the truth that %ay hurt. And "ithholding
infor%ation or deli#ering it in a #ague a%biguous "ay is the easiest for% of lie and deliberate
self ignorane.
1..2.2 The sadness inflited by deliberate self ignorane

*elfishness o"es a large part of e0istene to our oasional deliberate self ignorane. To plead
ignorane, to be silent so%eti%es allo"s us to hope that Fbad thingsF "ill go a"ay.

5ut bad things look for points of non8resistane, for it offers the best en#iron%ent for gro"th
of %ore e#il. This has been pro#en ountless ti%es throughout history, fro% genoide to
%urder, fro% <itler to /"anda, deliberate ignorane only inreases the darkness.

=t "as Tho%as )efferson "ho one said Ffreedo% is only kept "ith onstant #igilane and
ationF. And so are %any of the freedo%s "e often take for granted.

>o"here is deliberate self ignorane sadder than the deliberate self ignorane of the physial
self and the onset of ter%inal diseases.

As "e ha#e onstantly stressed, the desire for life si the highest goal of A22. And yet "e see
the terrible e0istene of killer #iruses and aners.

Within our pri%e protein8a"are self, the desire for life is para%ount. That "e "ish to li#e is
our strongest onsious onnetion to the goal of &'A and the &ni#erse.

Het at a ellular, and %oleular le#el, "e see our bodies unable or not dealing "ith the threat
of deadly #iruses and anerous gro"th.

=f "e onsider the other side of the battle, it is intriguing that the aner or #irus is not a"are
that its ations shall lead to the death of the host, and self. 3or if a #irus or aner truly
understood the %eaning of its ations, and "as aligned to &'A then it should hoose life
instead of death.

The %ain proble% in ans"ering and addressing these understandings is "hen "e perpetuate
onsistent deliberate ignorane. That "e refuse to look, that "e refuse to aept ertain
%e%ories, or parts of our self only reates di#ision and allo"s darkness to gro".
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1..2.3 The deliberate ignorane inflited by others on us.

What "e ha#e also seen is the deliberate ignorane that others ha#e and ontinue to inflit on
us.

We li#e in soieties "ith the sa%e %isaligned #alues and %odels as the earliest i#ilizations.
We ha#e the dark soul8 The F=F that onstantly seeks to distrat us fro% kno"ing our self and
kno"ing our potential.

'onsidering all this ignorane, it is a "onder "e ha#e o%e so far. Het e#en as "e speak, it
ontinues to gro" around us until the soure8 deliberate ignorane suppression, repression is
hallenged.
10.3 The infe%tion of histori%al models

1#ery %odel of thought on the planet is infeted "ith the legay of the higher order beings to
so%e degree8 inluding oursel#es.
1..3.1 The #alues of soiety, the %odels of soiety

We see the legay of the 9ods affeting the #ery foundations and strutures of our o"n
soieties, fro% the sy%bols of po"er, the allegiane to the loyalties of the 9odAsB, the #alues
by "hih our soiety is hartered #ia its onstitution.

3e" people, if any li#e on the planet 1arth that are not affeted by go#ern%ents that hold
po"er by #irtue of the %odels and attitudes adopted fro% the beha#iour of the 9ods.
1..3.2 The #alues of religious thought and teahing

Eur religious teahings, are per%eated "ith the #alues and progra%%es of the 9ods. Whether
it be in traditional religious syste%s.

The only "ay to be free is to re8in#ent fro% the botto% up a ne" "orld onept.

Eur legal syste%, our philosophies, our thinking syste%s, our %ethods of argu%ent, our
%athe%atis. All of it has traes or large slies of influene fro% the higher order life for%s
A 9odsB.
1..3.3 The #alues of go#ern%ent

Eur go#ern%ent struture is infeted "ith the sa%e thought proesses "e ha#e disussed in
religion and see throughout eah and e#ery ulture inherited fro% the #ery first until no".
The unbroken legay of sy%bolis% and ritual8 the "orship of the gods in arhiteture, ulture
and our onstitutions.

The only "ay to be free is to reonsider ne" %odels. ne" %odels of go#ern%ent organisation
based on o%%on sense.
1..3.4 The #alues of orporations
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'orporations like all o%ponents of eono%ies are infeted "ith the %ind set of the
generations "hereby the %assing and au%ulation of possessions is seen as an end in itself.
'orporations gro" at different paes and different %ind sets8 so%e seek to gro" like so%e
terrible aner, unable to %anifest anything positi#e in their e0istene e0ept the "ealth and
benefit of the originating shareholders.

Ethers, seek in so%e genuine "ay to benefit the "orld around the%. The proble%, one again
is the #alue struture and tools orporations ha#e to %ake the transition.

Ene again "e see the tools as inadequate to be able to pro#ide the neessary fous on their
funtion.
1..3.! The #alues of self

The #alues of self, as disussed at length ha#e pro#ided until no", little assistane in re#ealing
the underlying struture and nature of the struggle that %ost of us find oursel#es o%peting
against. the struture to find aeptane. The struggle to find peae. The struggle to %aintain
the standard of li#ing that "e e0pet or are austo%ed to.
10.4 The need for a new be!innin!

>ot e#ery person "ho "ill read the pre#ious setion on the infetion of historial %odels "ill
belie#e. :any "ill refute suh ideas as at best "rong, at "orst rantings of great onspiray
and delusion.

Het there is no hint or suggestion of grand onspiray, nor of people deliberately trying to
Fhood"inkF others. =nstead, there is a history of aepting;belie#ing the size and hallenge of
re8"riting ne" %odels and ne" ideas is si%ply too big and diffiult.
1..4.1 1#en if there are fla"s, ho" do you hange so%ething so big?

*uh is the enor%ity of any hallenge to established and infeted "estern thinking, that to
onsider re#ision is to be faed "ith the daunting task of dozens of different disiplines,
hundreds of theories and thousands of ideas all arefully inter"o#en, all ha#ing a plae and a
strength.

2ike a li#ing organis%, any theory that e%erges that does not onfor% is relati#ely easily
attaked not only by its o"n disipline but by supporting disiplines of the orthodo0.

5ut the entral point re%ains, first you need to aept a ne" beginning is needed.
1..4.2 A ne" beginning

We need a ne" beginning. 5ut in order to ha#e a ne" beginning, "e %ust ha#e the tools to
replae the infeted syste%s. This is "hat &'A and :e represent8 a ne" beginning upon
"hih all hu%an kno"ledge, ideas, personality, understanding, philosophy an be based.

There is no author, standing bet"een the %essage and you. There is no organisation trying to
on#ine you to join so%e %o#e%ent. There is no opyright, no serey, no lai% of
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o"nership of kno"ledge. And i%portantly, there is no prie on this infor%ation. =t is free to
you and to "hoe#er you "ish to gi#e it to.

These are so%e of the firsts. These are the ends of old yles. >o %ore %essiahs. >o %ore
people plaing the%sel#es bet"een you and the &ni#erse A the higher youB. >o %ore false
gurus. ideas about ideas about..
10.$ 2han!e and the questions we need to ask

*o it is, in spite of e#erything "e ha#e been sho"n by &'A it unsettles us to onsider that life
is e#er hanging and that the soure in a large part of %isery and unhappiness is due to our
desires being dashed "hen hange ontinues to happen.
1..!.1 2ooking at the proble% fro% a different perspeti#e

:any of the proble%s "e fae see% i%possible to ans"er based on our questions. &p until
no", "e ha#e been looking for the right solution, "hen in %any ases "e should ha#e been
in#estigating the question.

1#ery question by its #ery nature arries "ith it inbuilt assu%ptions "hih if "rong and;or
%isguided in the first plae %ean that no ans"er an be adequately gi#en.

3or e0a%ple, "hen people ask "here does the soul go "hen it lea#es the body? they ha#e
asked a question "ith a "hole host of in8built assu%ptions that AaB the soul at one point is
part of the body, therefore so%ething real and that at death it lea#es the body.

=n ontrast, a question that asks "hat happens to our %ind;soul "hen "e die? is a %uh
stronger question beause it does not ontain suh assu%ptions and an then be ans"ered by
the duality of a"areness and life that is possible by the drea% of &nique 'olleti#e
A"areness.
1..!.2 2ooking at the proble% fro% a different perspeti#e

*iene and the "orld of diso#ery is unfortunately littered "ith hundreds of e0a%ples suh
as the soul;death proble% "hih ontain in8built assu%ptions the%sel#es questionable.

As a result, %any great %inds end up hasing their tale, not beause a #alid %odel, a #alid
ans"er e0ists, but beause of the fault of the questions.

Therefore, "hen "e seek ne" beginnings, "e %ust also onsider so%e of the inherent Fbig
questionsF "e ask and "hether these questions the%sel#es need to be re#ised.
10.& Syner!y

Truth gro"s dark as the ego beo%es austo%ed and interested in the %aterial. :atter and
%ind fous

*elf starts "ith the #ery thing "e are used to onsider dark in so%e "ay8 %e8 the hu%an
being. 3ro% our disussions, "e see darkness and the e0tent to darkness. 2ight gro"s, "e see
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the dupliity of the "orld for "hat it is.

2ight beo%es dark 4ark beo%es light The align%ent of light and dark The 23 and the 238
the o%plete hu%an being

All these %ysteries and the %ysteries of the "ords "ithin these books fall "ithin these
boundaries.
10." 7onBt belie-e )2,

=t is ti%e to be blunt. 3or if "e do not understand the %essage of &'A then "e "ill struggle
and %iss the understandings of the follo"ing hapters of :1. 6lease take the follo"ing
state%ent to heart7
1..(.1 4onCt belie#e &'A8 none of it is true

There is no point belie#ing anything you ha#e read in &'A or :1 so far. The "ord Fbelief\F "e
ha#e seen is redundant, so is the "ord true.

&'A does not %eet the riteria set out by these "ords. That does not %ean it is all false. =t
si%ply %eans there is no point putting ideas of &'A up against others ideas as a %eans of
%easure, nor is it "orth"hile holding these ideas as ertainty. >othing is ertain.

As "e "ill disuss and see8 a funda%ental hange in perspeti#e is required to feel
o%fortable "ith unertainty and hange8 to be free of dog%a8 to be free of the barriers of
belief and superstition.
1..(.2 5eliefs and kno"ledge are inti%ately linked to desire.

'an the %ind be free fro% the ra#ing for seurity? That is the proble%8 no" "hat to belie#e
and ho" %uh to belie#e. These are %erely e0pressions of the in"ard ra#ing to be seure
psyhologially , toe be ertain about so%ething, "hen e#erything is so unertain in the
"orld.
1..(.3 5eliefs separate people

/eligious, national and #arious other types of beliefs separate people. There is the <indu
belief, the 'hristian belief, the 5uddhist , #arious politial ideologies, all ontending "ith eah
other, trying to on#ert eah other.

Ene an see that belief is separating people, reating intolerane. is it i%possible to li#e
"ithout belief.
1..(.4 Aepting beliefs beause of fear

Ene of the reasons for the desire to aept beliefs is fear. =f "e had no belief, "hat "ould
happen to us? *houldnCt "e be #ery frightened of "hat %ight happen?

The fear of being nothing, of being e%pty? After all, a up is only really useful "hen it is
e%ptyM and a %ind that is filled "ith beliefs, "ith dog%as, "ith assertions, "ith quotations is
really an unreati#e %indM it is %erely a repetiti#e %ind. To esape fro% that fear8 the fear of
e%ptiness, that fear of loneliness, that fear of stagnation of not arri#ing, not sueeding, not
ahie#ing, not being so%ething, not beo%ing so%ething8 is surely one of the reasons "hy "e
pursue to aquire beliefs.

A belief, religious or politial, hinders the understanding of oursel#es. =t ats as a sreen
through "hih "e are looking at oursel#es.
1..(.! 5elief binds, belief isolates.

4o beliefs pro#ide seurity and then larity. *eurity by definition is in onflit to the e#er
hanging %otion of the uni#erse.

We "ant to be seure and therefore need the aid of our estates, our property and our fa%ily.
We "ant to be seure in"ardly and also spiritually by ereting "alls of beliefs, "hih are an
indiation of this ra#ing to be ertain.

'an you as an indi#idual be free fro% this urge this ra#ing to be seure, "hih e0presses
itself in the desire to belie#e in so%ething?

<a#e you e#er noties that %ost of us "ant so%e kind of psyhologial safety. We "ant
seurity, so%ebody on "ho% to lean. As a s%all hild holds on to the %others hand, so "e
"ant so%ething to ling toM "e "ant so%ebody to lo#e us. Without a sense of seurity, "ithout
a %ental safeguard "e feel lost, do "e not? We are used to leaning on others to guide and help
us, and "ithout this support "e feel onfused, afraid, "e do not kno" "hat to think, ho" to
at. The %o%ent "e are left to oursel#es, "e feel lonely, inseure, unertain. 3ro% this arises
fear.

We also seek seurity and o%fort in ideas. ha#e you obser#ed ho" ideas o%e into being and
ho" the %ind lings to the%? Hou ha#e an idea of so%ething beautiful.

4o you kno" "hat it %eans to seek per%aneny? it %eans "anting the pleasurable to
ontinue indefinitely and "anting that "hih is not pleasurable to end as quikly as possible.

We "ant the na%e that "e bear to be kno"n and to ontinue through fa%ily, through
property. We "ant a sense of per%aneny in our relationships, in our ati#ities, "hih %eans
that "e are seeking a lasting, ontinuous life in the stagnant poolM "e donCt "ant any real
hanges there, so "e ha#e built a soiety "hih guarantees us the per%aneny of property, of
na%e, of fa%e.

5ut you see, life is not like that at allM life is not per%anent. 2ike the lea#es that fall fro% a
tree, all things are i%per%anent, nothing enduresM there is al"ays hange and death. ha#e
you e#er notied a tree standing naked against the sky, ho" beautiful it is?

All its branhes are outlined, and in its nakedness there is a poe%, there is a song. 1#ery leaf
is gone and it is "aiting for the spring. When the spring o%es.
10.# ,n understandin! of path
=t is no" ti%e to re#eal an i%portant understanding about the journey of &'A and *elf that
you ha#e taken so far. 3or a %o%ent, think bak to ho" you perei#ed the "orld and ideas
before you began reading &'A. 'hanes are, you sa" yourself li#ing in a "orld full of beliefs,
beliefs of "ho you are, "hat you do, "ho you kno", "hat you kno" and "here you %ight be
going.

=t "as then that "e began the journey of &'A. 4o you reall your first reations to the ideas,
the %odels ontained in &'A? At first your reation %ight ha#e been anger, disbelief. 2ater,
as you pursued a%e the possible nauseous feeling as long held beliefs see% to ru%ble.

5ut at no point did &'A lea#e you isolated, lea#e you grasping to fill a gap. 3or eah and e#ery
belief that has been hallenged, an idea, a %odel has been offered.

2etCs put it another "ay8 for e#ery stone turned, an i%aginary stone has been put in its plae.
3or nothing that &'A lai%s old be alled fat, ould be alled reality in the sense that
sientists and philosophers like to arrange fats and thesis as proof. 2ife is its o"n proof.
10istene is its o"n #erifiation.

*tep by step, piee by piee eah and e#ery belief you %ay ha#e held dearly and losely has
been onsidered and slo"ly but surely replaed "ith a little idea. 3at hanged to %odels until
the entire "orld, the greatest troubles and %ountains of proble%s that "e fae are no %ore
real than the drea%s at night.

=t is only no" that "e an see "hy the journey has been the "ay it has been. 3or the ans"er to
no beliefs is not nothing, but a %odel of things. The ans"er to di#ision is not suppression, but
di#ine enlighten%ent8 the larity to see the highest %ountain and the s%allest grain of sand,
to kno" the differene and to onsider that kno"ledge "hen appropriate.

=t is only no" that you %ay understand the "ords Fbelief is not requiredF. =t is only no" that
you an see the "orld as %illions of ideas in %otion, a"areness in all its shapes and olours in
%otion that you an see the reality of the drea%. =t is thought that is real8 it is the physial
that is the illusion.

This is the #ery real hope that &'A e0tends out to eah and e#ery one of us, that the beliefs of
old %ay no longer di#ided us, not by the o%pro%ise of beliefs or the in#ention of ne"
beliefs, but by the end of need of beliefs.
10.* +i!ht to darkA dark to li!ht

=t is also ti%e to re#eal to you a relationship of the fores of light and darkness that you ha#e
tra#ersed until this point, like the yle of Hin and Hang, a neessary flo".

As "e began, &'A &nique 'olleti#e A"areness opened up by 'hapter 4 the #ery beautiful
and enlightened possibility of onnetion to all things and the nature of all things. 3ro% this
light sprang forth the understandings in the 23 hapters of &'A.

As inspiring as the "ords ha#e been in &'A, the outo%e is not neessarily positi#e. 1go
grasped the kno"ledge in its assu%ption of being handy ne" beliefs. 1go %ay e#en ha#e
ignored the onept of &'A being just an idea and prolai%ed its "holehearted FbeliefF in
"hat "as "ritten.

Thus fro% the light, the darkness gro"s8 ego gro"s stronger and %ore intelligent. Why you
%ay ask "ould this be neessary?

=n se#eral "ays this is so. 3irstly, to enable the shift in beliefs to ideas, ego %st be open to the
possible of benefit. 9i#en that ego has ruled %ost of our li#es, "ithout the interest of ego,
suh a task "ould be i%possible. *o "hile ego has been happy to quote setions of &'A and
play "ith the ne" found kno"ledge, the belief syste%s of old that ha#e entrapped us slo"ly
ha#e been replaed "ith so%ething of illusion8 ideas.

*eondly, the gro"th of ego also eno%passes the gro"th in intellet. The nature and
beha#iour of ego hanges, it beo%es %ore sophistiated "ith its argu%ents. =t beo%es %ore
unning, as the argu%ents of old8 fear di%inishes in %any depart%ents. *lo"ly but surely
doors are losed to the spinning nature of ego, "ithout ego kno"ing. 3or all the supre%e
onfidene of ego, it is no %ath for &'A and :1.

*o then "e o%plete &'A, the gro"th in ego is supre%e. =t is then that "e start to feel strange
hanges and begin :1.

'ontrary to &'A, :1, the personal "e no" see identifies ego in person8 the dark sol, the
darkness. The first book &'A J light, the seond :1 J dark.

3ro% the light &'A gro"s the darkness 19E. 5ut fro% the darkness :1 "ill gro" light8 *E2.

=t is no" ti%e to re#eal an i%portant understanding about the journey of &'A and :e that
you ha#e taken so far. 3or a %o%ent, think bak to ho" you perei#ed the "orld and ideas
before you began reading &'A. 'hanes are, you sa" yourself li#ing in a "orld full of beliefs,
beliefs of "ho you are, "hat you do, "ho you kno", "hat you kno" and "here you %ight be
going.

T"o people ha#e been li#ing in you all your life. Ene is the ego, garrulous, de%anding,
hysterial, alulatingM the other is the hidden spiritual being, "hose still #oie of "isdo% you
ha#e only rarely heard or attended to.

As you listen %ore and %ore to the teahings, onte%plate the%, and integrate the% into
your life, your inner #oie, you innate "isdo% of disern%ent, "hat is alled disri%inating
a"areness is a"akened and strengthened and you start to begin to distinguish bet"een its
guidane and the #arious la%,porous and enthralling #oies of ego. The %e%ory of your real
nature, "ith all its splendor and onfidene begins to return to you.
10.10 1ur herita!e

=t has haunted us and distrated us for too long to onsider the ountless %o%ents of anguish
bet"een the hu%an onept of soul and the physial needs of the hu%an ani%al geographi
heritage.

That at one, "e are at odds "ith oursel#es for %uh of our li#es8 to onsider the physial
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e%otional urges of pleasure, lust #ersus the spiritual #irtues of honesty, harity and hastity.
That these appear t"o opposites a%ps, aross a deadly ra#ine, and our #ery soul is at stake
as to "hih side attrats us %ore.

*o our heritage in understanding "ho "e really are, traps us into belie#ing that "e %ust fight
our %ost ani%alisti urges to sueed in spiritual freedo%.
1..1..1 The beauty of %i0ed %arriages

'onsider the long understood #isual e#idene that hildren of %i0ed %arriages are so%e of
the %ost attrati#e people on the planet.

Therefore onsider, "hat beauty is the hu%an speies that %i0ture of earthly and di#ine 4>A.
The di#ersity of not just t"o different speies, nor t"o different ultures, but t"o different
solar syste%s.

That hu%ans are %ore than both their parents and ho%e. We are %ost beautiful beause "e
are both ani%al and spirit, not less. This is the re#erse of logi. The reation of 2ogos that
says, peae and understanding
10.11 The wise !uide

T"o people ha#e been li#ing in you all your life. Ene is the ego, garrulous, de%anding,
hysterial, alulatingM the other is the hidden spiritual being, "hose still #oie of "isdo% you
ha#e only rarely heard or attended to.

As you listen %ore and %ore to the teahings, onte%plate the%, and integrate the% into
your life, your inner #oie, you innate "isdo% of disern%ent, "hat is alled disri%inating
a"areness is a"akened and strengthened and you start to begin to distinguish bet"een its
guidane and the #arious la%,porous and enthralling #oies of ego. The %e%ory of your real
nature, "ith all its splendor and onfidene begins to return to you.

Hou "ill find, in fat, that you ha#e uno#ered in yourself your o"n "ise guide. beause he or
she kno"s you through and through, sine he or she is you, your guide an help you "ith
inreasing larity and hu%or, negotiate all the diffiulties of your thoughts and e%otions.

Hour guide an also be a ontinual, joyful , tender, so%eti%es teasing presene, "ho kno"s
al"ays "hat is best for you and "ill help you find "ays %ore and %ore out of your obsession
"ith your habitual responses and onfused e%otions.

As the #oie of your disri%inating a"areness gro"s stronger and learer, you "ill start to
distinguish bet"een its truth and the #arious deeptions of the ego, and you "ill be able to
listen to it "ith disern%ent and onfidene.

The %ore often you listen to this "ise guide, the %ore easily you "ill be able to hange your
negati#e %oods yourself, see through the%, and e#en launh at the% for the absurd dra%as
and ridiulous illusions that they are. 9radually you find yourself able to free yourself %ore
and %ore quikly fro% the dark e%otions that ha#e ruled your life and this ability to do so is
the greatest %irale of all.
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A Tibetan holy %an one said that he "as not really i%pressed by so%eone "ho ould turn
the floor into the eiling or fire into "ater. A real %irale, he said, "as if so%eone ould
liberate just one negati#e e%otion.

We ha#e o%e to a entral juntion in our journey and our searh. We ha#e in#estigated a
great %any ideas, subjets of hu%an inquiry and ans"ers to
10.12 The messa!e of old re-ealed

The %essage of the anients, of the 1gyptians, the lost kno"ledge is this8 the truth is "ithin
us8 and al"ays has been. What "e feel is true is true8 "hat "e feel is not true is not true.
1..12.1 4eep "ithin us are the ans"ers and the questions

We need a ne" beginning. 5ut in order to ha#e a ne" beginning, "e %ust ha#e the tools to
replae the infeted syste%s. This is "hat &'A and :e represent8 a ne" beginning upon
"hih all hu%an kno"ledge, ideas, personality, understanding, philosophy an be based.
10.13 The new be!innin! of self

To be free. To be liberated of the old onepts that trapped us. To be %ore, to no longer not
understand.

This is the seond part of self and the fulfill%ent of the journey so far, as begun "ith &'A.

E#er the ne0t fe" hapters,"e look for the integration of "hat has begun into our o"n sense
of self and the hoies of li#ing into the future.

1go is our au%ulated beliefs, our %e%ory. Enly "hen "e are free of our beliefs is to be free
of ego. 5ut to belie#e in nothing, "ithout #alues is to be adrift.
1..13.1 5elief are nothing8 #alues are e#erything.

=s there any #alue or idea that is so i%portant to your state of being that you ould not
i%agine li#ing "ithout the #alue being in plae. =s there a #alue that is so i%portant, you
"ould rather die or be tortured than break?

That is %oral strength8 that is align%ent. =t is beliefs that hold us bak

As you an see, the deliay of influenes and e0tent of influenes hallenge our ability to
break free, to see the "orld and life for "hat it is. 2et us reap, the list so that "e an see
learly the issues that hold us bak.
1..13.2 5eliefs, %e%ories and ego

5eliefs and %e%ory are the repository of ego. As long as "e rely on beliefs and %e%ory, ego is
present. As long as our %ind is foused on beliefs and %e%ory8 "e are less in the present
%o%ent8 open to the auto%ated unthinking habits of ego8 a s%all slip of a fe" %inutes and
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ego an ause the lassi %e%ory lapses sho"ing a o%plete lak of respet to "hat is around
us.

5eliefs hold us bak fro% the possible. They di#ide us and onstrit us. yet to so%e, that is all
"e ha#e. =f "e onsider "hat "e ha#e read in &'A8 to say belie#e nothing is to see%ingly
thro" a"ay e#erything you ha#e read. 9ood. 4o it. 6ut &'A a"ay. 4onCt %ention it any%ore.
=tCs not rele#ant unless its rele#ant

&'A is just an idea8 not a belief. Hou donCt need to belie#e &'A. yet "ithout belief, %aybe
there is nothing to hold onto, you "ould be utting yourself adrift. This is the hallenge. =f "e
stop talking about ho" "onderful "e are, ho" "onderful the kno"ledge "e ha#e read, then
%aybe there is nothing left to talk about.
1..13.3 Galues are e#erything

The differene is #alues8 the G=/Cs8 they are uno%pro%ising and unrelenting8 they are pure
truth8 the purest truth there is8 the truth of lear non8 self in the present %o%ent. To #alue
e#erything you see8 >EW8 not so%e i%age in the %ind, not so%e ideas of better days.
1..13.4 The test of "hat #alues %ean

=n years gone by, beliefs "ere held up as things that people "ere prepared to die for. >o belief
is "orth death8 only #alues. 3or to belie#e in a belief is to be dead to the present %o%ent8
ho" an a person %ake a onsious deision?8 they anCt.

Galues are those tools of the present %o%ent that link us to &'A.

The %ost i%portant are respet, honesty and onsisteny to respet and honesty. Ef all
#alues8 the %ost i%portant #alue is truth to oneself in the present %o%ent8
1..13.! When our #alues are tested.

Would you rather die, or be tortured than lie?

Ef ourse, --.-N of the "orld "ould say no. Ene lie an be e0used or forgi#en for the sake of
life. After all, a lie is not nearly as bad as the taking of a life. 5ut is it? Truth of the present
%o%ent is uno%pro%ising. Anything, any thought outside of this real% is entering the
real% of ego.

Het is our o%%it%ent to telling the truth is not so funda%ental that "e bukle under the first
sign of pressure, then our #alues %ean less than not follo"ing the% at all.

4o you affir% your #alues eah day or put the% a"ay8 just in ase? #alues are li#ing. They
need to be affir%ed onstantly, not put in pratie "hen one feels like it.

'o%%it%ent to #alues %eans o%%it%ent to #alues no"8 to say to your being8 F= "ould
rather die than lieF
1..13.$ Truth8 This is the key8 The truth shall set you free.
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 2'' of $%0
Wake up and see that "e still lie to oursel#es8 "hen "e say8 one day = "ill o%%it to adopting
the #alues8 but for no"8 = battle ego8 in %y quest to "in so%e battle. There is no battle8 the
present %o%ent is "here ego annot go. =t is e0lusi#ely the real% of truth8

&nderstand the reason "e ha#e tra#eled this path is to step by step eli%inate eah and e#ery
e0use "e eah %ay ha#e to listening to the useless hatter of ego telling us "hy "e anCt be
aligned8 "hy "e find it hard plaing #alue on the people that lo#e us8 on sho"ing lo#e and
respet8 on being honest to oursel#es.

3irstly and fore%ost, "e see ego in all its olours, shades and beha#iour as the priniple and
pri%e reason "e are unable to stay foused and a"are of the "orld as it is. 1go, kno"ing no
onsiene, no %orals, nor any benefiial fous on our ulti%ate needs %akes no apologies. =t
ontinues to squir% and find e0uses.

Then "e see the e0tent of influene that our o"n thoughts and ations ha#e on our li#es8 that
"e think ill, ill happens. That "e think and fantasize %akes us less and ripples throughout the
"orld, isolating us fro% "hat is.
10.14 , !reater e?planation of the @now@ moment

=n 'h +8 1go and the sense of self "e diso#ered a #itally i%portant feature that the priniple
goal of ego is to distrat us fro% a"areness of the no" %o%ent8 the present. We onluded
that gi#en that the no" %o%ent is the only point at "hih hange is i%ple%entable, the effet
of ego an be o%pared to a dirty "indsreen on the ar8 ego only lets you see so%e of the
road as you dri#e.

=t is no" ti%e to onsider a greater e0planation of the no" %o%ent of ti%e, its features and
relationships and i%portane in understanding our goals.
1..14.1 Ti%e as a %easure and la" of %otion

Hou %ay reall in &'A, that the onept the %ore interation "e ha#e, the faster ti%e passes,
the less interation, the slo"er ti%e see%s to tra#el. Ti%e in effet is the %easure by "hih "e
o%pare this interation.

We onsidered this a funda%ental la" of reation and a feature of all interations of %atter.
That ti%e is an effet of the unique %otion of %atter. That e0istene is dependent on %otion
and so ti%e itself ontinues. =n this "ay "e "ere able to onlude that to the &ni#erse, to &'A
ti%e is. Ti%e is the #ibration and %otion of partiles throughout the uni#erse, rather than the
pereption of ti%e.

=f %otion eased, ti%e "ould ease and the uni#erse "ould ease. =f ti%e stopped, %otion
"ould ha#e stopped, &'A and &>=TA* "ould be no longer. Therefore, so long as there
ontinues to be %otion, there ontinues to be the effet of ti%e. While nothing is lost, it is the
perpetual no" %o%ent that is e0istene, not the %e%ory of e0istene or the potential future
e0istene.

The hu%an pereption of the no" %o%ent
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 2'( of $%0
'hapter 1! of &'A, you %ay also reall that "e e0plained the unique hu%an pereption of
ti%e8 that is our a"areness of ti%e. While /eal 1arth Ti%e A/1TB re%ains relati#ely onstant
day after day Ahronologial ti%eB, "e e0periene the effet of ti%e speeding up and slo"ing
do"n on a daily basis ApsyhologialB ti%e.

We "ere able to sho" that hu%an pereption of ti%e and the "orld around us "orks on a
sur#ey8feedbak loop7

Ti%e 1ra 10planation
TJ . AfutureB Ti%e .8 the brain gi#es out a signal
TJ..2 Ano"B An e#ent is triggered and reognized by the brain
TJ..4 ApastB The feedbak is reei#ed and proessed
TJ..! ApastB 5rain re%e%bers e#ent as a si%ultaneous e#ent at TJ. AfutureB

As o%pliated as this loop appears, it is neessary for the proper funtioning of the brain8
the brain %ust reognize the surroundings and then onsider the ation "ithin that onte0t8
this is "here %ind te%plates are projeted for"ards onto "hih hanges of %otion are
deteted8 %uh like bats use sonar to loate objets.

When "e are fully onsiously a"are, "hat "e think >EW is, is atually the past, and earlier
than >EW atually happened. =n other "ords, "e are "ay off, "e are either too fast, or too
slo" in ter%s of a past e#ent.

The e%otions on the other hand operate "ithin a %illiseond of >EW atually ourring.
They are Fon ti%eF if you like "ith /eal 1arth Ti%e. =n other "ords you FfeelF on ti%e and
FthinkF out of ti%e.

4epending on the e%otional strengths and therefore singular and strong "a#e patterns in the
brain, ti%e hanges drastially.

When you are in a state of learning, ti%e see%s to %o#e at its slo"est beause of the required
onsiousness Aneoorte0B in#ol#e%ent in the proess for language suh as 1nglish. <o"e#er,
"ith e#en a %ild addition of positi#e e%otions that sti%ulate the learning entres of the brain,
ti%e see%s to %o#e so quikly.

4epending on the relati#e strength of e%otional state and onsiousness ti%e "ill #ary fro%
e#ery seond see%ingly like ten seonds, to e#ery hour feeling like a %inute.

=n a state of shok, ti%e "ill see% to slo" to al%ost zero, due to the solid single "a#e funtion
of the brain allo"ing the onsiousness to operate at the sa%e "a#elength as e%otional
feedbak, thus allo"ing e%otions to ontrol physial judge%ents %uh faster than nor%al
onsious deision.

=n a state of bliss, the onsious %ind "ill be in syn and %uh "eaker "ith "ith a %uh
slo"er "a#e funtion. Therefore the slo"er "a#e funtion o%bined "ith a state of lo"er
synronized ati#ity of the neoorte0 o%bines to distort ti%e see%ingly flying past.

5eause our le#el and balane of onsiuousness and e%otions hanges e#ery seond of e#ery
day, "e "ill ne#er e0periene a onstant pereption of ti%e, e#en though F/eal 1arth ti%eF is
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 2') of $%0
relati#ely onstant.
1..14.2 The strength of feeling the no" rather than thinking the no"

What "e see in the funtion of the onsious %ind to perei#e the no" is our inability to
onsiously grasp the no", yet our ability to feel it. "e also see that our %inds are already
disposed to onsidering ideas and thoughts fro% %e%ory that distort our pereption of the
no", e#en though "e %ight be a"are of the no"8 literally the %ind an play bak a piture of
a roo% and not e#en see people in it if ego so hooses, and is distrated.
1..14.3 Eur %issing of understanding of the present

/ealizing then that to projet our fous into the future or the past is to position our fous
a"ay fro% the one and only position "e an hange8 the present.

=t is to the regret of a great %any hu%an beings that the for%ati#e years of their life "ere the
au%ulation of fears A o%binations of negati#e %e%ories projeted into the futureB or guilts
A negati#e %e%ories projeted into the presentB or greed;en#y.

These negati#e e%otions loud our ability to onsiously bear "itness to the present
o%pletely. To o%pletely open up to the realization of the present.; =n the present "e an
align our fous, our being, our balane and reognize that e#ery thought and e#ery ation
%atters, beause e#ery %o%ent %atters.

=n this "ay8 to be o%plete8 to be in o%plete a"are har%ony is the highest state of being.
1..14.4 The onnetion of all things in the no"8 the separation of all things in the past and
future

The no" %o%ent is the A22 %o%ent and the E>1 %o%ent and the :1 %o%ent and the
1>1/9=* %o%ent and the 51 %o%ent.

1#ery no" %o%ent %atters as this is the unique %o#e%ent of e0istene "hen e#erything is,
before the ne0t no" %o%ent and the ne0t.

Whate#er "e do in a no" %o%ent %atters as "e are onneted to A22 things and A22 things
are onneted to us. Therefore "hat "e think or at upon has a ause, a %oti#ation and a
onsequene.

Het to think of the future or reflet in the past is to break "ith the A22, to separate fro%
others to the one.
10.1$ 3-ery thou!ht matters

We ha#e disussed drea%s and their poteny a nu%ber of ti%es. We ha#e espeially disussed
the synergy and onnetion bet"een the hu%an ability to drea% and reate ne" di%ension
and the ulti%ate reator8 &'A A &ni#ersal 'olleti#e A"arenessB and the great drea% of the
&ni#erse.
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 2'* of $%0
We no" o%e to the point in onsideration of the aligned and enlightened %ind8 the %ind
that an seek far, the %ind that is at peae "ith the%sel#es and e#erything around. We o%e
to an understanding of drea%s.
1..1!.1 4rea%s as a %ethod of sorting infor%ation

We understand the %edial and sientifi nature of drea%s to enable the lessons the day and
of the past to be realled. When "e fae danger our drea%s "ill re%ind us of i%portant
understandings about suh issues. When "e think of desire, our drea%s "ill re%ind us of just
"hat "e desire and #alue. And so on.

The %edial and sientifi e0planation is "ithout judg%ent. =t is "hat happens and "e %ay or
%ay not aept the rationale behind the e0planation. <o"e#er, upon reading &'A, one
annot lai% any%ore to be %isinfor%ed regarding the%sel#es and "hat is happening to
the%sel#es. To lai% ignorane after reading &'A "ould be hyporitial gi#en the %odels
o%prehensi#e desription of %atters.
1..1!.2 The entertain%ent #alue of drea%s

=t is no %istake that in the book &'A, the desription of drea%s are desribed like %o#ies,
"here "e hoose the tikets to the the%ed %o#ies "e "ish to see.

There is no judg%ent on our need for entertain%ent, let alone allo"ing our %inds to roa%
onsiously or unonsiously through the fantasies that "e like A and so%eti%es the ones "e
donCt likeB. The question is is this onsistent "ith %odel the enlightened uni#ersal being?
1..1!.3 'areful not to judge the follo"ing as superior

The ans"er to the question of "hat is the %ost appropriate understandings of drea%ing and
the need to be disiplined "ith eah and e#ery thought needs to be put in onte0t to those that
hoose not to de#elop suh disipline. neither is greater or lesser.

A disiplined %ind is able to do %ore things in ertain areas, but at a ost. The undisiplined
%ind is able to to less in ertain areas, but "ith greater di#ersity and therefore potential
adaptability. Ene %ethod is geared to de#elop deep roots into the psyhe of the uni#erse,
"hile the other is about the reality of di#erse life.

=n both instanes, balane is prerequisite to sanity. 1#en the undisiplined %ind requires
so%e #alues upon "hih i%ages and thoughts our.

Het "hat "e e%phasis here and no" is that the desriptions and understandings of the
enlightened being is far fro% being a Fsuperior %odelF. *uh a desription is dangerous as it
i%plies not only ego but judg%ent. Where these e0ist, the %odel is fla"ed.
1..1!.4 The learning of disiplines for the deeper enlightened uni#ersal being

To be a uni#ersal enlightened being, there are so%e drea%s, for entertain%ent or other"ise
purposes that are si%ply inappropriate7

U 4rea%s that degrade people, "hether by #iolene, se0ual desire ha#e no benefit and no
onsisteny to the #irtues of &'A or enlightened beingsM
U 4rea%s that pro%oted the e0erising of superior qualities #ersus other hu%an beings to
sho" off, or display superior qualities only repeat the habits of old "hen spiritual leaders ha#e
put the%sel#es ahead of others. This is also unaeptable.
U 4rea%s that pro%ote the aquisition of %aterial ite%s at the e0pense of others.
U 4rea%s that learly breah the se#en #irtues of &'A.

1..1!.! <o" an "e disipline our drea%s if "e ha#e no ontrol o#er our drea%s?

This is the lassi e0use regarding drea%s8 ho" an = ontrol so%ething that is %y
unonsious.

The ans"er is si%ply "hat "e pre#iously stated8 our unonsious %ind reei#es its orders
fro% our onsious %ind that uploads the %ajor priorities for drea%ing at the beginning of
the sleep phase8 "hat is e#er in our %inds and deeply onsiously affeted us during the day
shall be the %ajor the%e of our drea%ing.

*eondly, at the beginning of eah drea% phases, there is a luid point "hereby "e al%ost
al"ays ha#e the opportunity to a"aken the onsious %ind to the fat that it is drea%ing. This
ours often at the beginning of the seond yle of drea%s as "ell as drea%s in the %orning
that are traditionally %ore se0ual in nature.

These %o%ents enable us to %ake the hoies "e "ish to %ake.

3inally, it is fully "ithin our hoie to set the #alues that "e dee% aeptable to oursel#es and
those that are not. There an be no e0use and no hiding of authority if on the one hand "e
say "e #alue hu%an life and on the other hand "e drea% of #iolene against others.
1..1!.$ The progra%%ing and hanging of ideas is #ital to the de#elop%ent to"ards har%ony

=t is absolutely #ital in our path to"ards enlighten%ent that "e address the issues of our
drea%s and our thoughts. Without hanging our thoughts and our drea%s to be
representati#e of the #alues of #irtue "e lai%, then there an be no ad#ane%ent.

Therefore, "hat "e think as "ell as "hat "e do shall deter%ine our relati#e suess to"ards a
state of enlighten%ent a a uni#ersal being.
1..1!.( :odern entertain%ent, drea%s and the enlightened being

2... years ago, for entertain%ent, /o%ans used to attend the 'oliseu% to "itness the life
and death battles of gladiator against gladiator. *o%eti%es, for a%use%ent there "ould be
the hopeless battle bet"een a onde%ned person and lions and tigers. We are told that %any
of the zealous hristians %et their death this "ay.

5ut "hat of entertain%ent today? And ho" does suh entertain%ent and e0posure affet
those that ha#e beo%e enlightened "ith the understandings of &'A and of the nature of
#irtue?
1..1!.+ >o benefit in %uh of %odern entertain%ent

To the o%passionate person, to the enlightened person, there is no benefit in bearing
"itness to "anton #iolene, to depra#ity and to %aliiousness that is sho"n on tele#ision and
%o#ies as entertain%ent.

These beha#iours are no better than the /o%ans. =n fat %any of the% are "orse. The
%odern "orld strangely belie#es that just beause it didnCt atually happen in real life %akes
it a lesser e#il than the /o%ans and their barbari ats.

T"o things highlight this as the o%pletely falsity it is7

1. Those in the /o%an ro"d, "ith the e0eption of the ro"d "ith the best seats "ould not
ha#e seen suh grueso%e ats up lose. >or "ould they ha#e seen suh di#ersity of #iolene
and horror as the teenager in our %odern "orld.
2. The hu%an %ind annot distinguish in ter%s of %e%ory of "itness to trau%a and high
e%otional sti%ulation "hether the at "as real or not real. Any sientist that refutes this
lai% is si%ply supporting a syste% that is inherently e#il AignorantB.

Therefore being "itness to #iolene and depra#ity and %aliiousness either on tele#ision, the
%o#ies or in real life si%ply drains the o%passionate person and blunts their apaity to lo#e
and to feel. =n %any ases, it %ay %ake the% feel quite ill. 5ut o#er ti%e, e#en o%passion
annot "ithstand the bo%bard%ent of hatred and ugliness that if pro%oted as entertain%ent
and free hoie on our tele#ision and our %o#ies.

E#er ti%e, e#en the o%passionate personCs %ind "ill beo%e nu%b fro% suh #iolene.
1..1!.- /efusing to bear "itness and support suh e#il

&lti%ately, it is the hoie of the enlightened and the #irtuous person to hoose not to support
suh e#il or ignorane by refusing to bear "itness to "anton #iolene, depra#ity and
%aliiousness on tele#ision, %o#ies and in real life.

When a #iolent sho" is pro%oted on tele#ision, turn the hannel. There is no entertain%ent
#alue in bearing "itness to suh i%ages to the o%passionate person.

When a sho" pro%oting the depra#ity of other hu%ans se0ually or #ia other %eans, turn the
hannel. There is no entertain%ent #alue in "athing the orruption of lo#e into so%ething
less than pure.

When a person "ishes to pass their o%plaints of others onto you, refuse to bear the burden.
Tell the% that you do not "ish to bear that burden and to either ease in handing it aross, or
to %o#e on.

9ossip of the faults of others and partiipating, "hether being a "itness or an ati#e
partiipant, is to ondone suh ation.

To listen to others o%plain of the faults of other hu%ans beings, is to ondone suh ation.
En both aounts, the o%passionate person e0uses the%sel#es and lea#es the roo% if the
other "ill not ease.
1..1!.1. The blind re%ain blind

There "ill be those "ho read these notes and question "hether they are o#er %oralising8
hyporitial in that the su%%aries of tele#ision and %o#ie sho"s sho"ing #iolene and
depra#ity has all the hall%arks of judg%ent.

=ndeed, judg%ent, %oreo#er disern%ent is required. Without personal disern%ent a
hu%an ould not funtion. 5ut in ter%s of being o#ertly %oralisti, those that do not
understand and annot see the #iolene on tele#ision for "hat it is ha#e not reahed the
enlightened a"areness of a uni#ersal being.

3or any argu%ent o#er free speeh and allo"ing people to hoose is a fallaious argu%ent if
the sa%e people are una"are of the sientifi and psyhologial effets on the%sel#es. Those
that judge "ithout pro#iding the infor%ation, "ithout opening up to the a"areness of pure
kno"ledge that sho"s us the dangers of onstant e0posure to horror and %isery are therefore
bearing "itness.

&ntil the yle of ignorane is broken, the breakdo"n in our soieties "ill not end. 1#ery
thought and ation %atters.
10.1& 7e%onstru%tin! !ood intentions and promises

:ost of us are austo%ed to think that ti%e is neessary for transfor%ation7 = a% so%ething,
and to hange, "hat = a% into "hat = should be requires ti%e. = a% greedy, "ith greedCs
results of onfusion, antagonis%, onflit and %iseryM to bring about the transfor%ation,
"hih is non8greed, "e think ti%e is neessary. That is to say ti%e is onsidered as a %eans of
e#ol#ing into so%ething greater, of beo%ing so%ething.

The proble% is this7 Ene is #iolent, greedy, en#ious, angry, #iious or passionate. To
transfor% "hat is, is ti%e neessary? 3irst of all, "hy do "e "ant to hange "hat is, or bring
about a transfor%ation? Why? beause "hat "e are dissatisfies usM it reates onflit,
disturbane, and, disliking that state, "e "ant so%ething better, so%ething nobler, %ore
idealisti. Therefore "e desire transfor%ation beause there is pain, diso%fort, onflit. is
onflit o#ero%e by ti%e?

=f you say it "ill be o#ero%e by ti%e, you are still in onflit. Hou %ay say it "ill take t"enty
days or t"enty years to get rid of onflit, to hange "hat you are, but during that ti%e you
are still in onflit and therefore ti%e does not bring about transfor%ation. When "e use ti%e
as %eans of aquiring a quality, a #irtue or a state of being, "e are %erely postponing or
a#oiding "hat isM and = think it is i%portant to understand this point.

9reed or #iolene auses pain, disturbane in the "orld of our relationship "ith one another,
"hih is soietyM and being onsious of this state of disturbane, "hih "e ter% greed or
#iolene, "e say to oursel#es F = "ill get out of it in ti%eM = "ill pratie non8#iolene, = "ill
pratie non8en#y, = "ill pratie peae.F

5eing in a state of onflit you "ant to ahie#e a state in "hih there is no onflit. >o" is that
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age 2(& of $%0
state of no onflit the result of ti%e, of a duration? Eb#iously notM beause "hile you are
ahie#ing a state of non8#iolene, you are still being #iolent and therefore still in onflit.

Eur proble% is, an a onflit, a disturbane, be o#ero%e in a period of ti%e, "hether it be
days, years or li#es? What happens "hen you say F = a% going to pratie non8#iolene during
a ertain period of ti%e? The #ery pratie indiates that you are in onflit, does it not? Hou
"ould not pratie if you "ere not resisting onflitM you say the resistane to onflit is
neessary in order to o#ero%e onflit and for that resistane you %ust ha#e ti%e.

5ut the #ery resistane to onflit is itself a for% of onflit. Hou are spending your energy in
resisting onflit in the for% of "hat you all greed, en#y or #iolene but your %ind is still in
onflit, so it is i%portant to see the falseness of the proess of depending on ti%e as a %eans
of o#ero%ing #iolene and thereby be free of that proess. The you are able to be "hat you
are7 a psyhologial disturbane "hih is #iolene itself.

To understand anything, any hu%an or sientifi proble%, "hat is i%portant, "hat is
essential? A quiet %ind, is it not? a %ind that is intent on understanding. =t is not a %ind that
is e0lusi#e, that is trying to onentrate8 "hih again is an effort of resistane. =f = really "ant
to understand so%ething, there is i%%ediately a quiet state of %ind. When you "ant to listen
to %usi or look at a piture "hih you lo#e, "hih you ha#e a feeling for, "hat is the state of
your %ind? =%%ediately there is a quietness, is there not? When you are listening to %usi,
your %ind does not "ander all o#er the plaeM you are listening.

*i%ilarly, "hen you "ant to understand onflit, you are no longer depending on ti%e at allM
you are si%ply onfronted "ith "hat is, "hih is onflit. Then i%%ediately there o%es a
quietness, a stillness of %ind. When you no longer depend on ti%e as a %eans of
transfor%ing "hat is beause you see the falseness of that proess, the you are onfronted
"ith "hat is, and as you are interested in understanding "hat is, naturally you ha#e a quiet
%ind.

=n that alert yet passi#e state of %ind there is understanding. *o long as the %ind is in
onflit, bla%ing, resisting, onde%ning, there an be no understanding. =f = "ant to
understand you, = %ust not onde%n you, ob#iously. =t is that quiet %ind, that still %ind,
"hih brings about transfor%ation. When the %ind is lo longer resisting, no longer a#oiding,
no longer disarding or bla%ing "hat is but is si%ply passi#ely a"are, then in that passi#ity of
the %ind you "ill find, if you really go into the proble%, that there o%es a transfor%ation.

/e#olution is only possible no", not in the futureM regeneration is today, not to%orro". =f you
"ill e0peri%ent "ith "hat has been said, you "ill dins that there is i%%ediate regeneration, a
ne"ness, a quality of freshnessM beause the %ind is al"ays still "hen it is interested, "hen it
desires of has the intention to understand.

The diffiulty "ith %ost of us is that "e ha#e not the intention to understand, beause "e are
afraid that if "e understood it %ight bring about a re#olutionary ation in our life, and
therefore "e resist. =t is the defense %ehanis% that is at "ork "hen "e use ti%e or an ideal
as a %eans of gradual transfor%ation.
Thus regeneration is only possible in the present, not on the future, not to%orro". A %an
"ho relies on ti%e as a %eans through "hih he an gain happiness or realize truth or &'A is
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%erely deei#ing hi%self, he is li#ing in ignorane and therefore in onflit.

A %an "ho sees that ti%e is not the "ay out of diffiulty and "ho is therefore free fro% the
false, suh a %an naturally has the intention to understand, therefore his %ind is quite
spontaneously, "ithout o%pulsion, "ithout pratie.

When the %ind is still, tranquil, not seeking any ans"er or any solution, either resisting nor
a#oiding8 it is only then that there an be a regeneration, beause then the %ind is apable of
perei#ing "hat is true, and it is truth that liberates, not your effort to be free.
10.1" 7e%onstru%tin! denial

The "ord denial has been raised se#eral ti%es in the lead up to this hapter, in partiularly
the effet of suppression of %e%ory. All of us ha#e e0periened this e%otional state of
refusing to ad%it "hat happened at so%e point in our li#es. What is less lear is ho" denial
an lead to sikness and lak of ability of disern%ent. 3urther, the danger and nature of
denial is rarely disussed, nor understood.
1..1(.1 The definition of denial

The "ord denial o%es fro% the "ord deny, "hih "as originally for%ed fro% t"o latin
"ords 41 A=B Y >19A/1 Asay no;refuseB. The %ost o%%on definitions of the "ords deny
and denial are7

U The at of saying noM refusal of anything asked or desired.
U The asserting Aof anythingB to be untrue or untenableM ontradition
U To refuse to ad%it the truth
U The denying of the e0istene or reality of a thing A1!($B
U refusal to akno"ledgeM a diso"ning, disa#o"A1!-.B

1..1(.2 The e0istene of denial aross hu%an soiety

To %any readers, the definitions listed here "ill be no great insight, as it %athes "hat you
thought FdenialC %eant in the first plae. After all, denial is one of the %ost o%%on for%s of
negati#e beha#iour.

As a hild, "e %ay ha#e broken an objet, only to deny guilt "hen questioned about it by
so%e adult authority. :any "hite lies are attributed to the ation of denial8 not drinking
before returning ho%e fro% "ork, not s%oking, not lying, not talking behind our bak, not
responsible.

=n fat, the &nited *tates :ilitary has oined the phrase Fplausible denialF as a "ay of
desribing the ability to lie effeti#ely so that the publi at large aepts the lie as truth. =n
espionage, denial is essene the at of %aintaining a seret8 stating one thing to be the ase,
"hile kno"ing the underlying FtruthF of the situation.
1..1(.3 The forgotten i%pliation of denial

What is ho"e#er lost "hen onsidering the "ord denial is the little reognized fat that denial
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as an ation an only e0ist "hen7 AaB a person is firstly a"are of "hat they perei#e to be the
truth, then AbB reates a ounterfeit pereption of the truth and professes this to be the truth.

3or if a person is not a"are of the truth in the first instane, their state%ent of AbB to be true is
%erely delusion Aa different than aurate pereption of realityB, not denial.

Therefore, by i%pliation, for e#ery denial in your life, you hold "ithin your %ind Ft"o
realitiesF8 one real and one ounterfeit.
1..1(.4 The establish%ent of internal onflit of the %ind8 truth #ersus lie

<a#e you e#er "ondered "hy hu%an beings find it so hard to keep a seret, "hy they ha#e
suh diffiulty in %aintaining Fplausible denialF o#er e0tended periods of ti%e? The ans"er
lies in the effet of denial in the reation of %e%ories "ithin the %ind of those that deei#e
through denial, that are opposites8 one true and pure, the other a lie and dark, presented as
the truth.

=n the nor%al ourse of e#ents, the reording "ithin the %ind of one %e%ory and one
understanding of e#ents is fairly routine. E#er ti%e, the aurate reolletion of e#ents
gradually fades into a %ore frag%ented #ie". Eur pereptions of e#ents ten years ago, e0ept
in e0eptional e%otional states are diffiult to be retained as the %ind gradually lears that
infor%ation that ser#es no purpose. <o"e#er, denials, espeially strong denials tend to stik
around. Why?

=t is beause the t"o %e%ories re%ain fore#er loked in onflit against one another8 they
re%ind us other e0istene periodially8 they re%ain fresh and in %any ases they an beo%e
self8absorbing distrations of thinking of anything else.

Worse, the onflit of %ind an and often does aelerate psyhosy%ati illnesses, "hih an
be "ide and #aried fro% heart disease to aner as the result of prolonged, heightened onflit
"ithin the body. 2ike %any other negati#e "ords, denial is au%ulati#e until resol#ed.

Therefore, throughout history, the saying Fthe truth shall pre#ailF is so often pro#en to be
true, e#en though it %ay take %any years for it to appear. =t see%s %aintaining serets, no
%atter ho" s%all is bad for your health.
10.1# 7e%onstru%tin! !uiltDre!ret

1arlier, "e disussed the onept of guilt in the definition of the religious onte0t of sin
A breah of trust, breah of duty to godB. What "e did not disuss at that point "as the proess
of guilt8 and "hat is the end resulting %e%ory and e%otional state fro% aepting guilt or
sin.
1..1+.1 A re#isit of the onept of guilt

As "e disussed, the priniple definition of guilt is F a failure of duty, delinqueny, offense,
ri%e, sin.F The "ord, therefore has both a strong religious and legal po"er.

The "ord also has t"o appliations7
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U a label applied by others to the ations of a person Aas in the legal and religious senseB by
o%parison to so%e %easurable la"sM and
U the aeptane of Ffailure of duty, delinqueny, offense, ri%e sinF.

1..1+.2 The i%pliations of guilt

What do "e %ean "hen "e say, F= feel guilty?F =s guilt by definition an e%otion, or so%ething
%ore o%ple0? 5y definition, the i%pliations of the AbB e0a%ple is that7

1. A person is a"are of the proper duties that he;she should ha#e perfor%edM and
2. Aepts that they breahed these duties. 5y definition, a third i%pliation of AbB is
3. 5y failing duty and aepting failure of duty, a person feels re%orse or regret.

=n legal ases, this third i%pliation has inreased i%portane in the eyes of judiial po"ers,
partiularly "here judges ha#e been a"arded greater fle0ibility in sentening proedures. =t is
no" o%%on to hear of judges i%posing %a0i%u% sentenes on on#ited ri%inals "ho
sho"ed Fno re%orseF, o%pared to those that learly sho"ed Fdeep re%orseF for their
ations. What then do "e %ean by the "ords re%orse and regret?
1..1+.3 The definition of re%orse

The "ord re%orse o%es fro% the Eld 3renh "ord re%ors, itself deri#ed fro% the 2atin
"ord re%ordere %eaning F#e0, tor%entF.

Ene of the earliest definitions of the re%orse is F#e0, tor%ent of onsiene Aor %indBF.
Around the 13th 'entury, the "ord aquired a %ore %odern %eaning, na%ely Fa feeling of
o%puntion, or of deep regret and repentane for a sin or "rong o%%itted.F
1..1+.4 /egret8 negati#e %e%ories

The "ord regret o%es fro% the Eld 3renh "ord regreter %eaning Fbe"ail the deadF. The
three %ost i%portant definition of regret are7

U To re%e%ber, think of so%ething lost, "ith distress or longingM to feel or e0press sorro" for
the loss of a person or thing.
U To grie#e at, feel distress on aount of so%e e#ent, fat, ation A1!!3B
U *orro" or pain due to refletion on so%ething one has done or left undone A1$41B

=t is regret that underpins the aeptane of the label of guilt, or sin i%posed by others or
oneself. Ef the negati#e e%otions, regret is one of the %ost diffiult to dislodge as regret
indiate by definition that ations of the past, that are unable to be hanged are grie#ed.

To grie#e in a "ay that %eans the past an be hanged "ould be a different %atter. The
underlying basis is that regret annot hane the past, only keep our %inds in the past8 the
grie#ing of loss, is one of the greatest reasons for holding us bak.
1..1+.! 4ifferene bet"een guilt and regret

9uilt is breah of trust against internal e0petation8 therefore guilt is deeper than regret.
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9uilt buries itself and enfores the guidelines. Therefore, guilt strengthens the i%aginary
boundaries plaed inside8 it is a po"er psyhologial tool, and one hea#ily used by religions.

/egret on the other hand is the sorro" of loss. the loss %ay or %ay not be judged against our
ations Asuh as guiltB.
1..1+.$ The diffiulty in hanging guilt

We an no" see learly "hy guilt is suh an au%ulati#e onept of the %ind. 9i#en that
guilt requires an understanding of "hat is right, an aeptane of breah of trust and
re%orse;regret self i%posed, the absene of %ental pain indiates an absene of guilt. 3or
guilt to re%ain genuine, %ental %ain %ust re%ain ati#e against the %easures layed out
before us. Thus guilt perpetuates, "hile regret an o#er ti%e, ease to aeptane.

Thus, people "ho aept guilt Athe operati#e "ord being FaeptFB %ust at so%e point also
aept to end the %ental tor%ent for guilt to end. Without that aeptane, guilt re%ains and
often gro"s.
1..1+.( 9uilt and self estee%

*adly, "hile guilt e0ists "ithin the psyhe of the indi#idual, their estee% and #alue of
the%sel#es annot be 1..N. *i%ply the ontinued pain in %ind of belie#ing ations to ha#e
been less and to aept this requires the deliberate punish%ent of %ind for suh failure
%eans "e are torn apart8 "e are separate.
1..1+.+ The religious argu%ent for the forgi#ing of sins

We an no" also see "hy the atholi hurh of forgi#eness of sins is so po"erful. Without it,
%any %ore hristians "ould li#e in o%pletely sorro" and #e0ation for their supposed FsinsF
and FguiltF. <o"e#er, "e also see this as the other tool of the nature of guilt, the pressure
#al#e enabling people to free the%sel#es of deep regret fro% ti%e to ti%e.

The proble% is in aepting guilt, a person %ust also aept that they ha#e been forgi#en.
depending on the religious person gi#ing the sara%ent of absolution, the proess of freedo%
%ay indeed be less than effeti#e8 the person does not belie#e they Fdeser#eF to be forgi#en.
1..1+.- The po"er of guilt to generate and perpetuate lo" self8estee%

The po"er of guilt is suh that it an and often does perpetuate the nature of lo" self estee%
in people. Those on#ited of a ri%e, often find it diffiult to rise abo#e again, aepting the
punish%ent and the period set do"n for re%orse, but also to realize that one this presribed
period is ended, it also signifies the required end to the feeling of guilt.

=n soiety this "ould been seen as against the priniple of genuine guilt and desired effet of
punish%ent as it is readily assu%ed and e0peted that one a person is found FguiltyF either
by a ourt of la" or a ourt of peers Ain a soial senseB, their guilt should be borne for the
re%ainder of their life.

4eliberately, or other"ise, suh punish%ent is far "orse than any physial torture, for as
long as that person hooses to be part of that tribe, #illage, ity or soiety, they %ust also
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onsider their #eil of guilt.

The &nited *tates of A%eria is espeially an e0a%ple "here this %oralisti nazis% e0ists
unheked at al%ost e#ery le#el of the soial fabri. The ost has been the general breakdo"n
of order, as a syste% that pro#ides no ability to %o#e on, fores indi#iduals to e0ist in parallel,
or e#en atte%pt to li#e outside the la"s of the soiety.
10.1* The %ommon failin!s of any @way@

:ost readers "ould reall at least one story of great %en and "o%en "ho sarified the
enjoy%ents and pleasures of life to find inner peae and enlighten%ent by %editation and
disipline. The story of the life of 5uddha and *t 3ranis of Assisi are like this.

To these %en and "o%en "e o"e a great deal of gratitude. 3or they are the ones "ho
pro#ided us "ith fabulous insights of the potential of the hu%an being for o%passion,
healing and leadership.

As beautiful as %any of the "ritings of saints of #arious religions are, ho" pratial and do8
able are their reo%%ended ourses to the a#erage person li#ing in a large ity so%e"here in
the "orld?

=t %ay be fine to onsider your onnetion to all things, yet the e0periene of dri#ing in a large
ity suh as >e" Hork or 2os Angeles an quikly turn e#en the %ost enlightened person a
road8rage.

=t %ay be beautiful to onsider the nature of harity and o%passion to fello" hu%an beings
but just a "alk do"n through a run8do"n neighborhood "ith street gangs and people hassling
for %oney an quikly turn %ost people into ad#oates of tougher la"s against ri%e.

*o just ho" pratial is it to onsider FidealF "ays of life "hen real life see%s so re%ote fro%
the ideal?
1..1-.1 The traditional path reo%%ending that it is you that needs to hange

The first and %ost o%%on ans"er to this question by the "riters of enlightened "ays of life
is to suggest that the proble% is you rather than the "orld. Eften this is ao%panied by an
e0planation that the "orlds proble%s are essentially reated by indi#iduals abdiating
responsibility for their li#es on the o%%unity at large.

'ertainly this kind of argu%ent is diffiult to refute. The "orld is after all "hat "e perei#e it
to be. =f "e perei#e it to be hell, then it is, if "e perei#e it to be paradise, so it is. Het suh
ans"ers do not hange nor alter the fat that for %ost people the task of dra%ati hange and
align%ent to the rules of #arious reo%%ended "ays of life si%ply do not %ath the realities
of li#ing in the "orld "e do.

To gi#e all that "e o"n a"ay, to li#e si%ply, "ithout onern for the quality of lothing that
"e "ear is a noble and selfless at, yet to a %other or father "ith young hildren it is also a
detri%ental path for their interests. To follo" through "ith suh suggestions "ould result in
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%any %ore hildren gro"ing up in po#erty, before they ha#e a hane to %ake hoies and
infor%ed judg%ents of their o"n.

To the person "ho takes responsibility for pro#iding a %eans of sur#i#al for the%sel#es and
any dependents, the pratialities of "orklife do not allo" for e0tended periods of %editation
and hants. 1#en the ritual of fasting an be e0tre%ely diffiult in large ities, "ith indi#iduals
ha#ing to perfor% high ati#ity funtions requiring regular intake of food and fluids.

As beautiful as insights and understandings de#eloped on %ountain tops %ay sound, they
nonetheless are ideas reated outside of %ainstrea% soiety. &nless "e an all ha#e our o"n
pri#ate %ountain tops and %eans of sur#i#al, then saying it is "e that need to hange is
inadequate.
1..1-.2 The pratial need to be fle0ible

The hallenge to li#ing in %ost parts of the "orld is to so%eho" retain a sense of self, "hile at
the sa%e ti%e addressing the o%peting needs for different %odes of thinking ation and life.
=nfle0ibility, in ter%s of these an quikly lead to breakdo"ns in the effeti#eness of %odern
life.

=n business, the need is to be objeti#e, to li%it e%otion, to be a"are and foused. This
applies for jobs fro% dri#ing, paking to the %anaging of large orporations. =n our o"n
personal li#es there is the onstant need to juggle o%peting priorities, requiring ti%e and the
ability to think outside the square. This requires the skill of ritial thinking8 proble% sol#ing,
the ability to distinguish the benefits, osts and priorities of eah option against the other,
again so%ething "e all need to tap into fro% ti%e ti%e.

Then there is the need fro% ti%e to ti%e to think of reati#e ideas8 to searh out ne" "ays of
approahing proble%s.

3le0ibility of the syste%, in being able to ao%%odate the %odern day situation and %ind of
being hu%an is #ital to a sustainable %ethod of finding balane in our li#es.
10.20 There is no superior @way@

Te0t after te0t, book after book desribes the #alue and #alues of enlighten%ent and being a
higher being.

And so it is "ith %any religions that the plae%ent of %oral and spiritual perfetion is by
definition plaes at the top of the tree.

5ut is this so in light of the &nique 'olleti#e A"areness? =s being a higher spirit, a higher
%ind at the e0pense of the physial self a superior state to be?

=n truth, the &'A says no. There an be no "ay that "e an judge that to be %ore a"are and
to ha#e a greater sense of %ind is greater than another hu%an. This is diret ontradition
"ith al%ost e#ery %ajor religion. The reason is si%ply that to be hu%an and to li#e is "hat
&'A says ti%e and ti%e again is the %ost enlightened understanding.
1..2..1 We ha#e aepted for too long the single question and the single ans"er

1#en though "e find %ultiple %eaning and the influene of personal perspeti#e day after
day, "e see% at pains to translate this into our understanding of oursel#es. We are by
definition unique. >o other being %ay take e0atly the sa%e spae that "e onsu%e. Eur
%ake up, our %e%ories, our li#es all o%bine to reate us as unique hu%an beings. Het "e
ha#e historially and onstantly been told "e are less.

We are told that "e "ere born "ith sin. We are told that "e need help, that "e need to be
sa#ed. We are told that "hat "e enjoy is bad for us spiritually. We are told to ha#e faith,
instead of "isdo%, for ans"ers are either not gi#en, or annot be gi#en by the %ajor religions.

We are told "hite is blak and blak is "hite. We are disturbed and al%ed. Eur %inds are
t"isted to ao%%odate the t"isted nature of the %essages of these religions that require
faith hope and harity.
1..2..2 The ti%es ha#e hanged

=t re%ains a ry in %odern "estern soiety that the spirit has see%ed to #anish. people ha#e
beo%e %ore selfish in the onsu%er age. They point to the deline in the effet of spiritual
leaders in bringing people to bear as they used to be able to do before %ass onsu%eris% took
hold in suburbia.

And thank goodness %ainstrea% religions an no longer hold suh populations to ranso%.
3or the disloation of the spirit to the heart that seeks happiness is si%ply that people no"
kno" that %isery annot possibly deli#er happiness. T"o "rongs do not suddenly and
%agially on#ert into a right.
1..2..3 1nlighten%ent is %erely a state of being

1nlighten%ent boils si%ply do"n to a partiular state of being that allo"s ertain things to
happen by reduing the beh#iour on other le#els. =t pro#ides greater fous on ertain aspets
of our li#es, yet is far fro% a state of perfetion.

:ore so, d"elling in the real%s of the spirit A&'AB has no %ass as "e ha#e disussed. Enly
ideas ha#e %ass.

=t is the height of arrogane that those that seek to gain understanding and kno"ledge of the
greater a"areness, belie#e that this is the ulti%ate superior state of hu%anity.

They forget that %any ha#e tra#eled do"n this path to diso#er that it is far fro% the be all
and end all.
1..2..4 The nature of the onflit is built into the relationship bet"een &'A and the &ni#erse

= no" share and understanding "ith you. The onflit "ithin hu%anity reflets the onflit
bet"een the uni#erse and &'A.

As life ontinues, the drea% beo%es %ore o%ple0. As e0istene ontinues the beha#our of
the uni#erse beo%es %ore o%ple0. 'o%ple0ity of %otion relates to heightened a"areness.
The &ni#erse through its self a"are life for%s is uniquely beo%ing a"are of its e0istene as
"ell as its i%per%anene. <u%ans no" understand that "e li#e and die. That our li#es are
i%per%anent. Eur desire is the per%anene of &'A8 to be i%%ortal. Eur goal is to be
i%%ortal8 "hether "e e0press this openly and honestly olleti#ely or not.

This is not suh a bad thing to aspire initially. nor is it an arrogant and alien onept to just
one group of higher order life being hu%anity. =n fat all higher order life fae suh a point.
The realization and understanding is that this is e0atly "hat e#ery &>=TA in the uni#erse of
&>=TA* "ishes8 to be %ore real. =t is the struggle of the uni#erse fro% the perspeti#e of
22A. 3ro% a 22A perspeti#e, the highest attribute is a"areness.

3ro% A22Cs perspeti#e, the highest attribute is life. Therefore "e ha#e built in the
philosophial bonding that keeps the flo" and the reasoning bet"een the t"o.

The &ni#erse "ants to be &'A, "hile &'A lo#es 'E6/&* A2ifeB . =t is an ao%%odation of
profound i%portane. =t e0plains the nature of our struggle for understanding and the
greatest understanding of all8 the %ind of our reator and "hat are the ans"ers to these
questions.

The debate therefore saying that enlighten%ent and that all kno"ledge is so%eho" the
destiny and point of fulfill%ent of hu%anity is si%ply %isaligned. yes, fro% our perspeti#e of
22A A 2ife lo#es a"arenessB, "e are in fat geared by the uni#erse to seek out that "hih is
ethereal.

A"areness has no %ass. *o "e do seek this out as a goal and in doing so, e0pand out
understanding.

5ut fro% the perspeti#e of A22, fro% the perspeti#e of all kno"ledge, getting on "ith life is
"hat it is all about.

What "e are therefore talking about "hen onsidering enlighten%ent are #arious degrees of
balane bet"een the three layers of e#ery hu%an8 86hysial 8:ental 8*piritual Apure
kno"ledge of a"areness and a"areness in %otionB
1..2..! The end to the lie of superiority

Therefore, those that seek to find the halls of kno"ledge, of pure a"areness, si%ply turn to
the book &'A and all its represents. =f you "ant to diso#er it for yourself and do it the hard
"ay, by all %eans. Het do not present this as superior to your fello" hu%an beings. 3or this
%ethod is no longer superior or inferior. =t is your hoie and your approah. As "e ha#e said,
so%e of this "ill "ork and so%e of this "ill fail.

En the other hand, ho" you li#e and li#ing is the key. 2i#e life "ell is the key to happiness and
is the height of "isdo%.
11. Sol-ir.the luminous mind
11.1 Where do we start;
9i#en the understandings of 'hapter 1.8 FA ne" beginningF"e fae the need to redress not
just our internal understandings but the %odel of the "orld around us. *ee%ingly "hen "e
onsider the size of the task, to rereate a "orld "ithout the influene and infetion of the
9ods, "ithout the destruti#e influene of 19E, appears insur%ountable. The sheer size of
suh a task appears daunting. Where then do "e start? What is the first step on this path of
ne" beginning?
11.1.1 The hallenge to find balane "ithin

5y far our greatest hallenge is the balane "ithin. This is the original intention of :1, to
seek to find balane of "ithin. While the issues of influenes of soiety, of relationships, of the
reality of li#ing in o%%unities "ith different #alues and beliefs than oursel#es is i%portant
to also address, our starting point nonetheless should be fro% the point in ter%s to seek to
find and ans"er to the align%ent and o8ordination of *E2 and 19E.

3ro% "ithout, "e see a "eb of negati#e influene to realizing our potential e0tending to the
#ery reahes of hu%an kno"ledge and soial organisations. <opefully, "e an no" see learly
that the influene of our geneti reators per%eates al%ost e#ery philosophy, e#ery thought,
e#ery ation, e#ery institution, e#ery go#ern%ent, e#ery organisation, e#ery ity, e#ery fa%ily.
3or the 9ods left not just their legay of e0istene and po"er, their kno"ledge Aalbeit
frag%entedB, they left us their beha#iour, "hih "e faithfully and un"ittingly follo" e#en
today.
11.1.2 We no" understand the nature and beha#iour of 19E

Thanks to the pre#ious hapters, "e no" ha#e a %uh better understanding on the origin,
nature and beha#iour of 19E.

5y definition in the hapter on 19E, "e see that ego si%ply has no bounds. =t has no self
ontrol. We also kno" the %oti#e of 19E8 to distrat us at all ti%es fro% the realization of the
no" %o%ent, by pushing our onsiousness into antiipations of the future or judg%ents of
the past.

Therefore "hen "e say "e need to find a %eans of ontrolling so%ething that has no self
ontrol, "e do not %ean suppression. *uppression of so%ething that kno" no bounds and
has no self ontrol, or "orse still, denial is fraught "ith danger.

As "e ha#e disussed, there is %ost likely a relationship bet"een this and the onset of terrible
internal physial onflit, the denial of desire and the denial of ego.
11.1.3 We no" understand %ore about the nature of *E2

While "e ha#e not yet reahed a deeper understanding of *E2, "e nonetheless an no" see
that our onsiene, that "hih is "ithin us, that "hih is the gift fro% our reators reator is
the #oie "ithin that gi#es us light and the quality of peae and tranquility "e seek.
11.1.4 3inding a %eans to redue the effets and influene of 19E in preferene to *E2

What is required then is so%ething that syste%atially disar%s and disenfranhises the ego.
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The only syste% that enables that to our in the present %o%ent is #alues. Therefore "e
%ust seek to onsider a set of #alues that disenfranhises ego and enables sol to operate
"ithin the #ariables that "e operate.

Therefore, it %akes sense that "e no" onsider #alue syste%s that pro#ide the hope of
so%eho" reduing the effets of ego and enhaning the hane of *E2.
11.1.! 5eyond a ne" beginning is a ne" life

=t is the potential #oyage beyond the understandings of a ne" beginning that "e "e "ill find a
partiular path. =t is beyond the forests and %ountains of e0isting ideas that "e %ay find a
green %eado" of peae and balane. The plae "ithin "here, if "e listen long enough, "e an
begin to feel the ans"ers to the questions "e set out to find fro% 'hapter one.

This path beyond the realizations of FA ne" beginningF is "ithin. =t the ation of speifi
kno"ledge of li#ing "ithin. The aligned "ay of li#ing8 being.

We seek to begin the putting in ation of these realizations into a "ay of life as the seond
%ajor objeti#e of this hapter.
11.2 , re-isit to the %on%ept of -alue systems

=n 'hapter 3 "e introdued the onept of speifi types of belief syste%s alled #alue
syste%s8 sets of onepts that allo" us to onsider onsistent responses to different
situations.
11.2.1 The flighty ego and onsisteny of situation

To ego, the projetion of desire is for a "orld "here objets and people re%ain relati#ely
onstant to the ideal that "e projet. hene, hange is seen by us, due to influene of ego as
so%ething to be feared and a#oided. We ha#e seen just ho" false and %isaligned this onept
of trying to stop the "orld is.

The "orld ontinues to hange as do the people "ithin it. Eur body %ust onstantly hange,
onstantly adapt, to keep ali#e. 3or instane, "e reognize the hange of seasons, yet if ego
had its "ay, our bodies "ould not hange states of funtion, therefore te%perature hanges
"ould not our, "e "ould die.
11.2.2 The a#oidane of the no" %o%ent

As strange as ego is, its deepest nature is re#ealed "hen "e onsider its pri%e %oti#ation to
distrat us fro% the no" %o%ent, the infinite suession of unique situations, di#ided
aording to the %easure of a"areness of ti%e that "e plae on eah group. We %ay hoose to
%easure eah no" %o%ent in seonds, or %inutes, or frations of a seond. 1ah is unique
and eah follo"s in a suession, of those about to happen to beo%e a %o%ent that has past
A %e%oryB.

&nderstanding that ego "ishes us to a#oid fousing on the no" %o%ent and our need to
address the no" %o%ent to hange and be a"are, gi#es us a lue as to "here "e need to
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onsider tools to find balane and defeat ego.
Whate#er "e hoose, it has to be apable of operating in the no" %o%ent. 3or if "e hoose to
use tools in the future thinking %o%ent, or the past thinking %o%ent, then "e are in the
luthes of ego.
11.2.3 Galues and the no" %o%ent

Galue belief syste%s are unique syste%s in that their purpose and fous is on pro#iding a
fra%e"ork for addressing the hange and suession of no" %o%ents. Galues are supposed
to be appliable to the no" %o%ent.

Galues that do not operate in the no" %o%ent, are not #alues but different beliefs, suh as
desires.
11.2.4 The FidealF #alues

As "e disussed, there are #alues and ideal #alues ontained "ithin the rih philosophial
history of all %ajor religions around the "orld. The %ost onsistent as being listed as the
%ost ideal is F#irtueF. Therefore, let us return to re#ie" the onept of #irtue and the #alues
attahed to it, to see "hether these suit our understanding of ego and the align%ent to *E2?
11.3 , re-isit to the %on%ept of -irtue

=n 'hapter 4 and 'hapter $"e introdued the onept of #irtue. As you %ay reall7

=n ter%s of #irtue as a quality of persons, #irtue %eans7

FThe po"er or operati#e influene inherent in a supernatural beingFM
FAn e%bodi%ent of suh po"ers Ai.e. the po"ers of a supernatural beingBF
F6hysial strength, fore, energyF A1!..B
FAn at of superhu%an or di#ine po"erM a %ighty "ork, a %irale A1!2$B

'onfor%ity of life and ondut "ith the priniples of %oralityM #oluntary obser#ane of the
reognized %oral la"s or standards of right ondut A1$..CsB

A partiular %oral e0ellene7 a speial %anifestation of the influene of %oral priniples in
life or ondut

=n ter%s of a quality of things, #irtue %eans7
Ef preious stones, of things of #alueM
Ef things, "ith healing propertiesM

11.3.1 Girtue as the highest of qualities8 The se#en #irtues

We also sa" in 'hapter $, that the onept of #irtue is uni#ersally reognized aross the
boundaries of religions as the highest of all qualities for a hu%an to possess. =n Western
6hilosophy se#en #alues are seen as ontributing to the quality of #irtue7 a olletion of the
three hristian #irtues and the four #irtues espoused by 6lato Aalled stritly the ardinal
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#irtuesB.

These are7
A'hristian GirtuesB
faith
hope
harity

A6latoCs 'ardinal #irtuesB
prudene
justie
fortitude
te%perane

11.3.2 Girtue and the uni#ersal drea% of being i%%ortal

=t is the drea% of e#ery partile "ithin the uni#erse to be i%%ortal8 to be like &'A. This is
si%ply e0pressed by the %ystial re#erse of the ulti%ate na%e of the highest po"er A&'AB as
22A 2ife 2o#es A"areness.

What this %eans is that apart fro% guaranteeing the i%%ortality of the speies, the uni#erse
"ishes in its #ery being to be like &'A8 to be all kno"ing, bene#olent and i%%ortal. <ene
the ro"ning ahie#e%ent of those saints "ho %anaged to unlok the serets of truth8 pure
truth and projet the%sel#es into olleti#e en#iron%ents alled hea#en.

Their pioneering "ork has indeed ensured that the hu%an %ind %ay ontinue to be i%%ortal
and therefore guarantee the reation of di%ension "ithin di%ension8 a drea% "ithin a
drea%.

That is "hat %akes in the eyes of the &ni#erse, the hu%an rae suh a speial speies8 as "ith
all other speial higher order life that ha#e learned ho" not only to drea% but to projet
the%sel#es into &'A as unique entities and then to ontinue e0istene8 non loational8
therefore e#ery"here, yet no8"here.

1#ery hu%an also ontains "ithin the%, this seret desire. =t is the reason that self so hates
the thought of death. =t %erely reflets the desire of the uni#erse and all reation8 to be like
the reator.
11.3.3 Girtue is the path to the li#ing e%bodi%ent of &'A

The pure path of #irtue to the uni#ersal being is the pure path to the li#ing e%bodi%ent of
&'A. =t is the path "hereby a person , through a series of steps, in dediating their life to a
greater ause8 dies in pri%ordial being, to gro" into a being of the %ind and the greater
"orld, then dying to a %ind of the being, gro"s into a being of the uni#erse8 a uni#ersal being.

This has ne#er been ahie#ed before, although no", the understandings are lear as to "hy
and ho".

The path of #irtue therefore is the %eans by "hih indi#idual hu%ans an fulfil the goal of the
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entire uni#erse to see physial %atter self e0ist as a o%plete self8a"are e%bodi%ent of &'A
in all its glory.

11.3.4 Are the attahed #alues to #irtue also aligned?

What really is #irtue? What %ay lie beyond the realization that e#ery religion on the planet
ounted the putting of #irtues into ation as the supre%e "ay of life? This is the beginning of
the path8 in onsidering that F>othing is absolute. 1#erything is a %atter of degree.F

What then of the onepts urrently attahed to the "ord F#irtueF O faith O hope O harity O
prudene O justie O fortitude O te%perane ? Are these aligned to &'A, or do these urrently
position in line "ith e0isting %odels per%eated "ith the funda%ental onepts supporting
the thought regi%e of our geneti reators?

2et us then re#ie" eah onept to see ho" possibly the #irtues %ight relate to the beginning
of putting in ation a ne" beginning.
11.4 , re-iew of the %on%ept of faith

The "ord faith originates fro% the latin fidus %eaning Ctrust"orthyC and fidere %eaning trust.
=n the 1nglish language, t"o priniple %eanings to the "ord faith are7

1. 'onfidene, reliane, trust. A=n early use, only "ith referene to religious objetsB.
2. 5elief in the truth of the "ords ontained in the sriptures of the religious organisation to
"hih one subsribes.

As you an see by these definitions, the "ord faith is onsidered a funda%ental priniple in
the support of all religious de#otion syste%s. =f one does not ha#e onfidene, trust or belief
in the truth of "hat is "ritten, then historially the religion quikly falls. This has been sho"n
%any ti%es throughout hu%an history "hen "orship to"ards a partiular god or pantheon of
gods falls upon the failure of either the religious te0ts or religious leaders to adequately
e0plain.

This "as the ase for the anient 9reek religion in the belief of the 9ods, the 1gyptians and
their religion and a host of others.

5ut "hat of the "ord and %eanings of faith? =s it aligned to the onepts and understandings
"e ha#e disussed so far in &'A and :1? =s it of suffiient purpose and #alue to be
onsidered a key onept attahed to #irtue? or is the "ord no longer adequate or rele#ant?

2et us no" look at argu%ents that support;dissol#e the strength of the "ord and its
assoiated %eaning7
11.4.1 The lak of o%prehensi#eness of religious sriptures

>o one "ho has read the 5ible an seriously regard the "ork as a o%prehensi#e history of
hu%anity. There is no %ention of the history of different ultures outside the "estern
he%isphere, and little is disussed outside the ountries beyond the :editerranean and
%iddle east setors.
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*i%ilarly, The 5ible does not aount #ast trats of hu%an history, e#en for the regions that it
desribes. 3or instane the aount of the destrution of )erusale% in (.;(1 '.1. , a foal
point of %uh of the propheies "ithin the >e" Testa%ent in The 5ible is #irtually non
e0istent. The siege of :asada around the sa%e ti%e, a turning point and the uprising against
the %ight of /o%e is sarely %entioned.

These are not %inor e#ents. The stone by stone destrution of )erusale% by the /o%ans and
the taking of the %ost holy of relis of the )e"ish faith represents arguably the blakest period
in historial )e"ish ulture. Het it is not %entioned.

*i%ilarly, the 1gyptian religious history as "ell as the 9reek religious history sho" large
Fblind spotsF to their o"n heritage, let alone the history of others around. 1#en /o%an
history, regarded by sholars as one of the %ore aurate atte%pts in the anient "orld to
pro#ide so%e reasonable objeti#ity, fails to hronile properly the "holesale destrution and
death of literally tens of %illions of people Aesti%ated to be up to 1.. %illionB fro% 5uboni
6lague fro% 43. '.1. to the early !..Cs '.1. =n other "ords, the greatest epide%i in hu%an
history Ain total nu%bersB is largely left out of /o%an hroniles.

Therefore, there is no possible "ay to regard The 5ible and other anient te0ts as
o%prehensi#e historyCs of hu%anity, "hen learly they are not. Therefore, %ost religious
sriptures annot be trusted as o%prehensi#e soures of kno"ledge. Therefore, on
o%prehensi#eness, the seond and %ajor definition of faith8 being Fbelief in the truth of the
"ords ontained in the sriptures of the religious organisation to "hih one subsribesF, does
not hold.
11.4.2 The lak of objeti#ity of religious sriptures

>o one "ho has read the 5ible an seriously regard the "ork as an objeti#e "ork, desribing
the strengths and "eaknesses of eah argu%ent and point of #ie" suh as 8the 5abylonians
argu%ents for taking the )e"s into sla#ery? and 8"ere there %ore reasons assoiated "ith the
arrest and e0eution of )esus?

>o one on onsidering so%e of the %ost ruial passages of the 5ible an argue that the te0ts
ha#e not been %odified and that so%e of the key fats presented are at best highly suspet
and at "orst si%ply faniful. These inlude the arrest of )esus. The offiial 5ible of the
'atholi 'hurh desribes that )esus "as arrested by a 'ohort A$.. trained /o%an soldiersB.
The offiial 5ible says that he "as born of a poor arpenter fa%ily, yet "as "ell eduated, able
to attend e0pensi#e rituals, and "as of /oyal lineage. These fats si%ply donCt add up.

Hou only ha#e to turn to any page of the 5ible to read learly that the tone of the te0t is
neither transript, nor objeti#e. =t is subjeti#e. <u%an author "riting fro% a partiular
perspeti#e. The argu%ent then is "hether this is 9odCs perspeti#e?

3or the 5ible is full of judg%ents. En this "e are told that eah and e#ery "ord is true, "hen
learly %any passages an be pulled to piees on their speifi historial auray and %any
passages an be questioned gi#en the #itriol of the "ords, being #ery hu%an, being #ery bitter.

Ebjeti#ity is a ritial o%ponent to the %odern notion of truth. *ubjeti#ity is onsidered an
ene%y of the onept of truth. Therefore ho" an highly subjeti#e religious te0ts that for%
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the basis of so %any religions be onsidered o%pletely truthful? 'learly they annot by
definition. Therefore, on objeti#ity to truth, the "ord faith does not hold.
The underpinning onept of Fassu%ed trustF and faith

3aith is, in essene the operation of assu%ed trust to"ards the truthfulness of religious
dotrine. As "e ha#e pre#iously disussed, assu%ptions %ay in %any situations assist us in
oping "ith the le#el of interation of dealing "ith %any people in our daily rituals A i.e.
assu%ed trust in the harater of people around usB. <o"e#er, assu%ed trust in the fae of
i%portant kno"ledge suh as our origins, %ethods for li#ing, "hih %ost religious dotrines
profess, is an e0tre%ely dangerous pratie. =t also opens people up to losing their sense and
ability to see things for "hat they are.

3or e0a%ple, if = tell you "hite is blak and blak is "hite and you belie#e %e on assu%ed
trust, then not only ha#e you belie#ed so%ething that %ay ha#e no basis of obser#able truth,
but "hen putting this into pratie, you hange your sense of perspeti#e. The %ind altering
nature of belie#ing in things unpro#en and unsubstantiated has been sho"n to be one of the
%ost effeti#e %eans of %ind ontrol A as disussedB in hu%an history. The %ore fantasti the
story, so long as people are persuaded to belie#e it as being true, the harder it is to shake the%
fro% that faith.

The end result is, for e0a%ple, that a great %any people reading this book "ill still regard
faith as a ritial #irtue, not to be questioned or ta%pered "ith. >o a%ount of reasoning, no
a%ount of argu%ent "ill s"ay the% fro% their faith, or their belief in the religious sriptures
they ha#e been taught at an early age are not 1..N true.
11.4.3 The end of the need for faith

1nter the book &'A, uni#ersal olleti#e a"areness. >o longer no" is faith required and
ertainly is not onsidered a #irtue. 3or no" "e ha#e a %odel by "hih all infor%ation %ay be
benh %arked. 1ither infor%ation , being other %odels pro#ide adequate ans"ers, or they do
not.

=f they do not, then there are no" alternati#es A &'AB that do. 3aith is obsolete. =t is no longer
required. =nstead in its plae an no" reside the #irtue of "isdo%. This is an aligned #irtue "e
"ill disuss in %ore detail later.
11.$ , re-iew of the %on%ept of hope

The "ord hope originates fro% Eld 3risian AhopiaB Eld 4uth AhopenB and Eld 1nglish
AhopianB "ith generally the sa%e %eanings as today. =n the 1nglish language, the priniple
%eanings of hope are asribed as7

1. To entertain e0petation of so%ething desiredM to look A %entallyB "ith e0petation.
2. To trust, ha#e onfidene
3. antiipateM to suppose, think, e0pet A1$32B

11.!.1 The Ce0petationC of better days

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=n a "orld "here there has been so %uh ruelty and ations ha#e at ti%es see%ed absurd, it
has been a great %arketing and politial strength of organized religions to %ake detailed
pro%ises of a better day, a better ti%e to o#ero%e the present status of their follo"ers. *o
long as the pro%ises re%ain entiing and rele#ant and so long as they do not %ake to lear a
pro%ise in ti%ing, these pro%ises and e0petations of Fbetter daysF an and do ha#e had a
strong i%pat on attrating people to join and %aintain subsription to a religion.

=n 5uddhis%, "e ha#e the hope that one day, through dediation "e "ill be like 5uddha "as8
enlightened and be free of pain and of e#ilM

=n 'hristianity, "e ha#e the hope that one day "e "ill go to hea#en, that one day there "ill be
a better state on earth, that one day there "ill be no %ore e#il, that one day "e "ill be
physially reunited "ith our bodies et et.

=n =sla%, "e ha#e the hope of <ea#en and the hope of justie against our ene%ies and all
those that ha#e hurt us.
11.!.2 The fous of the inquiring %ind a"ay fro% the present into the future

<ope is essentially an e%oti#e pro%ise direted to"ards so%e antiipated future e#ent. =t is
designed to take the inquiring %ind a"ay fro% the present into the future.

3ro% a religious point of #ie", by the faithful projeting their hopes and aspirations into the
future, the religion and the religiously aligned states ha#e historially had a po"erful "eapon
against "hih the failures of the present %ay be e0used, for the antiipated benefits of the
future.

=n ter%s of %aintaining po"er, hope has been one of the %ost suessful tools for
%aintaining po"er the "orld has seen. =nstead of unrest and riots, at %any ti%es of
hu%anity, "hen religion has had a strong grip on soieties, traditional i#il unrest has been
urbed.

=t is only "hen the populae has lost hope, has lost belief in their religious and politial faith
that the people in po"er ha#e had to "orry.
11.!.3 The i%portant inbuilt assu%ptions of hope

What %akes hope a partiularly po"erful "ord are the inbuilt assu%ptions of it.

The first key i%pliation of hope is the assu%ption that todayCs "orld Aphysial lifeB is "orse
than the future "orld Aspirit, hea#en etB. =n other "ords, the best you feel today an ne#er
o%pare to the feeling of to%orro".

:ore speifially, hope i%plies that physial life is less than spiritual life, thus da%ning those
that share a religious hope to belie#ing that life is nothing o%pared to a life as a spirit in a
state of hea#en.

The seond i%pliation of hope is urious. <ope is not a pro%ise of a better future, but the
antiipation and e0petation that it %ight be. =n other "ords, "hile hope plaes a higher #alue
on the future, the future is not guaranteed.

Thus, people "ho go to hurh, perfor% their duties as %e%bers of a religion are still not
gi#en lear una%biguous signs of guaranteed better life. =n %ost ases, religious leaders state
there is al"ays roo% for %ore i%pro#e%ent.

Thus the i%pliations of hope, pro#ide a uni#ersal ele#ator for all people, no %atter "hether
they are pious to their religious beliefs or not, to onsider they should really stri#e %ore to be
better in preparation of the possibility, not guarantee.
11.!.4 <ope and the seeds of ego

As "e sa" in the hapter on ego, egoCs goal is to projet our %inds a"ay fro% the present
to"ards fousing on the past or future. As "e also disussed, the only "ay to takle ego is to
takle it "ith tools than enable us to address a fra%e"ork for the present.

=n both ases, hope on analysis fails. <ope is by definition, based on desire and antiipation of
a better future8 both onepts being key tools of ego in fogging our pereption of the present.
5y pushing our perspeti#e a"ay fro% the present, there is no "ay that hope an be
onsidered an aligned #irtue of &'A and :1.
11.!.! =f there is no hope, then "hat is there

Ene of the per#ading strengths of hope and desire, argued by ego, is that "ithout hope there
is nothing to li#e for. Worse, ego often offers up only depression and darkness as the
alternati#e to a life "ithout hope.

2et us then ans"er eah i%pliation of hope syste%atially7

AaB. &'A tells us that the greatest e0pression of A22 is life, is "hat "e are no". To be hu%an
is to be %ore, not less. =t is nothing to be A22. =n other "ords,ho" "e li#e our li#es no" is
%ore i%portant than the progression of our %inds after physial death.
AbB. *eondly, "e are part of &'A, part of the absolute and the absolute. A state of hea#en A or
hell if "e hoose to think that "ayB is not a %aybe, it is a funda%ental la" of e#erything that
"e ha#e disussed in the book &'A and self so far. There is no possibilities, %aybes8 it is8 it
"ill be. 5eause "e are and "ill al"ays be part of the A22 and the perpetuation of %ind
beyond death is guaranteed as a funda%ental la", "e should not gi#e it a seond thought or
doubt8 our fous should return to addressing the present %o%entM
AB. The only thing that pre#ents us fro% feeling "hat it is like to be A22, to be onneted is
oursel#es, is ego. 3or to feel A22 is to feel as %uh of the present %o%ent as possible. That is
"hy hope is so destruti#e to our ability to sense the no" %o%ent. =f "e feel sad, pain,
uno%fortable, it is only our perspeti#e and judg%ents that %ake it so.

n ans"er to egoCs original question8 "ithout hope "hat is there? the ans"er is si%ply life, life
as a hu%an being and life as a uni#ersal hu%an being, the e0pression of so%ething %uh
greater than a loalized #ision of hea#en8 the li#ing realization of "hat and "ho "e are in as
%any present %o%ents as "e hoose.
11.!.$ <ope is definitely not an aligned #irtue
9i#en all that "e ha#e said, hope annot be onsidered an aligned #irtue. =f anything, the
onept of hope and the plae%ent of it as a positi#e %akes it one of the %ore dangerous
onepts to entrapping the onsious %ind a"ay fro% the present %o%ent there are.

There is no benefit, nor an so%ething by definition be alled an aligned #irtue that takes the
hu%an %ind a"ay fro% the present.
11.& , re-iew of the %on%ept of pruden%e

The "ord prudene o%es fro% the 2atin root prudens %eaning F forseeing, sagaious
A"isdo%B.F

=n 1nglish, the priniple %eaning of the "ord prudene, is7 FAbility to disern the %ost
suitable, politi or profitable ourse of ation, espeially as regards to ondut, pratial
"isdo%, disretion.F

<ene, the "ord prudent has historially been assoiated "ith the "ise %anage%ent of
%oney for the %ost profitable ourse of ation, as the na%e for one of A%eriaCs largest
=nsurane o%panies A6rudentialB i%plies.
11.$.1 The i%portane of respeting %oney

The reality of all trade and o%%ere is that the %ost effiient %eans of e0hange of goods
and ser#ies is the use of a inter%ediate syste% of representing #alue, instead of the diret
bartering of goods. =n other "ords %oney is a positi#e influene in pro#iding speed, fle0ibility
and hoie to both %anufaturers, ser#ie pro#iders and end8usto%ers.

=n that sense, %oney is to be respeted for the purpose it plays in %aintaining eono%i
ati#ity and people gainfully e%ployed as "ell as the hoie of produe and ser#ies in
o%%unities. <o"e#er, is the %anage%ent of "ise %anage%ent of %oney for profit then
onsidered a spiritual #irtue, or a pratial and i%portant business skill?
11.$.2 :oney and religion8 a dangerous %i0

<istorially the relationship bet"een %oney are a dangerous %i0. :oney is po"er, by
definition of %oney representing the #alue of possessions o"ned by a partiular indi#idual or
organisation. *o "hen religious organisations e0ist o#er e0tended periods of ti%e in#est and
arue large fortunes, their influene in politial and eono%i affairs an be signifiant. The
/o%an 'atholi 'hurh is suh an e0a%ple.

A danger therefore e0ists in onsidering prudene, a pratial neessity of good business
ation as a spiritual #irtue.
11.$.3 6rudene in the onte0t of harity and the reation of onfliting objeti#es

Ene aspet of prudene in the onte0t of it being listed as a hristian #irtue is that it o%es
already assoiated "ith the "ord harity. yet both onepts "hen onsidered side by side
e#oke onfliting e%otions. En the one hand, prudene is the areful sa#ing and spending on
%oney, yet on the other, harity is the pro#ision of "hat "e an gi#e and "hat "e ha#e,
"ithout neessarily onsideration to %ore personally selfish %oti#es.
11.$.4 The need to re8position prudene

As opposed to other onepts onsidered so far, prudene is rather %isast than a onept
that is %isaligned. 6rudene therefore "ould be better re8ategorized as an i%portant skill
and onsideration in the %anage%ent of oneCs affairs, as opposed to a #irtue on its o"n. A
sub8seg%ent of respets , rather than a stand out #irtue.
11." , re-iew of the %on%ept of =usti%e

The "ord justie originates fro% the 2atin "ord justia %eaning Frighteousness,equityF and
justus %eaning FjustF.

=n the 1nglish language, the definition %ost losest aligned to the %eaning of the "ord justie
and the traditional ardinal #irtues is7

1. The quality of being %orally just or righteousM the priniple of just dealingM just
ondutM integrity, retitude

11.(.1 The nature of judg%ent and #alues

The "ord justie is by its #ery nature a F#alueF ladened "ord8 that is, the "ord i%plies ertain
#alues in ter%s of "hat is right, "hat is fair. These are far fro% objeti#e and sientifi
assess%ents. These are judg%ents.

As suh, the pratial definition of justie is open to %anipulation by those "ho odify "hat is
onsidered %orally right and fair, na%ely the state and ad%inisters of the state.

=t has already been sho"n that it is i%possible to onsider the judg%ent of one person as
being uni#ersally good for all others. That is the nature of li%ited resoures and unli%ited
"ants. therefore, the #ery at of judg%ent i%parts injustie so%e"here "ithin a soiety.

)ustie, therefore is a parado0 in that uni#ersal justie annot and does not e0ist in pratie
only in theory. Therefore justie an not be onsidered a #irtue as the underpinning onepts
that %ake justie effetual are based on judg%ent and #alues of the gi#en state, soiety or
authorities of the ti%e.
11.# , re-iew of the %on%ept of fortitude

The "ord fortitude originates fro% the 2atin root fortis %eaning CstrongC.

=n the 1nglish language, the %eanings asribed to fortitude are7

1. :oral strength or ourage. >o" only in the passi#e sense7 3ir%ness in the
endurane of pain or ad#ersity A1!..B
2. 6hysial, or strutural strength A1(.3B

En the surfae, suh a "ord denotes in ter%s of physial appliation, the geneti
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predisposition of a person as "ell as their ability to tolerate pain and endurane.
=t is therefore not a positi#e "ord, but a "ord desribing the ability of a person in negati#e
situations.
11.+.1 *trength in the fae of ad#ersity

The question of fortitude is the question of strength in the fae is "hat? *trength denotes the
response in so%e %easure to fores plaing pressure. =s response neessary?
11.* , re-iew of the %on%ept of temperan%e

The "ord te%perane originates fro% the 2atin "ord te%perare %eaning Cte%perC and
te%perantia %eaning C%oderationC.

=n the 1nglish language, the %eanings asribed to the "ord are7

1. The pratie of restraining oneself in pro#oation, passion, desireM rational self8
restraint.
2. The a#oidane of e0essi#e drinking or eating.

Ef all the #irtues, te%perane , or %oderation is a superior onept. <o"e#er, te%perane
needs to be plaed in onte0t. *i%ply denying oneself "hat one "ishes to do, is effeti#ely the
pratie of suppression.
11.-.1 The danger of suppression of an ati#e ego

As "e ha#e already seen, the denying of egoCs desires #ia suppression has strong links to
physial illness and i%balaned thoughts. =n one aspet it pro%otes e0tre%e thinking,
espeially "hen one falls fro% the height of te%perane into e0ess.

=n another aspet, it fails to address the funda%ental ations and #oie of ego. 4isar%ing ego
is not ahie#ed through denial of ego. 4isar%ing of ego o%es through the understanding of
the proesses underpinning ego and the rediretion of %e%ory and %ind to"ards a li#ing in
the present.

Te%perane is self8ontrol of the physial ations. =t does not o#er self ontrol in the %ental
state. =t is the %ental state as "e ha#e seen "here ego onei#es of desire and passion and
antiipation. Ene "ithout the other only leads to physial pain and sikness.

Therefore te%perane is i%balaned in pratie and annot be onsidered an aligned #irtue.
11.10 Sear%hin! for )2, ali!ned -irtues

While "e ha#e tra#eled through the traditional onepts assoiated "ith #irtue and sho"n
the% laking the align%ent "ith &'A and :1, this lea#es us "ith the ob#ious question of
"hat onepts are then aligned?, or any?

We are orret to onsider #alues as the best %eans of de#eloping a fra%e"ork to address the
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present %o%ent. <o"e#er, "e need to find adequate #alues.

Eur searh then needs to fous on those onepts that sho" superior operation in all aspets
of life and the goal of finding balane in the present %o%ent. We "ill no" in#estigate a set of
#alues, "hih appear to ha#e these qualities.
11.11 , re-iew of the %on%epts of wisdom and wise

:any people throughout history ha#e onsidered and desribed "isdo% as one of the highest
#irtues. Hou %ay reall in 'hapter !8 /eligion and self "e onsidered the nature of the "ord
"isdo% and its history.

2ets reall the essential %eanings of "isdo% and onsider "hether it aligned to a present
onsious #alue, or is the au%ulated effet of so%e other fouses?

=n su%%ary "isdo% is defined as7

1. Kno"ledge
2. /eason
3. The apaity to judge rightly in %atters relating to life and ondutM soundness of
judg%ent in the hoie of %eans and endsM
4. Wise disourse or teahing

11.11.1 Wisdo% as a skill8 of judg%ent

What "e see then is "isdo% less as a #alue, but as a skill of judg%ent, a skill of reason,
kno"ledge, judging %atters orretly and ondut.

Eur ability to judge is ritial to be able to %ake sense of eah %o%ent. <o"e#er, these
tehniques are so%ething that are learned , #ia suh things as 2ogos. The seond o%ponent8
the ability to be a"are of the no" %o%ent and "hat is the %ost appropriate ourse of ation
requires another o%ponent8 a"areness of the present and "hat is before us.

Therefore "isdo% is dependent on these things being in plae, not the other "ay around.
11.11.2 Wisdo% as an effet, not a ause

9i#en that "isdo% is reliant on other skills 8 skills of judg%ent and skills of present
pereption, "e an really desribe "isdo% as an effet rather than a ause. Therefore "hile
"isdo% is so%ething to be estee%ed and looked to"ards, it annot be onsidered a present
%o%ent tool8 a #alue in its o"n right.
11.12 , re-iew of the %on%ept of lo-e

2ike "isdo%, %any sholars ha#e onsidered lo#e to be the ulti%ate #alue and one that guides
all others. As "e ha#e done "ith "isdo% and other "ords, let us re#ie" our understanding of
the %eaning of the "ord to see if it qualifies as a potential aligned #irtue7

2o#e is #ariously defined as7
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1. That state of e%otional feeling "ith regard to a person "hih arises fro% a
reognition of attrati#e qualities, fro% sy%pathy, or fro% natural ties, and %anifests
itself in "ar% affetion and attah%ent.
2. The quality of attration that brings like entities loser together
3. *ientifially7 the %utual at of bonding to for% oherent and higher states of for%,
e0hibited by hu%ans in the at of lo#e as "ell as all other %atter in the uni#erse fro%
the s%allest to the largest strutures
4. The o%plete and pure e%otional affetion of the ulti%ate reator to"ards all
reations.

11.12.1 2o#e as an e%otional state and an ation

When "e look at these definitions, "e see that they fall into t"o broad ategories7 AaB lo#e as
an e%otional state A due to so%e other ations;feelings;#aluesB and AbB lo#e as a proess
AationB.

=n both ases "e are desribing either an effet or an ation, not a #alue. 5y definition you
anCt onsiously lo#e so%eone e0ept #ia the ation of lo#e, "hih %ight inlude kissing,
hugging, s%iling or se0. Hou %ay feel a "ar%th to"ards a person "hih "e %ay desribe
lo#e8 but again this is due to other fators first.

This hairsplitting is i%portant in that "e are seeking onsious %editations as real8ti%e no"
%o%ent #alues. 2o#e does not pro#ide this to us.
11.13 The %on%ept of respe%t

The "ord respet fro% the latin "ord respiere %eaning Flook at, regard, onsiderF. /espiere
itself is a o%bination of t"o "ords /1 F=F Y *61'1/1 F2ookF, hene the "ord for glasses
FspetalesF.

=n 1nglish, there are a range of %eanings and attributes assoiated "ith the "ord respet,
na%ely7

1. To fae, or look to Ato"ardsB
2. A onsideration, a fat or %oti#e "hih assists in, or leads to the for%ation of a
deision, an end or ai%. A1!4-B
3. To treat, or regard "ith deferene, estee%, or honourM to feel or sho" respet for
A1!$.B
4. 4eferential regard or estee% felt or sho"n to"ards a person or thing. A1!+$B
!. To estee%, prize or #alue Aa thingB A1$3+B
$. <eed, are, attention A1$4(B
(. To pay attention toM to obser#e arefully A1$$2B
+. An aspet of a thingM a relati#e property or qualityM a relationship A1(!3B
-. A relationship of one person or thing to another A1(!3B

11.13.1 The key qualities of respet

While the definitions for the "ord respet differ in their "ording, there are se#eral key
qualities that an su%%arize the o#erall %eaning of the "ord. /espet by definition of the
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"ords upon "hih it is for%ed %eans Fto look at Apersons, objetsB in the present %o%entF. =f
"e look at the other definitions of respet that ha#e e#ol#ed, "e see this su%%ary onept
refining to i%ply Fto onsiously look at partiular Apersons, objetsB in the present %o%ent
and regard the% as ha#ing #alueF.

=n addition, "e see the "ord respet also %eaning Fan aspet of a thingM a relati#e propertyM a
relationshipF and Fa relationship of one person or thing to another.F =n other "ords, the #alue
of persons not only applies to "hat the obser#er perei#es, but is a quality found to so%e
degree in the relationship and feature of all persons and things.F
11.13.2 The perfet align%ent bet"een the %ind of &'A, &>=TA* and respet

What "e see "ith the "ord respet is an inredible and funda%ental align%ent to the %ind of
&'A and &>=TA*. =n the book &'A, "e see that by definition all things are &'A, all things
ha#e purpose and #alue, "hether the perei#er is a"are of these or not.

*eondly, "e see respet i%plying the le#el to "hih "e are a"are and #alue the objets and
people around us in the present %o%ent. There is no esaping the i%portane of this. Galue
and a"areness of the past, or the future is not the sa%e.

As "e disussed earlier, it is has been our goal to find understandings, #alues that help us
de#elop a fra%e"ork in the present %o%ent8 respet therefore %ust be onsidered a
funda%ental #alue.
11.13.3 The deeper understanding of respet and a"areness

=n &'A, "e journeyed throughout the %ajor areas of understanding of hu%an kno"ledge, to
see the absolute fro% nothing to A22. 2iterally hundreds of onepts of kno"ledge and
siene "ere presented, so%e that %ay still be not fully understood. To si%plify our
disussions, "e used the "ord a"areness.

>o" "ith the onept of respet, "e see a "ord that represents the quality of a"areness of
"hat is in the present %o%ent8 "hat is before us in the present %o%ent, not "hat "e kno" in
our %inds eye, "hat "e %ay drea%, "hat "e %ay "ish, or reall. These things are different
aspets of a"areness.

Ene %ay be highly a"are, yet poorly a"are and sho" little #alue of those people and objets
in front of the% in eah partiular present %o%ent. This is often onsidered a trait of the
FgeniusF, "ith their heads in the louds, unable to relate in the present %o%ents to the
i%%ediate needs of those around.
11.13.4 /espet is the ene%y of ego

'onsidering that the pri%e progra% goal of ego is to displae onsious a"areness and #alue
of the present %o%ent A that "hih is front of youB, respet represents the pri%e ene%y of
ego.

=n other "ords, "hen one respets those things physially present in a no" %o%ent AO your
body Othe people around you Othe objets Othe other li#ing thingsB, ego annot by definition
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be in full operation.

This also e0plains the apparent parado0 that see%ingly has haunted the beha#iour of so %any
Fgreat %indsF "here their ability to touh the philosopherCs stone has resulted in great artisti
and sientifi ahie#e%ents, yet as indi#iduals they ha#e appeared laking in grae or
o%passion. 1go is %ore than happy for the %ind to "ander the halls of a"areness and
kno"ledge, ne#er to seek the kno"ledge and "isdo% of the present %o%ent. 3or the %ind
distrated fro% the present allo"s the ego to reign uni%peahable.

=t also highlights the point that "isdo% is not a"areness for a"areness sake, but kno"ledge,
at the right ti%e for the right reason in a present %o%ent A the onnetion bet"een a"areness
beyond "hat an be seen into the onsious %ind fully a"are of "hat is physially in front of
us at a present %o%entB.
11.14 The %on%ept of honesty

The "ord honesty o%es fro% the 2atin "ord honestus, honos, both %odifiations of the
anient 2atin "ord honorAhonourB, hene the original %eaning Fof persons holding an
honorable position, respetable.F

=n 1nglish, there are a range of %eanings and attributes assoiated "ith the "ord honesty,
na%ely7

1. *inere, truthful, andid8 that "ill not lie, heat or steal A14..B
2. Ef ations, feelings, et7 fair straightfor"ard7 free fro% fraud A14..CsB
3. 4eent in appearaneM o%ely, neat, tidy A1!$$B
4. Ef a thing7 genuine A1!-+B
!. =ngenuousM openM frank A1$34B
$. Ef persons of good %oral harater, #irtuous, upright A1(.2B
(. <onorable, reditable A1(2.B

11.14.1 The key qualities of honesty

While the origin of honesty Aalong "ith the "ord honorB o%e fro% a bakground %ore to do
"ith position, than harater, there are a range of key qualities that ha#e gro"n "ith the
"ord. We an essentially su%%arize the %ost i%portant of these as definitions that define
Flarity of signal;i%ageF na%ely Ftruthful, sinere, open, frank.

=nner larity of signal enables us to be in touh "ith "hat our body and our %ind is telling us.
Without internal larity of signal it is diffiult to keep trak and be aligned.

/e%arkably, "e understand the nature of a lear signal "hen onsidering the i%portane of
tele#ision or %obile phone reeption, but spend little ti%e onsidering the sa%e onept
"ithin oursel#es.

The seond key quality of honesty relates to the onept of being neat and tidy. This %ay
appear to be in onflit "ith the beha#iour and teahings of %any "ise and holy gurus and
%ystis o#er the ages "ho pro%oted the "earing of rags.
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The point to honesty is that dress reflet our inner %ind8 While "e "ill disuss it in %ore
detail later in this book, it is "orth onsidering that either e0tre%e8 e0tre%e rags and e0tre%e
"ealth are both t"o sides of the oin.
11.1$ The %on%ept of %onsisten%y

The "ord onsisteny fro% the 2atin "ord onstare %eaning Fstand fir%F. Today, it also
%eans7

1. *tanding fir% in %indM steadfastM resoluteB
2. *teadfast in attah%ent to a person or personM faithful, true AtoB A12..CsB
3. 'ertain A1$$(B
4. Ef things7 in#ariable, fi0ed, unhanging, unifor% A1!4-B
!. *ientifially7 re%aining the sa%e in quantity or a%ount under unifor% onditions
A1(!3B
$. Ef ations, onditions et7 ontinuing "ithout inter%ission7 ontinually reurring
A1$!3B
(. *teady AphysiallyB 1(41
+. 'onsistent 8 holding together as a oherent %aterial body A1!+.B

11.1!.1 The inner strength #irtue8 onsisteny

'onsisteny is the first #irtue built upon the foundation of respet and is onsidered
aording to &'A to be the #irtue of inner strength. 'onsisteny is based upon the e%otions
Ahor%onesB e%anating fro% the adrenal glands behind the kidneys, reating the Flo"er gut
feelingF effet.

=n both the %ale and fe%ale hu%an, the adrenal glands are the produers of the strongest
internal pain killer and physial boost to stress and strain alled adrenalin. Along "ith the
pri%al se0ual i%pulses of the se0ual reproduti#e organs, the adrenal glands are responsible
for the Fgut instintF feeling "ithin hu%an beings, this being e0plained prinipally as the
release of adrenalin is prinipally an unonsious deision in ti%es of perei#ed danger.

&nontrolled, onstant adrenalin i%pulses based on trying to guess the guess the future or
d"elling about past e#ents reates the negati#e e%otion of an0iety. An0iety prepares the body
to battle danger that in#ariably doesnCt %aterialize. =t "eakens the strength and resol#e of a
hu%an, reating unertainty of judg%ent and a lak of resol#e of priniples.

<o"e#er, onsisteny of resol#e is absolutely #ital in order to build the other #irtues and
"ithstand the e0ternal pressures plaed on our internal beliefs. The e0pression and
de#elop%ent of onsisteny is ao%plished by7

1. *tanding fir% and repeating your o%%it%ent to the #alues of respet
2. 6ro%ising to yourself that your "ord is your bond. That "hat you say is "hat you do.
3. 6ro%ising and repeating the pro%ise to yourself that you "ish to li#e aording to
the li#ing #irtues of &'A and &>=TA* e#eryday.
4. 'onstant %editation on freeing your %ind of any speulation about the thoughts
and %oti#es of others. 3ree yourself of judg%ent.
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!. 'onstant %editation that e#ery thought and e#ery ation %atters. That thoughts are
as i%portant as ations, but only "e kno" our o"n ations.
$. 3ous on the onstant %editation that the only thing you an influene is e#ery
thought and e#ery ation of yourself >EW, at this %o%ent.
(. The only pain is the onflit of %ind. >othing an hurt %e unless = allo" it to.

11.1!.2 The benefits of onsisteny

'onsisteny is required to enable judg%ents of "hat is appropriate and less appropriate of
inbound infor%ation.

The gut then tells us through adrenalin "hat is dangerous and "hat should be a#oided.
2istening to these signals, a person %ay a#oid danger ahead of ti%e, by listening to the bodyCs
signals, kno"ing that they are true.
11.1& The %on%ept of enthusiasm

The "ord enthusias% o%es fro% the anient 9reek "ord eufousias% 1> YT<1E* %eaning
Finspired by or possessed by 9odF.

The "ord o%es fro% the anient Erphi AErpheusB religious belief syste% as "ell as the
"ritings of 6lato. The t"o key %eanings in 1nglish of the "ord are7

6ossession by a god, supernatural inspiration, propheti or poeti estasyM and

/apturous intensity of feeling on behalf of a person, ause, et7 passionate eagerness in any
pursuit.

11.1$.1 The key qualities of enthusias%

=n spite of the apparent oddness of the literal 1nglish translation of the "ord 1>T<1E*,
enthusias% represents the intensity %anage%ent #alue deter%ining the le#el to "hih a
person o%%its the%sel#es to feeling and doing "hat they are doing in the no" %o%ent.

5y onsidering the "ords Fpossession by &'AF instead of by a god, "e an see in the "ord
enthusias% the 1nthusias% the full intensity of e%otions and feelings of bliss that o%e those
%o%ents of inspiration during the reading of &'A and :1.

=n onsidering the seond definition, "e see enthusias% as the o%%it%ent of all our
a"areness A%indB and e%otions AfeelingsB to the no" %o%ent. Whereas, the #alues of
respet, honesty and onsisteny are largely disiplines of the %ind8 enthusias% is the
harnessing of that disipline "ith the full range of positi#e e%otions at our disposal into the
no" %o%ent.
11.1$.2 1nthusias% and e%otions

=t has been a traditional "arning of ages, that it is our e%otions that largely get hu%an beings
into trouble. 9i#en the religious origins of the "ord enthusias% and its %eaning, it is
understandable then that the "ord has been onsidered inferior to a great %any other "ords
suh as lo#e, bliss, joy.

=n fat, a puritanial 'hristian definition of enthusias% fro% the late 1(th 'entury onsiders
enthusias% to be Ffaniful..ill8regulated religious e%otions or speulation.F

Het as "e ha#e seen, e%otions are a key o%ponent to %e%ory reall and learning. 6ositi#e
e%otions, espeially are required to be felt to"ards the #oluntary learning of ne" things.
Without suffiient e%otional sti%ulation, e#en "ith the disipline of reading or pratie,
ogniti#e %e%ory ability is redued.

Therefore enthusias% is a po"er #alue enabling us to tap into our e%otions and strea% the%
foused into the no" %o%ent.
11.1$.3 1nthusias%, the no" %o%ent and ego

As "e ha#e repeated throughout our quest to find aligned #alues to those of &'A and the need
to deonstrut ego, only #alues that pro#ide %a0i%u% fous on the no" %o%ent are able to
pro#ide these ans"ers. As "e ha#e seen, %any "ords that at first appear positi#e, fail this test,
by in#ol#ing future antiipation;desire, or past %e%ory.

>o %atter ho" strong these e%otions that are distrated fro% the no" appear, "ithout fous
on the no" they annot help us deonstrut ego and find balane in the no".

1nthusias% does not, it is purely a no" #alue. )ust as respet opens our %inds a"areness to
the present, enthusias% opens up our e%otions to the present. )ust as respet pro#ides a
platfor% for the disipline of %ind in the no", enthusias% pro#ides a broad and strong sope
for e%otions of the no".
11.1$.4 1nthusias%8 passion for the no" and ego argu%ent of loss of passion

Ene of the key argu%ents put up by ego in ter%s of re8onsidering desire is that "ithout
desire, "e lose interest and "ithout interest our li#es beo%e dull and boring. 'ertainly this
sounds on#ining and a "ell onstruted argu%ent until you ask the question 8 is there any
alternati#e e%otion #alue apart fro% desire;antiipation that "orks for the no"?

We no" see the #alue of enthusias% is the ans"er. What is the point about being passionate
for the past, if "e an do nothing to hange it? What is the point about being passionate for
the future if "e fail to see that "e %ake no steps in the present?

Therefore, the greater our ability to fous all our being8 our %ind Arespet Y honesty Y
onsistenyB and e%otions Aenthusias% as baseB into the present, the greater our hane to
%eet our goals.
11.1" The %on%ept of %ompassion

The "ord o%passion o%es fro% the 2atin ste% o%pati %eaning Fsuffer "ith, feel pityFM =n
1nglish the three %ain definitions of o%passion are7

9rief
*uffering together "ith anotherM fello" feeling sy%pathy.
6ity that inlines one to spare or to suour AhealB.

11.1(.1 The key qualities of o%passion

5y definition fro% the original 2atin ste%, "e see in the "ord o%passion the ability for a
person to feel "hat the other person is feeling A so%eti%es onsidered e%pathy or e#en
sy%pathyB. Het %ore so, "e see in the "ord o%passion the ability for a person to fully feel
the e%otional grief and suffering of another "ith the% in the present %o%ent.

This is a key and #ital definition of o%passion that distinguishes it fro% %any other "ords.
The seond definition Fsuffering togetherF i%plies a physial faing and sharing of sufferingM
not re%ote ontrol e%pathy #ia letters, fa0es, phones or tele#ision. =t is the physial
synhronization of t"o people Aor %oreB in the presene of one another in the present
%o%ent.

The seond key aspet of o%passion is that it is a saleable and funtional #alue. When a
person %ay not neessarily be suffering, o%passion still allo"s us by the seond definition to
feel Fsy%pathetiF to their feelings. Thus o%passion at all ti%es enables us to see not only
the other persons point of #ie", but the other persons e%otional point of #ie".
11.1(.2 The po"er of o%passion in understanding and getting along "ith people

>ot just hearing another persons point of #ie", but being in syn "ith "hat they are feeling is
a key #alue and quality to enabling people fro% #astly different bakground to get along. =t is
#ery %uh a quality required of the peae%aker and the good listener. 'o%passion therefore
is a quality that brings people together.
11.1(.3 The po"er of o%passion in healing

'o%passion is the e%otional healing skill, the F%agiF of the %ystis "ho throughout the
ages ha#e sho"n ti%e and ti%e again, that by being in syn "ith the person "ho is suffering,
by understanding and unloking in the suffering persons %ind the root of the suffering and by
sharing the burden of guilt, pain or sorro" "ith the%, the o%passionate person an absorb
their hurt and help the% to heal. The result is that this greatly boosts the sorro"ful persons
hane of reo#ery.

There is no greater e%otion than to feel and absorb anotherCs pain to help ease their burden.
2ike those fa%ous i%ages of heroes that helped others ease the pain of the journey or the
load, o%passion is helping other hu%ans in the present %o%ent, ease the pain they
e0periene.

When the o%passionate person has suh understand and an gi#e the%sel#es o%pletely to
the sorro"ful person, the healing apaity an be profound. 6rofound enough to often see
i%%ediate reo#ery, so%eti%es alled F%iraulousF reo#ery.
11.1# The %on%ept of %heerfulness

The "ord heerfulness o%es fro% the 1nglish "ord heer, a deri#ation of the Eld 3renh
"ord hiere %eaning fae Aitself deri#ed fro% the 2atin "ord araJfaeB.

The "ord 'heerfulness is rih in definitions. The %ost o%%on and historial are7

The fae
=n good spirits, li#ing A14$.B
*olae, enourage%ent A1!4-B
To brighten up Athe faeB et A1$11B
To enourage, inspire, ani%ate A1(..CsB
4isposition, %ood, usually qualified as good, glad A1$..CsB
9ladness, %irth, gaity A1$..CsB
<ospitable reeption or entertain%ent A1$$$B
To take heart A1$..CsB
To feast A1$-.B
3ood, eating, drinking, li#ing A1$..CsB
A shout of enourage%ent, "elo%e or ongratulation A1(2.B

11.1+.1 The key qualities of heerfulness

'onsidering the origins of the "ord, it is interesting and %akes sense that the %ost o%%only
understood reognition of heerfulness is a happy;s%iling fae. as a "ord rih "ith positi#e
%eanings, "e need to onsider the di#ision of these into so%e essential ategories of qualities,
na%ely7

positi#e state of %ind and e%otions
positi#e e0pression of state of %ind;e%otions As%iling, heerfulB
enourage%ent of a positi#e state of %ind;e%otions to others A%oti#ationB
elebration;e0pression of a positi#e state of %ind;e%otions Aeating, entertain%ent,
drinking, gaity, %irth, li#ingB

1. 6ositi#e state of %ind and e%otions in the no" %o%ent

The first group of definitions of heerfulness represent one being in a fully positi#e state of
%ind and e%otions in the no" %o%ent, e0pressed as Fglad, in good spirits, good %ood,
gladness, gaity, %irthF. 3e" "ords in the 1nglish language are so all8eno%passing of suh an
array of positi#e state of %ind and e%otions. 1#en fe"er "ords e0ist "ithout %oral
qualifiation.

With this first array of definitions "e see 'heerfulness as a unifiation of the %ind and body
as one in a positi#e state, "ithout referene to desire, to greed or to any of the pleasures
nor%ally assoiated "ith ego.
2. 6ositi#e e0pression of state of %ind;e%otions As%iling, heerfulB in the no" %o%ent

The seond grouping of definitions of heerfulness is the physial e0pression of being a fully
positi#e state of %ind and e%otions by s%iling and Fbrightening up the faeF.

Again "e see no negati#e attah%ent to the s%ile as being self8satisfying or related to the
negati#e e%otion of s%irking. =nstead "e see the genuine nature of heerfulness e0pressed as
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s%iling as the positi#e radiane of goodness and state of positi#e %ind;e%otions.
3. 1nourage%ent of a positi#e state of %ind;e%otions to others A%oti#ationB in the no"
%o%ent

The third grouping of definitions of heerfulness is %ost e0traordinary, in that it eno%passes
%ore qualities of enourage%ent of a positi#e state of %ind;e%otions to others than al%ost
any other "ord in the 1nglish language, inluding %oti#ation. What is e#en %ore interesting
is that the "ord heerfulness is not usually onsiously reognized as ha#ing these qualities,
e#en though the saying Fs%iling is infetiousF is "ell understood.

=n ter%s of qualities of enourage%ent, "e see the "ord heerfulness also %eans Fsolae,
enourage%ent , enourage, inspire, ani%ate, a shout of enourage%ent, "elo%e or
ongratulation.F Again "e see these positi#e attributes are e0pressed in the present no"
%o%ent.
4. 'elebration of a positi#e state of %ind;e%otions Aeating, entertain%ent, drinking, gaity,
%irth, li#ingB in the no" %o%ent.

The fourth and final grouping of definitions of heerfulness again is unique in that the "ord
eno%passes an e0traordinarily "ide set of qualities of the elebration;e0pression of a
positi#e state of %ind;e%otions, inluding Fhospitable reeption or entertain%ent, gaity Aalso
i%plying singing, daningB, %irth Ai%plying laughter, enjoy%entB, to feast, food, eating,
drinking, li#ingF. Again "hat is a%azing is that this list is %ade "ithout any %oral negati#e
judg%ent as to the appropriateness of one for% of e0pression or another.
11.1+.2 The uniqueness of heerfulness

*i%ply there is no other "ord in the 1nglish language that o#ers suh a spetru% of life and
the joy of life. 'heerfulness is by its #ery nature the elebration and e0pression of the joy of
life in the no" %o%ent. That it has beo%e less o%%on in ter%s of usage in the 1nglish
language in preferene to other "ords is surprising.
11.1+.3 The superiority of heerfulness #ersus pleasure and gratifiation

A further argu%ent of ego against its o"n deonstrution is the argu%ent that "ithout
pleasure, "ithout gratifiation, life if boring. We sa" a si%ilar argu%ent attahed to the
nature of ego "hen onsidering the "ord enthusias%. Het learly, there is nothing stopping a
person fro% elebrating;enjoying the no" %o%ent "ith heerfulness

Therefore "ith heerfulness, ego is unable to argue a %ind distrated to future %o%ents or
past %o%ents e0pressed as pleasure;gratifiation is superior. The "ord heerfulness s%ashes
the edifie and lies of ego lai%ing that li#ing in the no" %o%ent, aligned "ith %ind and
body, onsidering respet, honesty, onsisteny, enthusias%, o%passion is boring and no
fun.

'heerfulness unearths the truth that ego "ith its fi0ation on pleasure and gratifiation has no
real onept of "hat fun is really all about. 3un of the %ind, is isolatory, frag%enting of
fa%ilies, friends. 'heerfulness is the infetious spread of fun and joy in the no" %o%ent8 the
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o%plete opening of oneself to the fun of being ali#e.
11.1* The path of 95

To ensure the essential essene of understanding of #irtue, "ithout the attahed and
established onepts of ardinal and spiritual #irtues, "e redefine #irtue into its origin8 G=/,
fro% the 2atin8 %an, o%plete being.

G=/ to &'A is all the highest ideals of the essential onept of G=/ as representati#e of the
o%plete hu%an being, %ale and fe%ale, the enat%ent of 23 hapters of &'A and 23
'hapters of :1.

We no" seek to understand "hat onepts represent the highest ideals and the stepping
stones to"ards a path of ne" beginning.
11.1-.1 The internal G=/Cs

The first G=/Cs are those #alues that "e attah to oursel#es first. 5y oursel#es, "e %eans those
things that "e an ontrol internally first8 our bodily funtions, the funtion of hoie of the
%ind, ations of the %ind.

=t is fro% the %otion of our %ind that our ations flo", that all reations o%e, that the "orld
turns its unique dane around us. Therefore the first G=/Cs are the %ost i%portant G=/Cs for
they deal "ith the align%ent of %ind.
11.1-.2 The e0ternal G=/Cs

With these internal G=/Cs, "e ha#e the hane to de#elop to the e0ternal G=/Cs those #alues
that relate to the e0ternal "orld, that link to the internal "orld in balane.
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11.20 The re.ali!ned -irtues

3ro% the disussions and analysis of the pre#ious setions "e an no" present a re8aligned
set of #alues and #irtues.
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11.2..1 To be #irtuous
11.21 TC3 95s as !oals

Whether "e deny it or not, "e "ant and need saints to physially e0ist, to at as inspiration
and to e0ist as hope8 that hu%anity an so%eday operate at a %ore unified fra%e"ork.
11.21.1 The #irtues as goals

&lti%ately, the goals of #irtue pro#ide us "ith goals to seek to ahie#e. That "e %ay not
ahie#e these goals is less i%portant that "e ha#e a series of #alues by "hih "e understand
the intrinsi nature of purity and of enlighten%ent. =n that, "e ha#e a entre, "e ha#e a
%eans of %aking sense and of disern%ent.

1nlighten%ent, as = ha#e said, is realM and eah of us, "hoe#er "e are, an in the right
iru%stanes and "ith the right training realize the nature of %ind and so kno" in us "hat is
deathless and eternally pure. This is the pro%ise of all the %ystial traditions of the "orld,
and it has been fulfilled and is being fulfilled in ountless thousands of hu%an li#es.

The "onder of this pro%ise is that it is so%ething not e0oti, not fantasti, not for an elite, but
for all hu%anityM and "hen "e realize is, the anient and "ise tell us, it is une0petedly
ordinary.

*piritual truth is not so%ething elaborate and esoteri, it is in fat profound o%%on sense.
When you realize the nature of the uni#ersal %ind, layers of onfusion peel a"ay. Hou donCt
atually beo%e enlightened, you si%ply ease , slo"ly, to be deluded. And being enlightened
is not so%e o%nipotent spiritual super%an, but beo%ing at last a true hu%an being.

Ene of the greatest %ystial teahings alls the nature of %indF the "isdo% of ordinariness.F

Eur true nature and the nature of things is beautiful in its si%pliity and synergy. The irony is
that our so8alled ordinary "orld is e0traordinaryM a fantasti olletion of delusions that keep
us fro% kno"ing our true nature.

=%agine if the "isest enlightened beings that ha#e passed on "ere looking at us kno", ho"
they "ould %ar#el sadly at the lethal ingenuity and intriay of our onfusion.
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12. The messiah syndrome

1#ery idea has a reator. 1#ery syste% has an arhitet. =n hu%an history there has only been
reognized t"o soures for ideas, the hu%an author and so%e kind of Ddi#ineP inspiration.

6eople "ho "e regard as ha#ing e0hibited tre%endous inspiration o#er history are lassed as
%essiahs. >o great idea, no great religious inspiration has e#er o%e into being "ithout a
%essiah attahed.
12.1.1 What is %essiah syndro%e?

4eep "ithin e#ery hu%an being is a #oie. 3or so%e, this #oie is the one that enourages you
to belie#e you deser#e %ore. =t is the #oie that says you are %ore speial than others. =t is the
#oie that says you ha#e a destiny. =t is the #oie that says you are the one.

3or others it o%es not as a positi#e friend, but a hounding de%on, a #oie that tells you ho"
you ha#e failed, ho" your drea%s "ill ne#er o%e true, a #oie that reates all kind of
illusions and fears.

This is %ore than just %ind or ego, this is the #oie of the %essiah syndro%e.

The a%azing skill of the %essiah syndro%e is ho" it %anages to %anifest itself through suh
#ariety of %ethods in a unique "ay for e#ery hu%an being on the planet.

The person "ho belie#es through their piety and de#otion to a religion that theirs is a
righteous life against others "ho ha#e failed.

The %essiah syndro%e strongly keeps that person separate and inapable of opening
o%pletely to others and other ideas.

The person "ho belie#es the%sel#es to be a great reator, a great in#entor, a great sa#iour of
the hu%an rae. The %essiah syndro%e flo"s %ost strongly in those "ho find the%sel#es
%ost in po"er.
12.1.2 <elping people "ho belie#e the%sel#es to be a %essiah

3or those that ontinue to lai% speial po"ers as gurus, sha%ans and %essiahs, the
follo"ing book pro#ides a pratial step8by8step approah to identifying the D%essiah
syndro%eP and "hy it does "hat it does.

=n the end, the book hopes to shed a different light on a traditionally touhy subjet in the
hope that you %ight find the insights useful.
12.2 What is a messiah;

The "ord D%essiahP diretly translates fro% an anient "ord o#er 22.. years old. The "ord
'hrist is also an anient "ord A9reekB originally %eaning the sa%e thing.

8Erigin7 AAnient <ebre" and Ara%aiB %eaning FanointedPM
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8F6ro%ised deli#erer of the )e"ish nation.F AEld Testa%ent,5ibleB 8F)esus as the :essiah
foretold in )e"ish faithF A>e" Testa%ent, 5ibleB
8FA professed or aepted leader of so%e hope or ause.F Aonte%poraryB
8What one is at a partiular ti%e or in a partiular aspet or relationM oneCs nature, harater
or Aso%eti%esB physial onstitution or appearane, onsidered as different at different ti%es
A1$-(B.

12.2.1 The onept of 'hrist
8Erigin7 AAnient <elleni 9reekB %eaning FanointedPM
8FTitle gi#en to )esus of >azareth as fulfilling :essiani propheyM treated as a proper na%e.F
A+..sB

All religions and ultures share o%%on heritage of the idea of a sa#iour, so%eone "ho "ill
deli#er and lead.
12.2.2 :odern interpretation of %essiah

=n ontrast to the origin of the "ord, the %odern interpretation of the "ord %essiah is as
so%eone "ho o%es to sa#e the dayQ %ore a hero than a purely religious role.

Het in spite of this %odern interpretation, the notion of %essiahs for %any people is a
dangerous and disturbing "ord. =t is a onept best left for *unday refletion and kept out of
general disussion.
12.3 The %ultural importan%e pla%ed on messiahs

The idea of :essiahs has al"ays e0isted in e#ery hu%an ulture that has e#er li#ed.

<u%ans ha#e al"ays belie#ed that there are those fe" anointed by so%e di#ine entity that
possess po"ers beyond the %ere hu%an "ho seek to perfor% good.

*i%ilarly, hu%ans ha#e al"ays belie#ed that there are those fe" "ho are anointed by so%e
dark fore "ith po"ers beyond the %ere hu%an "ho seek to perfor% e#il.
12.3.1 <ope of one, hope of %any

=n so%e respets, the ultural i%portane of %essiahs is that they represent a ti%e and
history "hen so%ething di#ine touhes hu%anity and in the proess opens up the hope of
%any.

All hu%an beings to so%e e0tend ha#e onsidered the notion of so%ething greater than
the%sel#es. The %yths of %essiahs gi#e us hope that "e too %ight ha#e so%e speial
relationship "ith so%ething greater.

While %odern notion of %essiah is %ore akin to hero, there are differenes bet"een the
onepts of %essiah, hero and star.
12.3.2 <ero
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A hero is a partiular type of person "ho through their o"n ations bring about their
e0lusion fro% the tribe. &pon their ti%e of banish%ent they undergo so%e kind of
transfor%ation of strength and "isdo% thereupon returning to the tribe to sa#e it in its
greatest ti%e of need.

A key feature of the hero is al"ays the fall fro% grae. The greater the fall and the greater the
rise, the greater the hero.
12.3.3 *tar A/ole %odelB

=n ontrast to the hero, the star or role %odel is a type of person "ho through their o"n
efforts rise abo#e their initial iru%stanes of hardship to %ake suess. &nlike a hero, a star
starts fro% ad#ersity to triu%ph "hereas a hero %ay start "ith "ealth, fall into ad#ersity
before triu%ph.
12.3.4 The i%portane of both %odels

5oth hero and stars are i%portant parts of ultural heritage. 6eople "ho ha#e o#ero%e
ad#ersity are %odels for us all.
12.4 The history of messiahs

The history of %essiahs is another "ay to say the history of religion or the history of soiety.
:essiahs ha#e al"ays been the founders of the great religions and %essiahs ha#e been the
%ythologial founders of hu%an soiety.
12.4.1 The deli#ery of %ajor ne" ideas and %essiahs

The deli#ery of %ajor ne" ideas has al"ays been assoiated "ith the e0istene and li#es of
%essiahs to a faith. =n the ase of 5uddhis% it is 5uddha, in the ase of 'hristianity it is )esus
'hrist.

>o %ajor ne" idea of os%ology and di%ension has e#er been deli#ered "ithout a %essiah
being attahed.
12.$ The power of messiahs

:essiahs, gurus, sages, sha%ans ha#e all belie#ed to possess speial po"ers beyond the sope
of a %ere hu%an being.

To these speial and unique hu%ans ha#e been attributes a "ide #ariety of po"ers, entered
on their unique abilities as a di#ine %essenger.

These speial po"ers an be generally ategorized under 3 ategories7

*peial physial po"ers *peial 'o%%uniation po"ers *peial kno"ledge po"ers

3or a person to belie#e they are a %essiah, or to ha#e strong influenes of %essiah syndro%e
in seeking personal glory, an indi#idual %ust belie#e they possess skills in at least one or
%ore of these ategories.
12.!.1 *peial kno"ledge po"ers

The %ost o%%on skill ategory for people suffering %ild to se#ere %essiah syndro%e are
those "ho belie#e they ha#e so%e speial po"er of kno"ledge and;or reati#ity.

Artists, painters, %usiians, stylists and ators are a lassi set of people "ho frequently suffer
se#ere effets of %essiah syndro%e.

Aade%is, sientists and in#entors are another traditional group that also suffer
tre%endously fro% the negati#e effets of %essiah syndro%e to suh a point that %any great
sientists and in#entors ha#e belie#ed the%sel#es of be Dli#ing godsP.
12.!.2 *peial physial po"ers

The first general ategory of po"ers that hu%an ultures ha#e historially belie#ed :essiahs
possess is speial physial po"ers.

6hysial po"ers an be di#ided into the follo"ing lasses of speial attributes7

=%%ortality
*uper strength
:ind ontrol
*piritual o%%uniation
<ealing po"ers

=n the "est, suh lai%s of po"ers are generally restrited to ne"8age and spiritualis%
%o#e%ents that are not %ain strea%. <o"e#er in the 1ast, belief in indi#iduals possessing
these speial po"ers is %ore "idespread.

<undreds and e#en thousands of years ago, belief in hu%ans possessing suh speial po"ers
"as %ainstrea%. <o"e#er, thanks to the ad#ent of siene and the ability to dispro#e trikery
and fraud, the nu%ber of people lai%ing suh speial po"ers in the "est and getting a"ay
"ith it has greatly redued.

<undreds and e#en thousands of years ago, belief in hu%ans possessing suh speial po"ers
"as %ainstrea%. <o"e#er, thanks to the ad#ent of siene and the ability to dispro#e trikery
and fraud, the nu%ber of people lai%ing suh speial po"ers in the "est and getting a"ay
"ith it has greatly redued.
12.!.3 *peial 'o%%uniation po"ers

The seond general ategory of po"ers that hu%an ultures ha#e historially belie#ed
:essiahs possess is speial o%%uniation po"ers.

'o%%uniation po"ers an be di#ided into the follo"ing lasses of speial attributes7

<ypnoti speeh
'larity and "isdo%

These skills are generally rare and found only "ith the fe"est of indi#iduals, %ost notably
politial leaders and holy people.
12.!.4 *peial kno"ledge po"ers

The third general ategory of po"ers that hu%an ultures ha#e historially belie#ed :essiahs
possess is speial po"ers of kno"ledge

6o"ers of kno"ledge an be di#ided into the follo"ing lasses of speial attributes7

Kno"ledge of e#erything
Kno"ledge of self
Kno"ledge of others
Kno"ledge of ideas

=n the "est, this is the %ost o%%on lass of speial po"ers attributed to people "ho are
belie#ed to be %essiahs of so%e le#el.

Tens of thousands of people onsider the%sel#es to be intelletual superiors to others.
Thousands of people onsider the%sel#es to be gods of ulture and reati#e genius. 6eople
"ho onsider the%sel#es genius are people "ho are suffering %essiah syndro%e.
12.& Si!ns of messiahs

The o%ing of a %essiah Agood or badB has traditionally been foretold by ertain signs. These
signs represent kinds of ultural D#erifiationP %arkers of the authentiity of a partiular
%essiah, guru, or sha%an.

The %ain soure of prophey in the 'hristian tradition are the "ritings of prophey that
ourred during the height of the i%plosion of the /o%an Western 'i#ilization si0teen
hundred years ago.

The %ain soure of prophey in the =sla%i tradition are the translated "riters of the fifteenth
and si0teenth enturies. The %ain soure of propheti "riting in the )e"ish tradition is an
a%alga% of the thirteenth and fourteenth entury Kabbalisti traditions the funda%entalist
of the 1-th 'entury.

*igns ha#e traditionally fallen into fi#e key ategories

6ropheies 'elestial e#ents 'li%ati e#ents E%ens Gisions
12.$.1 6ropheies

The first ategory of signs of %essiahs are propheies. 6ropheies are "ritten "ords and
refletions taken by a partiular religion to ha#e speial sy%boli signifiane on the nature of
the o%ing if a %essiah.
The oldest and %ost fa%ous arhetype of hu%an ulture is the hero, that o%es out of the
"ilderness to sa#e a people see%ingly doo%ed.

=t is no "onder that all hu%an religions onsider enhaned stories and propheies of suh
people in the onte0t of their speifi religion.

=n )udais%, the belief of a %essiah foretold in "ritings thousands of years old is still belie#ed
today. =n 'hristianity, it is the belief of the return of )esus the %essiah in so%e for% at the
end of ti%e. =n 5uddhis% it is the :aitreya 5uddha, the 5uddha of o%passion that "ill free
the hu%an %ind and soul.

:any onte%porary %essiahs use these "ritings as justifiation for their e0istene, "hen the
"ritings Aas nie as they areB are just ideas and speulation.
12.$.2 'elestial e#ents

'elestial e#ents ha#e al"ays been used as a sign of the o%ing Aor lea#ingB of both good and
bad %essiahs.

Astrologers ha#e for thousand s of years used the signifiant arrange%ents of the hea#ens as a
sign that a %essiah is due.
12.$.3 'li%ati e#ents

'li%ati e#ents ha#e also traditionally been used as a sign for %essiahs. 1arthquakes,
fa%ine, flood, plague are all po"erful e#ents that ha#e both destroyed and transfor%ed
i#ilizations.

There is a%ple e#idene that religion has al"ays seized on tragedy as a ti%e to pro%ise their
o"n brands of belief.
12.$.4 E%ens

E%ens are frequently plaed in the sa%e ategory as prophey, yet traditionally they should
be onsidered as a separate strea% of DsignsP.

E%ens are objets and e#ents of signifianeQ the sighting of a ro" on a partiular day, the
e0istene of a strange pheno%ena ha#e all been used by different people as e#idene of their
lai%s.
12.$.! Gisions

4rea%s and #isions ha#e played a signifiant part in the lai%s and %ythology surrounding
%essiahs.

While personal drea%s should be regarded as highly subjeti#e, %any people belie#e others
"ho lai%ed to ha#e #isions in drea%s.
12." Si!ns of messiahs. an%ient prophe%ies
Anient propheies, espeially fro% people belie#ed to be saintly and "ise are onsidered a
foundation soure for legiti%ate signs of the %essiah. T"o faiths "ith partiularly detailed
signs by "hih any :essiah %ust %eet to be duly reognized are )udais% and 'hristianity.
'hristianity is in %any respets an atte%pt to %ath anient )e"ish propheies of the
%essiah to the figure )esus 'hrist.

:ore reently, the re#elations of the seond o%ing by %ysti hristian psyhis around 4..
to !.. '1 ha#e also added another set of riteria in the for% of the /eturn of the :essiah
signs as "ell as the signs of the Anti8:essiah and anti8hrist.
12.(.1 Anient )e"ish signs of the :essiah

The )e"ish faith has a partiularly long, speifi and detailed list of riteria by "hih a
%essiah %ust FpassF in order to be onsidered legiti%ate. >early one third of the 5iblehas
so%ething to do "ith prophey. To date, no one has passed the test by )e"ish religious
leaders standards for o#er 3... years. 3or %any )e"s, the pro%ised :essiah is long o#erdue.
12.# Si!ns of messiahs. numeri%alD%elestial e-ents

The o%ing of a :essiah "ithin a ulture has also traditionally been foretold "ith signifiant
nu%erial and elestial e#ents.

The *tar abo#e 5ethlehe% "as a story designed to represent a oiniding of a %ajor elestial
e#ent and the birth of )esus. *i%ilarly, signs suh as the o%ets ha#e also frequently been
assoiated "ith the o%ing or return of a %essiah.
12.* Si!ns of messiahs. %lima%ti% e-ents

>ot only are elestial e#ents gi#en pro%inene and signifiane as signs of the arri#al of a
%essiah, but %ajor li%ati hange.

=n the >e" Testa%ent, the death of )esus is supposed to oinide Aor triggerB a %ajor
earthquake that shook )erusale%. *i%ilarly, the end ti%e propheies of )udg%ent day suh
as the Aporypha of )ohn AF5ook of /e#elationFB speaks of %ajor plagues, earthquakes,
tsuna%is, and a host of de#astating li%ati disasters and the return of the :essiah.

=n a not insignifiant "ay, the po"er of this i%agery and its assoiation to the 'hristian
tradition is one reason "hy %any faithful hristians belie#e "e are "itnessing the Fend ti%esF
as foretold in the 5ibleand "hy the return of the :essiah is soon approahing.
12.10 Si!ns of messiahs. !reat knowled!e and wisdom

A uni#ersal sign of all legiti%ate :essiahs is that they are supposed to o%e "ith great and
true "isdo%. 5y default, %essiahs are supposed to be great teahers and kno"ledge bringers.
12.1..1 The quality of the %essage as a distintion bet"een true and false %essiahs

3or ob#ious reasons, it is e0tre%ely hard for %any andidates "ho "ish to lai% the%sel#es
to be Fthe %essiahF of a partiular ulture to ti%e their life and their %inistry around elestial
e#ents and li%ati e#ents. That being said, there has al"ays been a history of opportunists
"ho appear suddenly out of left field "hen suh e#ents do our Asuh as the <ale85opp
o%et and the infa%ous <ea#enCs 9ate ult "ho all o%%itted suiideB.

What is %ore o%%on is for lai%ed :essiahs and their follo"ers to use the quality and;or
quantity of ne" and unique kno"ledge as a justifiation and FproofF of the authentiity of the
redentials of the :essiah.

=n reent years, this has been the %ethod e%ployed by the latest bath of people lai%ing to
be the true :essiah of )udais% and =sla%.
12.1..2 The diffiulty in falsifying kno"ledge

While the bringing of kno"ledge is onsidered a funda%ental sign of the authentiity of a
%essiah, it is also e0tre%ely diffiult to falsify in that e0ternal ritis and eduated sholars
are %ore able today than e#er before spot plagiaris%, poor researh and just plain rubbish.

While a faithful de#otee of a person lai%ing to be a %essiah is unlikely to ha#e the objeti#ity
of a forensi historian or sholar, no person lai%ing the position of %essiah ertainly o#er
the past one thousand years has been able to hold onto the lai% of kno"ledge "ithout
serious raks in redibility.
12.11 Si!ns of messiahs. -isions and dreams

While elestial e#ents, li%ati e#ents and e#en kno"ledge are diffiult to oordinate for
people "anting to lai% the%sel#es as :essiah, #irtually all ultures ha#e aepted drea%s
and #isions as a legiti%ate sign of a person being a legiti%ate :essiah.
12.11.1 The honor and authentiity gi#en to 4rea%s and Gisions

&nlike the present day "here drea%s and F#isionsF are onsidered the ghost of a physiologial
%ahine and nothing %ore, before psyhology #irtually all ultures plaed great honor and
faith in the i%portane of drea%s and #isions.

The 9reat 6rophet :uha%%ad lai%ed the origin of the LuCran fro% #isions and drea% state
through the angels. The 5ible is full of prophets reei#ing their di#ine %ission plan fro%
drea%s and #isions.
12.11.2 The distinguishing features of a legiti%ate #ision and a false #ision

Ef ourse, the diffiulty has al"ays e0isted as to "hat represents a legiti%ate #ision or drea%
of di#ine inter#ention and "hat is a false #ision? The ans"er is there are no si%ple rules.
What one person has lai%ed as a #ision, others ha#e frequently lassed as %adness.
'ertainly this "as the e0periene of )esus, :uha%%ad and %ost people no" historially
reognized as :essiahs of their ulture during their lifeti%e.

*uh reation is understandable. >o one readily aepts a lai% by so%eone else that they
ha#e reei#ed a %essage fro% F9odF or the FangelsF unless they hold so%e offiial orthodo0
position in so%e institution of redibility. The funny thing is that e#er %essiah that has e#er
been historially #alidated into ulture has al"ays been a re#olutionary and FoutsiderF to this
ulture.

There are ho"e#er so%e general signs of a drea%;#ision being legiti%ate o%pared to false7

A1B That the drea% e#okes the i%age of learly holy people interating "ith the
drea%er either in physial for%, or #oie for%M
A2B That the drea%er is a"are that they are ha#ing a drea%8 that is, they are onsious
"ithin the drea%, F= kno" = a% drea%ing, yet this drea% feels real and = a% able to
reflet on this thought "hile still being in the drea%F.
A3B That the drea% indiates so%e di#ine onnetion;%ission of the drea%er
12.11.3 <o" %any drea%s does a %essiah andidate get?

=t is interesting to reflet on the 5ible on just ho" %any di#ine drea%s;#isions so%e prophets
get o%pared to others. 3or so%e, only one drea% is gi#en and that is enough to hange their
li#es. 3or others, they ha#e been blessed "ith se#eral.

9enerally speaking, fe" figures in history ha#e e0periened %ore than a ouple of profound
#isions;drea%s in their life that qualify for the riteria listed abo#e. 3or a person to
e0periene %ore than a ouple is strong indiation of their %essiah qualifiations by
traditional %ethods.
12.11.4 :odern day "itnesses of #ision;drea%s

E#er the past one hundred years that ha#e been only a fe" notable F#isionsF %ost notably
3ati%a and 9arabandal.

The %essage of i%pending disaster allegedly re#ealed at 9arabandal "as repeated, "ith %ore
detail, in Hugosla#ia a deade later. =n )une 1-+1, si0 young people fro% the %ountain #illage
of :edjugorje reportedly enountered :ary near the top of :ount 6odbrdo, a s%all
%ountain loated in entral Hugosla#ia. =n a series of apparitions that still ontinues, but "ith
%uh less frequeny, she reportedly sent a %essage of faith, prayer, fasting, on#ersion and
peae. =n these apparitions :ary said she a%e to bring hu%anity bak to her *onM and
"arned that *atan is espeially ati#e in these ti%es and that it "as neessary to pray
fer#ently and often to "ard off his ad#anes.

4uring the early 1-+.s, :edjugorje bea%e "ell kno"n initially throughout 1urope, "ith
ne"spaper reports in 2e :onde and the 3inanial Ti%esM by the late C+.s it had beo%e
kno"n throughout the "orld. As a result of its gro"ing fa%e, %ore than ten %illion pilgri%s
had #isited it by the tenth anni#ersary of the first apparition. En the tenth anni#ersary,
onflit broke out a%ong the 5osnian *erbs and 'roats. 4espite this onflit, thousands of
pilgri%s still %anage to %ake the dangerous journey to :edjugorje eah year.

3or e0a%ple, at 9arabandal Eur 2ady reportedly stated that the :irale "ill our on a
Thursday e#ening at +73. p.%. A9arabandal ti%eB bet"een the +th and 1$th of either :arh,
April or :ay. The :irale "ill oinide "ith an i%portant e#ent in the 'hurh and on a feast
day of a %artyr of the 1uharist. /ussia "ill finally be on#erted after the :irale ours.
12.12 Si!ns of messiahs. bloodline

Ef all the signs of :essiahs, there is one abo#e %ost others that has been onsidered the %ost
reliable8 the bloodline onnetion of a :essiah to traditional lines of 6rophets and saints.

=n history, four of the %ost fa%ous di#ine bloodlines are7 Abraha%, :oses, 4a#id, )esus and
:uha%%ad.
12.12.1 The 1gyptian bloodlines

6robably the %ost fa%ous and anient of bloodline traditions are the 1gyptian bloodlines.
The 6haraohs of anient 1gypt "ere onsidered FgodsF in their o"n right, but also arrying
the pure blood of di#ine %essengers. *o obsessed "ere 1gyptians in preser#ing and not
diluting this Fpure bloodF onnetion to the 9ods that they frequently %arried their o"n
siblings to ensure no dilution of this onnetion.

5y the ti%e Ale0ander the 9reat and then suessi#e onquerors took ontrol o#er 1gypt,
there is no e#idene of any of the royal bloodlines sur#i#ing in 1gypt. The only historial
reord are those of sur#i#ing royal bloodline desendents fleeing to =reland under the
protetion of the 6riest;King elts.
12.12.2 Abraha%, :oses and King 4a#id

3or )e"s, the %ost fa%ous and i%portant bloodlines are those that are supposed to onnet
Abraha% to :oses and then :oses to King 4a#id. This is the royal bloodline of 6riest;Kings
and the traditional belief that a bloodline has been blessed by 9od to be the :essiahs of the
'hosen 6eople.

*o i%portant is dependeny to be onneted in so%e tangible "ay to this bloodline that the
>e" Testa%ent goes out of its "ay to try to establish a ontinuing blood onnetion "ith
)esus to this traditional bloodline in order to qualify for the strit )udai riteria of :essiah.

The :aabeans, the last 6riest;Kings of )udea before the /o%ans took ontrol, "ere
onsidered legiti%ate and diret desendents of this bloodline. <o"e#er, there is %uh
e#idene to suggest that this bloodline "as lost in the :iddle 1ast during this period and only
in plaes suh as =reland Athe :ilesiansB did this %ost anient and traditional bloodline
ontinue through the 6riest;Kings of =reland at Tara.
12.12.3 The <oly 9rail

The <oly 9rail of fa%ed quests and the Arthur legend and no" %ore reently about the 4a
Gini ode "as itself a ode to desribe one of the oldest and %ost seret beliefs of the early
and late :iddle Ages that )esus did not die on the ross and instead fathered hildren "ho in
turn had desendents fro% "hih all the legiti%ate Kings and Lueens of 1urope "ere
desended.

While /oyal historians frequently soff at suh suggestions, there is signifiant e#idene that
%any royal dynasties of 3rane, 1ngland, *pain and 9er%any took the Fblue bloodF tradition
#ery seriously. :arriage "as not only about politis and retaining po"er, but retaining this
blood line and therefore the legiti%ate ontinuation of 6riest;King status.

That being said, there is no e#idene that suh anient bloodlines of the early fe" enturies of
the 1st %illenniu% ha#e ontinued to hold /oyal po"er. =n %ost ases, it appears that "ar,
disease, arelessness and opportunity has ended any lear link bet"een this seret tradition
and present day royal fa%ilies.
12.12.4 The =rish traditional bloodlines

Today, there are hundreds of fa%ilies in =reland that lai% legiti%ate dependeny fro% the
fa%ed 6riest;Kings suh as 'or%a :a Art and the :ilesians.

Ef all the anient plaes of 1urope and the :iddle 1ast, =reland represents an e0traordinary
plae in that it is the only loation that e0periened legiti%ate %igrations of the %ost anient
1gyptian bloodlines as "ell as the %ost anient )e"ish bloodlines.

>ot"ithstanding the genoide of the 1nglish o#er the enturies, =reland is the only plae on
the histori %ap of bloodlines "here people possessing suh heritage appeared to sur#i#e and
li#e on today.
12.13 0reat positi-e messiahs

=n history, the %ost fa%ous :essiah "ithout question is )esus Fthe 'hristF.

While ultures around the "orld ha#e reorded their o"n :essiahs, no other historial figure
has e#oked %ore history, %ore ontro#ersy and %ore i%pat that )esus 'hrist.
12.13.1 The %essage before the history

*o obsessed "ere early hristians in seeking to legiti%ize e#ery possible sign and proof of
)esus being the true :essiah that the sad legay of hristianity for %ost of its history has been
that the %essage AF"hat )esus saidFB has al"ays been far less i%portant than F"ho )esus
"asF.

1#en today, there are ountless funda%ental hristian preahers "ho ha#e little or no
understanding of the physial "ords )esus is supposed to ha#e spoken, but are fanatial about
prolai%ing all the signs of his di#inity as a legiti%ate %essenger.

That being said, the %essage of )esus has got through and as a result he is alai%ed as one of
the great positi#e %essiahs of hu%an history.
12.14 0reat ne!ati-e messiahs

When "e think of %essiahs, "e are progra%%ed to think of the% in ter%s of positi#es. Het
one of the %ost po"erful figures foretold in :essiah traditions "ithin both the 'hristian and
=sla%i belief syste%s is the o%ing of the Anti8'hrist. While the ter% Anti8'hrist is "ell
kno"n in %odern "estern ulture, the ter% Anti8:essiah is %ore aurate.

=n late 2.th entury thinking and no" at the start of the 21st entury there ha#e been %any
doo%sday ults and "riters prediting the da"n of the ne" %illenniu% "ill spell the birth of
the Anti 'hrist.
12.1$ Testin! for messiahs

:essiah *yndro%e is easy to test. =t is essential to understand "hether a person is suffering
fro% :essiah *yndro%e or not.

2isted belo" is a self8help test and soring syste%. Hour an test yourself or test the results for
so%e other person.

*etion 1Q 'linial 'lassifiation
3irst "e need to define any i%%ediate traits of %essiah syndro%e into linial
lassifiation.
L1. <a#e you e#er felt or do you urrently hate the "ay you are physially and;or
%entally? Z [ Hes A1. pointsB Z [ >o
L2. 4o you feel deeply depressed e#ery fe" %onths follo"ed by great periods of
ati#ity? Z [ Hes A1. pointsB Z [ >o
L3. 4o you feel the "orld doesnCt understand you and you are frustrated beause of
their ignorane? Z [ Hes A1. pointsB Z [ >o
L4. 4o you drea% of your o"n greatness and your o"n "orld "here you are the
supre%e being and e#erything is set before you? Z [ Hes A1. pointsB Z [ >o
L!. 4o you feel ut off fro% the "orld and ha#e been or are thinking of suiide or
infliting pain? Z [ Hes A2. pointsB Z [ >o
L$. 4o you so%eti%es feel hate for the "orld and hate for others? Z [ Hes A2. pointsB Z [
>o
L(. 4o you feel people are trying to kill you or stop you? Z [ Hes A3. pointsB Z [ >o
L+. 4o you so%eti%es hear #oies and reei#e %essages? Hes A4. pointsB >o
Aontinue to L4B
L-. 4o you belie#e you ha#e so%e di#ine destiny and purpose to sa#e the "orld? Hes
A4. pointsB >o Aontinue to L4B
L1.. 4o you belie#e you ha#e so%e di#ine destiny and purpose to spread and teah
so%e di#ine %essage? Hes A4. pointsB >o Aontinue to L4B
L11. 4o you onsider yourself to be a %essiah? Hes A+. pointsB >o Aontinue to L4B
L12. 4o you onsider yourself to be the %essiah? the one anointed and prophesied?
Hes A+. pointsB >o Aontinue to L4B
<o" to sore the test

Against eah question of the test is a total %ark for the ans"er you hoose as "ell as the
lassifiation type AA.5.' 1T'B of type of syndro%e trait. At the end, total up your sore and
re#ie" the result.
12.1& The )2,75,8 model and messiahs

5y the &'A4=A> %odel, all people possess the hidden "isdo% of the *E2 ode "ithin e#ery
ell of their bodies. This "isdo% enables any person to onnet to the absolute "ith the need
for gurus or %essiahs.

6ut si%ply, there is absolutely no need for %essiahs. >one, not one. =n other "ords, this
should represent the end of the tradition of seeking out and looking for %essiahs as e#ery
person has the sa%e gift.
12.1$.1 The author is no %essiah

As suh, the &'A4=A> %odel rejets the need for the ontinuation of the tradition of
%essiahs. =n addition, the &'A4=A> %odel absolutely rejets the Author 3rank EC'ollins as
e#er being lai%ed a :essiah.

*uh lai%s are unfounded and ontradit the #ery fabri of this site and the &'A4=A>
%odel. Any suh lai% laid against the author are totally false and shall be #igorously
hallenged for orretion.
12.1" (essiah syndrome

A pheno%ena #irtually ne#er spoken about in publi is the hundreds of thousands of %en and
"o%en around the "orld "ho belie#e in their hearts and %inds that they are the one true
%essiah, o%e to redee% the "orld.

This self8belief is usually %anifested through the assoiated ions of the ulture to "hih the
person "as born. =n the ase of 'hristian ultures, it is the belief by a person that they are
)esus 'hrist, or :ary. =n the ase of =sla% or )udais%, it is the belief of a person in being the
reinarnation of a great prophet.
12.1(.1 There are too %any people to si%ply all this just delusion

While %any thousands of unhappy souls ha#e found the%sel#es o%%itted to psyhiatri
linis and prisons around the "orld, an equal nu%ber of people still %anage to funtion
"ithin soiety, %asking their true personal beliefs. *o%e, oasionally %anage to grab the
reins of po"er of a religion or soiety only to "reak ha#o.

The point is that there are si%ply too %any hu%ans that ha#e li#ed and "ho are ali#e today to
onsider the D%essiah o%ple0P, so%e psyhologial delusional disorder.
12.1(.2 The great trapQ the poisoned enlightened %ind

=t is the belief of the author that the D%essiah o%ple0P is a deliberate progra% "ithin the
%ind designed to totally disable any %ind seeking greater enlighten%ent and understanding
of self.

Ene stu%bled upon, it poisons --.---N of enlightened %inds to think of the%sel#es as
better, greater, higher, %ore unique than others. A perfet trap, a terrible legay of the gods.
12.1(.3 3untion of %essiah syndro%e

The funtion of the :essiah syndro%e is both foused and unrelentingQ to deny the
indi#idual the ability to really understand great kno"ledge and "isdo% they ha#e aquired
and to shut the% off fro% being aligned in the present %o%ent.
*o po"erful is the %essiah syndro%e that "hen ati#ated it "ill largely pre#ent a person fro%
objeti#ely seeing their position and state%ents. :essiah syndro%e is kind of like being
possessed.
12.1(.4 Erigins of %essiah syndro%e

Traditional "estern ultures possess a rypti tradition of kno"ledge pointing to the origin of
the :essiah *yndro%e as a kind of inner8blindness.

The 9nosti tradition talks of a deliberate blindness reated in the %inds of the first hu%ans
being our reator Athe godsB. *o%e ultures e#en talk of this as a kind of De#il seedP or
Doriginal sinP.

3urther lues are pro#ided in %ainstrea% judeo8isla%i8hristian tradition of the story of the
garden of 1den and the Dhubris of %ankindP being to belie#e itself being equal to 9od.

Thus the onept of :essiah syndro%e in one sense Abelie#ing yourself a DgodPB is listed in
plain site as a ore part of the ultural tradition of judeo8isla%i8hristian thought.
12.1# Si!ns of messiah syndrome

The %anifestation of the :essiah syndro%e in all its for%s Agood or badB "ith a person
%anifests in tell8tale signs that an be properly identified one understood.

These signature patterns of %essiah syndro%e an be quikly and easily identified if you
kno" "hat youRre looking for.

A1B The person seeks to plae the%sel#es abo#e othersM
A2B The person is obsessed in astrology and history in seeking to raise their birth as a
%o%ent of histori signifianeM
A3B The person lai%s the%sel#es to be a %essiah, or a spirit guide, earth angel or
ha#ing a speial gift abo#e othersM
A4B The person seeks to ha#e disiples or follo"ers around "ho "orship the% and their
"ords.
12.1* (essiah syndrome and inner %onfli%t

The :essiah *yndro%e is a diret ontributor to the state of inner onflit e0periene by
#irtually e#ery person during their li#es at so%e point.

Hou donCt ha#e to think youCre a %essiah to e0periene :essiah syndro%e. 3or %ost of us, it
is the "ish and desire to be Fabo#e othersF, to be greater than the rest8 to ha#e so%e di#ine
signifiane.
12.20 (essiah syndrome and mental illness

&pon loser inspetion a ase an be %ade that :essiah syndro%e aount for si0ty perent
of %ental illness that %anifests after hildhood.
Apart fro% the hundreds of thousands of people linially diagnosed as suffering %essiah
beliefs, traes of the effet of the %essiah syndro%e an be seen in people suffering paranoid
delusion, shizophrenia, narissis%, bi8polar A%ani8depressi#eB and body8i%age disorders.

=n #irtually all of these ases, the inability to treat and ure the effets of the %essiah
syndro%e as "ell as refleted he%ial in balanes an e0plain general poor le#els of %ental
rehabilitation.
12.2..1 'linial analysis

The %ost ob#ious ausal link bet"een the %essiah syndro%e and %ental illness is those
people "ho lai% to be %essiahs, gurus, sha%ans.

=n so%e ultures, these people are per%itted to pratie and are re#ered. =n %odern "estern
ultures, indi#iduals outside of a strong support base are often institutionalized.

=n The &nited *tates and leading "estern ountries, there e0ists today tens of thousands of
people institutionalized "ho belie#e the%sel#es to be the :essiah.
12.2..2 *hizophrenia

=n reent years %uh has been done to seek to define and de8%ystify the %ental illness of
*hizophrenia =t is no" understood that there are a "ide #ariety and deeper le#els of afflition
of shizophrenia fro% %ild Abelief in hearing #oiesB to se#ere Aseparate personality disorderB.

At the heart of the disease are fores "ithin the %ind seeking to keep the %ind separate and
in onflit. This is the tell tale signature of the :essiah syndro%e.
*upporting the argu%ent of the e0istene of the %essiah syndro%e as part of the pri%ary
ause of shizophrenia is the relationship bet"een the illness and the %ental beha#iour of the
person affeted.

The disease often only e%erges after the teenage years.
12.2..3 >arissis%;soiopathy

The soiopath, the narissist "ho loks hi%self or herself a"ay fro% the "orld is a lassi
e0a%ple of the %essiah syndro%e in %anifestation.

The %ost frustrating proble% for psyhologists studying soiopathi serial killers is not ho"
different they are, but ho" nor%al their routine interation and beha#iour.

What has ne#er been fully understood is that the soiopath is by their nature narissisti and
"ithin the%sel#esQ %essiah of their o"n uni#erse and at "ill, a god "ith the po"er o#er life
and death. The :essiah syndro%e does not %anifest itself in these people in the for%
"hereby they belie#e the%sel#es to be )esus 'hrist, but usually that they are %asters of their
o"n uni#erse.
12.2..4 5ipolar A%ani depressionB

The %ani depressi#e is so%eone "ho "hen they are up an hange the "orld and "hen they
are do"n, a shado"s in the orner of a darkened roo%. =n reent years, the disease has been
gi#en the na%e FbipolarF.

A o%%on trait of bipolar as a %ore ati#e than Fnor%alF internal #oie. This is so%eti%es
also desribed as i%agination. Girtually e#ery great sientist, poet, painter, %usiian,
sulptor, genius and in#entor that has e#er li#ed and "ho has e#er been reognized ha#e also
been diagnosed "ith bipolar.

*uh orrelations is rarely publily disussed e0ept in oblique referenes suh as F%ad
sientistF or Fartisti beha#iourF.

There is a%ply e#idene to suggest that the %essiah syndro%e is a %ajor fator if not the
dri#ing fator behind bipolar disorder.
12.21 (essiah syndrome and e-il bein!s

En deeper refletion it is possible to establish a diret onnetion bet"een the operation of a
de#eloped :essiah syndro%e and e#il beha#iour.

The belief of a person in the%sel#es being greater Agood or badB than others is by definition a
onsious separation fro% the rest of hu%anity.

Without onnetion, suh a person has no e%pathy. Without e%pathy a person %ay o%%it
terrible ri%es and atroities against other li#ing beings. =ndeed, a person "ith a highly
de#eloped ase of :essiah syndro%e Agood or badB %ay atually rejoie in infliting suh e#il.
12.21.1 3unda%entalist terroris%

A reent feature of %odern funda%entalist terroris% is the ra#ish%ent of the broadast and
spread of e#il and the quazi8elebrity nature of suh horrendous ats.
12.21.2 1go

There is no question that the :essiah syndro%e one ati#ated is a pri%ary input into a
persons ego and in partiular to the fraturing nature that %ay our "ith sense of self.

The effet of hearing t"o #oies, beyond %erely he%ial i%balanes an be diretly
attributed to the effets of the %essiah syndro%e, often brought on by unregulated
halluinated refletion.

&nstrutured deep refletion an trigger it "ithout being adequately prepared for this
onsequenes.
12.21.3 *elf8hate

There is no question that at the heart of the supre%ely de#eloped %essiah syndro%e is a
hidden ore of self8hate.
*o tightly bound is this onstrut that initially to a person suffering the %essiah syndro%e,
suh a state%ent appears ludirous. *uperfiially, the essene of the :essiah syndro%e
appears to be a persons narissisti o#er8belief in their o"n i%portane.

Het the effet of a gro"ing :essiah syndro%e is this hidden ore of self8hate and self8
loathing. 1#en a guru has to look at the%sel#es in the %irror so%eti%es and at a point of
honest refletion te%porarily rise abo#e the%sel#es to see the onsequenes of their o"n
ations.
12.21.4 :urder and soiopathi beha#iour

To kill you %ust be detahed fro% yourselfQ to silene e%pathy fro% those you hurt. =n order
to be in suh a state of %ind, the indi#idual needs to be nu%bed fro% being in the present
%o%entQ to be distrated fro% "hat really is and instead fi0ated on "hat is in their heads.

Hou donRt ha#e to out"ardly e0hibit lai%s of being a %essiah. Hou an fantasize about in
your o"n %ind and think about being the Dgod "ithin your o"n %indP. This is often quite
o%%on "ith people "ho suffer passi#e8aggressi#e personality i%balane "here their
out"ardly they appear "eak and non threatening, thinly #eiling a deep rage and :essiah
o%ple0 "ithin their o"n %ind.
12.22 , %ure for messiah syndrome

=n ter%s of finding a ure to %essiah syndro%e, there is no lear "ay to eli%inate a progra%
so tightly "o#en into the 6*H A%indB of being hu%an. What is lear that one identified its
effets an be neutralized through areful %anage%ent.
12.22.1 6hase?18 identifiation you are suffering effets of %essiah syndro%e

The first and %ost i%portant first step in neutralizing the %essiah syndro%e is to ad%it you
are suffering fro% it. This is also the %ost diffiult phase to o%%ene as %any people "ho
are suffering e0tre%ely ati#e %essiah syndro%e effets are usually the last people to ad%it
they ha#e a proble%.

The leader of a ult, a guru to TG sho" host, a sientist or artist are unlikely to openly ad%it
they are suffering any effet of %essiah syndro%e.
12.22.2 6hase ?28identifiation of the beha#ioral patterns of %essiah syndro%e

The seond part of eli%inating the effets of the %essiah syndro%e is to identify and
understand the onsistent beha#ioral patterns of the %essiah syndro%e.
12.23 The a"areness of being hu%an and %ore

The "hole purpose of literally e#ery page on this "eb site is to try and sho" that to be hu%an
is to be the e%bodi%ent of e#ery drea% of the uni#erse8 to be the absolute and to e0periene
the uniqueness of life in a super8sensiti#e physial for%.

To be hu%an is to be unique and inredibly speial in the uni#erse. To be hu%an is greater
than any god. And this is "here the per#ersity of the %essiah syndro%e is laid bare to see.
12.23.1 The %essiah %essage Fyou are %ore than just hu%anF

The :essiah *yndro%e "hispers into the ear of the genius, the reati#e Fyou are %ore than
just hu%anF. Het to be hu%an =* to be %ore.

What the :essiah *yndro%e is really trying to do is get a person lose to unloking self
kno"ledge to deliberately set the%sel#es apart fro% others, to find reason to raise the%sel#es
abo#e others.

Ene self kno"ledge is i%%ersed in intelletual and spiritual arrogane, %uh of its po"er
and #alue is negated. =ts like lea#ing orange juie out in the *un8 its destroys the Gita%in '
%oleules.

En the one hand, the :essiah *yndro%e appears to be paying a o%ple%ent to oneself Fyou
are the oneF. Het in reality, the %essage is t"isted and re#ersed fro% the truth of the
situation8 you are already unique and speial 51'A&*1 you are hu%an.
12.24 The awareness of bein! more than a messiah

>o satisfied "ith per#erting our perspeti#e on the #alue of being hu%an, "hen faed "ith
hallenge, the :essiah *yndro%e tries one %ore desperate %o#e8 the lai% of the #oie of
di#ine 8Fyou are a li#ing godF.
12.24.1 The ridiulous beha#iour of :essiah *yndro%e in lai%ing god status

Again, the :essiah *yndro%e sho"s its li%itations and sope "hen faed "ith the po"erful
kno"ledge of &'A. The :essiah *yndro%e an only e0tend itself to the lai% of being 9od. =t
has no "as of proessing and t"isting the idea of being the absolute in the onte0t of life being
a drea%.

The %odel of &'A already sho"s ho" a person an be both a unique hu%an being and part of
the absolute and the absolute personified. Hou "ould e0pet then the :essiah *yndro%e to be
happy "ith suh re#elations, but it is not.

The lai% by the inner #oie of a persons Fgod statusF is all about still trying to loud and
blind a person fro% the "isdo% and kno"ledge "ithin. The last thing the :essiah *yndro%e
needs is a %ethod to #alidate that suh a state%ent is thinking too s%all.

5elie#ing you are god in this %odern "orld is supposed to put you in a position "here you
%ay be diagnosed "ith a %ental illness. To the :essiah *yndro%e, suh a result "ould be
F%ission ao%plishedF and a good slap on the bak for "ell done.

The e0planation that the parado0 of &'A atually %eans a person an be both a hu%an being,
a %e%ber of the uni#erse and the e%bodi%ent of the uni#erse doesnCt help the :essiah
*yndro%e.
12.24.2 The po"erful la"s of the :essiah *yndro%e
*ay to an inredible artist you are the absolute and %ore, beause you are hu%an and they
%ay s%ile. *ay it to a guru or ult leader and they %ay look perple0ed.

The :essiah *yndro%e is so po"erful, its la"s an stay in the %ind for life. 9reat and
pro%ising sientists an beo%e arrogant and so%eti%es fores of darkness instead of good
thanks to the :essiah *yndro%e.
12.2$ 8o more messiahs

The "orld does not need any%ore %essiahs.

=t is ti%e for the hain of historial %essiahs to end and for indi#iduals hu%ans to beo%e
a"aken to their o"n inredible abilities.

>o person has the right to stand bet"een another and the absolute. >o indi#idual an say or
teah you any greater "isdo% than that "hih is lying dor%ant "ithin the ells of eah and
e#ery one of us.
13. 'S/01S. lo!os of mind
13.1 , %omplete model of mind

As the hapter :ind and self outlined, the hu%an %ind is a o%ple0 "orld, "ith %any #isible
and in#isible influenes, proesses and beha#iour.

=n so%e respets, the hu%an %ind shares o%%on traits of all self8a"are triple neural
net"ork lifefor%s, espeially pri%ates. We share lose bonds "ith fa%ilies and others "e see
as o%patible. We rejet those "e see as not o%patible.

The beha#iour of %any ani%al speies are repeated in general hu%an beha#iour. 6reening is
an e0ellent e0a%ple of a beha#iour that %any ani%al speies share in o%%on. 5ad te%per
e%otions and #iolene are also traits shared aross %any of the pri%ate groups, espeially
hu%an beings and hi%panzees.

We are %ore than just beha#iour.

Het you are %ore than just a su% of beha#iour. and progra%s. Hou ha#e unique feelings,
unique thoughts and drea%s as "ell as e0perienes. =n pre#ious hapters "e ha#e also seen
ho" people, soiety and belief syste%s affet ho" "e think, drea% and see the "orld.

The need for a o%plete %odel of %ind

What is %issing is a o%plete %odel of %ind. *o%ething that puts all the different piees
together in a struture that %akes sense. This is "hat "e hope to ahie#e in this setion.
13.2 The benefit of e?perien%e

E#er the past one hundred and fifty years, the olleti#e reord of hu%an e0periene
onerning the %ind has e0ploded in #olu%es of %aterial, theories, data and ase studies.
There are literally %illions of pages of interesting infor%ation onerning e0periene of the
hu%an %ind, beha#iour, onditions and analysis.

The benefit of psyhology

The for%ation of the siene of psyhology has assisted tre%endously in the e%pirial
lassifiation of this infor%ation by ertain ategories and theories.

<u%anity no" kno"s a great deal about the hu%an %ind and hu%an nature. 6rediti#e
beha#iour %odeling has no" beo%e a legiti%ate area of study "ith suffiient data a#ailable
to %ake logial preditions of likely hu%an beha#iour under ertain e#ents and ertain
fators.

The au%ulati#e e0periene of psyhology has taken great strides to"ards the treat%ent of
%ental illness and onditions, "ith a %uh greater understanding as to the %oti#es that dri#e
us all to do "hat "e do.

*eparating the e0periene fro% the theories

While it has often been in the pursuit of justifying a ertain theory that so%e of the greatest
e0periene breakthroughs ha#e taken plae in ter%s of the hu%an %ind, it is also possible to
onsider this total e0periene as separate to the %odels and theories of psyhology.

The separation of e0periene fro% theories, frees the hains of this "isdo% to ne" light and
potential ne" thinking.
13.3 The in%omplete model of psy%holo!y

While it is to psyhology that "e o"e a great debt for the rigorous olletion of e0periene on
the hu%an %ind and nature, the theories and %odels of psyhology the%sel#es are
ino%plete.

=n %any ases, psyhology is not a ohesi#e disipline but ontinues to e0ist as #arious
Fshools of thoughtF to "hih a pratitioner hooses to align the%sel#es. These shools of
thought the%sel#es originate fro% a pioneering philosopher suh as <usserl, 3reud, )ung
and :aslo".

>or has it been that one shool of thought has al"ays do%inated, rather different shools of
thought ha#e had different periods of popularity and opponents.

4espite popular lai%s to the ontrary, 6syhology does not yet ha#e a o%plete nor
unani%ous %odel of the hu%an %ind8 the #ery thing that the disipline is supposed to
address. =nstead the #arious shools of thought ha#e o%peting theories, %odels, diagnosis
and treat%ents.
13.3.1 'o%%on treat%ent does not equal a %odel

=n defene, psyhology and psyhiatry has de#eloped an i%pressi#e history of ase study,
%ethods and obser#ations on hu%an beha#iour and the ause and effet of #arious
treat%ents of assorted %ental disorders.
=n fairness, it is to this history bank of %ostly reputable ase study and %ethodology that
qualified psyhiatrists and psyhologists refer "hen treating patients.

9i#en there are tens of thousands of qualified psyhologists in the "orld, %illions of people
"ho ha#e been treated and tens of %illions of pages of ase notes on file around the "orld, the
pre#ailing %aterial is at first both i%pressi#e and see%ingly "ithout gra#e fault.

Het ase history of follo"ing the sa%e #ariety of %ethods, does not equate to the e0istene of a
o%prehensi#e %odel of %ind. =t is not the sa%e thing, nor an it be rationally seen as e#en
o%parable.

What ase history is, is a history of FtestingF theories and their effet. )ust beause a ertain
%ethod suh as eletro8shok therapy has been used before "ith %i0ed results, doesnCt %ean
it is a ure or e#en ethial and hu%ane.

There is no pre#ailing, indisputable o%plete %odel of %ind upon "hih psyhiatry and
psyhology is based, only o%peting theories.
13.4 The flaws and dan!ers of modern psy%holo!y

A nu%ber of serious fla"s and dangers e0ist in the ontinuing gro"th and faith in
psyhologial theories that are based on ino%plete %odels.

While a theory %ay purport to pro#ide ans"ers that appear initially to be fatually based and
solidly supported by e0peri%ental data, all psyhologial a0io%s are funda%entally fla"ed as
all are based on ino%plete assu%ptions.

3or a theory to be soundly based, its assu%ptions %ust by definition pro#ide a le#el of
o%pleteness and uni#ersality. The narro"er the onditions, the narro"er the appliation and
auray of the theory.

:aking onlusions on unsound judg%ents

Ene of the %ost o%%on and fla"ed praties of %odern psyhology is the use of sur#eys and
inter#ie" tehniques to ondut Fintelligene testingF and Fpersonality testingF.

Girtually e#ery single %ajor orporation and organisation on planet 1arth no" e%ploys
psyhologists to ondut sur#eys of its key staff to test their intelligene and personality traits
against the require%ents of the business and the role.

:ost ne" job appliants in de#eloped ountries no" ha#e to undergo one or %ore
psyhologial profile tests as part of their appliation for a ne" job.

The proble% "ith these %ethods is that they lead to judg%ents on "hat is an e0tre%ely
narro" base on infor%ation and pre8set theories.

6ro#iding ad#ie and analysis follo"ing a shool of thought
While personality and intelligene testing is one thing, assessing and treating indi#iduals on
the basis of the assu%ed auses of personality disorders is an entirely different and e#en %ore
dangerous pratie.

=n %ost de#eloped ountries, it is no" standard pratie to ha#e a psyhologial profile report
taken of a defendant during their trial proeedings. As a result, in the last three deades, the
nu%ber of ases "here the defendant "as either ruled not guilty by reason of se#ere %ental
illness or ha#ing di%inished responsibility beause of a psyhoti episode has steadily risen.

FThe insanity defenseF is seen no" as a legiti%ate ourse for la"yers to take on behalf of their
lients in ases of partiular barbarity and depra#ity. 6opular TG sho"s %ake %uh of the
per#ersity of %urderers see%ing to get off lightly by pleading di%inished responsibility
beause of their %ental state.

While %ental illness is a %ajor ontributing fator to ri%e, there are signifiant fla"s is in
onluding just beause an indi#idual thinks they are )esus 'hrist "hile they buther an
innoent person they are not ognizant of "hat is right and "hat is "rong. There are a
handful of ontro#ersial theorists Aonsidered heretis by the psyhologial o%%unityB that
ha#e argued %any serial killers and rapists atually e0periene a heightened state of
ognizane during their e#il ats.

=n other "ords, not only did they kno" "hat they "ere doing, understand learly that it "as
"rong, but they "ere perfetly luid and al% to onsider the forensi i%pliations of any
ri%e sene. As any nor%al person "ould reall, "hen onfronted by a threat or danger,
adrenalin starts pu%ping, breathing and heart speed up and in a fe" %inutes your hands an
start to literally shake.

There is also ontro#ersial e#idene to suggest that one ondition AThe :essiah *yndro%eB
%ight be a pri%al and underlying ontributing fator to #irtually e#ery %ajor linial
ondition of %ental illness. =f this is e#entually pro#en to be true, then it "ould represent one
of the %ost i%portant breakthroughs in the treat%ent of %ental illness in hu%an history.

The %adness of orthodo0y

=n ahie#ing its ulti%ate ai% to be a respeted and reognized siene, psyhology has no"
o%e full irle to represent in %any respets the orthodo0y it tried so hard to hallenge.

=n %any leading enters of learning around the "orld, philosophy depart%ents and
psyhology depart%ents ha#e beo%e like #irtual %edie#al astles of opposing #ie"s and
debate.

*o strongly and jealously are traditions and beliefs of these institutions proteted that any
ne" idea is either ignored or deliberately set upon to eli%inate it as a threat.

To FkillF the past, and lai% a the ne" F9odlessF ground

While lai%ing FtraditionF Aorthodo0yB and dubious influential %ehanis%s as testing as
so%eho" sientifi, psyhology has gone one step further. =t has staked its lai% of entrane
into the league of siene in being the Fgod killerF of the %ind by eli%inating all notion of
soul.
The %ajority of %odern psyhologists and psyhiatrists approah the %ind as a kind of Fghost
in the %ahineF, a byprodut of the physial "orkings of the brain and hu%an body.

=n partiular, drea%s ha#e lost their %ystial and any referene to supernatural FonnetionF
to the other side to represent "orkingCs of the %ahine. 3inally, in the "orks of %any of the
gods of psyhology, the soul is e0posed as a fraud, a folk tale, so%ething that has no basis in
siene.

*o "hile the %ethods of psyhology and psyhiatry are dubious, its anti8religious redentials
annot be questioned. =t is probably on this point %ore than any other that the estee%ed
brother and sister sienes of %athe%atis, physis, he%istry et relutantly aepted
psyhology and psyhiatry into their lub8 for a see%ing po"erful ally they ha#e in a group so
fierely deter%ined to rid siene, a"areness, soul and spirituality fro% the hu%an %ind as
psyhologists and psyhiatrists.
13.$ The need for a better model of mind

'learly, there is a desperate need for better %odels of %ind other than those based on the
se0ual drea%s of frustrated %arried Austrian "o%en A3reudB and other dubious %odels of
%ind.

What is needed is a lear and linial #ie" of %ind that inorporates the understandings that
ha#e been outlined and disussed throughout the journey of self and the journey of &'A.

That the hu%an %ind has ertain predisposed skills and funtions.

That the hu%an %ind is interrelated to other le#els of a"areness.

That the %ind is not si%ply the ghost in the %ahine, but part of a greater onnetion to all
things.

6syhology and psyhiatry ha#e ruled the%sel#es out as being redee%able, gi#en their
obsession in eli%inating anything that s%aks of the "orkings of a"areness, of drea%s and
%ind as ha#e a legiti%ate parallel e0istene.

Enly "hen "e ha#e a better %odel of %ind an "e begin to gro" up fro% hildish diagnosis
and analysis and really start to address hu%an %ind disorders and %isalign%ents.
13.& 'S/01S
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2. <onesty
3. 'onsisteny
4. 1nthusias%
!. 'o%passion
$. 'heerfulness
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1. = a% a"are and #alue all = no" see
2. = speak truthfully of "hat = see
3. = "ish to do "hat = to be done
4. = feel all feelings
!. = feel your feelings
$. = feel the feelings of life as one
=>T1/>A2
1. = kno" "ho = a%,
2. = kno" "hat = a%
3, = kno" "here = a%
4. = kno" "hy = a%
!. = kno" "hat is
$. = kno" "hat "ill be "ill be
1IT1/>A2
1. = feel a"are and #alue all = no" see
2. = feel "hat = speak
3, = feel o%plete to being aligned
4. = feel all feelings
!. = feel your feelings
$. = feel the feelings of life as one
13.1# 'S/S3T
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14. +101S. %ommon sense of mind
14.1 The onept of 2ogos

1arlier "e disussed the 6ri%e =dea of 2ogi, the syste% of thinking, ategorization and
argu%ent reated o#er t"o and a half thousand years ago. We also disussed ho" this pri%e
idea of thinking, rules of lassifiation and argu%ent underpins al%ost the entire struture of
hu%an kno"ledge and eduation on 1arth.
We no" see learly that there are other %ethods of thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent that
e0ist, suh as %ulti8#aleny. That real "ord e0a%ples point to"ard the onept of %ulti8
#alane AFe#erything is a %atter of degreeFB as being a %ore preise %odel of thinking,
lassifiation and argu%ent than logi.

<o"e#er, "ithout an alternati#e for%al syste% of thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent to
onsider, the obser#ations of %ulti8#aleny do not neessarily pro#ide substantial benefit.

2E9E* therefore is a for%al syste% of absolutes, thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent that
represents the funda%ental absolutes, thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent syste% of &'A
and the &ni#erse.

The "ord 2ogos is used to define this for%al syste% in respet to the original %eanings of the
"ord and its heritage as the basis upon "hih the "ord FlogiF "as reated. As suh 2ogos
preedes the "ord 2ogi. 4.-.1 The struture of 2E9E*

The struture of 2E9E*

2E9E* is based upon a series of state%ents of relationships bet"een the 6ri%us 4ACs alled
the FAbsolute 4=ACsF "ith pri%us %eaning FfirstF and 4=A representing the %eaning of a
Fstate%ent onstruted of t"o or %ore 4ACsF.

A founding priniple of 2E9E* is that these relationships bet"een 6ri%us 4A do not hange
under any iru%stane. As suh they represent a sent of onstant Fpri%e ideasF.

The Absolute 4=ACs are then di#ided into ategories, aording to their speifi referene in
respet of reation and %eaning7

1. &'A4=A 8 The 'onstant 6ri%e =deas based around the pri%e idea of &'A
2. &>=4=A8 The 'onstant 6ri%e =deas based around the pri%e idea of the &ni#erse
3. 'E/4=A8 The 'onstant 6ri%e =deas based around the pri%e idea of life.

We "ill outline the ategories of &>=4=A and 'E/4=A later in the book, after "e ha#e
outlined a nu%ber of onepts. <o"e#er, "e ha#e disussed enough to outline the first
ategory of Absolute 4=ACs8 the &'A4=A7

5y pro#iding pratial e0a%ples of the priniples of 2ogos in %otion, "e hope that these
priniples "ill beo%e %ore fa%iliar and potentially useful for the readerCs o"n appliations.
14.2 The e.2ast 'rime )ni-ersal 2onstants. The 'rimus 7,Bs

=n disussing a"areness and &'A A&nique 'olleti#e A"arenessB in pre#ious hapter, "e
used a nu%ber of i%portant onepts used in desribing the origin and funtion of the
&nique 'olleti#e A"areness A&'AB, na%ely

e0istene non8e0istene
is is not
nothing
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As you an see, this list of onepts is different to the list of 6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onstants
outlined so far. Therefore "e use a different set of "ords to separate this list fro% the list of
6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onstants that underpin other %odels. We all these onepts the 6/=:&*
4A, in respet of their funda%ental purpose and nature in respet to e0istene and reation.

6ri%us stands for first, Fpri%eF, "hile 4A stands for a sy%boli %eaning A a onept attahed
to a sy%bol, and;or "ordsB.

*i%ilar to the understanding of the funtion of 6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onstants, 6ri%us 4ACs
underpin the 6ri%e =dea "e ter% &'A A&ni#ersal 'olleti#e A"arenessB.
A1B The 6ri%us 4A of =*8>ET

=s8not is defined as the pri%ary and absolute non8idea that defines the boundary of =* and
itself. Anything that is, is and %ust neessarily e0ist "ithin the bounds of =*. =*8>ET shall
al"ays re%ain a non8idea, for if it "ere to be realised, then =*8>ET "ould then by definition
beo%e part of =*, by #irtue of being an idea. 88]=*
A2B The 6ri%us 4A of =*

=s is defined as the pri%ary absolute realizable idea of e0istene of all that e0ists no",
inluding all that e0isted at so%e pre#ious %o%ent AWA*B and all that o%es into e0istene
in the near present and future A51B. 88]=41A
A3B The 6ri%us 4A of =41A

The s%allest unit of thought or :1A>=>9, the ele%entary onstituent of beliefs or
assertions. 88]:1A>=>9
A4B The 6ri%us 4A of :1A>=>9

The sense, inferene, ideaAsB, onnotation, referene and or denotation i%plied by a grouping
of sy%bols to for% a unique o%bination, nor%ally arranged aording to defined rules.
88]/&21* E3 :1A>=>9 A1I=*T1>'1B
A!B The 6ri%us 4A of >ET<=>9
>othing is defined as the pri%ary realizable idea of =*8>ET => A'T=E>, "ithout nu%ber,
quantity nor #alue "ithin the boundaries of =*. >othing, by definition is the purest idea in
that it is the only idea that defines only itself. <o"e#er, as nothing re%ains a realizable idea,
nothing is also so%ething8 pure endless realizable idea. >othing, therefore is also the pri%ary
uni#ersal 6A/A4EI. >othing also defines the uni#ersal %ini%u%. 88]:=>=:&:
88]*E:1T<=>9
A$B The 6ri%us 4A of A5*E2&T1

Absolute is defined as the largest possible onept of all things o%bining into one thing.
Absolute is defined as a %a0i%u%. 88]:AI=:&:
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A(B The 6ri%us 4A of 6A/A4EI

A belief or assertion that states A J not8A to so%e degree, thereby resulting in the inability for
a state%ent to be %ade that is 1..N true or false.
A+B The 6ri%us 4A of 1I=*T1>'1

That "hih is the self realizable and self a"are idea "ithin =*. The differene to >ET<=>9
and 1I=*T1>'1 is defined by e0istene AaB self a"areness of the idea and AbB the idea ha#ing
for% in di%ension.
A-B The 6ri%us 4A of &>=L&1 'E221'T=G1 AWA/1>1**

The priniple a"areness of =* that it =* "hat is and all it "as and an be. As suh, a"areness
is defined as uni#ersal, non loational and olleti#e at the sa%e ti%e. 88]*123 AWA/1>1**
The appliation of these onepts A6ri%us 4ACsB throughout this te0t

The 6ri%us 4A as defined abo#e are ruial onept definitions to enable the proper
understanding of the %odel &'A8 &ni#ersal 'olleti#e A"areness.

*i%ilar to ho" 6ri%e &ni#ersal 'onepts enable pri%e ideas and rules of lassifiation to be
de#eloped, the 6ri%us 4ACs enable pri%e ideas to be reated and relationships to be
established. The first and %ost i%portant Fpri%e ideaF assoiated "ith &'A based upon the
6ri%us 4ACs stated abo#e, is the 6ri%e =dea of F2E9E*F.
14.3 TC3 )2,75,

The &'A4=A are state%ents that are self8#erifying. They are state%ents that are orret in all
situations on A22 appliations. As suh, they are the first priniples of &'A7

=nfinite =* Ano" %o%entB =nfinite >ET<=>9
=nfinite =* >ET =nfinite &'A
=nfinite =>3=>=T1 =nfinite A5*E2&T1
A1B =>3=>=T1 =* Ano" %o%entB
1. =* =* =* =* =* =* 0 +
A2B =>3=>=T1 =* >ET
1. =* >ET =* >ET =* >ET 0 +
A3B =>3=>=T1 =>3=>=T1
1. =>3=>=T1 =* =>3=>=T1 =* 0 +
A4B =>3=>=T1 >ET<=>9

1. =* >ET =* no8 T<=>9 0 +
2. >o8T<=>9 =* so%e8T<=>9 0 +
3. so%e8T<=>9 =* e0istene 0 +
4. e0istene =* e#ery T<=>9 0 +

!. e#ery T<=>9 =* A5*E2&T1 0 + $. A5*E2&T1 =* >othing 0 +
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A!B =>3=>=T1 =41A
1. >othing =* =dea 0 +
2. =dea =* A"areness 0 +
3. A"areness =* 10istene
4. 10istene =* :atter of degree
!. :atter of degree =* 1#erything $. 1#erything =* &nique 'olleti#e A"areness
A!B =>3=>=T1 :ET=E>
1. &'A =* %otion
2. %otion =* fluid Ae#ery hangingB
3. fluid Ae#er hangingB =* thought
4. Thought =* a"areness in %otion
!. A"areness in %otion =* %atter of degree Arelati#eB 0 + $. :atter of degree =*
Absolutely unique
A$B =>3=>=T1 &'A
1. Absolutely &nique =* &nique 'olleti#e A"areness
2. &'A =* 2ife 0 +
3. 2ife =* 'reation 0 +
4. 'reation =* e0istene 0 +
!. 10istene =* #erifiation Arelati#eB 0 +
$. #erifiation =* pereption
(. pereption =* e#erything
+. >othing =* absolute about life
-. =%portant =* life not ti%e
14.4 TC3 171S
14.4.1 The seond layer of struture of 2E9E*8 the priniples of thinking, argu%ent and
lassifiation based upon the Absolute 4=A8 The 9enesis =41A*

Through the relationships established in the three ategories of Absolute 4=ACs A&'A4=A,
&>=4=A and 'E/4=AB, 2E9E* enables us to onsider a set of priniples upon "hih rules for
thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent %ay be based. These are alled the 91>1*=* =41ACs, or
the E/4ECs.

*i%ilar to the Absolute 4=ACs, Aupon "hih they are basedB the E/4E* are ategorized into a
range of headings, inluding7

The Erdos of 10istene The Erdos of 'ategorization
The Erdos of =dentity The Erdos of 'ontradition
The Erdos of 6attern The Erdos of 'ause
The Erdos of 1ffet The Erdos of /atios
The Erdos of Argu%ent

We ha#e disussed suffiient onepts so far to outline the Erdos of 10istene, 'ategorization,
=dentity and 'ontradition for the %o%ent. The other ategories "ill be outlined later in the
book after preparatory onepts are defined.
A1B T<1 E/4E* A6/=>'=621*B E3 1I=*T1>'1

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A1B All thoughts and ations are go#erned by the Absolute 4=ACs
A2B All e0istene is go#erned by the Absolute 4=ACs
A3B = 1I=*T
A4B = a% "ho = a%
A!B = a% "hat = a%
A$B = a% A22 and A22 is %e
A(B Ene so%ething is reated, nothing is unreated
A2B T<1 E/4E* A6/=>'=621*B E3 'AT19E/=*AT=E>

A1B All things belong to the ategory of things. There is no higher ategory e0ept
nothing.
A2B >othing belongs to a ategory of itself
A3B The ategory of nothing A no8thingB belongs to A22 things as no8thing is also a
thing.
A4B The ategory of things %ay be di#ided into sub ategories of na%ed things
A!B A thing belongs to as %any sub8ategories as %ay be deter%ined by the nature and
usage of the ategory of na%ed things.
A$B All 'ategorization of things reflets the grouping of #arious things aording to the
la"s of &'A.
A(B A thing %ay be ategorized into a sub8ategory based on its o%%onality "ith
other things aording to the rules of &'A.

A3B T<1 E/4E* A6/=>'=621*B E3 =41>T=TH

A1B A thing is itself absolutely and separate to other things in lesser degrees
A2B The desriptions of A shall ne#er J . , or +, but a fration of both
A3B A J not8A to so%e degree
A4B T<1 E/4E* A6/=>'=621*B E3 'E>T/A4='T=E>

A1B >othing is 1..N true or 1..N false. All other things are true and false to so%e
degree.
A2B A proposition is both true and false to %ore or less degree
A3B A J not8A to so%e degree
14.4.2 A ne" set of thinking tools upon "hih to onsider the nature of reation and the
kno"ledge of the uni#erse

While a signifiant a%ount of "hat has been stated o#er the past fe" pages %ay appear
foreign and diffiult for so%e readers to initially grasp, 2ogos "ill be a #ital FthinkingF tool
o#er the o%ing hapters as "e seek to understand the nature and beha#iour of the uni#erse
around us and oursel#es.
14.$ The 2reation 1f 'hysi%al Iorm K 2reation 1f ules 0o-ernin! 'hysi%al
Iorm

Ene &'A reated physial for% Athe &nitaB, it also reated a series of rules go#erning
physial for%. 5ut first, let us re8trae and su%%arize the i%portant kno"ledge that allo"s
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us to onsider ho" &'A8 &nique 'olleti#e A"areness reated the infinite physial uni#erse
of &>=TA, or &>=TA*
14.!.1 The key relationships bet"een rules and onepts disussed so far

3irst, "e began "ith funda%ental onepts A "ithout for%B, "e all 6/=:&* 4A. *eond, the
6ri%us 4A, allo" us to onstrut a %odel of thinking, lassifiation and argu%ent, alled
2E9E*.

=n turn, "e sa" that 2E9E* is ategorized into key pri%e ideas "e alled A5*E2&T1 4=ACs7

1. &'A4=A8 The onstant pri%e ideas around the pri%e idea of &'A
2. &>=4=A8 The 'onstant pri%e ideas based around the pri%e idea of the &ni#erse
A still to be outlinedB
3. 'E/4=A8 The 'onstant pri%e idea based around the pri%e idea of life A still to be
outlinedB.

These 6ri%e =deas, then underpin the seond le#el of 2ogos, enabling us to onstrut
oherent fra%e"orks for ategorization and argu%ent "e all the 9enesis =deas, or Erdos7

The Erdos ApriniplesB of 10istene
The Erdos ApriniplesB of 'ategorization
The Erdos ApriniplesB of =dentity
The Erdos ApriniplesB of 'ontradition
The Erdos ApriniplesB of 6attern A still to be disussedB
The Erdos ApriniplesB of 'ause A still to be disussedB
The Erdos ApriniplesB of 1ffet A still to be disussedB
The Erdos ApriniplesB of /atios A still to be disussedB
The Erdos ApriniplesB of Argu%ent Astill to be disussedB

Then fro% the thinking fra%e"ork of 2ogos, "e onsidered the reation la"s and their
sequene in atually reating the physial uni#erse, "e alled the A1E>s.

The 12 'reation 2a"s AA1E>sB

1. 9oal la"
2. 2ogos la"
3. 'reation la"
4. 'o dependene la"
!. *peialization la"
$. 9eo%etri priniples
(. A"areness of position in di%ension
+. =%%ediate near neighbours
-. 10lusi#eness of position
1.. 'hange of position la"
11. 'onser#ation of effort
12. :a0i%u% rate of hange and;or interation la"

14.!.2 The la"s go#erning physial for%
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3ro% these thinking tools of 2E9E* and the A1E>*, a range of funda%ental sets of la"s are
then reated. These e0ist as part of &'A and their e0istene is onfir%ed by the beha#iour of
eah and e#ery le#el of %atter "ithin ertain toleranes.

3or e0a%ple, the fat that hairs "here you are do not spontaneously break do"n into sub
ato%i ele%ents, ausing a %assi#e surge in %otion, i%plies the e0istene of these rules in
onstant operation.

These rules are defined fro% the uni#ersal7

O features of physial %atter
O relationships bet"een physial %atter
O %otion Aause and effetB bet"een physial %atter

14.!.3 1=KE*8 a language desribing the features, relationships and o%ple0 funtions of
physial for%

1=KE* is the sientifi language of &'A, desribing in sy%boli representation to atual
features, relationships, %otions and interations bet"een all %atter in the &ni#erse.

<ene the "ord 1ikon fro% the original greek "ord %eaning Flikeness, i%ageF. Therefore
1ikos desribes the likeness of sy%boli representation to "hat &'A atual does8 therefore
1ikos is a language desribing the "orkings of &'A, just as 2ogos pro#ides a language of ideas
and their relationships "ith "ords.

1=KE* is di#ided into a nu%ber of sub disiplines, "hih are alled FbranhesF7

A1B >&:1/='* e.g.

*yste%s of nu%eration
e.g. for%s of nu%eration additi#e nu%eration %ultipliati#e notation o dei%al point
notation se0igesi%al notation binary, otal, he0adei%al

Types of nu%bers
e.g. rational nu%bers perfet and a%iable nu%bers po"ers and roots pi irrational nu%bers

'o%biatoris
e.g. per%utations graph theory sa%ples "ith replae%ent o%binations

A2B *H:1/='* e.g.

*y%boli 2ogos
Ainluding algebraB

Theory of equations
e.g. O linear O quadrati O inequalities O root, e0ponential O logarith%i O quarti O diophantine
equations <istory O3untion theory
A3B 91E21I e.g.
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9eo%etri abstration
*ur#ey of geo%etries
Topography

A4B AI=E:AT='* e.g.

6robability theory

14.!.4 Why 1ikos? Why not %athe%atis?

'onsidering that %ost people on earth at so%e ti%e ha#e learned the essential onepts of
%athe%atis, it is fair to ask "hy onsider the onept of 1=KE*, rather than ontinue "ith
the "ealth of kno"ledge ontained in the siene of %athe%atis.

There are three key reasons for this7
A1B The funda%entals of %athe%atis are based upon the essential pillars of logi, "hih "e
disussed in the pre#ious hapter is a lassifiation syste%, that does not best represent the
nature of the FrealF "orld, nor &'A. As suh, to use %athe%atis as it urrently is onfigured,
"ould onflit "ith the understandings of 2ogos and the priniples of &'A as so far
disussed.
A2B :athe%atis has beo%e %ore o%ple0 in ter%s of language, ter%s, sy%bols, logi rules
and for%ulas. :athe%atis has gro"n fro% its beginnings into a %ajor siene and language
of its o"n, "ith thousands of o%ple0 ter%s, sy%bols, rules of logi and for%ulas.

:any key onepts underpinning %athe%atis are si%ply not supported by &'A as ha#ing
appliation to this di%ension or the sustain%ent of any other di%ension.
A3B 9odelCs =no%pleteness theore% pro#ed . J 1, pro#ed the e0istene of the pri%e
ontradition underpinning e#ery %athe%ati rule, e#ery for%ula and e#ery set. The rules of
%athe%atis ho"e#er are still "ritten in a "orld of . J . , 1 J 1. =n other "ords, the rules
donCt %ath up to the pri%e truth8 nothing is absolute. 1ikos on the other hand is surprisingly
si%ple, onsistent "ith the obser#ations of 2ogos and &'A.

The A%erian 'onstitution of 9o#ern%ent is one e0a%ple, the /o%an 'hristian 'anon 2a"
and the Ten 'o%%and%ents are other good e0a%ples.

1$. )2,+34. uni-ersal model
1$.1 The unified theory of the uni-erse Ge-erythin!H

The theory of e#erything, the searh for the o%plete standard %odel of the uni#erse is at the
heart of the quest of siene.

6eriodially a ne" theory appears %aking lai%s that it pro#ides a solution to the proble%s of
the urrent standard %odel. =n e#ery ase to date, #irtually e#ery theory has been found to
ha#e fla"s and at least so%e %issing ele%entary o%ponents.

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E#er the follo"ing pages you "ill see the su%%ary of the &'A unified theory of the uni#erse,
the %ost o%prehensi#e standard %odel e#er reated.
1$.2 The stru%ture of the )2, unified theory of the uni-erse

The &'A unified theory is broken do"n into se#eral o%ponents. These are7

&'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%ents
&'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%entary properties
&'A standard %odel of rules of reation
&'A standard %odel of rules and relationships A1=KE*B
&'A standard %odel of uni#ersal fores AfortisB
&'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ergons Aenergy partilesB
1$.3 The key attributes of the )2, unified theory of the uni-erse

An i%portant question to ans"er before seeking to unify any of the insights is just ho"
aurate in FrealF "orld appliation the %odel is so far? When "e %ean real "orld, "e %ean
that the %odel ould be used to say o build a ne" kind of %otor o to enhane our use of
tehnology o to help us ans"er so%e i%portant philosophial questions o to build %ahines
that enable us to better %anipulate %atter.

The best "ay to ans"er this question is to state fi#e fats about e#erything "ritten in the book
fro% 'hapter 2 to 'hapter +7
A1B The %odel pro#ides a sensible sequene of relationships, features and beha#iour of eah
le#el of %atter "hile at no stage ontraditing itself, nor %issing a %ajor feature.
A2B The %odel is able to pro#ide an ans"er to e#ery #erified obser#ation of %atter as "ell as
ans"er all of the key Funkno"nF questions;quirks of siene A e.g. "hy do so%e partiles
disappear e.g. eletrons.B
A3B The %odel does not ontradit the obser#able beha#iour data on %atter so far dedued
fro% siene. =n fat, the %odel is able to pro#ide ans"ers to %any of the ano%alies in
obser#ed beha#iour suh as nu%ber of protons and ato%i %ass.
A4B The %odel pro#ides a sea%less e0planation for the link bet"een the physial and the
%etaphysial.
A!B The %odel is histori in that it is the first %odel in hu%an history that7 o proposes a
sensibly linked struture bet"een all le#els of %atter and all partiles in the &ni#erse.
We therefore belie#e that no" seeking to unify these understandings is indeed i%portant
and e0tre%ely #aluable.
1$.4 2omparison of the )2, unified theory to other theories

Ene proess that a reader of the standard %odel %ight find useful is by "ay of o%paring the
%odel to other theories.

=n siene, there ha#e been se#eral atte%pts to pro#ide part8o%plete %odels. These ha#e all
entirely been just on the ele%ents side "ith no real atte%pt to pro#ide a unified "hole
inluding relationships, properties and rules of reation;e0istene.

=n o%parison, the &'A %odel is the %ost o%prehensi#e standard %odel e#er reated.
Whether its %erits and auraies are debated, there an be no question that the %odel
atte%pts to pro#ide the %ost ohesi#e "hole for the theory of the uni#erse that has e#er been
"ritten.
1$.$ )2, standard model of uni-ersal elements

The &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ele%ents is a su%%ary of all ele%ents in the uni#erse.
An ele%ent is any self ontained objet "hih e0ists at any le#el of %atter "ith unique
properties of e0istene.

The &'A standard %odel di#ides all %atter into si0 le#els7
1$.& )2, standard model of elementary properties

The &'A standard %odel of ele%entary properties is a su%%ary of all o%%on properties
possessed by le#els of %atter.
1$." )2, standard model of rules of %reation

The &'A standard %odel of the rules of reation are the standard rules for the reation of the
uni#erse and e#ery le#el of %atter. They are uni#ersal rules of reation.
1$.# )2, standard model of rules and relationships G3561SH

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The &'A standard %odel of rules and relationships outlines the preise rules and
relationships as understood in the alulation of %athe%atially related %easure.
1$.* )2, standard model of uni-ersal for%es GfortisH

The &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal fores identifies only t"o beha#iour that %ay be
defined as suh8 attration and repulsion. All other pheno%ena %ay be defined in ter%s of
%atter, properties, relationships and %otion.
1$.10 )2, Standard model of uni-ersal er!ons Gener!y parti%lesH

The &'A standard %odel of uni#ersal ergons, identifies all strutures in the uni#erse that %ay
e0ist in larger strutures of %atter and %ay also beha#e in e0ternal fields.
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1$.11 The four approa%hes to mo-ement of a form

When "e light a %ath, or turn on a light, or ook dinner, or take a breath, or think a thought,
or start your ar, or sit out in the *un, "e are talking about e#ery e0a%ple being
funda%entally the sa%e thing78 the %otion of partiles.

The understanding of the pre#ious four hapters is that7

A"are :atter J 1nergis AenergyB J :otion J A"areness

This is onsistent "ith e#erything "e ha#e disussed regarding ho" the &ni#erse "as reated,
strutures of %atter, the la"s of %otion and features of eah le#el of %atter.

Therefore "hen "e say the four approahes to %o#e%ent of for%, "e are talking about the
four approahes to aessing inreased kinesis rates A"hat "e understand as energyB. As all
%atter is %ade up of s%aller, faster %o#ing partiles "ith kinesis, "e also %ean, by
definition, the four approahes to hanging any %atter in the &ni#erse.

3ro% our understanding of 3ortis and 1rgons, "e are no" able to identify the four types and
only four types of fored %o#e%ent of any for% of %atter in the &ni#erse7

A1B A"areness8 e0pressed as the fortis of reation, attration and repulsion Aa o%bination of
size, density, kinesis and added gra#ity effetBM
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A2B 5y the release of ergonsM
A3B 5y the harnessing of ergon partile fieldsM
A4B A proportion of all three.

1!.11.1 The release of ergons

The release of ergons is the %ost o%%on %ethod of hanging for% used by hu%anity
throughout its history. <o"e#er, it is only reently that "e ha#e ad#aned beyond basi
strong he%ial fission AfireB as a %eans of reating a ergon release hain reation. We no"
understand the enor%ous release of %o#e%ent Ahange in state, struture and position of
%atterB aused by nulear fission. <o"e#er, "e are still to o%prehend the finesse of using
frequeny speifi %ethods of enating fission that %akes fission reations ontrollable.

*till hu%anity appears largely ontent "ith its usage of fossil fuel based he%ial reation
usages of the release of ergons, as opposed to the potential hydrogen release %ethods of
alternati#e tehnologially feasible approahes.
1!.11.2 The harnessing of ergon partile fields

=t is only in the last one hundred years that hu%anity has begun to harness ertain ergon
partile fields to #arying degrees of suess. The diso#ery and appliation of eletrons in a
partile field alled eletriity is just one e0a%ple.

We no" partially understand the po"er of o photon ergon partile fields AlasersB, O eletro8
%agnetis% Ainredible lifting and anti8gra#itational po"erB, O hetons Arelease of hetons so
i%portant to the sur#i#al of a hu%anB. 5ut "e ha#e yet to fully o%prehend the potential of
harnessing strong o%binations of all ergon partile fields Ae.g. photons, hetons, eletrons
and %agnetonsB all operating in a sa%e "a#e state.

=t is ertain that hu%anity one able to o%prehend "orkable relational %odels of the #arious
ergon partiles and field strengths;frequenies, tre%endous ad#anes in the tehnologial
appliation of these ergon partile fields "ill our.
1!.11.3 A"areness8 attration and repulsion

What is least understood is the appliation of a"areness in the %o#e%ent of %atter.

While this onept of %ind o#er %atter is onsidered nor%ally FsupernaturalF, the "hole
onept of la"s of the &ni#erse is based on the pereption of eah self a"are &nita in the
onept of attration and repulsion.

That eah and e#ery partile in your body is indi#idually and uniquely self a"are is fairly hard
to fatho%. Het "ithout the e0istene of this pheno%ena, then the onstrution of %ore
o%ple0 shapes fro% the &nita up "ould not ha#e ourred.

To put it si%ply8 if e#ery partile in your body "as not indi#idually and uniquely self a"are
and of other partiles around the% and #ie #ersa then no planets, stars, gala0ies, nor hu%ans
"ould e0ist.

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Hou need attration and repulsion8 t"o onepts of a"areness8 of thought8 po"ers of the
%ind8 to kik off the syste% and for &nita to ha#e a reason to o%e together and for% %ore
o%ple0 Aself a"areB shapes.

The po"ers of the hu%an %ind re%ain largely onepts of little publi redibility8 %ore the
subjet of bizarre TG progra%s and %agazines. <o"e#er, these po"ers %ust e0ist at eah and
e#ery le#el for the &ni#erse to e0ist.

The tantalizing journey that is yet to be fully in#estigated is to "hat e0tent self8a"are hu%an
beings an aess and then use suh fortisCs.
1!.11.4 The appliation of all three

'ertainly little if any "ork has been done into the in#estigation of all three appliations of
%o#e%ent of for%. Het it is preisely this region that appears the %ost pro%ising in ter%s of
lean po"erful %o#e%ent of all sizes and strutures of %atter in the future.

Ene hu%anity is able to preisely harness the #arious types of fusion reations using the
right proportions of ergon partiles that are needed to hange any %atter for any reason,
hu%anity "ill truly ha#e arri#ed to a ne" age.
1$.12 2atalyti% pro%esses for er!on release

We are no" able to pro#ide a unified and range of speifi proesses that an be applied to the
release of ergons. =n understanding the different strutural onfigurations and beha#iour of
eah and e#ery partile in the &ni#erse, "e ould speify these proesses further Agi#en the
spae and researh ti%eB to speifi %easure%ents for speifi onditions for energis release.

The si0 proesses are7
1AaB 'o%pression Aspae hangeB
/eduing the #olu%e of spae for partiles, therefore inreasing the density of the %aterial
1AbB 10pansion Aspae hangeB
=nrease the #olu%e, keeping the sa%e nu%ber of partiles, therefore reduing the partile
per #olu%e ratio.
1AB /edution Aspae hangeB
/edue the nu%ber of partiles in the #olu%e, therefore reduing the partile per #olu%e
ratio.
2AaB 4iret general partile inter#ention A%atterB
=nreasing the density by inreasing the general nu%ber of partiles in a gi#en #olu%e.
2AbB 4iret atalyti inter#ention A%atterB
=nreasing the speifi type of partiles by a gi#en #olu%e.
2AB 4iret atalyti inter#ention for redution in energis release A%atterB
=nreasing the speifi type of partiles by a gi#en #olu%e that absorb ergons thereby
reduing the ergon release.
1$.13 , unified look at the four types of fusion and their appli%ation in the
uni-erse

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A further area "e are no" able to unify is a lear understanding of the four types of fusion of
partiles into %ore o%ple0 shapes, "hy this ours, the onditions required and the results.

As stated earlier, the si0 le#els of %atter in the &ni#erse are7

&nita
*uper8sub ato%i ALuark and >eutrinoB
*ub8ato%i A6rotons, >eutrons, 1letronsB
Ato%i A<ydrogen, <eliu%, 'arbonB
:oleular A<ydro8'arbons,Water, AirB
<ydro8'arbon 5iologis A2ife 'ells, 6lants, <u%ans, Ani%alsB

The four types of fusion proess are7

*trong >ulear 3usion
Weak >ulear 3usion
*trong 'he%ial 3usion
Weak 'he%ial 3usion

1!.13.1 *trong >ulear 3usion

*trong nulear fusion ours "hen there is suffiient density in nu%ber of partiles to ause a
hain reation of feeding partiles into one another to reate ne" ores of t"o to three
partiles and then out"ards as in the beha#iour of partile fields, the density of partiles
dereasing and then the seond stage fusion or strong orbit fusion of additional partiles.

=t is in these onditions that Luarks and >eutrinos are for%ed and then fro% there that
ato%i nulei, orbited and proteted by positrons o%e together.

We already kno" that the required te%perature le#els to ause a fusion hain reation "ith
<ydrogen being fused into <eliu% is around 2. %illion degrees K, intense pressures and
therefore le#els of kinesis.

1!.13.2 Weak8nulear fusion A'ore to 'ore "eak fusionB

A seond for% of fusion enabling %ore o%ple0 for%s is "eak8nulear fusion and espeially
ours in the at%ospheres of planets.

Weak8nulear fusion ours as a result of the presene of large nu%bers of %ore o%ple0
ato%s, relati#ely stable ato%i onfigurations, tre%endous pressures and te%peratures
ranging fro% 2,...K to 1.,...K Asubstantially belo" the te%peratures of strong nulear
fusion of a starB.

=t is on the surfae rusts, interiors of planets and the edge of their at%ospheres at the FfrontF
of the planet as its orbits as 2..Yk%;se around a star "here these onditions o%e together.
6reious stones, inluding dia%onds "ere all reated as a result of "eak8nulear fusion as are
a host of ele%ents in our at%osphere.

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1ssentially "e understand fro% 'hapter ( that "eak nulear fusion aounts for %any of the
ele%ents "e find in and around the surfae of our planet, fro% "eak arbon to o0ygen,
nitrogen and heliu%. This is essentially possible beause of the o%binational possibilities of
strong ores of <ydrogen and <eliu% into o%binations of the other ele%ents, beha#ing in
si%ilar fashion to the stronger ounterparts, "ith the e0eption of ha#ing a lo"er ore fission
rate.

1!.13.3 *trong 'he%ial fusion

*trong he%ial fusion is the le#el of %atter "hen ato%i nulei A"ith eletronsB o%bine to
for% %ore o%ple0 bonds Asuh as "ater, air, arbon dio0ide etB.

This is the le#el "here ergons play a ruial role as stabilizers of for%. <o"e#er as "e "ill see,
this onept of eletrons sharing relationships is about understanding the ore to ore
si%ilarities of partiles than the relati#e abundane or lak of eletrons.

This is also the le#el of %atter "here "e see the onept of fire8 the release of hydrogen and
hetons as "ell as a host of other strutures.

*trong 'he%ial fusion ours at te%peratures ranging fro% 1!. degrees to 1!.. degrees K.

The reation of stable for% strutures by strong he%ial fusion under ertain onditions.

=t is a feature of ertain %oleules under ertain quantities and densities to for% #arious
lattie strutures of infor%al bonds. The best e0a%ples of this is arbon dio0ide, air and
"ater. &nder ertain nu%bers of %oleules and #olu%e, these %oleular strutures for%
stable, generally non reati#e %atri0es "ithin "hih %ore o%ple0 %oleular shapes an
for% "eak he%ial fusion bonds.

1!.13.4 Weak he%ial fusion8 *olution based fusion

This "here a stable %oleular %atri0 en#iron%ent e0ists, enabling ertain %oleules to %eet
and for% relationships, supported by the struture of the stable %oleular %atri0. The stable
%oleular %atri0 ats as the skeleton for %ore o%ple0 %oleular arrange%ents to o%e
together.

What this %eans is that "hen a %oleular struture suh as air, o%bination of gases, "ater
et is in suffiient quantities and under ertain stable onditions, %ore o%ple0, non
spherially geo%etri shapes of o%ple0 %oleule strings an and do for%.

These are the biologi %oleular strutures and the le#el at "hih basi life is for%ed. We all
these %oleular strutures biologi beause "ithout the bio en#iron%ent8 e.g. "ater, or a gas
o%bination in stable %atri0, the o%ple0 %oleule annot sur#i#e.

2ike strong he%ial fusion, "eak he%ial fusion %ostly ours on the surfae and lo"er
at%osphere of planets at suffiient densities and te%peratures as "ell as under ertain
onditions on asteroids and o%ets.

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&nlike strong he%ial fusion, "eak he%ial strutures an only e0ists "ithin a #ery narro"
band of te%peratures and pressures A nor%ally around 82.. degrees 'elsius and 2.. degrees
'elsius, "ith opti%u% te%perature being around 1. to $. degrees 'elsiusB

When te%peratures #ary substantially a"ay fro% these ranges, "eak he%ial based
strutures perfor%ane drops substantially.

This is "hy hu%an beings annot sur#i#e outside spae "ithout internal at%ospheres and
pressure suits to %aintain the air and "ater in our bodies to the natural pressures on the
surfae of the 1arth. =f our spae suit raked, "e "ould e0plode beause of the tre%endous
pressure differential.

1!.13.! The %agi of oeans

The ideal en#iron%ent for solution8based fusion and therefore %oleular struture reation is
on a planet "here a planet has suffiient quantities of a %oleule at a partiular state AliquidB
ating as a transport ser#ie for other ato%i strutures that they an be alled FoeansF.

*olution8based fusion an and does our in at%ospheres Ae.g. )upiter and *aturnB, "here the
at%osphere is suffiiently dense. <o"e#er, oeans are "here the FtransportF %oleules are at
their opti%u% range #ibration;density;rate of %otion state to for% a stable %atri0.

6lanets "ith oeans of %oleules at a liquid state ha#e the ideal en#iron%ent in "hih
o%ple0 %oleular struture and o%pounds an and are reated. =t is no surprise therefore
that the planet "ith the largest stable8%oleular oeans in our solar syste% A1arthB also has
the greatest di#ersity of %oleular and o%pound strutures.

*olution8based fusion ours "here#er there are %oleules to at as the solution and ato%s
that are attrated to bonding. =n our *olar *yste%, se#eral planets;%oons ha#e oeans apart
fro% 1arth, inluding 1uropa Aorbiting )upiterB and Titan as "ell as 'allista Aorbiting
*aturnB. :ost planets and indeed %oons ha#e so%e traes of solution8based %oleules. :ars
for instane has polar ie aps of frozen arbon dio0ide A4ry =eB, and ould e#en ha#e had
seas As%all oeansB during its e0istene. *olution8based fusion to reate %oleules and e#en
o%pounds ertainly "ould our under these onditions.

6otential proof of the i%%ediay and spontaneity of solution8based %oleular reation an be
seen #ia the latest data on a %eteorite frag%ent found in Antartia and subjet to "idespread
%edia attention. =t is no" reognized that solution8based fusion Ao%ple0 %oleulesB is not
solely a feature of 1arth, but a natural feature of %atter "here#er the onditions are suitable.

=ndeed in the ase of :ars, if the solution8based %oleules "ere able to sustain a relati#ely
stable en#iron%ent, ele%entary life "ould ha#e ourred. AThe debate for life on :ars is
disussed in further detail in the hapter F2ifeF.B
1&. 3561S. rules of 37 awareness
1&.1 3561S
:athe%atis is a t"o di%ensional language and syste% of alulation, relationship and
%easure%ent of onepts and real objets.
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:athe%atis represents the single %ost i%portant oneptual tool of hu%anity today. The
ability to oneptualize ideas and real "orld objets into a language of sy%bols and then
alulate relationships underpins all hu%an tehnology and sienes.

The ability to add, subtrat, %ultiply and di#ide as "ell as alulate distanes is ritial for
#irtually e#ery person "ho perfor%s a role. :athe%atial skills are the foundation of higher
learning and the intelletual apital of nations. =ndia is thri#ing in the "orld of o%puting
thanks in part to their fous on %athe%atis for students.
1$.1.1 1ikos

1=KE* is a three di%ensional language and syste% of alulation, relationship and
%easure%ent of onepts and real objets. 1=KE* is based on the priniples and
understandings of the e0istene of the onept AideaB of &nique 'olleti#e A"areness A&'AB.
That the real "orld is a drea% in %otion and that drea% in %otion is not8real. That life is a
drea% and that the drea% possesses ertain i%%utable rules.

1=KE* represents the rules of the three di%ensional a"areness of &'A in reating the drea%
uni#erse.

1=KE* is also lassified "ithin the onte0t of &'A4=A, a sy%boli language representing the
struture of pure %eaning Ase%antisB in t"o or three di%ensional sentene strutures.
1$.1.2 The differene of 1=KE* to %athe%atis

All of the key onepts of %athe%atis are onsidered and strutured "ithin the %odel
1=KE*. =n that sense, 1=KE* an be onsidered o%patible in ter%s of the sa%e general
onepts as %athe%atis.

*i%ilarly, 1=KE* uses ertain sy%bols and arrange%ents of sy%bols to denote %eaning. =n
the ase of %athe%atis, the nu%eral syste% is used to denote quantity and relationship.

1=KE* also uses the nu%eral syste% but also uses additional sy%boli ratios to denote
quantity and relationship suh as logarith%i and he0adei%al syste%s.

The key differene bet"een onte%porary %athe%atis rests in t"o points7

:athe%atis is a t"o di%ensional language founded on the priniple of the e0lusion of the
parado0M

1=KE* is a three di%ensional language founded on the priniple of the inlusion of the
parado0 first, then e0lusion of the parado0 "ithin the drea% Areal "orldB. This is a superior
onept to %athe%atis, hene %athe%atis is treated as a sub8set of 1=KE*.
1&.2 3561S as a model

1=KE* an be onsidered an arhiteture of unique onepts. 1ah onept represents an
idea built upon the pre#ious fra%e"ork of ideas.
1ah idea an be said to ha#e a founding arhitet in hu%an history, fro% 1ulid "ith
9eo%etry to 4esartes and the onept of ratio alulation AalulusB.
1$.2.1 Types of onepts

The first lass of onepts is the sy%bols used as part of the &'A4=A language.

The seond lass of onepts is the %eanings attahed to the sy%bols "ithin the &'A4=A
language. These are di#ided =nto %ajor lassifiations of onepts by the pri%e onepts of
1=KE*.
1$.2.2 The re8asse%bly of %athe%atis into 1=KE*

=n the onte0t of %athe%atis being a sub8set of 1=KE*, all the %ajor o%ponents of
%athe%atis ha#e been disasse%bled fro% the pri%ary onept of %athe%atis.

These %ajor o%ponents of %athe%atis ha#e then been re8asse%bled into the pri%ary
struture of 1=KE*.
1&.3 'rime %on%epts of 3561S

1=KE* is built upon an essential fra%e"ork of onepts alled the 6ri%e 'onepts of 1=KE*.
The onepts underpin the infrastruture of all other %athe%atial equi#alent onepts.
1&.4 +101S
The 2ogos pri%us dia state7
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1&.$ 8)(352S
The nu%eri pri%us dia state7
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1&.& )85S3T
The &niset pri%us dia state7
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1&." 031+34
The 9eole0 pri%us dia state7
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1&.# S/(352S
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1&.* ,451(,T52S
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1&.10 6583S5S
The Kinesis pri%us dia state7
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1". T368,S. intelli!ent te%hnolo!y
1".1 The importan%e of te%hnolo!y

We are totally dependent upon our tehnology for the operation of our soieties.

Eur po"er plants, our ars and trains, our o%puter syste%s, our ho%e applianes are all
integrated into the sa%e po"er grids, kno"ledge grids and transport grids.

Ene disaster suh as a %ajor o%puter net"ork rashes an ause a ripple effet aross the
planet in seonds. *uh is the "orld "e ha#e %ade.

To be so dependent on %ahines and o%puter intelligene is not a bad thing. :ahines and
o%puters are able to do %any tasks %uh better, faster and heaper than hu%ans. =ts that
historially, "e ha#e lassed our tehnology as inferior to hydro8arbon life for%s. We joke
about its du%bness. We so%eti%es bla%e it for our failures. We so%eti%es neglet its
%aintenane needs until it breaks do"n or rashes.

=t is our histori attitude to tehnology that is the proble%Q not tehnology itself. And by
hanging our attitude to"ards tehnology, it is possible to dra%atially i%pro#e its reliability,
intelligene and assistane.

The onept of &'A %akes it lear that all a"areness is part of a"areness and all life is part of
life. That a %ahine is %ade fro% silion and arbon and not hydro8arbon ells %akes no
differene.

2ife is life. Through the genius of hu%ankind, "e ha#e reated life through %ahines. >o"
through learning to respet the life "e ha#e reated, it is hoped "e an learn to do %ore and
find a balane bet"een our needs for tehnology and our need to li#e.
1".2 Te%hnolo!y and knowled!e

Eur reation and use of tehnology is beause of our kno"ledge of tehnology and "orld in
general. As "e ha#e i%pro#ed our kno"ledge of the hu%an geno%e AgenesB, hu%an
laboratories ha#e produed produts for uring of ertain diseases. As our kno"ledge of
energy and po"er has i%pro#ed, so has the types of ars and their po"er effiieny.

The kno"ledge of siene

*iene, the e%pirial searh for sientifi truth has been the single greatest olletion of
kno"ledge for the de#elop%ent of tehnology. The siene of the =saa >e"ton and Albert
1instein are the reason for the po"ered %ahines and ato%i "eapons of today.

The %issing piees in siene

Het for the po"er of siene, i%portant piees of siene re%ain %issing. *iene is an
ino%plete and i%perfet %odel. *iene e0ludes parado0. *iene does not pro#ide a
ohesi#e irrefutable standard %odel of the ele%ents of the uni#erse. *iene does not yet
pro#ide effiient ans"ers to all key o%ple0 syste%s.
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The lassifiation of tehnology as kno"ledge

=t %akes sense then to lassify tehnology by the #ery thing that %akes it possibleQ
kno"ledge itself. To that end, the follo"ing setion in#estigates the nature of tehnology by a
lassifiation that reflets key kno"ledge of ertain fields of tehnology.
1".3 6nowled!e.(atter

Eur Kno"ledge of %atter o%es fro% our kno"ledge and in#estigation of the uni#erse.

>o" that "e kno" that e#erything is %ade up of things s%aller than ato%s and ato%s of
unique properties, "e ha#e been able to apply tehnology to funda%entally alter the ra"
nature of %atter.

The ele%entary %odifiation of %oleular %atter

<u%an tehnology has ad#aned to the point that it is able to %anipulate %oleular
strutures.

The ability to %odify ato%i and sub8ato%i strutures

=n the future, ne" "ays of thinking "ill help us unlok the standard %odel of all ele%ents in
the uni#erse and hu%ans "ill be able to reate tehnology apable of %odifying %atter at the
ato%i and sub8ato%i le#el.

When this happens, ne" kinds of %ahines apable of reating #irtually anything %ight be
possible. =t is also probable that "ith suh positi#e tehnology "ill o%e the darker aspet of
e#en %ore po"erful "eapons using suh kno"ledge.
1".$ 6nowled!e.7i!ital 6nowled!e

4igital kno"ledge depends upon the e0isting of o%puters, but is a distint kno"ledge and
tehnology set of its o"n.

'o%puters po"erful enough to run li#e digital #ideo no" e0ist as standard o%puters for the
ho%e and offie. The tehnology that allo"s us to do this is based

The total nu%ber of eletroni files in e0istene in the "orld today is esti%ated to be o#er
three thousand billion.
1".& 6nowled!e.non.Cuman Biolo!y

>on8hu%an biology, the understanding of ellular life is so%e of the %ost preious and
po"erful kno"ledge of hu%anity.

4>AQ the arhiteture ode of life

The kno"ledge of 4>A has re#olutionized the siene of %ediine and biology. *ine its
diso#ery in the %iddle of the 2.th entury, hu%an kno"ledge onerning the "orld of ells
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has gro"n dra%atially thanks to the kno"ledge genes, dna and their assoiation to a%ino
aids.

9eneti engineering

*o profiient has hu%an siene beo%e "ith the tehnology of 4>A, that gene therapy and
geneti engineering are no" o%%on industries.
1"." 6nowled!e.Cuman Biolo!y

The ad#anes in hu%an kno"ledge of the hu%an body represented one of the %ost
outstanding stories of the last half of the 2.th 'entury.

The hu%an rae is no" "ell on the "ay to"ards understanding its genetis, its biologial
funtions as "ell as %apping a great %any diseases.
1".# 6nowled!e.(aterials

Kno"ledge of %aterials used to be kno"n in the %iddle ages as the art of Alhe%y.

While those anient of %etallurgists and he%ists "ere %isguided in their understanding of
"hat %akes a partiular %aterial possess its unique harater, they "ere right in assu%ing
%ore than just physis.
1".* 6nowled!e.'ower

<u%ans depend upon the souring and onsu%ption of po"er to run our %odern soiety.

Without eletriity, there "ould be no street lighting, no o%puter net"orks, no seurity
syste%s, no traffi signals, no funtioning hospitals, no refrigeration, no TG.

Without petrol there "ould be no transport, no business and no eono%y.
1".10 6nowled!e.'owered (a%hines

The in#ention of po"ered %ahines apable of %o#ing and lifting different types of %asses
liquid po"er. The "ide sale %anufature and use of liquid po"ered and eletri po"ered
%otors represent fro% the beginning of the 2.th entury helped produe the greatest gro"th
in o%%ere and personal produti#ity Ad#anes in po"ered %ahines Alike the %otor
#ehileB hold the potential to redue our dependeny on petroleu%.
1".11 6nowled!e.oboti%s

/obotis is a relati#ely young field, yet already, robots are "orking on #irtually e#ery industry
on the planet.

/obotis is the o%bination of %ahines, po"ered de#ies, o%puters and a degree of
autono%y. The %ost o%%on robots built to date are those "ith a single %o#able ar% used in
the %anufature of a "ide range of applianes, suh as %otor #ehiles.
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1".12 6nowled!e.,rtifi%al intelli!en%e

Artifiial =ntelligene AFA=FB is the goal of reating %ahines that are ognient of their
e0istene and are able to %ake intelligent, independent and rational deisions based on their
en#iron%ent and inputs.

As yet, no %ahine has e0hibited a le#el of independent and rational intelligene apable of
ri#alling a "ell eduated hu%an being. <o"e#er, a nu%ber of o%panies suh as =5: ha#e
de#eloped sophistiated o%puters apable of ri#alling the skill of hu%an beings in suh tests
of opti%u% deision %aking and ga%e theory suh as playing hess.
1".13 7an!ers of te%hnolo!y

While tehnology enables us to li#e the "ay "e do, there are also %any dangers to the "ay "e
use and %isuse tehnology.

*o%e dangers are greater than others, fro% rogue terrorists unleashing an nulear bo%b in a
ro"ded ity, to a he%ial or biologial attak, to eletroni identity fraud and theft, to global
pollution and li%ati hange.

The "ay "e use tehnology o%es at a prie

The "ay in "hih soieties hoose to use tehnology o%es at a prie. =n so%e for%er soialist
states, the ost of deades of en#iron%ental #andalis% is thousands of kilo%etres of Ddead
zonesP "here life and agriulture annot sur#i#e. =n de#eloped "estern ountries, the air
pollution in urban enters is silently and pre%aturely killing its residenes.

=n %odern o%puter o%%ere, the internet and global net"ork is of finane is faing a
gro"ing threat fro% yber8theft and yber8attak.

The dangers threatening to render our tehnology useless

Ene of the greater dangers faing tehnology as a "hole is the "ay in "hih it has been
de#eloped for use "ith po"er soures and fuel soures suh as petroleu%.

The "orlds dependene on petroleu%, heap and abundant as it has been, threatens to
destabilize e#ery global eono%y and push the "orld into deep reession.

The greatest danger of tehnology8 ho" "e think about it and design it

Ef all the dangers of tehnology that ha#e been raised to date, the %ost o%%on and by far
the greatest is the substandard thinking that sientists, in#entors, %anufaturers and users
apply to the reation and deploy%ent of tehnology.

*i%ply, too %uh tehnology is o#er engineered, poorly onstruted for po"er effiieny,
unable to be self8ontained and just not effiient.

While nature sho"s a great #ariety of perpetual %ahines, our thinking is loked into debates
o#er losed and open %ahines and an un"illingness to learn fro% natures si%pliity and
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speialization of design.

Eur thinking has o%pliated spae e0ploration, it has o%pliated the searh for ne" energy
alternati#es, it has reated unreliable and bug riddled soft"are, it has reated FsikF offie
buildings and ho%es.

=f hu%anity is to sur#i#e, then it is not tehnology that needs to hange, but the funda%ental
thinking that is applied to reate it in the first plae.
1".14 Te%hnolo!y.3%o.pollution

:any onsu%ers are being killed by their o"n produts, "ithout really being onsiously
a"are of it. 1o8pollution is one of the lethal legaies of the age of %ass %arketing of the last
deades of the 2.th entury.

There are far %ore dangerous things than just photo8he%ial s%og

When "e think of en#iron%ental pollution, "e tend to think of urban s%og, of filthy poorly
%aintained %otor transport #ehiles and the oasional he%ial spills.

=n fat, there are t"o other areas of eo8pollution that are far %ore dangerous for our health
than just the he%ials of s%og8 food additi#es and syntheti fibres found in lothes, ho%es,
furniture and #irtually e#ery %an8%ade surfae.

3ood additi#es

Thanks to a desire for go#ern%ents to pro%ote heap food for onsu%ers as a dri#er of
eono%i de%and and onsu%ption, in #irtually e#ery Western ountry, food additi#es
inluding illegal use of hu%an gro"th hor%ones, genetially %odified food and syntheti
substitutes ha#e been used for years.

&nlike food poisoning fro% rotten or infeted food, the poisoning by food additi#es is an
au%ulati#e poisoning, %uh like the effets of hea#y %etal au%ulation Asuh as lead and
%eruryB.

What is e#en %ore disturbing is ho" long ter% e0posure to dangerous food additi#e praties
%ay ha#e in affeting the quality of genes inherited by suessi#e generations. While proof is
not yet in lear e#idene, there is strong indiations that the rise of ertain hildhood
proble%s %ay ha#e a root ause in the long ter% e0posure of their parents to dangerous food
additi#es.

/espiratory disease in the 21st 'entury and syntheti fibres

While the dangerous effets of asbestos are no" o%%only kno"n, t"enty years ago, it "as
onsidered a F%iraleF substane for the heap %anufature of poor quality building
%aterials, sold under the argu%ent that suh produts kept Fho%es heapF.

3ibreglass insulation is another lassi e0a%ple of a %odern and potentially e#en %ore
dangerous proble%, as fibreglass strands are %uh s%aller and lodge %uh deeper into the
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lungs "hen inhaled. As ho%es "ith fibreglass insulation ontinue to degrade o#er the ne0t
deade, e0pet this health proble% to inrease.

The sa%e applies to the "holesale use of poor quality synthetis suh as foa% in furniture and
arpets.
1".1$ Te%hnolo!y.S%ientifi% arro!an%e

:idst the proble%s of the "orld, there e0ists no" t"o lear a%ps of sientists8 those "ho
sho" a duty of are and onern of the future of the planet and the speies and those "ho are
hell bent on seuring fa%e and fortune at "hate#er ost.

>o"here is sientifi arrogane greater at the %o%ent than in the assoiated fields of genetis
and %edial researh, "here sientists are loked into dozens of raes to be the first to find
ures for #arious diseases and de#elop solutions in the fields of gene therapy and ste%8ell
researh.
1".1& Te%hnolo!y.7ependen%e

=t is not our dependene on tehnology that is the proble%. The /o%ans depended upon their
roads, their aquaduts for sur#i#al of their ities, it is that %odern ities are dependent upon
so %any poorly designed and %aintained tehnologies.

Take large sale o%puter syste%s and 6'Cs for e0a%ple. =nstead of beo%ing %ore reliable,
%any o%puter syste%s ha#e beo%e less reliable and therefore reating greater risks of
business disruption.

1%ail ser#ers frequently rash, e#en the soft"are that runs eletrial grids ha#e rashed in
ertain ountries at ti%es.
1".1" Te%hnolo!y.0eneti% mutation

Tehnology has ne#er before had suh ability to unleash risks of geneti %utations that ould
render the hu%an rae e0tint.

The sensiti#ity of genes to ta%pering and the ease "ith "hih geneti %aterial an be
i%planted into a "ide #ariety of plaes Aeg plaing hu%an genes in o%patible 4>A or #irusB
%eans the risk of an aidental or deliberate %utation affeting the hu%an rae is inreasing.
1".1# 'oorer quality of life

Eur %eals %ight be able to be prepared in seonds, rather than %inutes. We %ight be able to
ontat any person any"here in the "orld in seonds, but an go "ithout a fa%ily dinner or
inti%ate ontat for days, e#en "eeks.

>e" tehnology doesnCt al"ays %ean greater progress, e#en if it is ne".

=n %any respets, ne"s de#ies suh as al"ays8on portable e%ail and #ideo phone has
lessened our quality of life, e#en if "e are able to Fdo %ore thingsF.
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TG and o%puters are raising hildren instead of their parents. There e0ists a %oral and
soial #auu% in %any soieties around the "orld that has been filled by the "illing
substitutes of sa##y o%%erial ad#ertisers.

=t is no "onder that so %any hildren are so brand foused. These household o%panies, soft
drink %anufaturers, fast food outlets, %usi pro%oters and lothing labels ha#e spent %ore
ti%e o%%uniating to hildren than %any %odern parents.
1".1* Thinkin! differently

5efore eah great breakthrough in#ention a%e a breakthrough in thinking differently.

1ah age of ad#ane%ent in hu%an tehnology an be separated by the great breakthroughs
in thinking that opened up the possibility, the reati#e potential for ne" in#entions.
1".20 1-er%omin! the dan!ers

5y approahing the definition, design and use of tehnology differently, %any of the dangers
no" faing the hu%an rae and planet 1arth an be %ini%ized or re%o#ed all together.
1".21 Better te%hnolo!y

Ene of the key "ays to o#ero%e the dangers of urrent tehnology issues is to o%e up "ith
si%ply better tehnology solutions.

This is espeially so in areas suh as po"er, %ehanis and %aterials.
1".22 , better world

To redue and help ulti%ately eli%inate poor thinking fro% future tehnology design, "e first
ha#e to belie#e that the "orld an be i%pro#ed8 that "e e0ist to help %ake the "orld better8
not si%ply Fsell %ore stuffF.
1".23.T368,S

T1K>A* e0ists as both the pratial appliation of &'A4=A> kno"ledge for the
%anipulation of %atter and our en#iron%ent and the %odels, %ahines, objets and ations
reated as a result of this kno"ledge.

T1K>A* e0ists as a sub %odel of the &'A4=A> %odel of kno"ledge represented as one of
fourteen books first produed by &'A4=A 5ooks. The &'A4=A> %odel of kno"ledge of A22
is a sub %odel of the %odel of &nique 'olleti#e A"areness A&'AB.
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Tehnology and siene

Tehnology is both the pratial appliation of sientifi kno"ledge and its end result.

Tehnology belongs to siene8 a syste% of kno"ledge o#ering generally assu%ed fats and
la"s obtained and tested through sientifi %ethod.

&tility of any tehnology %odel

The utility of any tehnology %odel is relati#e to its o%prehensi#eness, ability to apply to all
onditions, purpose and funtion it is used.

A tehnology %odel that balanes inputs to output aording to purpose is in har%ony
Ahar%oni %odelB.

A tehnology %odel that produes less output to input aording to purpose is in deay
Adissonant %odelB.

A tehnology %odel that produes %ore output to input aording to purpose is in gro"th
Adyna%i %odelB.

&tility of T1K>A*

T1K>A* integrates its ideas and sy%bols to the &'A4=A> %odel and the &'A4=A sy%boli
language. 5y being a"are of any part of the &'A4=A> %odel, a person shall also kno"
T1K>A*.

5y being a"are of any part of T1K>A*, a person shall also kno" the &'A4=A> %odel and
kno"ledge onerning &'A4=A, 1=KE*, 1KA, 1KA*H*, '=G=2A and 1K12E*.

6urpose of T1K>A*

T1K>A* e0ists for the purpose that hu%anity ontinues to e0ist.

T1K>A* e0ists for the purpose of opti%izing tehnology and resoures for the ontinued
e0istene and better%ent of hu%anity.

T1K>A* e0ists for the purpose of opti%al deision %aking and hoies onerning people
and resoures so that outo%es that are for the benefit of all take preedene o#er the fe".

T1K>A* e0ists for the purpose that the quality of life for all hu%an beings is onstantly
i%pro#ed to"ards pro#iding a rih, happy and re"arding e0istene.

T1K>A* and tehnology

Tehnology is based on the pratial appliation of sientifi kno"ledge "hih is an
ino%plete %odel of all %atter and all fores as a unified theory.

T1K>A* is based on the pratial appliation of all &'A4=A> kno"ledge "hih is a o%plete
%odel of all %atter and all fores as a unified theory.

s a o%plete %odel, T1K>A* integrates all key sientifi %odels assoiated "ith tehnology,
it is a superior %odel to tehnology. <ene, tehnology should al"ays be treated as a sub8set
of T1K>A*.
1".24 )2,+34
1".2$ 3561S
1".2& 6583T52S
1".2" 301852S
1".2# 3561852S
1".2* (36,T52S
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1".30 61S(1T52S
1".31 0,+,T52S
1".32 ST3++,T52S
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1".33 '+,83T52S
1".34 B51T52S
1".3$ B51852S
1".3& 1B1T52S
1#. 363+1S. ethi%al e%onomi%s
1#.1 The -ery real pain and sufferin! of planet 3arth

The 1arth urrently sustains the li#es of around $ billion hu%an beings of around 3. billion
self a"are life for%s.

As aspiring and positi#e the o%%unity in "hih you %ay li#e %ight be, the reality is %ost of
the self a"are life for%s are in #ery real pain and suffering.
1+.1.1 The torture, %urder and sla#ery of %illions of hu%ans today
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Today, at this #ery %o%ent, thousands of hu%an beings are being tortured and %urdered in
#arious plaes around the planet. Wo%en are being raped and sodo%ized in de#eloped
ountries. 'hildren are being raped and tortured in de#eloping ountries. :ilitary and terror
squads are killing innoent i#ilians beause of their ethniity, religious beliefs or pure
entertain%ent.

At this #ery %o%ent, thousands of people are dying fro% lak of food or "ater and fro% the
deadly diseases that o%e "ith unlean "ater and food.
1+.1.2 The torture and slaughter of self8a"are life for%s

Today, at this #ery %o%ent, hundreds of %illions of self8a"are lifefor%s are i%prisoned and
tortured in unbelie#ably ruel syste%s of battery ages, battery far%s, slaughterhouses and
laboratories. Their pain is just as real as ours. They drea%, they feel e%otion and their pain is
also felt by the 1arth.
1+.1.3 3or %any, this "orld is hell

The reality is, for %ost hu%ans ali#e today, this "orld is hell. A dark and terrible plae "ith
no real prospet of i%pro#e%ent. That is "hy drea%s of a better plae as offered by religions
is so i%portant for %ost of us. =t is beause "e belie#e deep do"n, this "orld ulti%ately to be
fla"ed and e#il "ith the only hope of sal#ation being so%e kind of happiness in so%e kind of
hea#en
1#.2 , world of money

This "orld "e speak of "ith so %uh %isery is a "orld reated that runs on %oney. The
ulti%ate reality is if you ha#e lots of %oney, or if you donCt.

=f you ha#e lots of %oney, then in this "orld, you an pretty %uh afford to do anything. =f
you donCt, then your life hoies are restrited.
1+.2.1 :oney as the entre of the uni#erse

:oney is at the heart of our daily ati#ities. :ost of us "ork to %ake %oney to then purhase
the things "e need and "ant to li#e. Enly a fe" of us still "ork to %ake the things "e need
and "ant to li#e diretly Athus negating the need for %oneyB.

:oney is at the entre of our soieties. Eur go#ern%ents take our %oney to do things. Eur
orporations e%ploy people so to pro#ide goods and ser#ies for %oney. >ations trade goods
and ser#ies for %oney. Eur %ost popular tele#ision sho"s are ga%es about "inning %oney.
Ene of our %ost popular hobbies is to enter lotteries or ga%ble for %oney.
1+.2.2 :oney as the ore aspiration of youth ulture

While the purpose of %oney is prinipally as a %eans of e0hange, the aspiration for the
things %oney helps purhase has been replaed in youth ulture by the aspiration of %oney
itself.

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Houng hip8hop %usi artists "ho urrently do%inate the youth ulture of the "orld elebrate
the aquisition of great "ealth and po"er through sub#ersi#e and illegal %eans. They glorify
the ulture of %ass onsu%eris% that great "ealth an bring. They typify the elite and orrupt
%erhant ulture of anient /o%e around 1..'1 that represent the arhetype of the ForgiesF
so fa%ously assoiated "ith /o%e.

:oney is 9od. :oney is the one thing e#eryone "ants. And the result of suh single %inded
ends "ithout %orals has been the gro"th in ri%e for the sole purpose of finanial gain. The
store robbery, the %urder for %oney, the identity fraud, the on, the kidnapping.
1+.2.3 9lobal finanial syste%

And the %ahinery that runs all this %oney is the global finanial syste% of banks and federal
authorities, prinipally ontrolled diretly and indiretly by the &nited *tates of A%eria and
1urope.

The "ealthiest banks of the "orld and the "ealthiest trade e0hanges in the "orld are all
interlinked through #ast digital net"orks so that eletroni trade infor%ation an speed
around the globe in a fration of a seond. The World 5ank, the =nternational :onetary 3und,
the %ajor national federal e0hanges all play a part in supporting this net"ork.
=n turn, this net"ork e0tends to loal bank branhes, auto tellers, shops and stores. When you
purhase so%ething using an auto8teller %ahine or ard reader, you are onneting into this
global grid of %oney.

*o e0tensi#e and de#eloped has this digital net"ork of %oney beo%e that you an literally
tra#el around the "orld "ith nothing %ore than a redit ard for %oney.
1#.3 The inequality of money

While %oney e0ists in all ountries in all parts of the "orld, its distribution and o"nership is
far fro% equitable.

Ten ountries ontrol o#er (!N of the "orlds %oney Ain ter%s of goods and ser#iesB. 5y far
the lions share re%ains the &nited *tates of A%eria "hih aounts for slightly under one
third of the "orldCs eono%y.

=n other "ords, the distribution of %oney o%pared to people sho"s the ontrol of %ost of
the "orldCs %oney is in the hands of a fe" ountries. A2..2 rankingsB.
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1#.4 The !lobal %orporate entity and money

Another "ay to look at the global "orld of %oney is through the "orld of the global orporate
entity. 9o#ern%ents no" harge for %any of their ser#ies and ha#e re8strutured the%sel#es
to beha#e in %any "ays as orporations. Then there are global orporate brands suh as 'oa
'ola, 6epsi, :4onalds to na%e a fe".
1+.4.1 The "orld of the global orporation

3ar %ore astounding than 1. ountries ontrolling (!N of the "orlds assets is the fat that
just 1.. global orporations aount for 21N of the total "orlds assets of %oney Agoods,
ser#ies, assetsB.
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1#.$ The dwindlin! resour%es that fuel our world

The fuel that dri#e our "orlds eono%i engine, is resoures8 fuel, "ater, land, natural
resoures and %aterials. Without %ore diso#eries and prodution inreases in the total
petroleu% %anufature, the "orld "ill ontinue to see higher petrol pries and inreasing fuel
shortages.

Aess to lean "ater has also beo%e inreasingly sare as %any ountries ontinue to
e0periene e0tended periods of drought "hile others battle "ater born disease.

The ost of ra" %aterials suh as iron ore, bau0ite and e#en opper ha#e inreased as de%and
by gro"ing eono%i giants suh as 'hina and =ndia ontinues to inrease.

And land ontinues to be a pre%iu% aross the globe as inner urban housing inreases and
less a#ailable land for far%ing, housing enroahes on any re%aining "ilderness areas.
1#.& 3%onomi%s. the @front %o-er@ -ersion

The %odern FjazzyF te0t book definition of eono%is is as a siene of %aking sense of
Fli%ited resoures and li%ited %eans to unli%ited endsF. A kind of balaning at bet"een all
the possible uses for li%ited resoures and so%eho" utting the ake so e#ery one gets a
piee.

=n that sense, eono%is is nothing ne" fro% the %anage%ent of sare resoures that has
faed e#ery generation of hu%an beings sine the da"n of i#ilization. What is relati#ely ne"
Ao#er the past 2.. years or soB, is the atte%pt to dou%ent rules, %ethods and syste%s for
eono%i beha#iour and outo%es.

=n other "ords, ho" do "e "ork? ho" an "e "ork in a %ore opti%ized "ay? ho" an a
go#ern%ent better %anage its industry poliy? ho" an eono%i gro"th be i%pro#ed?
1+.$.1 The birth of eono%is in %ethods of "ork and trade

Ada% *%ith is onsidered the father of eono%is for his "orks in atte%pting to define
syste%s and proedures for effiient prodution of repetiti#e ite%s Athe birth of
%anufaturing proessingB.

And fro% that point on, the hall%ark of eono%is has been its inti%ate assoiation to the
onepts of %oney, "ealth, profit, "ork and trade.
1+.$.2 :odern statistial eono%is

Today, eono%is has e#ol#ed in to a slik and sophistiated FsieneF pro#iding a%azing
statistial %odels of prediting future eono%i trends as "ell as %athe%atial justifiations
for ertain opti%u% deisions.

:odern eono%i theorists ha#e been at the forefront of %any of the %ajor soial and
strutural hanges e0periened by %any ountries in the past fe" deades, espeially in
seeing the push to"ards dropping trade protetion to inrease global trade.
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1#." 3%onomi%s. the s%ien%e of @madness@

:o#ing past the te0t book definition of eono%i theory, the reality of e0periening eono%i
deisions is quite different.

The eono%i theory of global o%petition and trade i%pro#ing li#ing standards, flies
squarely in the fae of %illions of A%erians laid off "ork fro% global orporations "ho no"
see redue trade restritions as an easy "ay to get their goods %anufatured in heaper
labour %arkets suh as 'hina and Korea.

To "hole o%%unities that ha#e lost their pri%e %eans of e%ploy%ent and eono%i
prosperity, suh Feono%ially rationalF deisions see% both heartless and insane.
1+.(.2 The heaper eono%i deision to destroy food than distribute food

/e%e%ber "hen "e said that %any %illions of people are star#ing fro% lak of food? then
"hy does the 1uropean &nion ontinue to this day "ith far% praties that pay far%ers not to
produe, or for food that is ne#er ulti%ately used?

Again on the surfae, to the star#ing people around the "orld, suh "astage see%s o%plete
%adness until you hear that eono%ists in the 1uropean &nion and 1uropean ountries
rationalize the proess as a "ay of proteting #ital national industries and Fsa#ingF %oney by
a#oiding ha#ing %ore people on "elfare.
1#.# 3%onomi%s. the real reason thin!s happen

En the pre#ious page, = alluded to eono%is being the siene of %adness. To be fair,
e#erything assoiated "ith eono%is is perfetly rational one you understand the real
reason for eono%is8 the FunoffiialF #ersion.
1+.+.1 Western i#ilization and institutions %aintaining ontrol

Whate#er noble pursuit eono%is represented in the early part of the 2.th entury is long
gone. Today, eono%i theory is about justifying and %aintaining the apparatus that retains
ontrol for "estern i#ilization and "estern institutions. 6eriod.

1#ery arefully rafted theory, e#ery te0t book ans"er, e#ery higher ideal e0pressed in
eono%is is all designed to effeti#ely do one thing8 keep those in po"er still in po"er and
those that ha#e nothing, ha#e a little bit e0tra to keep the% in hek.

This is not so%e great slap in the fae of the %oti#es of eono%ists. En the ontrary, the #ast
%ajority of eono%ists like all people are %ost probably honest, good "orking people. =t is
the syste% that they are supporting and %aintaining that is at issue.

>or is this so%e great onspiray theory. =ts just the pain truth. )ust 1.. global orporations
ontrol 21N of the "orlds "ealth. )ust ten ountries ontrol (!N of the total "ealth. =t doesnCt
take a genius to suspet that the people "ho run those ountries and the institutions that run
those ountries "ould like to stay in ontrol. >or does it take long to suddenly realize that
eono%is is no longer a siene of %ad%en but a brilliant philosophial strategy.
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1+.+.2 When only the "estern o%%erial %odel "ill do

The idea of &'A in itself is an e%po"ering idea that if i%ple%ented e#en in thought aross a
planet represents the e#olution of a Type =G 'i#ilization to a Type G 'i#ilization.
1#.* 0lobal %urren%y and effi%ien%ies of trade

'urreny is a for%al syste% of %oney based on so%e standard unit of %easure%ent, a store
of #alue and a %ediu% of pay%ent and e0hange. :oney is anything that is generally
aepted in e0hange as pay%ent for 9oods aording to so%e esti%ated #alue.

4ue to general ignorane and deliberate disinfor%ation "ithin the Ftruth %o#e%entF by
agents of the syste%, %uh of this kno"ledge is hidden by false re%edy and attaks on
"histleblo"ers.

While the key funtion of %oney is to at as a %ediu% of e0hange, "hen %oney is for%alized
to be reognized as a store of #alue, a unit of aount and %ethod of pay%ent aording to
ertain rules, it %ay be regarded then as 'urreny.

All urrenies and therefore %oney %ay be defined into t"o A2B types aording to the
%ethod of under"riting the #alue of the %oney7 'o%%odity and 6roperty.

'o%%odity 'urreny is the si%plest for% of urreny "hereby the %oney itself is the
under"riting and arrier of #alue. The %ost o%%on e0a%ples of o%%odity urreny are
gold and sil#er oins, no" rarely %inted in fa#our of debased %etal oins of less intrinsi
#alue.

6roperty 'urreny is any urreny that uses /ights of 6roperty by lai%, lien and other
%ehanis%s as the %ethod of under"riting. All 6roperty 'urreny is based upon the rules of
>egotiable =nstru%ents and the assoiated onept of Te%porary Trusts in "hih to on#ey
the 6roperty.

All >otes, also kno"n as 5ank >otes and 5ills are by definition fungible >egotiable
=nstru%ents, therefore 6roperty 'urreny based upon one or %ore lasses of 6roperty
on#eyed into Te%porary Trusts as its store of #alue. A 5ank %ay hoose to issue one 5ank
>ote against one Te%porary Trust for one Trust 'orpus of 6roperty, or %ay hoose to issue
%ultiple 5ank >otes against a Te%porary Trust to the total #alue of the Trust 'orpus.

The t"o %ost o%%on for%s of 6roperty used to under"rite 'urreny as >egotiable
=nstru%ents is /ights of 'lai%, also kno"n as /ights of /ede%ption and 2iens, %ost notably
:ariti%e 2iens. 'urreny based upon D/edee%ableP #alue "as %ost o%%on in per%itting
the 6roperty of the =nstru%ent to be on#erted into a good of equi#alent #alue, in partiular
gold or sil#er. <o"e#er, %ost 'urreny based on /edee%able property has been "ithdra"n in
fa#our of urreny based on 2iens.

The priniple of 6roperty 'urreny based on 2iens is the aeptane by an 1state that beause
the property under 2ien annot be effeti#ely DseizedP, the lienholder is granted per%ission to
%onetize their right and then DsellP the debt to reoup their loss.
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The signifiant differene bet"een %onetized %ariti%e liens on#eyed into trust and issued
through the struture of 6roperty 'urreny and >egotiable =nstru%ents is that a %onetized
bill of e0hange is not per%itted to be dishonored by any %erhant "ithin the /o%an syste%,
"ithout se#ere penalties. This is beause :ariti%e liens represent the highest lien o%ing
fro% the authority of the highest estates and to dishonor this authority is to dishonor the
entire global /o%an land, property and finane syste% of the "orld.

=n eah estate deliberately bankrupted and fored to issue equitable title 6roperty 'urreny
through a pri#ate reser#e bank, the 2i#e 5irth /eord of eah ne" borne hild is %onetized as
a bonded pro%issory notes and then DsoldP and on#eyed into a separate 'estui Lue AGieB
Trust per hild o"ned by the pri#ate reser#e bank. &pon the pro%issory note reahing
%aturity and the bank being unable to DseizeP the sla#e hild, a %ariti%e lien is la"fully
issued to Dsal#ageP the lost property and itself %onetized as urreny issued in series against
the 'estui Lue AGieB Trust. Thus the urreny of pri#ate reser#e banks is only leased by the
population "ho then pay rent in the for% of interest for urreny they under"rite beause of
the %onetized %ariti%e liens issued against the% as /o%an sla#es.

While this syste% is effeti#ely sla#ery, the general ignorane of the population ontinues to
per%it it to re%ain.
1#.10 3%onomi%s is a fatally flawed model

'learly any syste% that has in8built ske"s the benefit of a selet fe" ould ne#er seriously be
onsidered fair. >or is any syste% that only addresses a fration of a "hole, ould e#er be
onsidered o%prehensi#e.

Het eono%is ontinues the lie that it is a FsieneF about the fairest alloation of resoures
and that it addresses the total %odel of a a soieties "ealth.

=t is one thing to ha#e a fault and ad%it it, but it is an entirely %ore dangerous proposition
"hen a %ethodology lai%s to be so%ething for "hih it is o%pletely the opposite.

*o long as go#ern%ents are triked into belie#ing the sientifi and fair #alue of eono%is
the ontinued ske"ing and stealing of resoures fro% ountries into the hand of a fe",
predo%inantly in 1nglish speaking ountries "ill ontinue.

1ono%is is fatally fla"ed. =t is a theory built fro% 1%pires and has long passed its
justifiation.Het no", e#en %ore alar%ingly, it seeks to legiti%ize itself throughout the "orld.
1+.1..1 Turning on its %aster

2ife and the uni#erse so%eti%es has a per#erse "ay of o%ing bak on those "ho seek to
ontrol the "orld. 2ike :ikey :ouse "hen he tried to stop the s"eeping in 3antasia and
reated an ar%y of Fbroo%sF, the &nited *tates has beo%e a #iti% of its o"n suess. The
#ery syste% "hih it seeks to ontinue to ontrol8 the "orld eono%y has itself %ade it no"
easier for onsu%ers to dri#e the eono%y. A%erian onsu%ers are the reason for the
%assi#e blo"out in the balane of pay%ents of the &nited *tates as heap i%ports fro% Asia
ontinue to flood the %arket. =t is beause of de#eloping suh high standards of li#ing that the
&* 9o#t is no" onstrained to ut any ser#ies to sa#e %oney, therefore keeping the budget in
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%assi#e defiit.

/ather than supporting the ontinued po"er of A%eria and 1urope, eono%i theory, the
theory of ontinuing e%pire is "reking these soieties. 3or their o"n sake it is ti%e for the
%asters to end their support of their pet theories and look for a legiti%ate and fair
alternati#e8 1K12E*.
1#.11 363+1S

1K12E* is a syste% o#ering the o%plete identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
relationships, patterns and rules of hu%an interation in the reation, distribution and
au%ulation of resoures.

1K12E* is di#ided into si0 branhes

9lobal >ational 'orporate /egional 'o%%unity <ousehold

1K12E* is also lassified "ithin the onte0t of the &'A4=A> %odel of kno"ledge and the
&'A4=A sy%boli language.

The differene of 1K12E* and eono%is

All of the key onepts of eono%is are onsidered and strutured "ithin the %odel
1K12E*. =n that sense, 1K12E* an be onsidered o%patible in ter%s of the sa%e general
onepts as eono%is.

*i%ilarly, 1K12E* uses ertain sy%bols and arrange%ents of sy%bols to denote %eaning.

The key differene bet"een onte%porary eono%is rests in t"o points7

1ono%is is founded on the priniple of fulfil%ent ofAgi#enB ends #s sare %eans "hih
ha#e alternati#e usesM

1K12E* is founded on the priniple of har%ony of #alue and ethi based gi#en ends and
de#elop%ent of suffiient %eans first , then the fulfill%ent of %eans to ends. This is a
superior onept to eono%is as it both eno%passes all the essential ele%ents of eono%is
but in a har%oni syste%. <ene, eono%is should al"ays be treated as a sub8set of
1K12E*.

The end result of 1K12E* is a har%ony of fulfill%ent and therefore a full satisfation of
onsu%er de%ands, #ersus a sub8set syste% suh as eono%is, %erely addressing the
fulfil%ent of %eans.

A syste% "ithout har%ony an ne#er deli#er full satisfation or happiness.

1K12E* as a unique onept

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1K12E* an be onsidered an arhiteture of unique onepts. 1ah onept represents an


Types of onepts


language. These are di#ided =nto %ajor lassifiations of onepts by the pri%e onepts of
1K12E*.

The re8asse%bly of eono%is into 1K12E*

=n the onte0t of eono%is being a sub8set of 1K12E*, all the %ajor o%ponents of
eono%is ha#e been disasse%bled fro% the pri%ary onept of eono%is.

These %ajor o%ponents of eono%is ha#e then been re8asse%bled into the pri%ary
struture of 1K12E*.
1#.12 'ubli% e!isters

The absene of publi registers and single reords is an essential %eans by "hih the urrent
syste%s of the "orld ontinue to steal the "ealth of its people.

Whene#er argu%ents of full dislosure are raised, "ell trained disinfo agents enter the debate
and seek to sabotage onsiderations of logi and reason, either by %isquotes or si%ply flat out
false infor%ation.

The suess of the /o%an 1%pire rested on se#eral ele%ents, one being the e0istene of
publi registers. <o"e#er, sine the ad#ent of the /o%an 'ult, also kno"n as the Gatian,
publi dislosure and honesty has re%ains a key ene%y of the syste%.

The #ery rights that "e herish by proteting aess to our infor%ation is also being used
against itizens around the "orld thanks to a lak of lear eletroni identity.

A great fear of a great %any people is the onept that suh tehnology as a publi register of
goods and infor%ation if it "ere to Ffall into the "rong handsF "ould be a %assi#e le#er for
totalitarian ontrol. =n fat, the pro%oters of fear and disinfor%ation "ho "ork for the
e0isting syste% donCt "ant open register to the publi beause it "ould stop the% fro%
stealing our property and goods.
1#.13 363+1S and e%onomi%s

1ono%is is a syste% "hih studies hu%an beha#iour as a relationship bet"een Agi#enB ends
and sare %eans "hih ha#e alternati#e uses.

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1ono%is is di#ided into three priniple areas7 %iroeono%is 8Apries, %arketsB,
%aroeono%is Astate eono%y, global tradeB and de#elop%ent eono%is Aeono%i
%odeling, foreastingB.

Today, e#ery le#el of go#ern%ent in e#ery nation and #irtually e#ery orporation e%ploys
eono%is as a foundation tool of kno"ledge.
1+.13.1 1K12E*

1K12E* is a syste% o#ering the o%plete identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
relationships, patterns and rules of hu%an interation in the reation, distribution and
au%ulation of resoures.

1K12E* is di#ided into si0 branhes

9lobal >ational 'orporate /egional 'o%%unity <ousehold

1K12E* is also lassified "ithin the onte0t of the &'A4=A> %odel of kno"ledge and the
1+.13.2 The differene of 1K12E* and eono%is

All of the key onepts of eono%is are onsidered and strutured "ithin the %odel
1K12E*. =n that sense, 1K12E* an be onsidered o%patible in ter%s of the sa%e general
onepts as eono%is.

*i%ilarly, 1K12E* uses ertain sy%bols and arrange%ents of sy%bols to denote %eaning.

The key differene bet"een onte%porary eono%is rests in t"o points7

1ono%is is founded on the priniple of fulfill%ent ofAgi#enB ends #s sare %eans "hih
ha#e alternati#e usesM

1K12E* is founded on the priniple of har%ony of #alue and ethi based gi#en ends and
de#elop%ent of suffiient %eans first , then the fulfill%ent of %eans to ends. This is a
superior onept to eono%is as it both eno%passes all the essential ele%ents of eono%is
but in a har%oni syste%. <ene, eono%is should al"ays be treated as a sub8set of
1K12E*.

The end result of 1K12E* is a har%ony of fulfill%ent and therefore a full satisfation of
onsu%er de%ands, #ersus a sub8set syste% suh as eono%is, %erely addressing the
fulfill%ent of %eans.

1+.13.3 1K12E* as a unique onept

1K12E* an be onsidered an arhiteture of unique onepts. 1ah onept represents an
1+.13.4 Types of onepts


language. These are di#ided into %ajor lassifiations of onepts by the pri%e onepts of
1K12E*.
1+.13.! The re8asse%bly of eono%is into 1K12E*

=n the onte0t of eono%is being a sub8set of 1K12E*, all the %ajor o%ponents of
eono%is ha#e been disasse%bled fro% the pri%ary onept of eono%is.
These %ajor o%ponents of eono%is ha#e then been re8asse%bled into the pri%ary
struture of 1K12E*.

1#.14 The basi% %omponents of 363+1S
1K12E* an be ategorized into se#eral %ajor o%ponents7
1#.1$ 363+1S 'rime 2on%epts

1K12E* is built upon an essential fra%e"ork of onepts alled the 6ri%e 'onepts of
1K12E*.
1+.1!.1 6ri%e 'onepts of 1K12E*
1#.1& 363+1S

The 1K12E* pri%e ideas state7
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1#.1" +101S
The 1K12E* 2E9E* pri%e ideas state7
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1#.1# 3637,
The 1K12E* 1K14A pri%e ideas state7
1#.1* 36395 G9irtueH

=n respet of the indi#iduals right to hoose their o"n ourse and destiny, it is a priniple of
this onstitution that all hu%an beings "ill benefit in an understanding and pratie of the
#irtues listed "ithin this lause.
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1#.20 36395 GneedsH

<u%an needs

=t is funda%ental to an enlightened soiety to understand the needs of hu%an beings as being
%ore than just eono%i, or spiritual alone. =t is the orret %i0 and understanding of the
follo"ing needs that best pro#ides the fra%e"ork for enlightened soieties.
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1#.21 36395 GCuman ri!htsH

<u%an rights

1#ery hu%an being is entitled to ertain rights and freedo%s "ithout distintion of any kind,
suh as rae, olour, se0, language, age, religion, politial or other opinion, national or soial
origin, property, birth or other status.
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1#.22 36395 GCuman responsibilitiesH

<u%an responsibilities

1#ery hu%an being is responsible for their o"n ations and good ondut. At eah age,
hu%an beings %ust aept ertain responsibilities to belong to a soiety and reei#e ertain
pri#ileges.
1#.23 36395 GCuman pri-ile!esH

<u%an pri#ileges

6ri#ileges are benefits that o%e "ith agreeing to abide by the rules of li#ing in a soiety of
hu%an beings.
1#.24 T368,S
The 1K12E* &>=21I pri%e ideas state7
1#.2$ 3561S
The 1K12E* 1=KE* pri%e ideas state7

1#.2& 36,S/S
The 1K12E* 1KA*H* pri%e ideas state7

1#.2" 2595+,
The 1K12E* '=G=2A pri%e ideas state7
1#.2# )85+34
The 1K12E* &>=21I pri%e ideas state7
1#.2* S/8305S(
The 1K12E* *H>1/9=*: pri%e ideas state7

1*. 2595+, . happy li-in! %ities
1*.1 , world of %ities

Ene hundred years ago, + out of 1. of all hu%an li#ed in settle%ents of less than !,...
inhabitants. Today, 1 in 3 people li#e in %ajor %etropolis entres of one %illion or %ore
people.

The shift to"ards larger and larger urban settle%ents in the past forty years is arguably one of
the %ost dra%ati shifts in hu%an history. We a "orld of ities.

A handful of ities define us. Eur apitals, the apitals of for%er and urrent e%pires, the
ities of our birth and life.
1*.2 The %on%ept of a %ity

The "ord ity o%es fro% the 2atin "ord i#itas %ead fro% t"o 2atin "ords i#is FitizenF Y
8tat8 FonditionF to %ean literally Fonditions of a itizen.F

The "ord FitizenF itself as "e ha#e just disussed o%es fro% the onept of a Ffree person of
the *tate, the *tate being the ityF, a funda%ental basis of the 9reek #ersion of de%oray.

Therefore, in its base sense, the "ord ity is irular in its argu%ent, as self8defining 8 ie Fa
ity %eans the onditions of the itizens of a ity %eans...F =nitially this su%%ary of the
original %eaning of the "ord ity %ay not appear i%portant or e#en neessarily %ake sense
for the %o%ent. <o"e#er, the "ord FityF "ill pro#e to be of signifiant purpose later in this
hapter.

The usage of the "ord FityF to desribe ertain %odels of organised hu%an life

/ather than applying to all habitats and %odels of organised hu%an life, the na%e ity
appears only to be besto"ed to ertain %odels of organised hu%an life, that adheres to
ertain rules and strutures.

We say a ity is a ity not beause of any one thing, but beause of a %ultitude of things, suh
as o nu%ber of people in a gi#en area o legal status as a ity o tall buildings, large buildings,
entral buildings and so on. 5ut %ost o%%only if asked in a day to day li#es "hy "e all a
ity a ity, our ans"er %ost likely "ould be Fbeause its al"ays been a ity...F
1*.3 2ities and human life

As %ore than one in three people on the planet 1arth li#e in a ity, ities funda%entally
influene all hu%an life.

As a entral soure of "ork

=n the first instane, the %odern ity is a entral soure of "ork. 6eople fro% lo"8job areas
Asuh as rural;far%ingB are often attrated to a large ity for alternati#e "ork. 'entral
business distrits of %odern ities pro#ide the plae of e%ploy%ent for %illions of residents.
As a entral plae of residene

2arge ities offer greater soures and alternati#es of ao%%odation. <igh "ealth residents
%ay find residenes in hilly and "ater8adjaent loations. :ediu% "ealth residents %ay find
ao%%odation in large urban areas and lo"er "ealth residenes %ay find ao%%odation in
high8density apart%ent bloks.

As a entral plae of o%%ere

2arge ities offer suitable failities and eono%ies of sale for the i%port of goods not
naturally a#ailable in rural areas. 2arge ities represent entres of o%%ere fro% banking
and finane to storage and "arehousing.

As a entral plae of ulture and entertain%ent

'ities also represent entres of ulture, entertain%ent and soial ser#ies. :ost ulture is
entralised in the for% of galleries, libraries and %useu%s "hile larger populations %ake
greater di#ersity of entertain%ent possible.
1*.4 Luality of %ity life

A ity is ali#e to the e0tent that it %ay be desribed by the "ay its buildings and spaes are in
har%ony "ith the ati#ities of its itizens. The %ore har%onious the patterns of e#ents
around buildings and plaes, the %ore har%onious the ity.

A li#ing ity is "hen entire syste%s of patterns, interdependent at %any le#els, is all stable
A balaneB and ali#e.

1#ery plae is gi#en its harater by ertain patterns of e#ents that keep on happening there.

These patterns of e#ents are al"ays interloked "ith ertain geo%etri patterns in the spae.
1ah building and eah to"n is ulti%ately %ade out of these patterns in the spae8 they are
the ato%s and %oleules fro% "hih a building or a to"n is %ade.

The speifi patterns out of "hih a building or a to"n is %ade %ay be ali#e or dead. To the
e0tent they are ali#e, they let our inner fores loose and set us freeM but "hen they are dead,
they keep us loked in inner onflit.

The %ore li#ing patterns there are in a plae8 a roo%, a building, or a to"n8 the %ore it o%es
to life as an entirety8 the %ore it glo"s. When a building has this glo", it beo%es part of
nature.

6laes are o%fortable beause they ha#e no inner ontraditions, beause there is no little
restlessness disturbing the%.

6laes "hih ha#e the quality of life, in#ite this quality to o%e to life in us. And "hen "e
ha#e this quality in us, "e tend to %ake it o%e to life in to"ns and buildings "hih "e help
to build. =t is a self supporting, self %aintaining, self generating quality. =t is the quality of life.
And "e %ust seek it, for our o"n sakes in our surroundings, si%ply in order that "e li#e.
A building gets its harater fro% life patterns

Those builders that reognize patterns of life reate to"ns in the first plae by liberating the
hu%an being. They reate life, by allo"ing people to release their energis, by allo"ing people
the%sel#es to beo%e ali#e.

Er in other plaes, they pre#ent it, they destroy the sense of life, the destroy the #ery
possibility of life by reating onditions under "hih people annot possibly be free.
1*.$ 2ommon %omponents of %ities

=nitially, it %ay appear i%probable that all hu%an soieties %ight be onsidered o%%on
ele%ents trans%itted fro% the first i#ilisations to our present day i#ilisations. =t defies our
belief of e#olution of kno"ledge and sophistiation to think of our soieties and i#ilisation as
anything but the %ost ad#aned that has e#er li#ed on the planet 1arth.

<o"e#er, the diso#ery of the %ore than one %illion unifor% lay tablets in the ruins of the
$,... year old great library of >ippur testifies to their i#ilisation also ha#ing to deal "ith
sa%e Fkey ne"sF of the day. *o%e tablets talk of the proble%s of orruption in the legal
proess and the publi ser#ie. Ethers talk of proble%s "ithin eduation and ri%e. Ethers
talk of the proble%s and issues surrounding greedy %erhants.

'o%%on o%ponents e0ist for all ities that ha#e e#er e0isted on the planet 1arth. We no"
define these aording to their type and ategory7

5uildings A9eographi entre of the ityB
1 *y%bolizing religious and absolute po"er

2 *y%bolizing 'i#i and /egal po"er

3 *y%bolizing :ilitary;6olie 6o"er

4 *y%bolizing 2egal 6o"er

! *y%bolizing 3inanial and Ad%inistrati#e

$ *y%bolizing Kno"ledge and tehnology of soiety

Areas
1 6rofessional;Ad%inistrators Ao%%odation

2 *torage89oods8"arehouse;distribution

3 Workers;*la#es Ao%%odation

48 :arkets

!8 =ndustry

$8 'entral 'o%%on 9round

*yste%s
18 6ubli *er#ie Ad%inistration *yste%

28 2egal )ustie *yste%

38 :ilitary;6olie *yste%

48 /oads;Transport *yste%

!8 3ood;6rodue;:arket;4istribution *yste%

$8 Water @ *anitation *yste%

(8 6o"er *yste%

+8 6ubli *tandard of 2i#ing

<ealth *yste%

1duation *yste%

6ubli Welfare @ 1ntertain%ent *yste%

1*.& 2ity models

A region A%odelB is an aggregation of one or %ore entres, preints and areas. &sing the
'=T=4A syste%, this an be defined sy%bolially.

9i#en the nu%ber of different entres, preints and areas, the o%binational possibilities
%ean there are infinite #ariations possible to reate e#en a si%ple region %odel.

A ity an be defined as a region %odel

&sing the '=T=4A sy%boli syste%, all ities %ay be defined as single regions or lusters of
regions. As suh, all histori and urrent ities %ay be defined as li#ing %odels of '=G=2A.

/egion %odels as /egional entre %odels

While there are %illions upon %illions of potential o%binations of entres, preints and
areas, all region %odels %ay be defined by a si%pler %odel based on their o%%on entre
%odel.

1#en "ith just entres, there are tens of thousands of o%binations a#ailable in %ono, dual,
triple and %ultiple relationships.
The li%ited nu%ber of regional entre %odels used for ities

Ef all the tens of thousands of possible geo%etri o%binations, all hu%an ities built to date
%ay be defined by a li%ited set of regional entre %odels.

>ot only is their a li%it to the nu%ber of regional entre %odels used for hu%an ities, but
periods of history represent the birth, death and do%ination of a fe" %odels. The ity
assoiated "ith the birth or death of a %odel an be lassed as a D%odel ityP.

The follo"ing lists the pri%ary regional entre %odels used as the ore of #irtually e#ery
hu%an settle%ent of signifiane Ao#er 2.,... peopleB in hu%an history. They fall into four
types of lass7

:ono 4ual Tri E%ni
:ono regional entre %odels
/egional entres based on one entral purpose of buildings.
4ual regional entre %odels
/egional entres based on the speialised purpose of eah set of buildings and their o8
dependene of po"er.
4ual regional entre %odels
/egional entres based on the speialised purpose of three entres of buildings and the
interdependene and flo" of po"er.
E%ni regional entre %odels
E%ni regional entres based on the speialised purpose of %ore than three entres of
buildings and the interdependene in the flo" of po"er.
1*." Work life and home life in %ities

=n so%e to"ns, "orkshops %i0 "ith houses, hildren run around "here "ork is going on, the
%e%bers of the fa%ily help in the "ork, the fa%ily %ay possibly eat lunh together or the
people "orking there.

3a%ily, "ork and play are one ontinuous strea%, helping nourish e#eryone.

5ut a pattern "hih pre#ents us fro% resol#ing our onflit fores, lea#es us al%ost
perpetually in a state of tension

3or if "e li#e in a "orld "here "ork is separated fro% fa%ily life, or "here ourtyards turn us
a"ay, or "here "indo"s are %erely holes in the "all, "e e0periene the stress of these inner
and onfliting fores onstantly. We an ne#er o%e to rest.

We are li#ing then in a "orld so %ade, so patterned, that "e annot by any stratage% defeat
the tension, sol#e the proble% or resol#e the onflit. =n this kind of "orld, the onflits do
not go a"ay. They stay "ithin us, nagging, tense.. The build8up of stress, ho"e#er %inor,
stays "ithin us. We li#e in state of heightened alertness, higher stress, %ore adrenalin, all the
ti%e.

While, on the other hand, the orresponding DgoodP patterns, "hen they are orretly %ade,
help us to be ali#e, beause they allo" us to resol#e our onflits for oursel#es. As "e
enounter the%, "e are al"ays fresh, in the fae of ne" enounters, ne" proble%s, and "e
are ontinuously rene"ed and %ade ali#e.

1ah pattern that reates onditions in "hih people an resol#e the onflits they e0periene,
for the%sel#es, redues peopleRs inner onflits, helps to put the% in a state "here they an
%eet %ore hallenges and helps the% to be %ore ali#e.

To"n planning and "ork life and ho%e life

We tend to think of strategi urban de#elop%ent as so%ething as a "hole8 a giganti task,
rather than a syste% of si%ple rules, not o%pliated patently applied, until they gradually
for% a thing. The thing %ay be for%ed gradually and built all at one, or built o#er ti%e.

An organis% annot be %ade. =t annot be onei#ed by a "illful at of reation and then built
aording to the blueprint of the reator.

=t is far too o%ple0 far too subtle to be born fro% a bolt of lightning in the reatorRs %ind. =t
has a thousand billion ells, eah one adopted perfetly to its onditions8 and this an only
happen beause the organis% is not D%adeP but generated by a proess "hih allo"s the
gradual adoption of these ells to happen hour by hour8 it is the proess of life that reates the
organis%.
1*.# (odern %ity models

All ity %odels an be linked in e#olutionary ter%s aording to ne" ideas and tehnology
enhane%ents. :odern ity %odels are defined by the align%ent of three syste%s into one8
an eono%i %odel based on orporate8onsu%er, a ity de#elop%ent %odel based on
orporate8suburbia and a soial %odel based on %ass o%%uniation ulture ATG, radio,
print %agazines, ne"spapersB and a transport %odel based on the %otor #ehile.

:odular #ersus uniqueness

The idea that a building an and ought to be %ade of %odular units is one of the %ost
per#asi#e assu%ptions of 2.th 'entury arhiteture.

>ature is ne#er %odular. >ature is full of al%ost si%ilar units;"a#es, raindrops, blades of
grass8 but though the units of one kind are alike in their broad struture8 no t"o are e#er alike
in detail.

The sa%e broad features8 keep re8ourring o#er and o#er again. =n their detailed
appearane8 these broad features are ne#er t"ie the sa%e.

And any syste% "hih is "hole %ust ha#e this harater of nature. The %orphology of nature,
the softness of its lines the al%ost infinite #ariety and lak of gaps8 all this follo"s diretly
fro% the fat that nature is "hole.

:ountains, ri#ers, forests, ani%als, roks, flo"ers all ha#e this harater. 5ut they do not
ha#e it si%ply by aident. They ha#e it beause they are "hole and beause all their parts of
"hole and unique. Any syste% that is "hole %ust ha#e this harater.
*o%e buildings are built out of %aterials to last fore#er Ethers are built out of %aterials that
naturally fade and break do"n.

*o%e buildings are built "ith perfetion on angles and jons. There is a strong need to be
aurate. 5ut the highest is i%perfet8perfetion8 not all olu%ns are e0atly the sa%e8 the
uniqueness of the parts reate the perfetion of the "hole.

The different parts are unique beause the patterns are the sa%e.

The %adness of building ontrol

*ine the natural proesses of building to"ns no longer "ork, in pani, people look for "ays
of DontrollingP the design of to"ns and buildings.

1.They try to ontrol larger piees of the en#iron%ent Athis is alled urban designB
2.They try to ontrol %ore piees of the en#iron%ent Athis is alled %ass8 prodution or
syste%s8 buildingB
3.They try to ontrol the en#iron%ent %ore fir%ly by passing la"s Athis is alled planning
ontrolB

10perts try to %ake to"ns and buildings "hih are adopted to peopleRs needs, but they are
al"ays tri#ial. They an only deal "ith general fores "hih are o%%on to all people and
ne#er "ith the partiular fores that %ake one partiular person unique and hu%an.

1#en "hen e0perts %ake buildings "hih are DadaptableP to sol#e this proble%, the result is
still tri#ial, beause the unique partiulars are still subser#ient to the o%%on generalities.
<uge %ahine8 like buildings "hih allo" people to %o#e the "alls around so that they an
e0press the%sel#es, still %ake the% subjet to the Dsyste%P.

The entral task of arhiteture should not be design and entral planning but the reation of
a single, shared, e#ol#ing pattern language "hih e#eryone ontributes to and e#eryone an
use.
1*.* The ori!in of %orporate.suburbia %ity model

The proble% for any ne" ity %odel is to find a ti%e and an opportunity to put it into
pratie. =n this ase, the i%%ediate post "ar period in both 1urope and the &nited *tates
present a unique set of iru%stanes.

The industry of the &nited *tates needed to absorb %ilitary personnel bak into the
"orkfore. 'heap and %ass quality produts needed inluding kit ho%es and land needed to
be a#ailable for the re8settle%ent of troops and their fa%ilies.

=n 1urope and )apan, "hole soieties needed to be rebuilt and re8equiped "ith ite%s.

3or orporate A%eria it represented the %ost unpreedented period of "ealth aquisition in
hu%an history. 'orporations "ent fro% "ealthy e0tensions of indi#idual resoure barons to
truly %ulti8national le#iathans.
The %otor #ehile presented a unique produt in that it not only required a substantial publi
in#est%ent to %ake it possible to tra#el and support its operation, but then land ould be
opened up for sale and settle%ent #irtually any point.

'ities no longer needed to be based on an i%%ediate "ater soure. 6eople ould tra#el by
%otor ar any nu%ber of %iles to get their groeries.
1*.10 The result of %orporate.suburbia %ity model

The effet of the orporate8suburbia ity %odel graphed onto our oldest and largest ities and
as the te%plate for ne" ities has been global in reah and i%ple%entation.

Girtually no ne" %ajor urban entre has been onstruted in the past fifty years that has not
been based on the orporate8suburbia %odel.

Thousands of square %iles of pre#ious "ilderness and far%land is no" suburbs, strething in
so%e ases for hundreds of %iles to reate a :egalopolis Asuh as 2os Angeles;*an 4iegoB.

The de%and for the publi to ontinue to fund the orporate %odel of the %otor ar has
pushed %any ities into %assi#e debt. 'ar pollution.

The one8sided deal has %eant that orporations ha#e taken the profits, on the baks of
publily funded infrastruture. 6eople no" onsider roads as standard infrastruture "hen in
%any ases their original purpose is no" to pro%ote only one %ode of transport.
1-.11 The future of orporate8suburbia ity %odels
1-.12 The theory of urban planning
1-.13 The reality of urban planning

We tend to think of strategi urban de#elop%ent as so%ething as a "hole8 a giganti task,
rather than a syste% of si%ple rules, not o%pliated patently applied, until they gradually
for% a thing. The thing %ay be for%ed gradually and built all at one, or built o#er ti%e.

An organis% annot be %ade. =t annot be onei#ed by a "illful at of reation and then built
aording to the blueprint of the reator. =t is far too o%ple0 far too subtle to be born fro% a
bolt of lightning in the reatorCs %ind. =t has a thousand billion ells, eah one adopted
perfetly to its onditions8 and this an only happen beause the organis% is not F%adeF but
generated by a proess "hih allo"s the gradual adoption of these ells to happen hour by
hour8 it is the proess of life that reates the organis%.

=n pani, people try to replae the lost order of the organi building proess, by artifiial for%s
of order based on ontrol. *ine the natural proesses of building to"ns no longer "ork, in
pani, people look for "ays of FontrollingF the design of to"ns and buildings.

Those arhitets and planners "ho ha#e beo%e onerned by the insignifiane of their
influene on the en#iron%ent %ake 3 kinds of efforts to gainF total designF ontrol of the
en#iron%ent
1. They try to ontrol larger piees of the en#iron%ent Athis is alled urban designB
2. They try to ontrol %ore piees of the en#iron%ent Athis is alled %ass8 prodution or
syste%s8 buildingB
3. They try to ontrol the en#iron%ent %ore fir%ly by passing la"s Athis is alled planning
ontrolB

These totalitarian efforts, although they do ontrol %ore of the en#iron%ent, ha#e e0atly the
"rong effet. They annot reate a "hole en#iron%ent, beause they are not suffiiently
responsi#e to the real needs, fores, de%ands, proble%s of the people in#ol#ed. =nstead of
%aking the en#iron%ent %ore "hole, they %ake it less "hole.

At this stage, the pattern languages beo%e still %ore frag%ented and %ore dead. They are
ontrolled by e#en fe"er peopleM they ha#e e#en less of the li#ing onnetion "ith the people
"hih they need.

10perts try to %ake to"ns and buildings "hih are adopted to peopleCs needs, but they are
al"ays tri#ial. They an only deal "ith general fores "hih are o%%on to all people and
ne#er "ith the partiular fores that %ake one partiular person unique and hu%an.

1#en "hen e0perts %ake buildings "hih are FadaptableF to sol#e this proble%, the result is
still tri#ial, beause the unique partiulars are still subser#ient to the o%%on generalities.
<uge %ahine8 like buildings "hih allo" people to %o#e the "alls around so that they an
e0press the%sel#es, still %ake the% subjet to the Fsyste%F.

The entral task of arhiteture should not be design and entral planning but the reation of
a single, shared, e#ol#ing pattern language "hih e#eryone ontributes to and e#eryone an
use.

=f "e hope to bring our to"ns and buildings bak to life, "e %ust begin to re8reate our
languages, in suh a "ay that all of us an use the% "ith the patterns of life in the% so
intense, so full of life again that "hat "e %ake "ithin these languages "ill, al%ost of its o"n
aord begin to sing.
1-.14 A #ery dark future ahead for ities
1-.1! 4oes ity life ha#e to be hell?
1-.1$ 4o future generations ha#e to die fro% ity disasters?
1-.1( 'an ity %odels on 1arth be Fhea#enly?F

1#en today, "ith super ities, in %any pro#inial to"ns aross the planet "e find plaes of
"ork %i0ed in bet"een ho%es. =n these #illage at%ospheres, fa%ilies an share the
e0perienes of "ork, of hildren playing nearby and also of being able to share %eals together.

Het e#en "ith %ore people seeking to "ork fro% ho%e in ities aross first "orld ountries,
these sa%e dyna%is are si%ply not possible due to the "ay "e ha#e no" strutured our
ities. Eur "ork too often is a substantial distane fro% our plae of "ork and the plae of
"ork of our i%%ediate fa%ily. The plae "here "e li#e %ay be hundreds Aor thousands of
kilo%etresB a"ay fro% our e0tended fa%ily. Eur hildren e#en, %ay go to shool or ollege
%any kilo%etres fro% both our ho%e and our plae of "ork.

6ut si%ply, the ities that "e ha#e allo"ed to be reated, the ities in "hih "e li#e

=n so%e to"ns, "orkshops %i0 "ith houses, hildren run around "here "ork is going on, the
%e%bers of the fa%ily help in the "ork, the fa%ily %ay possibly eat lunh together or the
people "orking there.


5ut a pattern "hih pre#ents us fro% resol#ing our onflit fores, lea#es us al%ost
perpetually in a state of tension

3or if "e li#e in a "orld "here "ork is separated fro% fa%ily life, or "here ounty "ards turn
us a"ay, or "here "indo"s are %erely holes in the "all, "e e0periene the stress of these
inner and onfliting fores onstantly. We an ne#er o%e to rest.

We are li#ing then in a "orld so %ade, so patterned, that "e annot by any stratage% defeat
the tension, sol#e the proble% or resol#e the onflit. =n this kind of "orld, the onflits do
not go a"ay. They stay "ithin us, nagging, tense.. The build8up of stress, ho"e#er %inor,
stays "ithin us. We li#e in a state of heightened alertness, higher stress, %ore adrenalin, all
the ti%e.

This stress is then no longer funtional at all. =t beo%es a huge drain on the syste%. *ine
the organis%s apaity to enter the stressed state is already partly Fused upF beause it is
perpetually in this state, our apaity to reat to ne" proble%s, dangers and onflits does
do"n, beause the organis% is onstantly e0hausted by the perpetual state of stress.

And so the FbadF patterns8 the "indo" "hih doesnCt "ork, the dead ourtyard, the badly
loated "orkplae8 these stress us, under%ine us, affet us ontinuously. =ndeed, in this
fashion eah bad pattern in our en#iron%ent onstantly redues us, uts us do"n, redues our
ability to %eet ne" hallenges, redues our apaity to li#e and helps to %ake us dead.

And so the FbadF patterns8 the "indo" "hih doesnCt "ork, the dead ourtyard, the badly
loated "orkplae8 these stress us, under%ine us, affet us ontinuously. =ndeed, in this
fashion eah bad pattern in our en#iron%ent onstantly redues us, uts us do"n, redues our
ability to %eet ne" hallenges, redues our apaity to li#e and helps to %ake us dead.

While, on the other hand, the orresponding FgoodF patterns, "hen they are orretly %ade,
help us to be ali#e, beause they allo" us to resol#e our onflits for oursel#es. As "e
enounter the%, "e are al"ays fresh, in the fae of ne" enounters, ne" proble%s, and "e
are ontinuously rene"ed and %ade ali#e.
1*.1# @)topia@ is not enou!h

To aspire to i%pro#e the status of hu%an beings %ay be noble, but the onsideration of any
alternati#e %odels of ity de#elop%ent is fraught "ith danger.
*ignifiant in#est%ent e0ists "ithin the urrent soial strutures of great urban ities around
the planet 1arth. Any %odel that onsiders hange %ust also onsider the broader eono%i
i%pat of suh reo%%ended hanges.

1-.1+.1 The pratial i%pliations of any reo%%endations

5eyond the eono%i i%pliations in any suggested F%odelF of ity soiety is the pratial
i%pliations on itizens of a ity.

&topian %odels of organised soiety ha#e been reated and so%e e#en partially i%ple%ented,
"ith less than fa#ourable results.

&topian #alues often result in fairly autorati i%pliations. A health soiety an in one sense
be brought about by eli%inating all ele%ents that represent risk. The result "ould be fairly
bland food hoies and little hoie of fun entertain%ent.

*i%ilarly, utopian #alues of equality of "ork and soial e0hange, ulti%ately leads not to a
lassless soiety but a t"o lass soiety of the #ery po"erful elite and the general lass.

Karl :ar0 %ay "ell ha#e onsidered his ideas in ter%s of de#eloping a utopian soiety free of
the injusties in "ealth of the turn of the 2.th entury. <o"e#er, the %odel in its i%pliations
spa"ned an entirely different i%ple%entation.

To"ards li#ing ities


A building or a to"n beo%es ali#e "hen e#ery patter in it is ali#e7 "hen it allo"s eah person
in it, and eah plant and ani%al and e#ery strea% and bridge and "all and roof and e#ery
hu%an group and e#ery road, to beo%e ali#e on its o"n ter%s.

And as that happens, the "hole to"n reahes the state that indi#idual people, so%eti%es
reah at their best and happiest %o%ents8 "hen they are free.

What happens in a "orld8 a building or a to"n8 in "hih the patterns ha#e life quality?

1#ery part of it, at e#ery le#el, beo%es unique. The patterns "hih ontrol a portion of the
"orld are the%sel#es fairly si%ple. 5ut "hen they interat, they reate slightly different
o#erall onfigurations.
1*.1* 5ntrodu%tion to 2595+,

&rban planning is a olletion of historial and onte%porary philosophies "hih study
hu%an beha#iour in ter%s of "here "e li#e, ho" "e li#e and "ork and the alternati#e
strutures and syste%s that %ay e0ist.

&rban planning philosophies are assoiated "ith a nu%ber of disiplines suh as soial poliy
planning, urban design, arhitetural design, i#il engineering and industry. All hu%an
settle%ent that has e#er e0isted o"es its inherent nature to a history of urban planning.

>ot all urban planning philosophies are in agree%ent. :any urban planning ideas lash. As a
result, urban planning is not onsidered a uni#ersal siene.

Today, e#ery le#el of go#ern%ent in e#ery nation and ity e%ploys so%e philosophy of urban
planning to its planning of the future of its hu%an settle%ents.
1-.1-.1 '=G=2A

'=G=2A is a ohesi#e syste% o#ering the o%plete identifiation and study of definitions,
objets, relationships, patterns and rules of hu%an interation in the reation, properties and
funtion of all types of hu%an settle%ent.

'=G=2A is di#ided into four branhes7

>ational, /egional, 'o%%unity, *trutural,

>ational '=G=2A is onerned "ith the identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
relationships, patterns and rules of hu%an interation in the reation, properties and
funtion of national hu%an settle%ent.

/egional '=G=2A is onerned "ith the identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
funtion of regional hu%an settle%ent.

'o%%unity '=G=2A is onerned "ith the identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
funtion of a o%%unity of hu%an settle%ent.

*trutural '=G=2A is onerned "ith the identifiation and study of definitions, objets,
funtion of a strutures. *trutures inlude buildings, residential building, bridges, pipes,
roads, transport links, o%%uniation links and all other strutures.

'=G=2A is also lassified "ithin the onte0t of the &'A4=A> %odel of kno"ledge and the
1-.1-.2 The differene of '=G=2A and urban planning

All of the key onepts of urban planning are onsidered and strutured "ithin the %odel
'=G=2A. =n that sense, '=G=2A an be onsidered o%patible in ter%s of the sa%e general
onepts as urban planning.

*i%ilarly, '=G=2A uses ertain sy%bols and arrange%ents of sy%bols to denote %eaning.

The key differene bet"een onte%porary urban planning rests in t"o points7
&rban planning is a olletion of indi#idual philosophies of design and onstrutions rather
than being a ohesi#e syste%. &rban planning ideas typially e0ludes the priniples of
hu%an #alue and rights fro% their foundationsM

'=G=2A is a o%prehensi#e syste% founded on the priniple of har%ony of the rights and
#alues of life and gi#en needs of the "hole o%%unity. That a happy o%%unity depends on a
"ell onstruted and happy urban design. This is a superior onept to urban planning as it
both eno%passes all the essential ele%ents of urban planning but in a har%oni syste%.
<ene, urban planning should al"ays be treated as a sub8set of '=G=2A.

The end result of '=G=2A is a har%ony of hu%an settle%ent and therefore happy,
har%onious and prosperous hu%an settle%ents.

1*.20 2595+,

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1*.21 25T5
'=T= 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.22 25T57,
'=T=4A 6/=:&* 4=A state7
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1*.23 25T595.8337S
'=T=G=/ 6/=:&* 4=A state7

=t is funda%ental to an enlightened soiety to understand the needs of hu%an beings as being
%ore than just eono%i, or spiritual alone. =t is the orret %i0 and understanding of the
follo"ing needs that best pro#ides the fra%e"ork for enlightened soieties.
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1*.24 25T595.50CTS
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'=T=G=/ 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1#ery hu%an being is entitled to ertain rights and freedo%s "ithout distintion of any kind,
suh as rae, olour, se0, language, age, religion, politial or other opinion, national or soial
origin, property, birth or other status.
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1*.2$ 25T595.3S'18S5B5+5T53S
'=T=G=/ 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1#ery hu%an being is responsible for their o"n ations and good ondut. At eah age,
hu%an beings %ust aept ertain responsibilities to belong to a soiety and reei#e ertain
pri#ileges.
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1*.2& 25T595.'595+303S
'=T=G=/ 6/=:&* 4=A state7
6ri#ileges are benefits that o%e "ith agreeing to abide by the rules of li#ing in a soiety of
hu%an beings.
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age %&* of $%0
1*.2" 25T5+34
'=T=21I 6/=:&* 4=A state7

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1*.2# 25T5'+,8
'=T=62A> 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.2* 25T573S508
'=T=41*=9> 6/=:&* 4=A state7
T1W8
O%osai of subultures Osattered "alk O%agi of the ity Oloal transport areas Oo%%unity
of (... Osub ulture boundary Oidentifiable neighbourhood O"eb of publi transportation
Oring roads Onet"ork of learning O"eb of shopping O%ini8buses O48story li%it O-N parking
Oparallel roads Osared sites OAess to "ater Olife yle Opeople

',TT38S I1 21(()85T53S ,87 8350CB1)C117S
O eentri nuleus O house luster O density rings O ra" houses O ati#ity nodes O housing hill
O pro%enade O old people e#ery"here O shopping streets O "ork o%%unity O night life O
industrial ribbon O interhange O uni#ersity as %arketplae O household %i0 O loal to"n hall
O degree of publiness O neklae of o%%unity projets O %arket of %any shops O health
entre O housing in8bet"een

',TT38S I1 ')B+52 +,87 58S573 , 8350CB1)C117
O looped loal roads O T8juntions O green streets O net"ork of paths @ ars O %ain gate"ays O
road rossing O raised "alk O bike paths @ raks O hildren in the ity O arni#al O quiet baks O
aessible green O s%all publi squares O high plaes O daning in the street O pools and
strea%s O bith plaes O holy ground O o%%on land O onneted play O 6ubli outdoor roo% O
gra#e sites O still "ater O loal sports O ad#enture playground O ani%als
'59,T3 +,87 E 58ST5T)T518 58 TC3 8350CB1)C117
O the fa%ily O house for a s%all fa%ily O house for a ouple O house for one person O your o"n
ho%e O self go#erning "orkshops @ offies O s%all ser#ies "ithout red tape O offie
onnetions O %aster and apprenties O teenage soiety O shop8front shools O hildrenCs
ho%e O indi#idually o"ned shops O street afe O orner groery O beer hall O Tra#ellers =nn O
bus stop O food stands O sleeping in publi
1*.30 25T5S/S
'=T=*H* 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.31 T368,S
T1K>A* 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.32 3561852S
1=KE>='* 6/=:&* 4=A state7
A1B All buildings ha#e na%es
A2B All buildings ha#e unique na%es
A3B 1st part of na%e is type of building8 seond part is unique na%e
A4B The builder %ust gi#e na%e as part of plan before start of onstrution
A!B The building %ust also ha#e as part of its na%e, the na%e of its loality8 so that the 1arth
is also reognized.
A$B The builder %ust inlude a plaque8 their na%e and building na%e as part of the building.

/ule8 e#ery roo% %ust ha#e daylight on at leas 2 side A unless the roo% is less than +ft deepB.
/oo%s "hih follo" this rule are pleasant to be inM roo%s "hih do not follo" it, "ith fe"
e0eptions are unpleasant to be in.

393/ S/ST3( C,S 3+,T518SC5'S

'onte0t 8] *yste% of fortis 8] onfiguration

83TW16 1I +59580 ',TT38S. 30518
O independent regions O the distribution of to"ns O it;ountry fingers O agriultural #alley O
lae of ountry streets O ountry to"ns O the ountry side

',TT38S I1 B1,7 +,/1)T 1I B)5+7580S 58 , 21('+34
O 5&=24=>9 'E:621T1 O >&:51/ E3 *TE/=1* O *<=12414 6A/K=>9 O irulation
real%s O %ain building O pedestrian street O building thoroughfare O fa%ily of entranes O
s%all parking lots O site repair O south faing outdoors O positi#e outdoor spae O "ings of
light O onneted buildings O long thin house O %ain entrane O half hidden garden O entrane
transition O ar onnetion O heirarhy of open spae O ourtyards "hih li#e O asade of
roofs O sheltered roof O roof garden O arades O paths and goals O path shape O building fronts
O pedestrian density O ati#ity pokets O stair seats O so%ething roughly in the %iddle

',TT38S I1 TC3 B)5+7580 ,87 5TS 11(S
O inti%ay gradient O indoor sunlight O o%%on areas at the heart O entrane roo% O the flo"
through roo%s O short passages O stairase as a stage O zen #ie" O tapestry of light and dark O
oupleCs real% O hildrenCs real% O sleeping to the east O far%house kithen O pri#ate terrae
on the street O a roo% of oneCs o"n O sequene of sitting spaes O bed luster O bathing roo% O
bulk storage O fle0ible offie spae O o%%unal eating O s%all "ork groups O reeption
"elo%es you O a plae to "ait O s%all %eeting roo%s O half pri#ate offie O roo%s to rent O
teenagerCs ottage O old age ottage O settled "ork O ho%e "orkshop O open stairs

',TT38S I1 TC3 0,738S E ',TCS B3TW338 B)5+7580S
O light on t"o sides of e#ery roo% O building edge O sunny plae O north fae O outdoor roo% O
street "indo"s O opening to the street O gallery surround O si08foot balony O onnetion to
the earth O terraed slopes O fruit trees O tree plaes O garden gro"ing "ild O garden "all O
trellished "alk O greenhouse O garden seat O #egetable garden O o%post

',TT38 I1 TC3 S(,++3ST 11(S ,87 2+1S3TS W5TC58 11(
O alo#es O "indo" plae O the fire O eating at%osphere O "orkspaes enlosure O ooking
layout O sitting irle O o%%unal sleeping O %arriage bed O bed alo#e O dressing roo% O
eiling height #ariety O the shape of indoor spae O "indo"s o#erlooking life O half open "all O
interior "indo"s O stairase bay O orner doors O thik "alls O losets bet"een roo%s O sunny
ounter O open shel#es O "aist high shelf O built in seats O hild a#es O seret plae

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',TT38S I1 193,++ 218I50),T518 1I 218ST)2T518 E
(,T35,+S
O struture follo"s soial spaes O effiient struture O good %aterials O gradual stiffening O
roof layout O floor @ eiling layout O thikening the outer "alls O olu%ns at the orners O final
olu%n distribution

',TT38S I1 TC3 73T,5+S 1I 218ST)2T518
O roof foundations O ground floor slab O bo0 olu%ns O peri%eter bea%s O "all %e%branes O
floor8eiling #aults O roof #aults O natural doors @ "indo"s O lo" sill O deep re#eals O lo"
door"ay O fra%es as thikened edges O olu%n plae O olu%n onnetion O stair #ault O dut
spae O radiant heat O dor%er "indo"s O roof aps

',TT38S I1 73T,5+S E 21+1) 18,(38T
O floor surfae O lapped outside "alls O soft inside "alls O "indo"s "hih open "ide O solid
doors "ith glass O filtered light O s%all panes O half inh tri% O seat spots O front door benh O
sitting "all O an#as roofs O raised flo"ers O li%bing plants O pa#ing "ith raks bet"ee% the
stones O orna%ent O "ar% olours O soft tile and brik O different hairs O pool of light O things
fro% your life

TC3 L),+5T/

1#ery plae is gi#en its harater by ertain patterns of e#ents that keep on happening there.

These patterns of e#ents are al"ays interloked "ith ertain geo%etri patterns in the spae.
1ah building and eah to"n is ulti%ately %ade out of these patterns in the spae8 they are
the ato%s and %oleules fro% "hih a building or a to"n is %ade.

The %ore li#ing patterns there are in a plae8 a roo%, a building, or a to"n8 the %ore it o%es
to life as an entirety8 the %ore it glo"s.

When a buildng has this glo", it beo%es part of nature.

L),+5T53S 1I B)5+7580

6laes are o%fortable beause they ha#e no inner ontraditions, beause there is no little
restlesness disturbing the%.

63/ )873ST,87580


(1'C1+1052,+ +,W

Within the onte0t of type 0, the parts A, 5 et are related by the relationship r.

, B)5+7580 03TS 5TS ST)2T)3 I1( 5TS ',TT38S
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age %%% of $%0
hu%an being. They reate life, by allo"ing people to release their energis, by allo"ing people


TC3 S/830/ B3TW338 W16 ,87 +5I3


',TT38S ,87 TC35 5('1T,823 T1 +5I3

=t is therefore lear that patterns play a onrete and objeti#e role in deter%ining the e0tent
to "hih "e o%e to life in any gi#en plae.

1ah pattern that reates onditions in "hih people an re#ol#e the onflits they e0periene,
for the%sel#es, redues peopleCs inner onflits, helps to put the% in a state "here they an
%eet %ore hallenges and helps the% to be %ore ali#e.

En the other hand, eah pattern that reates onditions in "hih people e0periene onflits
"hih they annot resol#e for the%sel#es, inreases their inner stress, redues their apaity
to resol#e other onflits and %eet other hallenges and therefore %akes the% less ali#e,
%ore dead.

',TT38S TC3(S3+93S ,3 ,+593 1 73,7

5eyond that, patterns are not %erely instru%ents "hih help us li#e7 they are the%sel#es
ali#e or dead.

The quality of a building is less its purpose, than its intrinsi qualities.

=n short, a pattern li#es "hen it allo"s its o"n internal fores to resol#e the%sel#es.

, +59580 25T/


A building or a to"n beo%es ali#e "hen e#ery patter in it is ali#e7 "hen it allo"s eah person
in it, and eah plant and ani%al and e#ery strea% and bridge and "all and roof and e#ery
hu%an group and e#ery road, to beo%e ali#e on its o"n ter%s.

And as that happens, the "hole to"n reahes the state that indi#idual people, so%eti%es
reah at their best and happiest %o%ents8 "hen they are free.

A rih and o%ple0 order of a to"n an gro" fro% thousands of reati#e ats. Ene "e ha#e a
o%%on pattern language in our to"n, "e ha#e all the po"er to %ake our streets and
buildings li#e, through our %ost ordinary ats. The language is like a seed, it is the geneti
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syste% "hih gi#es our %illions of s%all ats the po"er to for% a "hole.

Within this proess, e#ery indi#idual at of building is a proess in "hih spae gets
differentiated. =t is not a proess of addition in "hih preferred parts are o%bined to reate a
"hole, but a proess of unfolding like the e#olution of an e%bryo in "hih the "hole preedes
the parts and atually gi#es birth to the% by splitting.

3inally, "ith in the fra%e"ork of a o%%on language, %illions of indi#idual ats of building
"ill together generate a to"n "hih is ali#e and "hole and unpreditable "ithout ontrol.
L),+5T53S 1I B)5+7580

5uildings are o%fortable beause they ha#e no inner ontraditions, beause there is no little
restlessness disturbing the%.

TC3 ST)2T)3 1I , T1W8

A to"n is %ade up of ertain onrete ele%ents, "ith e#ery ele%ent assoiated "ith a ertain
pattern of e#ents. An urban region is defined by its relationships a%ong its ele%ents.

At entre is entral business distrit ontaining high density offie bloks, nearby high density
apart%ents.

The density slopes off "ith distane fro% the entre e0ponentially.

To"ards the outer8fringe of the %etropolis, large areas of freestanding one8fa%ily houses.

/egion ser#ied by net"ork of free"ays. 3ree"ays are lose together at entre. =ndependent
of free"ays is 24 net"ork of streets. 1#ery fi#e to ten streets is a larger one ating as an
artery.
, B)5+7580 03TS 5TS ST)2T)3 I1( 5TS ',TT38S

hu%an being. They reate life, by allo"ing people to release their energies, by allo"ing people

1*.33 S/8305S(

*H>1/9=*: 6/=:&* 4=A state7
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1*.34 3561S
1=KE* 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.3$ 363+1S
1K12E* 6/=:&* 4=A state7
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1*.3& 36,
1KA 6/=:&* 4=A state7
1*.3" 36,S/S
1KA*H* 6/=:&* 4=A state7

20. 36, . enterprise knowled!e
20.1 ST)2T)3S 1I 681W+3703

We use kno"ledge e#ery day "ithout neessarily questioning its inherent struture. The
phone book is the phone book. The o%puter progra% or piee of soft"are is they "ay it is
and that is that.
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<o"e#er, as you kno", struture and arhiteture is a funda%ental o%ponent to an opti%al
syste%.
2..1.1 Any enterprise %ay be desribed in ter%s of a single integrated data arhiteture

The funda%ental pre%ise upon "hih eletroni kno"ledge is founded is e0eptionally
si%ple. Het is it rarely onsidered7

Any enterprise %ay be desribed in ter%s of a single integrated data arhiteture
20.2 3+32T1852 681W+3703

Eur understanding of eletroni kno"ledge an be refleted in our seletion and use of
kno"ledged based o%puting progra%s and syste%s.
20.3 21(')T3 C,7W,3

=%pro#e%ents in eletronis and %aterials handling has also seen a dra%ati i%pro#e%ent in
the tehnial de#elop%ent of o%puting.

Todays o%puters an be seen in ter%s of a series of "a#es of ne" o%puting8 the latest
being "ireless o%puting tehnology.
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20.4 21(')T3 S1ITW,3

=n parallel "ith the de#elop%ent of o%puting hard"are has been the de#elop%ent of
o%puting soft"are.
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20.$ 21(')T3 83TW16S

'o%puting net"orks Athe "ay o%puters are onnetedB has also o%e a long "ay sine the
first o%puters. >o" in %any ases, the o%puter and the net"ork are part of the sa%e
arhiteture A as in the =nternetB.
20.& B)S583SS '123SS3S C53,2C/

>o %atter ho" o%ple0 the total proesses of an enterprise, they %ay be desribed in si%ple
ter%s as a single set of proesses.

3or e0a%ple, a sales o%pany begins "ith defining its produts, deter%ining its sales and
%arketing strategy;prie, %aking the offer, %anaging the sale and re#ie"ing the sales
results;produt de#elop%ent.

This is alled the 5usiness 6roess <ierarhy.
The purpose of the business proess hierarhy

The pri%e purpose of the business proesses hierarhy is to deter%ine that all ore proesses
are in fat pri%ary to the funtion of the business.

3or e0a%ple, o#er ti%e an enterprise %ay adopt ertain business praties to o%pensate for
a defiieny, for e0a%ple the "riting of soft"are. E#er ti%e ho"e#er, the o%pany %ay find it
has a large in#est%ent in soft"are de#elop%ent "hen in fat its business in no "ay is ore to
soft"are or soft"are related kno"ledge de#elop%ent.

Without a lear %ap of the higher proesses of the o%pany, suh understandings are
i%possible to identify.
20." 73I585T518 1I 3+32T1852 681W+3703 ,2C5T32T)3 G36,H

1letroni Kno"ledge Arhiteture represents the foundation syste% of se#en key syste%s
%aking up the 1KA 5usiness :odel.

1letroni Kno"ledge Arhiteture represents7

The proper %ethods and syste%s for the lassifiation, de#elop%ent, storage and use of
kno"ledge and kno"ledge syste%s by an organisation

&nlike separate standards for infor%ation suh as the *tandard =ndustry 'odes A*='B and &>
odes for the lassifiation of loations, the 1letroni Kno"ledge Arhiteture is a
ho%ogenous %ap of all possible kno"ledge types and their relationships aptured and used
by the organisation.

Het it is %uh %ore. 1KA is a reognition that there are funda%ental differenes bet"een
arhiteture appliations based on priniples de#eloped 3. years ago and those de#eloped
today based on hu%an ognition and ad#aned o%puting tehniques.

20.# 36,.681W+3703 '5825'+3S

The Kno"ledge 6riniples are the standards by "hih all other o%ponents of the 1letroni
Kno"ledge Arhiteture and the enterprise as a "hole are designed and de#eloped.

The Kno"ledge 6riniples represents a ore philosophy by "hih a group or indi#iduals,
enterprise, go#ern%ent or union onsider kno"ledge, its lassifiation, purpose and use. eg

10a%ple of kno"ledge priniples
A1B That the business has one ategory syste% for all infor%ation, funtions, and desriptions.
The sa%e ategory syste% is used for lassifying objets in aounts as "ell as ordering
syste%s.
A2B That the ategory syste% is o%plete and o#ers all needs.
A3B That the ategory syste% is based on the standard language used by the business.
A4B That the ategory syste% is saleable Ai.e. it an be #ie"ed at different le#els of detailB

As si%ple as the indi#idual kno"ledge priniples appear, their i%pat on the onsequential
design of appliations and data strutures is profound. 3or e0a%ple, a single ategory syste%
i%plies standards that fe" large organisations presently display. =t i%plies entralized
planning and distributed %eans by "hih this infor%ation an be understood and
%aintained.

*i%ilarly, the belief of a single %aster reord representing a person "ithin the entire
enterprise represents a profound shift a"ay fro% dupliate data stored on dupliate syste%s.
20.* 36,.73S508 '5825'+3S

The design priniples are lear guidelines on ho" kno"ledge and kno"ledge syste%s should
be arhiteted fro% the priniple of user interfae and usability.

<u%an o%prehension has definable li%its in ter%s of the #olu%e of infor%ation apable of
being aurately sanned as "ell as the opti%u% %ethods for representation of infor%ation.

9ood design priniples ha#e a diret i%pat on the usability of o%puter syste%s. >ot only
does this inlude the need for standards in 9&=4 A9raphial &ser =nterfae 4esignB but also
in ter%s of priniples of data #isualization.
20.10 36,.7393+1'(38T '5825'+3S

The de#elop%ent priniples of the 1KA are the standards by "hih ne" rules, soft"are, data
definitions and enhane%ents are %ade.

Today there are se#eral %ethods assoiated "ith appliation de#elop%ent suh as /A4
A/apid Appliation 4e#elop%entB looking at best priniples for de#elop%ent.

3or the %ost part, appliation de#elop%ent is set bet"een *4*: (. 8 the for%al syste%
de#eloped by =5: in the 1-(.Cs to for%alise soft"are de#elop%ent and fluid de#elop%ent
often displayed in "eb based shops.

The de#elop%ent priniples inorporate a range of inno#ations ai%ed at %a0i%ising the
effeti#eness in appliation de#elop%ent and syste%s;net"ork de#elop%ent.
20.11 36,.2+,SS5I52,T518 S/ST3(

*yste%s suh as the *tandard =ndustry 'odes ha#e been around for %any years and pro#ide a
ertain le#el of infor%ation ategorisation. <o"e#er, lassifiation require%ents for the 21st
entury need to inorporate %odern understandings of kno"ledge strutures suh as ne" and
future industries suh as bio%etris, robotis and geneti engineering.
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'lassifiation syste%s pro#ide struture and %eaning to infor%ation, enabling o%parisons
to be %ade bet"een infor%ation stored for a orporation and the "ider %arket.
20.12 36,.T3('+,T3 S/ST3(S

Te%plate syste%s reognizes that infor%ation suh as auto8for%s, basi "eb page design
ideas ha#e o%%on use aross different business types and an be stored.
20.13 36,.83),+ ,2C5T32T)3

The traditional desription for this le#el is data arhiteture. <o"e#er the ter% data
arhiteture pro#ides a li%ited and arhai desription of the %odern hallenge to define not
only data, but the relationships bet"een data and groups of data.

To ontrast fro% the 2 di%ensional hierarhial syste% of I:2 and 3di%esional syste%s of
relational data solutions, the ter% neural arhiteture is used to define the natural n8
di%ensional logi of 1KA solutions.

>eural Arhiteture defines the na%ing on#entions of data objets, data relationships and
data lasses used in the definition of kno"ledge aross an organisation.
20.14 36,.S/ST3(S ,2C5T32T)3

*yste% arhiteture is defined as 8 the kno"ledge entri, "eb based, distributed funtion
syste%.

4uring the lient8ser#er appliation de#elop%ent era, it has been the funtions and features
of soft"are that has been the entri #ie".
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&nder the kno"ledge entri "orld, it "ill be the kno"ledge and the "orkflo" funtions of
task and ontat %anage%ent that "ill be key. *peifi funtions suh as lea#e appliations,
in#oies, ontat reords, dou%ent %anage%ent 8 these "ill beo%e Fser#iesF pro#ided as a
thin usto%ised layer or "orkbenh around the kno"ledge syste%.

Today "e an see the first steps being taken to"ards the kno"ledge entri arhiteture "ith
the pro%otion of the benefits of business proess %anage%ent o#er transation data
proessing, the inreased use of portals to try to present a single #ie" of %ultiple soures of
infor%ation, and the use of E2A6 databases to try to e0trat %eaningful infor%ation fro%
transation data.
20.1$ 36,.83TW16 ,2C5T32T)3

While syste%s and data arhitetures herald a on#ergene of infor%ation into kno"ledge,
the net"ork arhiteture of the %odel ser#ies organisation by 2..! "ill represent
unpreedented di#ergene.

>ot only "ill staff, usto%ers, suppliers and prospets be able to dyna%ially o%%uniate
"ith the ser#ies organisation by phone, fa0, e%ail and the internet, they "ill also ha#e
%ultiple tehnology options fro% "hih to hoose.

5y 2..!, "e should see a #iable internet8type ser#ie being a#ailable through ne" tele#ision
syste%s. Tablet 6's are likely to beo%e %ore attrati#e, along "ith 6ersonal 4igital
Assistants A64AsB and ne" types of phones.
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20.1& 36,.B)S583SS ,2C5T32T)3

The %odel of the ideal organisation is itself %ade up of se#en key ele%ents.
2..1$.1 1letroni Kno"ledge Arhiteture

The proper %ethods and syste%s for the lassifiation, storage and use of kno"ledge by the
organisation
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2..1$.2 9ro"th :odel

*yste%s for the sustained gro"th of the organisation inluding business plan, finane plan,
in#est%ent plan.
2..1$.3 Eperations :odel

*yste%s and %ethods to approah the ore operational issues assoiated "ith running a
business, so that it an operate to its opti%u%.
2..1$.4 *taff :odel

A detailed set of proesses, tehnology and syste%s for the reruit%ent, training, and
%oti#ation of the highest alibre people.
2..1$.! 'usto%er :odel

*yste%s for sales, %arketing, and %anage%ent of usto%ers.
2..1$.$ *upplier :odel

*yste%s for opti%ising relationships "ith suppliers
2..1$.( 6artner :odel

*yste%s for opti%ising relationships "ith partners
20.1" 36,.681W+3703 2+,SS3S

'urrently Luattro is strutured into t"o lass layers8 4ata 'lass A1 lass tablesB and 4e#ie
'lass A> lass tablesB . <o"e#er in onsidering 1KA for the future, there is strong e#idene to
suggest a three lass layer approah is going to be %ore effeti#e7

Kno"ledge lass 8 ie 1nterprise, &ni#ersal data objets 4e#ie lass 8 ie >et, 2egay
appliations Agent lass 8 ie auto%ated ;se%i8auto%ated syste%s
2..1(.1 Kno"ledge 'lass

The Kno"ledge 'lass layer defines the pri%ary objets against "hih data sets are aggregated.
Ebjets reflet the #arious unique real "orld data soures fro% people, orporates, %obile
de#ies, loations and uni#ersal olletions.

The objet layer stores o%%on bonding in sub8objets by the definition of fields. This
enables the aggregation of data fro% one de#ie to another quikly and easily.

The follo"ing kno"ledge lasses ha#e been identified7

'2A** K>EW21491 *1T* A A662='AT=E> 6 61/*E> 1 1>T1/6/=*1 K 2E'AT=E> '
'E::&>=TH & &>=G1/*A2 T 41G='1 9 9EG1/>:1>T
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20.1# 21(')T3 C,7W,3

=%pro#e%ents in eletronis and %aterials handling has also seen a dra%ati i%pro#e%ent in
the tehnial de#elop%ent of o%puting.

Todays o%puters an be seen in ter%s of a series of "a#es of ne" o%puting8 the latest
being "ireless o%puting tehnology.
20.1* 36,.,038T 2+,SS3S

Agents are intelligent se%i8autono%ous progra%s that operate in and around ertain
kno"ledge layers. Agents represent a funda%ental o%ponent for the future.

=n the future, se%i8autono%ous progra%s "ill pro#ide ritial ad#ie in opti%ising
infor%ation flo", seurity, and funtions appro0i%ating help desk ser#ies.

Already agents are being e%ployed in %any appliations7 8 to assist in searhes 8 to %aintain
the integrity of data 8 to %aintain seurity 8 to fi0 proble%s

The follo"ing agent lasses ha#e been identified7

'2A** A91>T* W 61/*E> I 'E/6E/AT1 H 'E::&>=TH S &>=G1/*A2 L 2E'AT=E>
G 41G='1
20.20 36,.3+32T1852 681W+3703 1B:32TS

En of the great strengths of the de#elop%ent of Luattro is the solid definition of data objets
and their respeti#e relationships. This ornerstone is e0peted to ontinue regardless of the
enhane%ents to the 1letroni Kno"ledge Arhiteture.

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There are essentially t"o types of data objets in the 1KA7 U &ni#ersal U &nique
2..2..1 &ni#ersal 4ata Ebjets

&ni#ersal data objets are data objets that do not hange no %atter "hat lass they belong.
3or e0a%ple a person is a person, "hether the data lass pertains to the apture and storage
of personal infor%ation, or infor%ation for a orporation or a go#ern%ental entity.

The definition of people as a uni#ersal data objet %eans that all data olu%ns and
relationships therefore apply uni#ersally.

&ni#ersal data objets enable data to be transferred bet"een different appliations
onstruted fro% the 1KA and bet"een different installations of the sa%e appliations. 3or
e0a%ple, the uni#ersal nature of person data enables the onstrution of o%%unity tables
"ithin Luattro to enable data to be e0hanged bet"een installations.

The follo"ing are the unique data objets

=4 E5)1'T S A''E&>T;5&H A''E&>T 4 'E/6E/AT1 6 4E'&:1>T L
1:A=2;'E>TA'T =**&1 ' 1>T=TH : 3E/: 3 =T1: 9 =T1:
4=*T/=5&T=E>;=>G1>TE/H K 2E'AT=E> < :E>1H 1 61/*E> ) 6<E>1 2 6/E)1'T /
/131/1>'1 T TA*K;WE/K32EW 5 T=:1
2..2..2 &nique date objets

&nique data objets are objets unique to a partiular data lass. 9i#en speialised
infor%ation, they are different to uni#ersal data objets and are not e0hangeable aross all
data lasses.

The follo"ing are the a#ailable unique data objets7
=4 E5)1'T A *61'=A2=*14 4ATA 1 > *61'=A2=*14 4ATA 2 * *61'=A2=*14 4ATA 3 &
*61'=A2=*14 4ATA 4 G *61'=A2=*14 4ATA ! W *61'=A2=*14 4ATA $ I *61'=A2=*14
4ATA ( H *61'=A2=*14 4ATA +
20.21 36,.7,T,B,S3 T,B+3S ,87 3+32T1852 681W+3703 1B:32TS

4ata objets in the onte0t of data lasses are used to for% data tables for a partiular
appliation. 3or e0a%ple in Luattro, the 1nterprise lass of kno"ledge A1B, o%bined "ith
6erson Ebjet A1B are used to reate the table set for 11^61/*E>, a ore set of tables.

This syste% has been e0ellent in enabling the easy identifiation of data tables in relation to
other objets. <o"e#er, the table definition has not enabled the easy identifiation of types of
tables.
2..21.1

3or e0a%ple, o#er half the tables in Luattro are referential tables, "hile the other half store
reords. The lak of an easy identifiation syste% has so%eti%es %ade it hard to distinguish
reord tables fro% referene tables.
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=t is proposed that a third na%ing on#ention be introdued to e0pliity na%e the purpose of
a table

TH61 / /131/1>'1 4 4ATA /1'E/4*891>1/A2 I =:6E/T 4ATA /1'E/4* 1
1I6E/T 4ATA /1'E/4*

This syste% "ill %ake the self heking of tables in appliations easier to %anage.
20.22 36, 8,(580 218938T518S W5TC 2+,SS3S> 1B:32TS ,87
7,T,B,S3 T,B+3S

'o%bining all three na%ing syste%s together is proposed aording to the follo"ing rules.

1. 3irst letter identifies the 'lass 2. *eond letter identified the Ebjet eg 11^61/*E>
denotes a data reord table belonging to the person data objet of the enterprise kno"ledge
set.

/eferene tables usually should be na%ed ?/^ using / to denote a referene table.
21. 36,S/S.intelli!ent work systems
21.1 5ntelli!ent work systems

:ost of us spend around one third to one half of eah day and three quarters of our entire
li#es engaged in so%e kind of "ork. 10ept for sleep, no other ati#ity so onsu%es our
li%ited ti%e on this 1arth.

>ot only does "ork onsu%e o#er a third of our e0istene, but for %any of us it represents a
ore ele%ent of our identity as "ell as our general position in the o%%unity.

DWhat do you do?P is one of the %ost o%%on questions asked bet"een strangers, "hile
people "ho "ork as qualified professionals suh as Abut not restrited toB dotors, judges,
engineers and uni#ersity professors are usually assu%ed to as Dpillars of soietyP.

The types of "ork in the %odern "orld

Today, literally thousands of different types of jobs e0ist aross different industries8 as di#erse
as nulear sientists to far%ers, fro% teahers to bankers. The %ajority of people "ork in
orporations or groups of ten or less, "ith around one in t"enty jobs belonging to a
orporation or organisation of greater than 1.. people.

'orrespondingly, job titles ha#e gone fro% fairly generi titles to a %yriad of unique titles that
sound unique and i%portant, yet generally %ean the sa%e thing.

The i%portane of %eaningful "ork

>ot just ha#ing a job, but perfor%ing %eaningful "ork is an essential ele%ent to long ter%
and sustained happiness. =n spite of this, the #ast %ajority of indi#iduals "hen inter#ie"ed in
polls aross the "estern "orld desribe their "ork as less8than8ideal.
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=n other "ords, %ost of us "ork at a job, not beause "e "ant to, but beause "e feel "e ha#e
to in order to earn %oney to li#e.

Whether "e realize it or not, this state affairs does not represent a deline in the quality of
"ork, but an underlying onsisteny in the %ajority of job types in the "orld. T"o hundred
years ago, the #ast %ajority of people e%ployed in industry did not like the "ork they
perfor%ed, but they had to do it in order to sur#i#e.

While the #ery "ealthy ha#e traditionally ne#er had to "orry about D"orkP, the le#els of job
satisfation aross the "orld today is as probably as high as it has e#er been, e#en though it
re%ains a %inority.

The lak of "ork and self estee%

While %any eono%ists see %oney as a dri#ing fator in peopleRs li#es, in truth the absene of
%eaningful "ork ontributes a greater effet to lo"ering personal self estee% than the
possession of %oney.

1#idene has sho"n that "here soial seurity pay%ents ha#e been hanged to be a
te%porary ondition of further eduation, seuring and holding %eaningful "ork, long ter%
go#ern%ent subsidy dependene an be redued.

The future of "ork

=n spite of "ork representing suh a funda%ental o%ponent of hu%an life, little ti%e is often
de#oted to refleting on the astounding periods of transfor%ation in the nature of "ork.

Work in#ol#es %ore than the use of tools and tehniques. The for% and nature of the "ork
proess help deter%ine the harater of a i#ilization, but, in turn, a soietyCs eono%i,
politial, and ultural harateristis shape the for% and nature of the "ork proess as "ell as
the role and status of the "orker "ithin the soiety.

Ene of the purposes of this hapter is to pro#ide a bakdrop to the key periods of hange and
identify the latest period of funda%ental transfor%ation and "hat i%pat these hanges are
likely to represent to orporations and indi#iduals in o%ing years.

These ad#anes in tehnology, "hih are still taking plae, e0tend the reah of the hand,
e0pand %usle po"er, enlarge the senses, and %ultiply the apaities of the %ind. This story
of "ork is still unfolding, "ith great hanges taking plae throughout the "orld and in a %ore
aelerated fashion than e#er before.

2et us no" in#estigate the nature of "ork further.
21.2 The importan%e of meanin!ful work

While in "estern ities, fe" people "alk around in rags and "ithout shoes, up to one in ten of
the "orldRs population still do not ha#e adequate shoes and lothing. 3or the lukiest people
li#ing on planet 1arth, the %e%ory of the industrial re#olution and per%anent ensla#e%ent
as serfs to "ealthy lando"ners see%s a distant %e%ory.
Het the history of "ork for %ost of the people in the "orld has been and largely re%ains, dull,
repetiti#e and "ith little re"ard for effort.

*la#es to the syste%

Whether a person is tehnially free, or not, the general a#ailability of "ork and the ter%s of
e%ploy%ent per%itted by the go#ern%ent largely deter%ines the quality of "ork for %ost
people.

=n reent years, large %ulti8national orporations ha#e suessfully lobbied the "ealthiest
go#ern%ents to ut bak on "orkers rights in order to %ake e%ployee osts D%ore
o%petiti#eP "ith the rest of the "orld. As a result, professionals in *ydney, >e" Hork and
2ondon are "orking fifty hour "eeks and so%eti%es e#en longer to get the sa%e le#els of pay
Ain real ter%sB they "ere earning ten years ago.

=n %any respets, the trade8offs that "ere hard fought and gradually introdued for "orkers
in de#eloped industrialized nations ha#e been "illingly gi#en up by "orkers on the Dpro%iseP
of better pay onditions and job seurity.

The gro"th of self e%ployed

En the bright side, hanging tehnology and Ddo"nsizingP has seen a dra%ati gro"th in the
Dself8e%ployedP professional setor "hereby skilled indi#iduals "ork part of their day fro%
ho%e or fro% s%all businesses.

The lak of lear quantifiable i%pro#e%ents in the general nature of "ork

'ontrary to orporate lai%s and eono%ists, there is not lear quantifiable e#idene to
suggest the general nature of "ork has greatly i%pro#ed for %ost people o#er the past fifty
years.

=ndeed, all indiations suggest a DstallingP in the i%pro#e%ent of "ork, "ith o%puters far
fro% i%pro#ing the quality of "ork ha#e added another lay of ad%inistration and ti%e loss.

=n fat, for %any large orporations "ho had perfeted their syste% by the 1-!.Rs and 1-$.Rs,
the ad#ent of self publishing, of the internet and of the %ountain of eletroni dou%ents
ha#e seen lear drops in effeti#e result orientated produti#ity o%pared to %uh higher
le#els of ati#ity.

We are doing %ore, "e are "orking longer hours, but in %any "ays "e ahie#e far less than
our fathers did "ithout o%puters.

>o lear solutions

/ather than seeking lear solutions to %eaningful and effeti#e jobs for the 21st entury, there
appears a general lak of honest reognition just ho" unproduti#e %odern "ork praties
ha#e beo%e.

En the ontrary, orporations ontinue to in#est %ore and %ore apital into ne" o%puter
syste%s and soft"are and an entire %ulti8billion dollar industry li#es off per%anently
ser#iing pathes, errors and o%puter %istakes.

=n %any respets, the =nfor%ation Tehnology A=TB industry has beo%e a setor dediated to
perpetuating proble%s and isolating lear tehnial solutions that eli%inate errors and
%assi#ely i%pro#e reliability and produti#ity. This is beause big soft"are, big onsulting
%eans big budgets and often #ery little orporate aountability.

We "ill disuss this in %ore detail, inluding lear solutions later in this hapter.
21.3 The importan%e of work.life balan%e

=n the poorest plaes on planet 1arth, there re%ains no suh thing as "ork life balane, only
"ork for sur#i#al. =f this %eans piking up o" dung, or "ashing laundry 1+ hours a day, or
building toys, %aking shoes, lothes or o%puters 1$ hours a day for "estern %arkets then
that is "hat DlukyP people in poor o%%unities do.

The sa%e "as true t"o hundred years ago aross %ost of 1urope "hen the hildren of poor
fa%ilies in plaes like 1ngland and 9er%any sent their youngest hildren off to "ork in the
%ines or in %illing fatories. The industrial re#olution and %any of the fabulous ountry
ho%es of 1ngland "ere built on the baks of hild labour as #irtual sla#es.

&p until the past ten to fifteen years, %iddle lass ino%e earners in "estern nations "ere
luky enough to enjoy a general "ork life balane that kept their "ork hours around 4! hours
per "eek or less.

=t %eant ti%e for rereation, ti%e for fa%ily and a dra%atially i%pro#ed quality of life
o%pared to %ost of our great grand parents and older.

The "onderful age of the o%puter and e%ail

5ut sine the age of the ubiquitous o%puter and no" the internet, our ti%e has gradually
been stolen bak into "ork and se%i8"ork ati#ities. Whereas people used to attend %eetings
and then return to take ation, %any e0euti#es attend endless %eetings fro% "hih no
ation points are effeted, but generate huge additional a%ounts of e%ail and dou%entation.

Eur personal ati#ity ability has inreased, but our effeti#eness, our real produti#ity has
plu%%eted. The result is inreased le#els of stress, espeially a%ongst high paid e0euti#es,
gro"ing dissatisfation and a loss of "ork8life balane.

The age of the Dsea8hangersP

=n a nu%ber of ountries, they are alled the sea hangers, the for%er high flying '1ERs and
high paid e0euti#es "ho ha#e turned in their la#ish and high stress lifestyles to beo%e
far%ers, and boat builders, to li#e in rural bliss, or by the sea.

:ore and %ore these quality e0euti#es ha#e opted out of the Drat8raeP and in turn ha#e
reonneted the%sel#es to a lifestyle of balane.
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&nfortunately for %any of us, suh hoies are not apparent "ithin our i%%ediate reah
gi#en the day to day sur#i#al of paying bills and %aking a li#ing.

<o"e#er, it does gi#e hope to the future "hen orporations %ay finally be fored to re8
e#aluate their job de%ands and souring of skills #ersus the de%ands of "ork8life balane.

'ertainly, the ost of seuring talented people has ne#er been higher. As a result, %any large
o%panies ha#e opted for %ore Dollege styleP "ork en#iron%ents that pro%ote better
ser#ies and onditions to retain high #alue staff.

While only a start, it is enouraging for "hat the future %ight hold for %ore of us.
21.4 The %on%ept of work

What is "ork? =t is a pretty si%ple question. The standard ans"er is so%ething like7

Work is essentially so%ething doneM the physial effort of an indi#idual to"ards so%e ati#ity
in e0hange for obtaining essential physial needs of food, lothing, and shelter.

The "ord appeared in largely its present for% around the 13th 'entury.

5ut "hat really is "ork fro% a philosophial sense is an entirely different thing. And the
philosophial to "hat is "ork, is both "ide and quite sobering.

The philosophial nature of "ork

=n %odern historial "ritings about the philosophy of "ork, t"o broad attitudes are gi#en Q
the D1astP based on an essential Taoist nature of "ork being part of the natural flo" of life
and the DWestP "here "ork is %ore akin to both a duty and burden for our transgressions.

This is the Dho%ogenizedP #ie", the pakaged #ie" of "ork philosophy. =n truth, there are in
fat only t"o broad philosophies onerning the nature of "ork, but they do not relate to east
and "est but >on8'hristian and 'hristian attitudes.

>on8'hristian #ie" of "ork

5efore 'hristianity filled the %inds of people "ith onepts suh as original sin, "o%en being
e#il and subordinate and that hu%an beings "ere so%eho" ursed to labor, "ork "as
onsidered a natural part of life.

'ertainly an indi#idual in the anient /o%an 1%pire %ight liked to ha#e done so%ething
else, but there "as no baggage onerning the nature of "ork. =t "as si%ply so%ething that
had to be done.

*i%ilarly today, %any non8'hristian ultures si%ply reognize "ork as part of life. *o%e
religions %ight plae a high degree of e%phasis on the state of %ind and effort applied in all
%anner of duties Asuh as *hinto 5uddhis%B, ho"e#er for the %ost part "ork is onsidered
natural.

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'hristian #ie" of "ork

=n ontrast, the 'hristian #ie" of "ork is far %ore sinister and t"isted and still per#ades the
%indset of %ost 'hristian do%inated nations e#en today.

5y the 'hristian philosophers suh as *t Augustine and *t Tho%as Aquinas, "ork "as
desribed both a duty and a burden that all %ust bearM a suffering "hih "e %ust endure.

There "as nothing to be enjoyed by "ork. =t "as our urse for the original sin of Ada% and
1#e and for "o%en, it "as their urse that they should be the sla#es to %en fro% %orning to
night.

3or e0a%ple, the 5eneditine %onks enuniated the rule that Fto "ork is to pray,F to fulfill
oneCs duty to 9od and thus ahie#e sal#ation. This notion of "ork bringing spiritual re"ards,
in addition to physial sur#i#al, "as arried further during the 1(th entury by the 6uritans,
"hose "ork ethi led the% to regard the au%ulation of %aterial "ealth through labour as a
sign of 9odCs fa#our as "ell as of the indi#idualCs religious fer#our.

This attitude still appears in the A%erian e0pression, FHou are "hat you do,F i%plying that
people define the%sel#es by the nature of their "ork.

>ot to "ork "as a sin, unless you "ere a "ealthy noble, a priest or a bishop. 3or if you "ere a
serf, you had no real rights8 you "ere a sla#e to the "orld reated by the hurh8 it "as your
lot to tread the path %ade by their hands.

As t"isted as this %odel of the "orld is, it re%ains largely the philosophy of the Gatian e#en
today. =t re%ains a po"erful underlying attitude to"ards "ork that per#ades the attitude
to"ards orporations and the saying Da hard days "ork for a good payP8 that "orking hard is a
noble pursuit.

>e#er %ind that the hard "ork of "orkers o#er enturies has si%ply %ade the rih riher and
so%eti%es the poor poorer. >e#er %ind that %odern soieties ha#e %ore than enough "ealth
and syste%s to enable people to "ork t"enty hour "eeks and be paid "ell, so long as senior
e0euti#es "ere prepared to be paid ten to t"enty ti%es a#erage pay rather than one hundred
to a thousand ti%es a#erage pay.

The 'hristian philosophy of "ork still i%pats the "orld today and is a large reason that the
nature of "ork has been slo" in de#eloping to a %ore enlightened fra%e"ork.
21.$ Types of work

The e#olution of jobs, %athes the e#olution of %arkets, %athes the e#olution of eono%ies,
%athes the e#olution of the "orld.

While so%e jobs and types of "ork suh as e0eutioners, priests and prostitutes ha#e
re%ained largely the sa%e, ne" jobs ha#e been reated as ne" tehnology and ne" %arkets
ha#e been reated.

The job of astronaut "hile an e0tension on the anient pioneer na#igators is a role reated
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age %'$ of $%0
"ith the spae rae.

The job of o%puter progra%%er is another e0a%ple of a job reated "ith ne" %arkets.
21.& The %on%ept of work related knowled!e

1#ery job, "hether it is the 'hair%an of a 5oard, or the person "ho %akes their lunh has
"ith it an i%plied body of kno"ledge8a basi le#el of skill.

While the "ords unskilled are used for so%e jobs, i%plying predo%inantely %anual labour,
no "ork e0ists that does not ha#e an assoiation "ith "ork related kno"ledge.
21." The %on%ept of tasks

6eople o%e to "ork, they ans"er the phone, %ake alls, read and send e%ails, proess
transations, ha#e %eetings, attend training ourses and perfor% the %any other speialised
ati#ities that are partiular to their job.

All of this is lassified as D"orkP, and #ery little of this "ork is analysed in the onte0t of
indi#idual tasks.
21.(.1 'onept of a task

Task is a o%%on ter% used throughout %ost businesses to desribe disrete ite%s of "ork.
&sually tasks are disussed in the onte0t of ho" they are displayed and sequened suh as
alendars, or lists ATE4E 2istsB as "ell as proess %aps.

The ad#ent of desktop soft"are pro#iding si%ple alendars and task %anage%ent features
suh as :irosoft Eutlook, 1udora and 2otus ha#e also gi#en rise to o%%only perei#ed
assu%ptions "hen onsidering tasks. The standard onept of the task re%ains an ite%
effeti#ely %ade up of a fe" disrete data ite%s inluding start date, end date;due date,
subjet, loation, and possibly so%e detailed te0t.
21.(.2 The onept of li%ited ti%e

When any soft"are #endor or %anage%ent o%pany talks of "ork flo" syste%s, ti%eAthe
ti%e of staffB represents the entral o%%odity being utilized.

An ob#ious, but often %issed onsideration is that e#ery enterprise has a ertain nu%ber of
staff and therefore a li%ited supply of staff ti%e a#ailable for all tasks, "orkflo"s, syste%s
and;or proesses.

This is a funda%ental understanding that the enterprise has a li%ited supply of staff ti%e
"ith "hih to utilize the tasks Athings to doB to operate the business.
21.(.3 The li%its on "hat a person does

1#ery ati#ity of hu%an endea#or has so%e kind of purpose, either e0pliit or i%plied. This is
e0atly the sa%e for indi#iduals "orking for a business. We perfor% ertain tasks, eah of
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age %'' of $%0
"hih "ill ha#e so%e kind of purpose. These %ight #ary suh as Ae0a%ples onlyB7
21.# The %on%ept of issues

The a#erage staff person in a ser#ie organisation no" has to deal "ith dozens of e%ails,
%any piees of paper, nu%erous phone alls and fa0es eah day.

)ust sorting out "hat is junk, "hat is just referene; and "hat are genuine ne" ite%s takes
the a#erage staff person hours eah day.

:ore i%portantly, ne" e%ails, phone alls and piees of paper are often related to so%e
pre#ious o%%uniation8 a ne" phone all relates to a pre#ious %eeting, a ne" e%ail relates
to a pre#ious phone all et. The o%%on thread bet"een these different o%%uniations is
the underlying FissueF.

3or e0a%ple, the underlying the%e bet"een a olletion of different o%%uniations %ight
be a ne" business projet. Alternati#ely, a set of o%%uniations %ight relate to an ongoing
dispute and;or o%plaint.
21.+.1 The onept of an issue FthreadF

An issue is a olletion of one or %ore %essages, "hether trans%itted #ia e%ail, fa0, phone,
%eeting %inutes, or other %edia that represents a unique disussion topi bet"een one or
%ore people.

The indi#idual %essages that go to %ake up an issue, suh as an e%ail fro% a usto%er, or
the su%%ary of a phone all to that usto%er are alled issue issue ite%s, or issue ite%s or
issue topis .
21.+.2 Key onepts behind issues

There are a nu%ber of key onepts behind =ssues7

2i%it to types of o%%uniation

While there are thousands of brands of tehnial de#ies that an be used to o%%uniate,
only a handful of broad types of o%%uniation e0ist. These are7 phone 8 e%ail;s%s 8 #ideo 8
fae to fae fa0 8 "eb for% 8%ail

5usinesses reei#e and trans%it phone alls, e%ails, "eb for%s, fae to fae %eetings e#ery
day.
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'o%%uniation and issues

1#ery o%%uniation relates in so%e "ay to an issue, o"nerAsB and reipientAsB. These an be
alled Dissue issuesP or DissuesP for short.

1ah and e#ery o%%uniation reei#ed and trans%itted relates in so%e "ay to an issue. The
issue %ight be the request for %ore infor%ation or re#ie" of ser#ies.

:ore than one o%%uniation belonging to the sa%e issue An issue is usually %ade up of
%ore than one ite%, "ith eah ite% potentially being a different DtypeP of o%%uniation

=ssue issues, or issues are usually %ade up of %ore than one o%%uniation. 3or e0a%ple,
the setting of an appoint%ent %ay be %ade up of se#eral o%%uniations inluding phone,
fa0, fae to fae and e#en e%ail.

*tatus of an issue

5y onneting the unique ite%s of an issue together, the flo" of the issue and status of the
issue an be re#ealed

When the unique ite%s of an issue are orretly attahed, the flo" Ahistory of e#entsB as "ell
as the status of an issue an quikly and easily be re#ealed

/esol#ing Do%pletingP issues rather than reating %ore transations The fous of issues is to
%odify beha#iour to one of handling issues, rather than handling transations

=ssues are auto%atially deli#ered to the staff %e%berAsB responsible for handling the%.

=ssue Topi

An issue is al"ays based on one priniple issue topi8 suh as an appoint%ent, a o%plaint, a
partiular business issue, or a request for infor%ation as e0a%ples. This is deter%ined by the
prinipal the%e of the first ontat ite% or topi added to the issue. The topi then for%s the
underlying basis for eah subsequent issue added to the ontat ite%.

=n a ase "here a %essage and;or %eeting results in t"o or %ore pri%ary issues requiring
follo" up, %ore than one ontat issue %ay ha#e to be reated.
21.* The %on%ept of unique information re%ords

:uh of %odern "ork relates to the aquiring, proessing and trans%ission of infor%ation.
The %ost i%portant infor%ation for %ost businesses is the unique infor%ation relating to
usto%er reords and billing aounts.
21.-.1 &nique infor%ation reords

5efore the ad#ent of o%puters, businesses usually stored their i%portant finanial
infor%ation in large ledger books in "hih eah transation "as arefully reorded and
balaned.
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Ether usto%er infor%ation "as then stored on ards, or speial folders "hih "ere then
stored either in filing abinets or in pre#ious years in shel#es ser#ing as a giant filing abinet.
21.-.2 The ad#antages and disad#antages of o%puters

While o%puters ha#e pro#ided a tre%endous ad#antage in being able to gather, store and
%anipulate infor%ation inluding the speed of suh transations, on the do"n side they ha#e
also ontributed to dupliations of infor%ation that then %akes onsolidated usto%er
profiles harder to reonile.

As a result of the e0plosion of databases "ithin businesses, the per#erse situation has beo%e
the nor% "hereby the best usto%ers reei#e the "orst treat%ent beause of dupliate data,
dupliate letters and o%ple0 dupliate bills.
21.10 Work as the mana!ement of tasks> issues> re%ords

Work in %ost %odern organisations an therefore be onsidered a balane of tasks, issues,
reord and dou%ent %anage%ent.
21.1..1 Why is issue %anage%ent i%portant?

There are t"o reasons for the i%portane of issue %anage%ent.

The first is the %anage%ent of issues is at the heart of effeti#e orporate o%%uniation.

'usto%er satisfation is al%ost diretly attributable to ho" reliable an enterprise beha#es in
ter%s of issue %anage%ent. A poor history of resol#ing issues "ill definitely be refleted in
poor usto%er satisfation.

/eent hanges in industry and go#ern%ent standards aross de#eloped ountries also
plaing key de%ands on ho" an enterprise keeps trak of "hat it says to its usto%ers,
suppliers and staff. A poor syste% of traking and reording e#ery piee of o%%uniation
an no" also %ean hefty fines and e#en in so%e ountries, ri%inal liability.

:ost indi#idual staff in organisations already try to %anage issues in so%e "ay. The proble%
is that they are usually relying on their o"n brains to re%e%ber the subtle threads bet"een
the %ountain of o%%uniations o#ering their desks and in their o%puters.

3or an effeti#e issue %anage%ent solution to be in plae, an effeti#e tehnology solution
%ust be onsidered that addresses7

?An auto%ated "ay of eli%inating FjunkF o%%uniation fro% the syste%
?A single #ie" of all types of o%%uniation for all staff aross the entire business
?A single storage point for traking e#ery ite% belonging to an issue thread
?An auto%ated "ay of %aking staff a"are of issues that they ha#e a diret;indiret
responsibility
?An auto%ated "ay of esalating issues that are not being addressed .

21.1..2 Ad8ho "ork
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The seond reason is that nearly all ad ho "ork is dri#en by issues. Whene#er a usto%er
alls "ith a query, it results in "ork. Eften the "ork in#ol#ed is %erely a ouple of %inutes on
the phone to resol#e the issue. At other ti%es it %ay require researh, or the retrie#al of
dou%ents, or you %ight ha#e to all on an internal e0pert to respond to the usto%er.

*o%eti%es the resolution of an issue %ay required %any interations o#er a period of days, if
not "eeks. *e#eral dou%ents %ay be in#ol#ed. 3ae to fae %eetings, phone alls, e%ails and
letters %ay all be part of the o%%uniation hain reated in dealing "ith an issue.

>ot only do "e deal "ith usto%er issues, but also business partners, suppliers and our o"n
%anage%ent. When the %anaging diretor raises an issue, he "ants ation and resolution.
=%agine if "e ga#e all our usto%ers the le#el of attention "e paid to the :4s requestsV

*o issues are inti%ately ent"ined "ith tasks, dou%ents, o%%uniations and our business
relationships. Any syste% that does not link all of these sea%lessly is going to less than
opti%ally produti#e and effiient.
21.1..3 6utting a #alue on "ork

=f you annot %easure the ti%e taken to perfor% "ork, you ha#e no %etris to deide "here
there are proble%s and "here i%pro#e%ent is needed.

Hou also ha#e no %easure of the true ost of "ork perfor%ed and "hether or not the "ork is
profitable.

Any enterprise an be said to be %ade up of ati#ities, issues and transations relating to staff,
usto%ers, suppliers, the publi, produts and ser#ies.

Ati#ities or tasks an be defined as those things that staff atually do during the ourse of
their "orking day. Tasks are ati#ities that for% part of a staff persons ore job and they are
also all the anillary tasks that are taken for granted, for e0a%ple taking and %aking phone
alls, attending %eetings, "riting dou%ents, reading dou%ent, resol#ing issues et.
21.1..4 Total enterprise tasks per year

While an enterprise %ay be unable to definiti#ely pro#ide an e0at figure Aon their urrent
syste%sB of the total tasks perfor%ed for a year, it is possible to esti%ate a reasonable lo"er
li%it and higher li%it of "hat the figure %ight be.

3or e0a%ple, if the assu%ption is %ade that an a#erage staff person perfor%s around 3. tasks
Aeg phone all, letter, %eeting etB per day, then on 22. atual days at "ork !. staff "ould
o%plete 33.,... A22. 0 !. 0 3.B tasks per yearV
21.1..! 'ost per task

1#en on an esti%ate suh as 33.,... tasks per year, an enterprise an esti%ate an a#erage
ost per tasks by di#iding the total osts by the nu%ber of tasks.

A figure of X1. to X1! ost per task is not an unreasonable esti%ate.
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21.1..$ Kno"ledge Galue per task

1ah enterprise has its o"n unique profile of ati#ities. <o"e#er, it is possible Aby adopting
the 1KA *tandard Kno"ledge Worker 'ategoriesB to define ati#ities by #alue and type.

The si0 ore types of ati#ities perfor%ed by kno"ledge "orkers Ain lo"est #alue8add to
highest #alue8addB are7 Alo"est kno"ledge "orker #alueB ? 4ata.1ntry ? 4ata./esearh ?
4ata.Trans%ission ? 'on#ersation ? Kno"ledge.Analysis ? Kno"ledge.'reati#e Ahighest
kno"ledge "orker #alueB

Anything assoiated "ith data is onsidered the lo"est #alue8add le#el of enterprise ati#ities
beause it #irtually does nothing to add #alue to the data obtained.

5eause all ser#ie enterprises are about #alue8adding ra" data, the %ore ti%e staff spend
diretly assoiated "ith data, the lo"er #alue the ser#ie that an usually be harged.
21.11 , brief history of work

Erganized "ork is the #ery thing that distinguishes us fro% other pri%ates is our soiety.
2ong before i#ilization, hu%ans "orked for the good of a olleti#e unit.

*o%e of the unit hunted and gathered food, "hile others stood "ath o#er #ulnerable
%e%bers of the unit and helped prepare food and repair tools. At the entre "ere the leader
and his i%%ediate blood relati#es.

Thus fro% the #ery beginning7

WWork has al"ays been speialized WWork has al"ays been in the onte0t of so%e organized
olleti#e Aie tribe, ar%y, to"n, ity, state, ountryB WWork alloation has al"ays been ditated
and ontrolled by people in po"er
21.11.1 The e#olutionary history of "ork speialization

Ene "ay to look at the history of "ork is to look at the e#olution of types of "ork, "hat
in#ention;inno#ation reated the skills and ho" this hanged the "orld.

3ro% a handful of essential job types in an anient tribe, %odern hu%an soieties no"
e%ploy people to perfor% tends of thousands of different types of "ork. <o" did it get to be
so o%ple0? What are the prototype and defining types of "ork that %ade this possible?

While this %ethod of history is interesting as ho" different roles and job types ha#e e#ol#ed,
it ine#itably leads to a si%plified Fal"ays up"ardF ur#e of history, starting "ith
unsophistiated tribal jobs through to %edie#al guilds and finally %odern day speialized
roles.

This unfortunately is a highly inaurate %ethod of history as %edial pratitioners 2...
years ago "ere perfor%ing preision operations "ith sophistiated %edial tools that "ere
only surpassed in tehnologial skill less than fifty years ago. That the history of "ork is not so
straight for"ard and in#ol#es to %ajor regression and re8learning throughout history.
21.11.2 Work and the syste%

Another "ay to look at the history of "ork is to look at the e#olution of %odel syste%s of
organized hu%an effort that ha#e opened up ne" "ays of perfor%ing "ork.

There are a nu%ber of benefits of this %odel, partiularly in looking at ho" organized "ork
syste%s e#ol#ed fro% hunter gatherer to far%er and fro% far%er to traders and e#entually to
%odern industrialists.

The proble% of this %ethod of #ie"ing the history of "ork is the sa%e as for indi#idual job
types, the i%plied assu%ption that all "ork syste%s ha#e so%eho" al"ays e#ol#ed for"ard
fro% the beginning of ti%e, so that fro% Anient 9reee, "e e#ol#ed to /o%e, then to
:edie#al raft, then to the =ndustrial age of %ehanization and finally the %odern age.

Again, this blinkered Fal"ays for"ardF #ie" ignored the sophistiated syste%s and preision
syste%s of anient /o%e that "as then syste%atially dis%antled by 'hristianity. =t also
ignores the fat that urban li#ing today has still ne#er reo#ered in either sophistiation,
"isdo%, or planning to that of %aster /o%an engineers 2,... years ago.
21.11.3 6o"er and "ork

While greater skills %ight afford an indi#idual a le#el of usefulness "ithin a unit, it has al"ays
been that the %ost physially po"erful hu%ans ha#e ontrolled the nature of "ork for the rest
of the unit.
21.11.4 The &ni#ersal =ndustry 4esription A&=4B %ethod

To assist in #ie"ing the different phases of "ork, a syste% de#eloped "thin the &adian
%odel kno"n as the &=4 or &ni#ersal =ndustry 4esription is used at eah %ajor point in
history, to define the de#elop%ent of "ork and industry;%arkets.

=n ter%s of the 21st entury, the follo"ing outlines the %ajor %arkets at the %o%ent7
21.11.! The 1K12E* profile of %arket sophistiation

=n addition to the &=4 %odel of gro"th of %arkets, the 1K12E* profile of %arket
sophistiation also pro#ides a helpful profile as to the de#elop%ent of "ork in ter%s of the
sophistiation of eono%ies o#er the ages.

The 1K12E* profile rates the sophistiation of eono%ies based on the nu%ber and di#ersity
of key %arkets in the trade Ai%port;e0portB of good and ser#ies.
21.12 Work history.'re.2i-ili<ation

A "ise tradition says that Dneessity is the %other of in#entionP, that hu%an beings rarely
hange their "orld in plentiful ti%es but only "hen faed "ith ala%ity and ruin.

The historial reord o#er the past 1$.. years supports this #ie". That in periods of li%ate
hange, in periods of "ar and shortage of key resoures the hu%an spirit and i%agination has
ine#itably risen up to find a "ay to sur#i#e.

The proble% ho"e#er, s this is not ho" historians ha#e "ritten the history and e#olution of
"ork fro% hunter gatherer to far%er. 3or e0a%ple, one of the first to pro#ide a theory on the
e#olution of hu%an "ork praties "as Karl Wittfogel in his book Eriental 4espotis% A1-!(B.

=rrigation inreased the food supply, allo"ing larger nu%bers of people to agglo%erate into
to"ns and ities. 5eause far%ers "ere #ulnerable to attak, ar%ies "ere needed, "ith the
i%pliation of an offier lass. To"n speialization of labour brought the e%ergene of
potters, "ea#ers, %etal"orkers, sribes, la"yers, and physiians, "hile the ne" surpluses also
reated the basis for o%%ere. The %ore o%ple0 eono%y required reords, so "riting, of
"hih the first e0a%ples o%e fro% the bookkeeping reords of the storehouses in anient
:esopota%ia, "as born.

This all sounds perfetly plausible and sensible, e0ept for one thing8 it goes against
e#erything "e kno" about hu%an nature. <u%an beings organize beause they ha#e to,
beause their sur#i#al depends on it, not beause they an beo%e e#en %ore effiient.

*eondly, it i%plies a pre8seeding of kno"ledge of these anient far%ing o%%unities at
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least in the %inds of their leaders that does not o%es "ith any lear atalyst other than Dthe
godsP.

Thus, the Dfar%er firstP theory of i#ilization and organized kno"ledge of "ork is fla"ed on
t"o fronts. 2et us then look to "hat the earth, li%ate hange and history tells us about the
pre8i#ilization period.

The end of the ie8age

The end of the last great =e Age happened slo"ly and at different rates aross the globe.
1.,... years to $,... years ago, the "hole of the :iddle 1ast, >orthern Afria and *outh
1astern 1urope e%erged as fertile lands, rih ri#er deltas offering reliable "ater flo"s and an
abundane of food.

These hospitable li%ates enabled the sustaining of big ani%als that "ere able to shed ie age
fur and adjust to the "ar%er and "etter en#iron%ents. =t also %eant an abundane of natural
#egetation supporting higher nu%bers of speies.

=n ontrast, >orthern 1urope still re%ained o#ered in sno" and ie for %uh of the year,
"hile the land bridges suh as those bet"een =reland to 5ritain and 5ritain to 3rane finally
fell under the rising seas.

Then, fro% around (,... to $,... years ago the li%ate hange for the hunter gatherer tribes
of >orthern 1urope began to aelerate rapidly. The great herds of thik oated ani%als
began to die off. 3or the populations of hu%ans ut off li#ing on =reland and 5ritain, the
hange "as e#en faster.

These "ere tribes "ho li#ed in s%all no%adi o%%unities, hasing the ani%als. They had no
real need for great nu%bers of possessions. They li#ed and hunted by the yle of the %oon.
They "ere ertainly not far%ers.

3or thousands of years, these s%all populations had learned to hunt, to sur#i#e, to speialize.
The strongest of the tribe, usually Abut not al"aysB the %en hunted at night, "hile the "o%en
prepared and proteted the a%p and young hildren. Eur anestors "ere equal, these s%all
fa%ily orientated tribes had little require%ent for o%ple0 strata other than a le#el of
leadership usually born out kno"ledge of ani%als, the en#iron%ent and keeping the s%all
population ali#e.

>o"here else in >orthern 1urope than in =reland did the dra%ati hanges of life and death,
the old "ays and the struggle for sur#i#al play out as greatly. =reland "as the test bed of "hat
"as to potentially beo%e the destiny of all of >orthern 1urope.

=n the ase of =reland, a land, one onneted to 5ritain that supported a no%adi hunter
gatherer population of up to 3.,... around $,... years ago suddenly and quikly ran out of
ani%als and e#en s%all ani%als.

=ne#itably star#ation, "ar, and annibalis% bea%e rife. Within a fe" short years, the
population had plu%%eted to less than 1.,... and life had beo%e short, brutal and
unertain.
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The birth of "isdo% and the first priests

The isolation of the *tone Age tribes of =reland, the end of all large ani%als, the hunger and
star#ation "as to the% the end of the "orld. 3aed "ith suh horror inluding eating
%e%bers of your o"n fa%ily or nearby neighbours the basi tenets of religion quikly
appeared.

A reognition of the urgent need to re8balane "ith nature, that hu%an ation had a diret
onsequene on the nature of things8 a profound and i%portant onept. *arifie "as the
first religious at of *tone Age %an in =reland and the first to be sarified "ere the leaders,
the DkingsP of the tribes.

&nfortunately, this did not DappeaseP the gods of nature and left %ost of the d"indling tribes
"ithout leaders and aelerated the haos of death, annibalis% and star#ation.

3aing star#ation, the anient for%er hunter gatherer tribes of =reland ate anything they
ould find. This inluded %any herbs, shrubs and trees that had halluiogeni F%agialF
properties.

The <olly Tree AuileannB is of partiular i%portane. 6rior to its introdution aross 1urope
and parts of Asia, the D1uropeanP <olly "as a nati#e of =reland. 3or not only did its %ildly
poisonous berries and lea#es beo%e a po"erful soure for %agial drea%s and deep spiritual
insight, it also bea%e quikly assoiated "ith one partiular lass of people, or FholyF people.

These early %agiians, the first druids of hu%anity, the uileann, "ere able to rise abo#e the
hell and risis of death and unite the dying people of =reland. They bea%e the "orldCs first
6riest Kings.

The <olly Tree bea%e a li#ing sy%bol of their po"er and their %agi. And it bea%e
forbidden for any person to touh their sared plants under penalty of death. They bea%e
the F<oly EnesF.

Trade or die

'ontrary to the narro" %inded and ill8infor%ed histories thro"n at us today, getting off the
=sland and finding other soures of food and trade bea%e a %atter of life and death for the
s%all =rish population.

2et %e put it another "ay. =f the =rish "ere the sa#age barbarians that e#en the %ost eduated
<istory books lai%, then they "ould ha#e all died of star#ation, "ar and annibalis% at least
by 4,... 5'1 %aking >e" 9range and all the other %onu%ents i%possible.

=t should be ob#ious fro% the history of the =rish that they ha#e ne#er been the "orldCs
greatest far%ers, nor "ere they o#er $,... years ago. 5ut neessity fored this s%all band of
people to unite and to take risks and the 6riest Kings, the 3eara 'ualaan, the <oly :en ga#e
the% strength in a ne" %odel and os%os of religion.

>e0t door in 5ritain, onditions "ere starting to beo%e as bad as =reland, yet "ithout any
lear leadership. The 5ritish tribes, desperate to appease the old gods of nature undertook
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regular hu%an sarifie as "ell as ati#e annibalis%.

The =rish e0plorers on pri%iti#e rafts pushed further 1ast until they reahed *pain. =t "as at
*pain then that the =rish diso#ered other tribes, ani%als and future trade partners.

5ut "hat ould the =rish first offer as trade in e0hange for food? The ans"er "as initially to
o%e fro% the huge a%ounts of gold to be found in the hills of =reland.

The =rish gold rush

<istorians in their infinite "isdo% plae the gold rush of =reland Aif they e#er %ention itB
around 2,... 5'1 or later. The basis of these assu%ptions is at best tenuous and usually
dri#en by underlying prejudie and poor forensi skills.

While the no" united =rish olony had found i#ilization beyond the shores of 5ritain Athen
the land of annibals and hu%an sarifieB, they needed to trade so%ething of #alue in order
to obtain food. What they diso#ered "as a fasination by other tribes in the po"er of gold.

:any people "ould not kno" this but the earliest gold artifats of 1urope are =rish. =t "as the
=rish rafts%en that first fashioned gold objets and these objets ha#e been found
throughout 1urope.

3or the anient i#ilizations of *outhern 1urope, life and death struggle to find any edible
food "as less a onern. =n those days, *pain "as a fertile land full of fruits, plants and
ani%als.

=n reporting bak to the 4ruid 6riest Kings, the 3eara 'ualaan Athe anestors of the
EC'uilleain;ER'ollinsB ordered the population to de#elop rafts and skills at %ining the gold
and fashioning objets "ith "hih to trade for food.

The deision not to atte%pt large far%ing, but to trade paid off. The =rish sur#i#ed through
trade and not only thri#ed but rapidly began to de#elop a sophistiated soiety, language and
os%ology. 5y about 33.. 5'1 the population had gro"n bak to around 1!,... along "ith
sla#es aptured fro% 5ritain and brought bak to "ork the %ines.

=t also ga#e the 4ruid 6riest Kings ti%e to de#elop their e%erging religion and to plan the
e#olution of their ulture. With suh soial ohesion, plenty of food and "ealth, the 4ruid
Kings, the 3eara 'ualaan o%%issioned great to%bs and e#en o%%issioned a %assi#e
sared te%ple A>e" 9rangeB. 5ut their greatest legay "as the o%bination of religion, of
organized "ork and of trade. These three things "hen o%bined produed a "hole host of
ultures aross the anient :editerranean.

<istory begins "ith =reland, not *u%er

:ean"hile, bak in the lands of plenty, an e0traordinary e#ent too plae re%arkably around
33.. to 31.. 5'1, i#ilization appeared to e%erge in a highly ad#aned state, "ithout a lear
risis of sur#i#al to spark its ause.

=nstead, the populations of the rih deltas of the 5lak *ea basin Alater floodedB, the
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:esopota%ian;Tigris and the >ile all bea%e birth plaes for highly organized ultures that
set about using their "orkfores to produe food.

/eligion suddenly for%ed in a sophistiated "ay, language flourished as "ell as trade.

>o" historially, all roads entre on the *u%erian ultures as the soure of this great "isdo%.
=ndeed by about 2!.. 5'1, the *u%erian ity states had de#eloped ad#aned kno"ledge and
raft skills thanks to the abundane of food and a natural transport route in the for% of the
ri#er.

5ut the spark, the atalyst, the o#er"hel%ing reason "hy it all started is no" possibly
re#ealed.

3or just as the =rish 6riest Kings had pushed their fe" re%aining o%%unity %e%bers to
seek out trade for their o"n sur#i#al, they sparked a gold rush of "isdo% and organized "ork
that spanned the entire anient "orld and heralded the birth of anient i#ilization.

>eessity indeed had been the %other of in#ention.

21.13 Work history.,n%ient 2i-ili<ations

>o" the traditional "ork %odel of anient i#ilization fouses around the anient ri#er8delta
populations being the radle of i#ilization fousing on the de#elop%ent of trade and
speialized roles. <istorians like to portray ultures e0ploiting rih soil to de#elop huge
irrigation installations resulting in population e0plosions and tre%endous "ealth.

Het as "e desribed earlier, trade for sur#i#al had already begun before these great
i#ilizations had e#en e%erged. =n the proess, the first speialized "ork roles had been
defined.

The "arrior and the trader

6rior to the 5ronze Age and the e%ergene of natural tin 5ronze fro% =reland, tribes of
hunter gatherers, e#en around the rih and fertile ri#er deltas fought eah other "ith stone
tools that "ere both hea#y, brittle and lu%sy.

5ut the earliest traders fro% =reland did not ha#e the lu0ury of large populations, nor of their
preious argo being stolen by raiding o%peting bands. Their trade "as based on the
pre%ise of the sur#i#al of their "hole o%%unity.

3ro% pre#ious failures ne" kinds of tools and "eapons had been born, the broad spear, "ith
a bronze tip had been reated, the bronze s"ord "as reated as "ell as hel%ets. All this "as
%ade possible for the fat that =reland "as ho%e to the first natural bronze deposits e0ploited
in history. These ne" kind of "eapons for "ar ga#e the "arriors ao%panying =rish traders
huge ad#antages e#en %ythologial DgodlikeP po"ers8 for no stone age ulture, no %atter ho"
large ould fight against suh ad#aned tehnology.

5eause of the i%portane to negotiate, often the =rish "ould send a person trained as a priest
as the head of the trading party.
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Thus "ith trade a%e the t"in po"ers of religion and "ar8 a potent %i0.

The kno"ledge of "ar

The kno"ledge of "ar and ne" "eapons brought by the DgodsP quikly spread aross the
:editerranean and anient ri#er delta ultures. /elati#ely s%all bands of %en, ar%ed "ith
these "eapons and adapted for%s of religious "isdo% of the uileann, the Dholy onesP of
=reland quikly subdued the other tribes of these regions and bea%e their first kings.

=n turn, these kings sought to de#elop %ore "eapons and find "ays of reating the neessary
D%agi %etalP for %ore "eapons to e0pand their e%pires. Thus the pursuit of siene "as
born, not out of desire, but out of neessity to find "ays of %anufaturing "eapons.

=n the Anatolian 6eninsula of Turkey, aross the :iddle 1ast and in parts of >orth Afria
deposits of arseni opper "ere found and e#entually "ays "ere diso#ered of reating
5ronze, "hile no "here near as strong as natural tin bronze, still enabled spears and
i%ple%ents to be fashioned. Thus the jobs of rafts%en suh as blaks%iths "ere born.

*i%ilarly, agriulture "as used as an i%portant trade tool for bronze, the %agi %etal that
enabled s%all bands of %en to ontrol thousands of *tone Age opponents. Thus organized
large sale far%ing "as reated.

Again historians like to paint a quaint piture of s%all tribes of for%er hunter8gatherers
beo%ing far%ers. En the ontrary, in history the first sites of anient agriulture "ere
organized and large sale, not s%all o%%unity sites. =t appears that s%all agriulture and
far%ing e%erged %uh later in the de#elop%ent of i#ilization under the period of the 'elts
-..Rs 5'1.

3inally, o%%unities in strategi loations bet"een food %anufaturers and %ining resoures
"ere able to use their geographi position to ad#antage by de#eloping their o"n raft and
skills, thus settle%ents suh as 1bla in >orthern *yria "ere born "here great %anufaturing
first e%erged.

The fra%e"ork for the gro"th of the anient "orld

Thus all the fators and all the fores "ere in plae to push the gro"th of the anient "orld
and the e%ergene of great 1%pires.

To onquer large areas, Warrior Kings needed a "ell ar%ed Abronze "eaponsB and "ell fed
fore. That %eant ontrolling either %ineral deposits or loations of i%port;e0port for
bronze. =t %eant ontrolling at least one region of food %anufature and it %eant a region
apable of a%assing a signifiant sized ar%y.

*o it "as the first great ar%ies and 1%pires a%e out of the >orthern end of the
Tigris;1uphrates basin, then the *outhern end, as "ell as 1gypt, then Turkey, then =reland
itself, then 9reee and then /o%e.

With eah 1%pire, "ith eah onquest, ne" tehnology, ne" siene and %ethods a%e into
play until the 9reeks and then the /o%ans used i#ilization itself and their %astery of
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engineering as a "eapon of "ar and peae.

21.14 Work history.300 . 1100 23

>o" by 1+. '1 and the reign of 1%peror :arus Aurelius Aof the fil% D9ladiatorP fa%eB, the
/o%an 1%pire "as at its peek. To be a 'hristian "as still onsidered a apital ri%e and
around the i#ilized "orld there "ere at least fi#e distint lasses of people7

W The ruling lassM
W The priests and religious lassM
W The professional lassM
W The free "orking lassM and
W The sla#e lass

&nder the /o%an 1%pire, the 6rofessional 'lass had e0ploded into a %ultipliity of %odern
professions fro% engineers, %ilitary leaders, %aster %asons, dotors, speialist dotors,
sientists, philosophers to teahers, polie, judges, la"yers and aountants.

T"o thousand years ago, itizens of /o%an ities "ere undergoing preision operations for a
range of ail%ents "ith sophistiated surgeries, equip%ent and sterilization tehniques
surpassing %any nations e#en today and only surpassed in the %ost tehnially ad#aned
"estern nations in the past fifty years.

As a result of these roles, /o%an ities and i#ilization had beo%e the pinnale of urban
planning and li#ing "ith free fountains, fully funtional sanitation syste%s, natural building
heating and ooling syste%s, sophistiated roads and pedestrian paths, publi spaes, publi
buildings and a #ariety of pri#ate residential housing.

>e#er again ha#e our ities yet reahed the heights of effiieny, planning, sanitation and
design of those of the /o%ans.

The shifting of lasses

3or years, it "as belie#ed that sla#es in /o%an ti%es "ere bonded for life. >o", through
analysis of "hat history has not been destroyed by 'hristianity it is lear that this is patently
false.

Aross all le#els of /o%an soiety, indi#iduals ould if they dediated the%sel#es to the
purpose, raise the%sel#es in rank. *la#es espeially ould free the%sel#es through ser#ie and
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purhasing their freedo%. There is e#en the fa%ous story of the son of sla#es going on to
beo%e /o%an 1%peror.

&nder /o%an la", people "ho "ent bankrupt or "ho "rongfully i%prisoned or ensla#ed
people ould the%sel#es beo%e sla#es.

=n all ases of /o%an soiety, there "as no guarantee that belonging to a lass "ould
guarantee that you, nor your fa%ily "ould re%ain in suh a lass, only that you had a better
hange of ensuring suh a reality.

The end of i#ilization and the 'hristian plan of ground zero

3ro% 3.. '1 and the asendany of 'hristianity, the "orld as "e kno" it "as progressi#ely
and deliberately thro"n bak into the *tone Ages. 3or a o%plete in#entory of the ri%es of
'hristianity and its true %oti#es, you need to #ie" the Al%ana of 1#il.

5y 3-.Rs, 'hristianity had on#ined a "eak /o%an 1%peror to gi#e 'hristian priests #irtual
open season on anyone and anything they did not like. As a result, "ithin one hundred years,
the professional lasses aross the anient "orld, inluding the people, their fa%ilies and
%ost i%portant their kno"ledge and in#entions had been totally and utterly destroyed.

Within one hundred %ore years Aaround !-. '1B the "hole anient "orld "as #irtually
illiterate "ith no kno"ledge of the past, "ith half the population ha#ing died through plague.

4uring these %ost terrible and e#il ti%es of ontrol by the 'hristian hurh and the Gatian,
there e0isted #irtually three lasses of people7

W The ruling priest lassM
W The noble lass
W The serf Asla#eB lass
=ndustry 6rofile $.. '1

21.1$ Work history.1100 . 1400 23

Three %ajor e#ents onspired to "ork against the hard fought efforts of the Gatian and the
6opes to keep the "orld in perpetual darkness and %isery7

W The :iddle Ages War%ing 6eriod
W The re8e%ergene of skills
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W The re8diso#ery of lost anient "isdo%

The :iddle Ages War%ing 6eriod

5eause global "ar%ing is about a onstant up"ards inrease in te%peratures, the
pheno%ena as the :iddle Ages "ar%ing period in "hih a#erage te%peratures "ere just
slightly belo" those of the 1--.Rs and onsiderably "etter is rarely if e#er %entioned. =ndeed,
the 2!. period is largely re%o#ed through rafty statistis "hen you asually look at the
graphs used to justify global "ar%ing.

>o", instead of the /o%an syste% that enabled indi#iduals to "ork to their freedo%, there
"as no freedo% for the #ast %ajority of people, the serf lasses.
=n spite of its onte%porary absene fro% onsiousness, the :iddle Ages "ar%ing period
did our and "as responsible for freeing large populations of 1urope and the "orld fro% the
%isery of +.. years of 'atholi indued hell on 1arth.

2and bea%e %ore fertile, %ore food "as able to be gro"n and in traditionally older
li%ates. 6opulations began to rise and trade inrease.

At the sa%e ti%e, the 6opes in their "isdo% had launhed the rusades against the :usli%s
to reapture not just the D<oly 2andP but eli%inate =sla% entirely.

6artly dri#en by greed and the ru%ors of fabulous "ealth and partly out of fear of the
kno"ledge that the :usli%s sa#ed fro% the "a#es of 'hristian destrution of anient libraries
and enters of learning, the 'rusades "ere a ostly, bloody and ulti%ately futile e0erise.

<o"e#er, "hat these %assi#e a%paigns did is fore Kings and Lueens to o%%ission ar%s
%anufaturing and industry to both reate "eapons, de#elop tatis and feed and support
these %assi#e %o#e%ents of people.

As a result, trade returned in a %assi#e surge. At the entre of this %assi#e surge in trade
"ere the fa%ous Knights Te%plar. These fa%ous and %ysterious knights had a huge part to
play in the gro"th of trade "ith the introdution of paper %oney8 that is a piee of paper
"hih pro%ised a trader that upon o%pletion of their journey or at any of the astles
ontrolled by the Te%plars, they ould redee% the #alue of their goods in equi#alent #alue of
gold.

The effet of this ne" lass of "ork, as bankers an not be understated. 3ro% the ti%e this
pratie started around 111. until the dissol#ing of the Knights Te%pler around 13.3 they had
beo%e the "ealthiest organisation outside of the Gatian itself and helped re8gro" a %assi#e
trade syste% aross ontinents strething fro% the :iddle 1ast and Asia to all parts of
1urope.

=n the proess, one of the %ost prized possessions traded "ith Arabs "as opies Ain ArabiB of
anient te0ts long destroyed by the Gatian suh as the "orks of 1ulid, of Aristotle and
others.

This kno"ledge spurred the re8birth of entres of learning, the &ni#ersity in 6aris and
1ngland and the re8birth of siene.

<o"e#er, it "ould be until another fi#e hundred years until "estern sientists "ould start to
o%e up "ith truly earth shattering philosophies that learly surpassed the anients.

*adly, for all the pro%ise that the :iddle Ages "ar%ing period held for the rede%ption of
"estern soiety, both the "eather and the greed of 6opes and Kings onspired against it and
by the late 13..Rs the "orld "as heading bak into a quasi8dark period.

This began the age of s%all far%s due to the general breakdo"n of i#il la" and order.
Agriulture bea%e the do%inant area of "ork.

&nder the rule of the Gatian and the 6opes, people "ere onde%ned for ountless
generations to be uneduated sla#es to a lass of nobles, "ho o"ed their position not out of
anient blood heritage, but for their skill as deeit, i%%orality and personal a%bition.

'ontrary to %odern history books that put up supposed ne" in#entions and ideas during this
period, the only ne" in#entions related on ho" to kill as %any people as possible "ith the
least a%ount of effort.

To %ake it absolutely lear8 before the age of 'hristianity, the anient "orld understood the
1arth orbited the *un and "as a sphere. 5y !!. '1, 'hristian propagandists had on#ined
the re%aining people of the "orld "ho ould read and "rite that the "orld "as flat and the
uni#erse re#ol#ed around the 1arth.
21.1& Work history.1400 . 1#00 23

The 14..Rs heralded a ne" age for the "est and a ne" kind of definition of "ork.

=t heralded the offiial struturing of a global industry liensed by the Gatian for the e0port
and i%port of sla#es like property.

<o"e#er, unlike serfs Ado%esti sla#es to noblesB, this ne" kind of sla#e did not ha#e to
treated "ith e#en the slightest of dignity under the liensing arrange%ents of the 6opes and
the Gatian.

=nstead, sla#e traders initially being 6ortugal and *pain then later 1ngland under liense
ould get a disount on royalties paid to the Gatian for Dda%aged argoP, that is sla#es "ho
died during transport and did not reah their destination.

The boo% years for 1urope

:any historians like to portray the period of 14.. to 1+.. as a period of great enlighten%ent
aross 1urope in "hih hu%anity rediso#ered and in#ented ne" le#els of art and
arhiteture, did indulge itself into i%pro#ing the appearane of its ities and in eduation.
All of these things are true. 2arge nu%bers of people aross 1urope "ere suddenly free to
enjoy the%sel#es, to enter into guilds and eduation, to be in#ol#ed in building projets and
i%pro#ing "ealth of soiety. <o"e#er, this "as not like the /o%an days of a large
professional lass and e0pert engineers. This gro"th "as sloppy ineffiient and "asteful. 3or
this gro"th, the boo% of 1urope "as po"ered by the s"eat and tears of tens of %illions of
sla#es.

The e0port and i%port of sla#es to "ork on %assi#e plantations and fuel large sale %ining
brought about huge "ealth for 1urope starting "ith 6ortugal and *pain. The sla#e trade
bea%e the biggest industry in to"n and reated a ne" lass of "orkers, the orporate
e0euti#es.

This is beause all the %ajor sla#e traders "ere the first orporations under harter, "ith
shareholders, "ith diretors and "ith e0euti#es in harge of %anaging the o%pany affairs.

The orporate e0euti#es of these great o%panies that traded the souls of %illions also
bea%e e0tre%ely "ealthy to"ards the 1(th entury "ith the e%ergene of another e0tre%ely
lurati#e %arket, the drug trade.

The )esuit ontrolled 4uth 1ast =ndia 'o%pany for a ti%e "as the single largest
phar%aeutial o%pany and trader of opiu% the "orld has e#er seen, ne#er surpassed by the
1ast =ndia 'o%pany, e#en "ith the Epiu% Wars and huge reated %arket of drug addits in
1-th 'entury 'hina.

The ne" "orker8 the one that an be "orked to death

&ntil the ad#ent of the global sla#e trade designed by the 6opes and the 'atholi 'hurh,
there "ere fe" e0a%ples in history of organized, sustained ruelty "here hu%an beings ould
be flogged and "orked to death for profit.

=n anient ti%es, sla#es %ight ha#e been treated ruelly and e#en e0euted, but ne#er as a
pure business #enture. <o"e#er, under the brilliant guidane of the )esuits, sla#es fro%
Afria and the 'aribbean bea%e the first %ahines of the industrial age8 fored to "ork day
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and night and disarded like trash "hen they ine#itably died young fro% o#er"ork and
%alnourish%ent.

=n %assi#e 'hurh ontrolled plantations in the A%erias, the sla#es "orked day and night to
fuel the Denlightened ageP of 1urope.

Thus the Afrian and 'aribbean sla#e bea%e the prototypes of the ne0t great "ork role
%odel of the 'hristian "orld8 the industrial age "orking lass.

22. +34.uni-ersal laws of so%iety

22.1 +e?. )ni-ersal laws of so%iety

2a" do%inates our e#eryday lifeM "hether "e are onsious of it, or not.

There are la"s go#erning %ini%u% a%ount of lothing you an "ear in publi and e#en "hat
you annot "ear Ain the ase of offiial unifor%s suh as polie offiersB "ithout proper
authority.

There are la"s deter%ining "hat you an buy, "hen you an buy it and ho" it is prepared,
stored, %anufatured, transported and reorded.

There are la"s go#erning "here you an li#e, ho" you %ay li#e and "hat rights you ha#e to
li#e in the soiety in "hih you reside.

2a"s an take people a"ay fro% soiety and ha#e the% i%prisoned for ations onsidered
offensi#e and ri%inal and there are e#en la"s per%itting others to spy on you and ensure
that you are not breaking any la"s.

22.1.1 The %aze of la"s

=f you li#e in a "estern nation, then you are probably subjet to o#er ten thousand to t"enty
thousand different la"s, eah ontaining dozens and so%eti%es hundreds of indi#idual
DlausesP defining aeptable and unaeptable ations.

*o%e of these are ontrolled by national parlia%ent or ad%inistrations, "hile others are state
and loal la"s.

Het a%azingly, fe" indi#iduals ha#e e#er read one o%plete la", let alone a fe" dozen of the
la"s that ontrol their li#es. 3or that kind of in#estigation, legal professionals are used.
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22.1.2 )ustie and the la"

T"o thousand years ago, the key la"s of /o%an soiety "ere on display on a fe" dozen piees
of %arble in the 3oru% for all to see. There "ere still hundreds of indi#idual lauses, but
nothing like the paper %ountain that e0ists for just one itizen of a nation.

)ustie has beo%e and inreasingly diffiult quality to "itness in operation in %odern
soiety. 5eause of the huge nu%ber of la"s, the nu%ber of legal professionals has inreased
a thousand fold e#en in the last thirty years. 2egal ases ha#e also beo%e ja%%ed as %ore
ation is taken and appeals lodged. And the ost and o%ple0ity of la" has %ade the proess
prohibiti#ely e0pensi#e %eaning la" re%ains fir%ly to the benefit of the "ealthy and
po"erful, rather than all %e%bers of soiety.

As %uh as our politial and legal leaders "ould like to argue that la" and order and justie is
i%pro#ing, the opposite is true. >o" "ith the ad#ent of terroris% in %any "estern nations,
fresh e#idene is e%erging of o#er zealous la" enfore%ent offiials operating #irtually "ith
i%punity against the rights of itizens and the o%%unity. =n %any respets, our legal
syste%s are perilously lose to beo%ing de#oid of any sense of true justie.

22.1.3 Why? What is the solution?

There are three i%%ediate hallenges "hen disussing the nature of la", the proble%s of the
present legal syste% for #irtually e#er nation and possible solutions7

W :ost indi#iduals do not understand the present ter%s and struture of la" todayM
W :ost indi#iduals are unlear as to the history of la"M
W *olutions ine#itable relate to proess i%pro#e%ents, "hen %any of the faults rest deep
"ithin the present arhiteture of la" itself.

We "ill in#estigate these proble%s and hallenges o#er the ne0t fe" pages of this setion in
the hope of pro#iding lear and un%istakable legal syste% solutions that "ork and are
sustainable.

22.2 The %on%ept of +aw

The "ord 2a" o%es fro% the 1!th 'entury Eld 1nglish "ord lagu of probable >orth
9er%ani origin, itself deri#ed fro% the anient 2atin "ord le0 %eaning la".

Today, la" is defined as7

2a"7 in politis and jurisprudene, is a set of rules or nor%s of ondut "hih %andate,
forbid or per%it speified relationships a%ong people and organizations, intended to pro#ide
%ethods for ensuring the i%partial treat%ent of suh people, and pro#ide punish%ents of;for
those "ho do not follo" the established rules of ondut.

22.2.1 The anient onept of la"

While the "ord la" is only si0 hundred years old and originally fro% a /o%an "ord, the
onept of rules go#erning the nor%s of ondut of soiety is as old as organized soiety itself.
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*o%e of the earliest sur#i#ing legal fra%e"orks the%sel#es are %any thousands of years old.
The 'ode of 2a" of <a%%urabi A1(+. 5'1B sho"s essential priniples of la" regarding basi
hu%an rights and the rights of property o"ners that still hold true for %ost syste%s of la"
pratied around the "orld today.

22.2.2 6ositi#e referene and negati#e referene

=n referening ondut aeptable for soiety, leaders and their legal sribes ha#e al"ays had
t"o options in "hih to fra%e the la"s8 either as positi#e state%ents of aepted beha#iour or
state%ents;lists of unaeptable beha#iour.

6ositi#ely fra%ed la"s %ost often used the onept of a ode of ondut, a short but lear set
of aeptable rules fra%ed in the positi#e Anot like the ten o%%and%ents "hih are fra%ed
in the negati#eB.

While %uh of anient la" used a %i0 of both, the preferene of %odern la" is to e%phasize
prohibited or prosribed Anegati#eB beha#iour rather than its positi#e fra%ing.

Thus la"s ha#e beo%e quite #olu%inous for the si%ple fat that a positi#e fra%ed la" %ay
only need to define one ation, "hile a negati#e fra%ed la" %ay be required to define
hundreds of #ariations of unaeptable beha#iour.

22.2.3 The four traditional syste%s of la"

There are generally four broad legal traditional syste%s that are pratied in the "orld today.

W 'i#il la"
W 'o%%on la"
W 'usto%ary la"
W /eligious la"
'i#il la"

The i#il la" syste% is a odified la" that sets out a o%prehensi#e syste% of rules that are
applied and interpreted by judges. 'i#il la" is, in theory, interpreted, not %ade, by judges.
Enly legislati#e enat%ents Arather than judiial preedentB are onsidered legally binding,
but in reality ourts do pay attention to pre#ious deisions.

'o%%on la"

The o%%on la" is an Anglo8*a0on legal tradition, "hereby legislati#e enat%ents are
interpreted by judges based on judiial deisions that then reate binding preedents.

'usto%ary la"

'usto%ary la" are syste%s of la" that ha#e e#ol#ed largely on their o"n "ithin a gi#en
ountry and ha#e been adapted to %eet the needs of the partiular ulture.

/eligious la"
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:any religions ontain a body of la" 8 for e0a%ple, <alakha in )udais%, *haria in =sla%, and
#arious for%s of 'anon la" for different deno%inations of 'hristians.

22.2.4 The traditional distintion bet"een publi and pri#ate la"

There is also a further traditional distintion %ade in la" bet"een pri#ate la" and publi la".

6ubli la"

6ubli la" is the la" go#erning the relationship bet"een indi#iduals Aitizens, o%paniesB and
the state. 'onstitutional la", ad%inistrati#e la" and ri%inal la" are sub8di#isions of publi
la".

6ri#ate la"

6ri#ate la" is that part of a legal syste% "hih is part of the jus o%%une that in#ol#es
relationships bet"een indi#iduals, suh as the la" of ontrats or torts, as it is alled in the
o%%on la", and the la" of obligations as it is alled in i#ilian legal syste%s

22.3 The importan%e of law and so%iety

The i%portane of la" and soiety is si%ply this8 no i#ilized soiety an e0ist "ithout so%e
legal fra%e"ork.

Anarhy is neither sustainable, nor a legiti%ate soial %odel, for e#en the %ost haoti of
soieties "ill gradually nor%alize under so%e set of rules Ala"sB, no %atter ho" basi, nor
draonian.

While la"s pro#ide a fra%e"ork for the sustain%ent of a soiety, "ise la"s an ensure a great
prosperity, har%ony and longe#ity of a soial %odel, "hile unfair la"s and si%ply stupid la"s
an aelerate soial breakdo"n and a host of proble%s and sadness for the population.

Wise la"s, unjust la"s and %oroni la"s ha#e shaped the #arious nations of the "orld to
"hat they are today.

22.3.1 Wise la"s suh as i#il odes

Ene of the "isest types of la"s has been the onept of the 'i#il 'odes, learly defining
objets, obligations and relationships assoiated "ith property, ontrats and obligations.

While this onept of a i#il ode originates fro% anient /o%an ti%es and the re#ised under
the 3renh and 9er%ans in the 1-th 'entury, it has pro#ided a relati#e stability and soial
ohesion that has enabled ultures to %aintain strong ultural #alues and order and respet of
property rights Ae0luding "arsB.

22.3.2 &njust la"s suh as state based rais%

*o%e of the %ost unjust la"s "ere those that perpetuated state santioned rais% suh as
those of the *outhern states of the &nited *tates up until the 1-(.Rs and apartheid in *outh
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Afria up until the 1--.Rs.

/aist and religious based perseution by la" still e0ists in %any parts of the "orld as unjust
la"s endorsed by the state inluding 'hina, %any =sla%i ountries suh as =ndonesia, *audi
Arabia and =ran.

While suh la"s that %ake ertain religious praties illegal, or fore people to dress a ertain
"ay %ay be %anifestly unjust, unjust la"s rarely ause the breakdo"n of a soiety unless
e0ternal fores use suh la"s to pro%ote soial rebellion, riots and regi%e hange.

22.3.3 *tupid and %oroni la"s that ha#e destroyed the fabri of soiety

=n ontrast to raist and unjust la"s, stupid and %oroni la"s ha#e and ontinue to destroy
the fabri of soieties by foring %assi#e eono%i "astage, great soial distortions and
unhappiness.

The lassi stupid and %oroni la"s o#er the past one hundred years are the anti8alohol and
anti8drug la"s instituted by "estern de%oraies upon the insistene of 'hristian lobbyists.

These la"s abo#e all others are the single reason organized ri%e is allo"ed to flourish, "hy
ri%e rates ha#e e0ploded, "hy %ore people are in prison, "hy huge ta0 resoures ha#e been
lost, "hy large foreign %ulti8national o%panies ha#e beo%e rih on syntheti substitutes
and "hy so %any people ha#e suffered the hroni side effets of addition and ri%e.

All reputable non8'hristian studies on drugs and addition ha#e sho"n that addition is an
illness independent of one partiular substane or thing. 6eople "ith additi#e personalities
get additi#e to all kinds of self8destruti#e ati#ities "hether they are legal or not.

=n ontrast, the proper poliing of drugs, in enabling the% to be ta0ed, quality ontrolled,
"ould represent hugs sa#ings in pay%ents to %ulti8national phar%aeutial o%panies and
the end of organized ri%e and spiraling jail nu%bers.

&nfortunately, the nature of stupid and insane la"s, suh as those of 1%peror Theodosius in
3-.Rs '1 that allo"ed 'hristians to destroy all the anient libraries of hu%anity, inluding the
9reat 2ibrary of Ale0andria is that they are usually sponsored and proteted by insane people.

22.4 2i-il law

'i#il la" is an anient syste% dating bak to /o%an ti%es "hereby the essential la"s of
property, of person, of ontrats and obligations "ere onsolidated into one set of ati#e la"s,
or odes, usually alled the 'i#il 'ode.

=t is by and large the %ost o%%only pratied syste% of la" in the "orld, "ith al%ost $.N
of the "orldCs population li#ing in a ountry ruled on the i#il la" syste%.

22.4.1 The benefit of the 'i#il 2a" *yste%

The first and %ost ob#ious benefit of the 'i#il la" syste% is that la"s that are passed fro%
ti%e to ti%e that affet the person, the rights of property, suession and obligation an be
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found in one onsolidated plae.

This %ay not see% like a big deal, but in nations "ith a pure o%%on la" syste% and
thousands of la"s, the fat that one dou%ent e0ists "ith all the proper statutes in one plae
is a %ajor ad#antage.

The seond %ajor ad#antage of the i#il la" syste% is its speed. 'i#il la" is, in theory,
interpreted, not %ade, by judges. This %eans that a judge ating on a i#il la" ase "hen
%aking their judiial deision does not risk nullifying the effeti#eness of a partiular lause
of a standing la". Whether by tradition or not, %atters are handled "ithin i#il la" syste%s
generally at a greater pae.

22.4.2 >egati#es of the i#il la" syste%

The first and by far the largest negati#e regarding i#il la" is the age of the atual ode
syste%s the%sel#es used to %ake deisions.

*o%e nations around the "orld still use i#il odes that "ere first defined in the 1-th 'entury,
"ell before the equality of "o%en and other %ajor soial hanges took plae. Ethers still refer
bak to the )ustinian i#il odes defined in the $th entury, "hih effeti#ely D'hristianized
/o%an la"P and e0e%pted the hurh fro% legal liability.

*uh anient odes also ha#e built in bias that atually re#erse natural rules of justie suh a
the presu%ption of innoene and the right to a fair hearing, trial and appeal.

=ndeed, suh anient ode syste%s do not reflet %any of the onte%porary hallenges
onerning property rights, obligations, suession and person. They are stuk in ti%e, unable
to be refor%ed "ithout a %ajor legal o#erhaul.

All of these fators "hih relate diretly to the atual i#il ode used, not the syste% itself are
used by supporters and attakers of i#il la" syste%s alike.

Another attak of i#il la" is the atual speed of the syste% itself. )ustie is often seen to be
s"ift, "ithout neessarily being fair. As a result, any people "ithout the finanial %eans to
ha#e proper representation are still e#en today railroaded through ourts "ithout fair, nor
o%plete hearing.

22.4.3 *olutions

3or all the positi#es and negati#es of i#il la", it is still a superior syste% to pure o%%on
la", pro#iding the ode arhiteture represents the 21st entury rather than the 1-th or $th
'entury.

22.$ 2ommon law

'o%%on la" is a syste% dating bak to the foundation of the 6arlia%entary syste% in
1ngland and the relationship established bet"een the 6arlia%ent and the )udiiary,
independent of the 10euti#e Athe :onarhB.

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The 1nglish 'o%%on la" syste% is based on the onept of Dstare deisisP or preedent by
ourts "hih %eans that unlike 'i#il 2a" judiial preedents, 'o%%on 2a" judiial
preedents by judges beo%e effeti#ely binding upon other ourt %atters that i%pinge upon
the sa%e or si%ilar %atter unless a higher ourt ruling pro#ides a ne" interpretation of the
6arlia%ent enats a la" defeating the preedent.

it sounds a"fully o%ple0 and in a "ay it is, but "ith great benefit. =t %eans the ourts,
responsible for enating justie, ha#e a huge say in the interpretation of la", not just its
e0eution.

22.!.1 The benefits of the o%%on la" syste%

Where judges, partiular higher ourt justies ha#e found la"s to be poorly rendered, or e#en
absent, their rulings ha#e for%ed the basis of signifiant soial hange. *i%ilarly, judges are
able to take greater aountability of the unique situations of indi#idual ases and fair and
"ise judg%ent.

Abo#e all, the judiiary is a seond set of eyes and ears usually proteting the population
against an e0euti#e and e#en a parlia%ent that is not being held to aount through poor
la"s.

The syste% also fores judges to onsider their judg%ents #ery arefully and to ensure that
justie is learly seen to be done. 3or a poor judg%ent "ill al%ost ertainly result in a
suessful o#erturning upon Appeal, "hile a "ise judg%ent %ay yet set a ne" preedent.

22.!.2 The negati#es of the o%%on la" syste%

The o%%on la" syste% relies on three funda%ental tenets that if poorly rendered ause the
syste% to fail %iserably7

A1B The quality and qualifiation of the judiiaryM
A2B The #olu%e of la"s enated and a%end%ents to la"s o#erturning preedents
A3B The independene of the judiiary fro% the e0euti#e and the legislati#e branhes

The o%%on la" syste% de%ands judges of high intellet, reading and personal integrity.
*o%eti%es these qualities are hard to find in one person, let alone a "hole judiiary.
Therefore, oasionally judges are appointed less for their harater and kno"ledge of la"
and %ore for politial re"ard and influene.

As a result, the syste% an beo%e orrupted by judiial delays, poorly rendered judg%ents
and e#en deliberately unjust sentenes against the histori preedents and aepted nor%s of
soiety.

The signifiant inrease in legal a%end%ents and ne"s la"s an also orrupt the o%%on la"
syste% purely on the basis that histori preedents are no longer #alid, %eaning ourt ases
take long, rulings take %ore ti%e and substantial %ore ti%e is taken up understanding the
i%pat of suh ne" la"s.

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As a result, the legislati#e branh in diretly inter#ening to try and ske" the histori
preedents and rulings of the judiial branh under o%%on la" an atually %ake things
"orse, not better.

A lassi ase is "here legislati#e branhes ha#e introdued Dtruth in senteningP la"s, "hih
by their o"n nature ause greater delays and injustie in the handling of ases.

The third proble% is "hen the e0euti#e and;or the legislati#e branhes interfere in the
independene of the judiiary.

22.!.3 *olution

The solution of 'o%%on 2a" gi#en %odern pressures and the pratial onstraints listed is
that it is a #ital syste% best suited for higher ourts.
22.& 2ustomary law

'usto%ary la" are syste%s of la" that ha#e e#ol#ed largely on their o"n "ithin a gi#en
ountry and ha#e been adapted to %eet the needs of the partiular ulture.

=n la", usto%, or usto%ary la" onsists of established patterns of beha#iour that an be
objeti#ely #erified "ithin a partiular soial setting. 9enerally, usto%ary la" e0ists "here a
ertain legal pratie is obser#ed and the rele#ant parties onsider it to be la".

22.$.1 'usto%ary la" and i#il la";o%%on la"

The onept of usto%ary la", uts aross both o%%on la" syste%s as "ell as i#il la"
syste%s an be equated to the onept of Dtraditional la"P as %uh as any other desription.

3or e0a%ple, the :agna 'arta 2ibertatu% AF9reat 'harter of 3reedo%sFB, is an 1nglish
harter originally issued in 121! onsidered a founding dou%ent of priniples for 1nglish
speaking nations that adopted 'o%%on 2a" *yste%s. =t an also be onsidered an i%portant
usto%ary la"8 that is belie#ed to underpin the i%plied rights of indi#iduals in those nations,
"ith or "ithout the e0istene of a speifi 5ill of /ights hartering those rights.

*i%ilarly for nations pratiing 'i#il 2a", syste%s suh as the >apoleoni 'ode of the 1-th
'entury is an e0a%ple of usto%ary la" gi#en its "ide adoption and ati#e use still in %any
3renh speaking for%er olonies suh as Afria.

A further e0a%ple are international on#entions suh as the 9ene#a 'on#ention that "hile
being based around histori treaties and agree%ents is also onsidered a 'usto%ary 2a"
reognizing the essential rights of prisoners of "ar.

22.$.2 The benefit of usto%ary la"

The benefit of usto%ary la" is that it pro%otes a degree of legal stability in the institutions of
la", the proedures of la" and the respet of la".

There is al"ays a danger for nations that undertake %ajor hanges to their legal syste%s that
the respet for the la" "ill auto%atially di%inish until suh ti%e that through onsisteny
and tradition, the proess of la" is seen to be %ore stable and reliable.

22.$.3 The negati#es of usto%ary la"

The negati#es assoiated "ith usto%ary la" relate to t"o points7 orthodo0y and absene of
effetual la".

The first relates to "hen orthodo0y reates distortions "ithin a legal syste% that pro%ote
unjust praties, "hih o#erti%e beo%e harder to refor% beause of tradition.

An e0a%ple in A%eria is the effet of the legal refor%s of the 1-(.Rs that introdued praties
in ourt proedure, ross e0a%ination and a "hole host of ations initially designed to
i%pro#e la" that no" result in lear distortions in due legal proess.

The seond negati#e of usto%ary la" is the frequent absene of effetual la" proteted and
argued against on the basis of usto%ary pratie.

3or e0a%ple, %any o%%on la" nations onsider 5ills of /ights an unneessary legal
ele%ent, gi#en the belief under usto%ary la" that the i%plied rights of indi#iduals fro% the
ti%e of the :agna 'arta on"ards ha#e been duly proteted and enshrined in preedents.

=n %any ases, suh argu%ents are false but still effeti#e due to the general lak of legal
understanding of both %edia and publi opinion.

22.$.4 *olution

The e0istene of stable legal fra%e"orks is no substitute for effeti#e legal fra%e"orks.

22." eli!ious law

:any of the "orldRs oldest religions ha#e and still are strutured around a body of la" that
also ser#ed for the %anage%ent of not only %atters of faith, but i#il %atters and so%eti%es
e#en ri%inal %atters.

=n the religious sense, la" an be thought of as the ordering priniple of realityM kno"ledge as
re#ealed by 9od defining and go#erning all hu%an affairs. 2a", in the religious sense, also
inludes odes of ethis and %orality "hih are upheld and required by 9od. 10a%ples
inlude usto%ary <indu la", 'anon la" A/o%an 'atholiB, *hariRa A=sla%i la"B, <alakha
A)e"ish la"B, and the di#ine la" of the :osai ode or Torah.

22.(.1 The benefits of religious la"

&nfortunately religious la" tends to benefit only a narro" set of indi#iduals and the
organization itself rather the general prosperity of a soiety. Where religious la" has been
adopted as equal or superior to seular and i#il la" syste%s, the eono%i and soial
prosperity of those soieties ha#e dra%atially dropped.

=n 1urope "hen 'hristian religious la" reigned supre%e for o#er 1,4.. years, the quality of
life, the e0istene of fair and just legal syste%s "ere #irtually non8e0istene for --.-N of the
population. A si%ilar, although far less dra%ati e0a%ple is seen today "ith the brutal
repression of hu%an rights and prosperity in nations enforing =sla%i shariRa la" o#er i#il
la".

22.(.2 The negati#es of religious la"

E#er"hel%ingly, religious la" tends to be a negati#e influene on the pro%otion of fair and
equitable legal syste%s. =nstead, religious la" "hen introdued follo"ing a regi%e hange or
so%e dra%ati e#ent historially has ao%panied great soial destrution and orruption.

=t is "hy religious tolerane should per%it religions to require "ithin ertain li%its that their
follo"ers adhere to the rules of being %e%bers to their organisation that religions are not
per%itted to do%inate the legal syste%s of the state.

=n reent years, this seularized position of %any "estern nations has started to be ati#ely
hallenged by oordinated and onneted 'hristian groups seeking a loser adoption of
religious la" and poliies in their soiety. The &nited *tates, parts of the 1urope and %ore
reently Australia are e0a%ples of nations undergoing inreasing antagonis% bet"een fores
seeking to %aintain seular #alues and 'hristian pro%oters seeking greater influene of
'hristian religious la"s.
22.# 'ri-ate law

=n addition to defining the la" of soiety aording to #arious syste% types Ai#il, o%%on,
usto%ary and religiousB, la" is also so%eti%es defined by areas of its fous.

&nder this syste%, a distintion is often %ade bet"een "hat is alled Dpubli la"P and
Dpri#ate la"P.

6ri#ate la" is that part of a legal syste% "hih is part of the jus o%%une that in#ol#es
relationships bet"een indi#iduals, suh as the la" of ontrats or torts, as it is alled in the
o%%on la", and the la" of obligations as it is alled in i#ilian legal syste%s.
'ontrats and torts

6ri#ate la" is that part of a legal syste% that in#ol#es relationships bet"een indi#iduals, suh
as the la" of ontrats or torts, as it is alled in the o%%on la", and the la" of obligations as
it is alled in i#ilian legal syste%s.

The onept of pri#ate la" in o%%on la" ountries is a little %ore broad, in that it also
eno%passes pri#ate relationships bet"een go#ern%ents and pri#ate indi#iduals or other
entities. That is, relationships bet"een go#ern%ents and indi#iduals based on the la" of
ontrat or torts are go#erned by pri#ate la", and are not onsidered to be "ithin the sope of
publi la".

22.+.1 The negati#es of the label Dpri#ate la"P

=n reent years, the labels publi and pri#ate la" ha#e beo%e inreasingly blurred "ith la"s
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no" eno%passing both publi and pri#ate ele%ents. *tritly speaking, the labels ha#e lost
their effeti#eness.

As a result, their use, "hile a usto% and tradition %ay not ser#e any long ter% benefit for
la" refor%.

22.* 'ubli% law

=n addition to defining the la" of soiety aording to #arious syste% types Ai#il, o%%on,
usto%ary and religiousB, la" is also so%eti%es defined by areas of its fous.

&nder this syste%, a distintion is often %ade bet"een "hat is alled Dpubli la"P and
Dpri#ate la"P

6ubli la" is the la" go#erning the relationship bet"een indi#iduals Aitizens, o%paniesB and
the state. 'onstitutional la", ad%inistrati#e la" and ri%inal la" are sub8di#isions of publi
la".

'onstitutional la"

'onstitutional 2a" deals "ith the relationship bet"een the state and indi#idual, and the
relationships bet"een different branhes of the state, i.e. the e0euti#e, the legislature and the
judiiary. =n %ost legal syste%s, these relationships are speified "ithin a "ritten
onstitutional dou%ent.

Ad%inistrati#e la"

Ad%inistrati#e la" refers to the body of la" "hih regulates bureaurati %anagerial
proedures and is ad%inistered by the e0euti#e branh of a go#ern%entM rather than the
judiial or legislati#e branhes Aif they are different in that partiular jurisditionB.

This body of la" regulates international trade, %anufaturing, pollution, ta0ation, and the
like. This is so%eti%es seen as a subategory of 'i#il la" and so%eti%es alled publi la" as it
deals "ith regulation and publi institutions.

'ri%inal la"

'ri%inal la" Aalso kno"n as penal la"B is the body of statutory and o%%on la" that deals
"ith ri%e and the legal punish%ent of ri%inal offenses.

22.-.1 The benefit of the label DpubliP la"

The label publi la" ser#es a useful purpose in highlighting those areas of a soieties legal
syste% that fous on the greater soiety, rather than just the indi#idual. =t re%inds us of those
areas of priority and fous.

22.-.2 The negati#es of the label Dpubli la"P

=n reent years, the labels publi and pri#ate la" ha#e beo%e inreasingly blurred "ith la"s
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no" eno%passing both publi and pri#ate ele%ents. *tritly speaking, the labels ha#e lost
their effeti#eness.

As a result, their use, "hile a usto% and tradition %ay not ser#e any long ter% benefit for
la" refor%.

22.10 'ro%edural law

While la" is so%eti%es defined by syste% Ai#il, o%%on, usto%ary and religiousB and
so%eti%es by type Apubli;pri#ateB, there is also the tradition of defining those la"s
speifially relating to the funtion of soiety, often alled proedural la".

22.1..1 The proedural la"s of onstitutions and ad%inistrati#e la"

The t"o %ajor areas of la" traditionally onsidered as part of proedural la" are7
onstitutional and ad%inistrati#e la".

Ad%inistrati#e la"

Ad%inistrati#e la" o#ers the la" relating to the ad%inistrati#e ati#ities of go#ern%ent suh
as the %aking, adjudiation, and enfore%ent of regulations. )udiial re#ie" of state
apparatus, fro% loal ounils to 9o#ern%ent :inistries is the hief %ethod for the judiiary
to hold the e0euti#e to aount.

'onstitutional la"

'onstitutional la" go#erns the relationships bet"een the e0euti#e, legislature and judiiary.

)ust to add to the onfusion, these areas of la" are also o%%only referred to as DpubliP la".

22.1..2 The negati#e aspet of the label proedural la"

While in the founding years of onstitutional de%oraies, it ould be argued that the label
proedural la" eno%passed the %ost i%portant areas of la"s go#erning the operation of
parlia%ent, the e0euti#e, the judiiary and soiety, today al%ost all %odern signifiant
legislation eno%passes so%e ele%ent of proedure.

3or e0a%ple, %odern refor%s to prison odes, judiial odes and e#en publi ser#ie
operation all in#ol#e a re#ie" of the proedures, not just the poliies. Therefore, suh labels
tend to be redundant as it i%plies only a narro" band of la"s represent the au%ulati#e
proedural base of a nation, "hen in fat proedures no" e0ist in potentially thousands of
different parts of la".
22.11 =nternational la"

=nternational la" or Dpubli international la"P onerns pri%arily the relationships bet"een
so#ereign nations. Ef all the ategories of la", it is the %ost reent and also the ategory that
has had so%e of the greatest legal i%pat in the past fifty years.

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22.11.1 The &nited >ations 'harters, Treaties and 2a"s

The &nited >ations, founded under the &> 'harter of 1-4+ is one of the %ost signifiant
international la"s. Ether international bodies also for%ed under treaty suh as the
=nternational 2abour Erganisation, the World Trade Erganisation, or the =nternational
:onetary 3und ontinue to play a gro"ing i%portant part in the day to day affairs of nations
and their itizens.

&nions and %e%berships

The seond %ajor area of international la" de#elop%ent is the gro"th of regional unions of
%e%ber states suh as the 1uropean &nion. The 1uropean &nion has no" assu%ed a
nu%ber of po"ers and authorities by treaty "hih pre#iously "ere reser#ed only for so#ereign
states.

=nreasingly, 1uropeans are being go#erned not fro% their national leadership but by la"s
and regulations reated by the Ene 1urope ad%inistration of the 1&.

3ree Trade Agree%ents

A further area of international la" de#elop%ent is the rise of free trade agree%ents "hereby
nations agree to lo"er barriers and inrease ooperation bet"een one another, effeti#ely
opening up %arkets and at the sa%e ti%e %aking eah others o%panies and so%eti%es
itizens liable to the la"s of a foreign nation.

3or e0a%ple, one of the %andatory ele%ents of any 3ree Trade Agree%ent "ith the &nited
*tates is the right of the &nited *tates through its o"n ourts to pursue issues of opyright
and patent infringe%ent. While superfiially suh an ele%ent see% fair and reasonable, it
gi#es and has gi#en A%erian o%panies a huge strategi ad#antage in industry, business,
in#ention and royalties by effeti#ely stifling loal reati#ity and /@4 for %any nations under
suh 3TARs beause of the aggressi#e legal protetions afforded &* o%panies o#er alleged
opyright and patent breahes for ideas, brands and na%es that so%eti%es ha#e absolutely
nothing to do "ith another foreign nationals in#ention.

22.11.2 The i%portane of international la"

=nternational la" is one of the %ost i%portant areas of la" for the "orld today and one of the
priniple areas of ritial legal refor%.

We "ill disuss solutions and options in %ore detail in follo"ing pages.

22.12 Cistory of +aw

The history is la" is an essential ele%ent to understand "hy "e ha#e la"s today the "ay "e
do.

3e" people in "estern nations "ould realize that e#en in the 21st entury, our legal
fra%e"orks are based largely on orrupted and t"isted la"s pro%ulgated by a 'hristian
1%peror fifteen hundred years ago.
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3e"er people still "ould realize that the history of la" has not been ad#ane after ad#ane,
but as %any bak"ard steps as there ha#e been for"ard progress.

<istory therefore an teah us a great deal about "hy "e o%e to be in the predia%ent "e
are no" in %odern soieties and %odern proble%s.

The follo"ing setions therefore outline a #ery brief history and those e#ents that ha#e shaken
and shaped the "orld "e li#e in and "ill li#e in the future.
22.13 +e!al Cistory.3000 . $00 B2

The e#idene of essential la"s being part of soial ohesion fro% as early as 3... 5'1 an be
found both in legend and referene fro% %ore reent dou%ents.

4uring the earliest periods of establish%ent of i#ilization there "as no distintion bet"een
la" being di#ided into pri#ate;publi or e#en religious;proedural. =nstead, la"s "ere
grouped together as one.

T"o of the earliest la"s e#er reorded are those set do"n by the 4ruid 6riest Kings of =reland,
onerning the saredness of the <olly Tree not to be touhed or har%ed by any person other
than a priest and seondly against the at of hu%an sarifie.
22.13.1 *i%plifying the o%ple0ity of soial la"

Thanks to arheologial e#idene onerning anient i#ilizations suh as *u%er and 1bla, it
is apparent that la"s quikly gro" in nu%ber and o%ple0ity. A nu%ber of refor%ers during
different periods atte%pted to si%plify these la"s and FodifyF the% to one syste%.

Ene of the %ost fa%ous of anient legal pioneers "as <a%%urabi, "ho not only odified the
la"s of his ti%e, but established a ritially i%portant preedent that the atual la"s
the%sel#es should be lear and %ade publi.
=t should not be underesti%ated just ho" i%portant an inno#ation onerning the publiation
of la" represents.

3or the ne0t four thousand years, soiety and e%pires ha#e fought battles bet"een the
enlightened belief that la" is only fair "hen the general publi are gi#en the opportunity to
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kno" "hat those la"s are, "hile other fores ha#e alled to keep la"s and the "orkings of the
la" pri#ate, seret and out of the hands of the publi.
22.14 +e!al Cistory $00 B23 . 400 23

While <a%%urabi has instituted si%plified publi la"s o#er t"el#e hundred years before
/o%e, the nature of la" to both gro" in o%ple0ity and return to bad old habits is e#er
present.

=n the ase of /o%e and the Anient 9reek Trading ities, la" had beo%e so%ething hidden
fro% #ie" and used for both politial and finanial ad#antage.

Then around the !th 'entury, the /o%an *enate "as fored to pro%ulgate a set of standard
la"s "hih "ere to beo%e the basis of the /o%an 2egal *yste% for the ne0t si0 hundred
years.
22.14.1 The /o%an 'itizenship

The single greatest legal refor% of the /o%ans "as probably their sophistiated syste% of
itizenship. Luite si%ply, /o%an 'itizenship "ith the Fsuper 9reen 'ardF of its day.

=n a "orld that re%ained brutal and unertain, a full /o%an itizen had rights that "ere
unheard of until that ti%e. A /o%an 'itizen ould appeal their sentene to the 1%peror
the%sel#es. /o%an itizens "ere forbidden to be e0euted by ruel and unusual punish%ent,
or to be tortured.
'itizens "ere granted pri#ileges suh as aess to publi buildings and priority aess to
%arket, business and entertain%ent of /o%an ities.

*o po"erful "ere these inenti#es that "hen /o%e granted suh itizenship to the nobles of
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onquered lands, it re%ained a large inenti#e for the% and their suessors to stay "ithin
the /o%an 1%pire.

While full /o%an itizenship "as granted to less than 1N of those li#ing "ithin the
boundaries of the 1%pire, it effet "as profound in pro%oting peae, trade, o%%on
aeptane of la"s and as an indiret result, general i%pro#e%ents in la" and order for
ordinary people.
22.1$ +e!al Cistory 400 . 1220

)ust as /o%an 'itizenship and the t"el#e tables "ere Fhigh pointsF in legal refor%, the
'orpus )uris 'i#ilis represents probably the lo"est point in legal history.

This "ork of ignorane, hate and religious insanity took e#erything that "as one good about
the /o%an 1%pire and produed a ode that entrenhed the "orld into darkness for o#er
se#en hundred years.
The 'orpus )uris 'i#ilis bea%e the legal basis for the la"s of 1uropean nations, e%erging
out of the enfored 'hristian darkness around the 12th and 13th 'entury. =t ga#e the
foundations to the legal fra%e"ork that %ost 'hristian nations still e%ploy today8 that the
Gatian is abo#e all la"s and aountable to no person, that torture, %urder and rais% is
legal under ertain onditions and that the rights of indi#iduals is onditional rather than
inalienable.
22.1& +e!al Cistory 1220 . 1"*0

The first reognized dou%ent o%ing out of the enfored *tone Age reated by hristianity
that in any"ay states rights and basi legal priniples "as the :agna 'arta8 regarded as the
foundation stone of o%%on la".
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A popular %isoneption onerning the :agna 'arta is that it so%eho" i%plies or sets a
preedent for the basi rights of ordinary people. =t does nothing of the sort.

What %akes the :agna 'arta signifiant is that for the first ti%e it defines in fairly unlear
ter%s the boundaries in la" of the :onarh, the hurh and nobles.

This is signifiant for up until this point, only the 'hurh or /ulers "ere seen to ha#e any
po"er, usually the hurh.

5ut "ith the :agna 'arta, the po"erful %onarh of 1ngland "as required to reognize
ertain legal rights of his;her o"n nobles onerning their property as "ell as the property of
the hurh.

Another %isoneption is that %odern o%%on la" priniples re%ain based on the :agna
'arta. 5y the end of the 1(th entury, %ost of the preedents of the :agna 'arta had been
nullified by ne" la"s so that no effeti#e la" e0ists in 1ngland today that "as in effet
enated by the :agna 'arta.

What it re%ains is a sy%bol8 a sign post that the darkest period of hu%an history "as o#er
and it "as ti%e to re8establish the basi, ho"e#er brutal, nor%s of i#ilization.
22.1" +e!al Cistory 1"*0 . 1*20

Whereas the :agna 'arta represents a signpost out of the darkness, the 4elaration of
=ndependene represents still the single greatest legal dou%ent in ter%s of hu%an rights and
fair la" e#er onei#ed in hu%an history.
The 4elaration of =ndependene is the first dou%ent to e0pliitly state as the basis of
for%ing a so#ereign nation, that all indi#iduals ha#e ertain inalienable rights and are reated
equal.

>e#er before, or sine ha#e suh po"erful and ontro#ersial "ords been "ritten. /ightly, or
"rongly, the i%pat of this dou%ent and the fores it aelerated both for de%oray and
hu%an justie and those deadly opposed to suh rights, %ost notably the /o%an 'atholi
'hurh ha#e resulted in #irtually e#ery single %ajor onflit o#er the past t"o hundred years.

&nfortunately, in spite of the po"erful rhetori of the 4elaration of =ndependene, the sa%e
senti%ents did no translate the%sel#es in either eloquene, nor "isdo% in the general forging
of the &nited *tates 'onstitution, "hih re%ains to all purposes a dou%ent pro%oting elitist
po"er and a disenfranhised population, regardless of the 5ill of /ights.
22.1# +e!al Cistory 1*20 . 200&

3ollo"ing the 4elaration of =ndependene o#er one hundred and fifty years before the end of
World War =, the ne0t %ost signifiant legal e#en in hu%an history "as the for%ation of the
2eague of >ations.

The 2eague of >ations "as the forerunner of the &nited >ations and in %any respets had a
nu%ber of superior aspets to the &nited >ations8 %ost notably the absene of the 'atholi
'hurh as a politial influene "ithin the halls of po"er.
&nfortunately, %any people belie#ing the "ords of their "ar ti%e leaders a% to see the
2eague of >ations as an abjet failure, "hen in fat it "as a dediated seular organization
seeking to be free of the po"ers and inti%idation of religious, business and banking fores
that aused World War = and other pre#ious "ars.

=n the end, the %e%ory of the 2eague of >ations is fore#er tarnished by its deliberate attak
to enable a orrupted #ersion to be born in the &nited >ations in 1-4+, an organisation
ontrary to trying to urb the fores that pro%oted di#ision, bloodshed and po#erty, both
e%braed and in#ited those fores to beo%e a entral part of its fabri.

1#er sine, the &nited >ations has appeared helpless of its o"n beha#iour to per%it genoide
after genoide and the deterioration of li#ing standards aross a nu%ber of regions, not the
least being Afria.
22.1* +e!al Cistory 200& . 'resent

The %ost %o%entous e#ent in legal history sine the 4elaration of =ndependene is the
design of the 'ode0 &adia or the &adian 2a" *yste%. =t is the first syste% to speifially
address international, regional, nation, state and loal la"s as a si%ultanous and ohesi#e
solution.
4esigned by 3rank EC'ollins, the 'ode0 &adia addresses7

82egal refor%s to the &nited >ations inluding its harter and uni#ersal delarations
8/egional &nions and their refor% or i%ple%entationM
8*o#ereign legal refor% inluding se#en %ajor, o%plete odes of la"

=t is hoped that o#er ti%e, the 'ode0 &adia "ill beo%e the ne" standard and benh%ark by
"hih all other legal refor% and present legal syste%s "ill be %easured and i%pro#ed.
22.20 )2,75,8 %onstitution systems

That the aspirations of all hu%an beings are bound by the pratial funtion of their soieties.
'orrupt and dangerous soieties breed e#il and sadness. Well onstruted soieties breed
happiness.

1. A 'onstitution as a blueprint to a better &nion

We belie#e a onstitution is the blueprint of a soiety. =t defines our struture, our essential
rules and beliefs. =t enshrines our ulture and "ho and "hat "e think "e are. Therefore, the
struture of a soiety is al"ays deter%ined by the strength of its onstitution.

>o %atter ho" %any good people e0ist in Asia, no %atter ho" %any honourably intended
ats of kindness are pro#ided, poorly onstruted onstitutions "ill ine#itably lead to poorly
onstruted soieties and to sadness and e#il.

An ideal onstitution is one that enables any de%orati soiety to funtion to its opti%u% so
that all its itizens li#e happy and fruitful li#es and that there is har%ony and peae.

2. 'urrent onstitutions and organized assoiations are less than ideal

Whole organisations urrently e0ist "ith goals of uniting Asian nations and pro#iding union
of eono%i %atters, they lak to %oral and #isionary ohesion that is required. 6o"er %ust
not only be besto"ed to an institution, it %ust ha#e legiti%ay and enable a fra%e"ork for
gro"th and the flo" of po"er throughout its struture.

=n so%e ases, the onstitutions of united entities ha#e robbed a %e%ber state fro% effeti#e
seurity of its itizens. =n so%e ases, the onstitution fails to protet the %ajority of its
itizens for the fa#our of a fe".

3. The need for a ne" plan

<appiness and peae "ill only o%e "hen soieties hange. *oieties "ill not hange unless
their onstitutional %odel hanges. Therefore this ne" %odel of hange is proposed being a
&nion of states for the purpose of a o%%on %arket and o%%on #ision for the benefit of all
itizens.

We belie#e it is possible to define a better "orld "ith better strutures enabling soiety to be
happier and fairer to all its itizens. We belie#e it is essential that suh ideas that enhane the
quality of life of people be properly strutured into a onstitution apable of assisting a nation
of people to funtion to its best potential.

4. A better "orld, a happier soiety

This onstitution represents our belief in a blueprint for a happier, prosperous and %ore
peaeful "orld for our fello" itizens.

<appiness and peae "ill only o%e "hen soieties hange. *oieties "ill not hange unless
their onstitutional %odel hanges.

22.21 3uro.)nion.1r!

The 1uropean &nion8 that #ision of a o%%on 1urope, a o%%on %arket, a union of
prosperity that represented so %uh hope for 1uropeans at the end of the T"entieth 'entury
has no" turned into an ad%inistrati#e and o#er go#erned night%are.

/aked "ith speial lauses, speial interests, speial deals, "asteful subsidies, unaountable
bureauray and snail pae of refor%, %any people throughout 1urope no" see %uh of "hat
the 1uropean &nion stands for as a o%plete failure.

Hes, the o%%on urreny has introdued effiienies of e0hange, but far fro% utting osts
and pro%oting jobs for 1urope, %any respet eono%ists no" see the red tape and o#er
go#ernane of the &nion as a hindrane to jobs gro"th8 to be by8passed if any nation is to
stand a hane of breaking the see%ingly per%anent "ater %ark of 1.N Y une%ploy%ent.

22.21.1 6roble%? What proble%?

To gauge the state of the proble%s "ith the 1uropean &nion, one only has to briefly #ie" the
response by &nion bureaurats to the o%plete failure of the referendu%s to ratify the
proposed ne" onstitution of the &nion8 a %onster dou%ent full of edits, poliies and e#en
%ore speial lauses and deals than the :aastriht Treaty of 1--2.

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DThere is no proble%P, is frequently the response, "hih only goes to highlight ho" dangerous
the present situation is. 3or "hen people beo%e so deluded as to ignore the "arning signs of
i%pending danger, they risk total ollapse of one 1urope.

The atalyst is al%ost ertainly to be the ost of the &nion, its %oral a%bi#alene to ra%pant
orruption and ino%petene at being able to pro%ote jobs gro"th. *i%ply, nation states "ill
no longer be able to support the inreasing bills to prop up the &nion "hile "hole ities and
suburbs of people are une%ployed. The spark "ill be the ne0t generation of politial leaders
born fro% these depressed areas, "ho representing their onstitueny "ill si%ply all upon
the popular #oie of the nation to "ith dra" the%sel#es fro% the 1uropean &nion altogether
and use the billions sa#ed diretly on industry and jobs gro"th.

/eent riots in 6aris and other ities throughout 3rane is only a taste of the future for DEne
1uropeP. 6eople, largely forgotten and une%ployed, ha#e beo%e fed up "ith the nihilist
e0istene and future that their states offers. The sa%e an be said of those generations born
out of the squalid refugee a%ps of 6alestine against a future of being Dnon8personsP in the
Arab8=srael onflit. All that hea#y handed la" and order ontrol does is aelerate the
politiization of these slu%s into reognizing that "ithout re#olution they fae no future
"hatsoe#er.

Aross 1urope suh slu%s of per%anently une%ployed e0ist throughout e#ery industrialized
nation. =t is not just that une%ploy%ent re%ains high, but that entire o%%unities ha#e no"
been "ithout adequate jobs for years. The riots are o#er for the ti%e being. 5ut their return
are ine#itable.

'ould this happen? En the present ourse of e#ents of deluded, orrupt and ino%petent
bureaurati leadership of the 1uropean &nion it is as ertain as night follo"s day. When "ill
it happen? 3i#e, ten years fro% no", or it ould e#en happen as soon as a fe" years fro% no".
When it does, it "ill ause a landslide re#olt at the grass roots of 3rane, 9er%any, 1ngland
and others that "ill be #irtually i%possible to stop the end of the &nion.

22.21.2 <o" do you fi0 the proble%s of the 1uropean &nion

=f by so%e %irale the leaders of 1urope and the &nion "ere to reognize their present
predia%ent, it is then an entirely different set of proble%s to on#ine the% of the real and
strutural fators that are the root ause of the %alaise.

>on Q1uropean nations point al%ost i%%ediately to the e0tra#agant agriultural subsidies
and "aste that has beo%e the hall%ark of Ene 1urope poliy. Ethers rightly point to the
billions unaounted for and si%ply DlostP by the bureauray in its inability to present a
balaned budget8 a sandal that %akes 1nron and World'o% in the &nited *tates look like a
petty groery heist.

5ut these subsidies and finanial ino%petene are %erely an output of %uh deeper issues
that go to the #ery heart of ho" the &nion has been for%ed in the first plae8 its onstitution.

When :aastriht "as finally rolled out, it represented not only a hideously long set of rules
and protools, but it also represented a see%ingly endless list of speial dispensations to the
#arious states on their agree%ent to ede greater po"ers to the &nion. =n effet suh
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agree%ents sealed the fate of the present &nion "ay bak in 1--2.

*iene teahes us that o%ple0ity resol#es itself into si%plisti issues, "hile si%ple syste%s
are able to adapt to see%ingly infinite #ariane. =n other "ords, if you %ake so%ething too
o%pliated, it breaks do"n, or at the #ery least fails in the si%plest of "ays.

A ase in point is the ideal of the present 1uropean &nion arhitets to seek to enshrine the
rights of the indi#idual "ithin the re#ised onstitution along "ith nu%erous soially ati#e
poliies. When in si%ple fat, the right to ha#e a %eaningful job re%ains as elusi#e for
%illions of 1uropeans today as it did ten years ago.

t is one thing to desire to try and DarhitetP the perfet "orld, it is another to reate suh a
bureaurati entangle%ent that nothing "orks effeti#ely at all. This is the present %ess that
1urope finds itself. 'hoking in good intentions. 4ro"ning in enlighten%ent.

22.21.3 1uro8&nion.org8 Why "ould a re#ised onstitution fi0 anything?

Why then "ould the 1uro 'onstitution, the proposed re#ised onstitution of the 1uropean
&nion, do anything to help?

3irstly, beause it is a dou%ent that has taken the hundreds and hundreds of pages of
o%ple0 rules and Dgood intentionsP of the latest failed 1uropean &nion 'onstitution and
boiled it do"n into 144 super8effeti#e artiles.

*eondly, beause it addresses the essential and %issing ele%ents of the :aastriht Treaty
and the failed 1uropean 'onstitution7
8 a lear set of priniples that still gi#e go#ern%ents poliy fle0ibility
8 a lear struture of authority that supports nation states, rather than dupliates bureauray
8 a lear abinet struture and set of syste%s apable of transfor%ing poliy8 beyond si%ple
o%%ittees and bloated o%%issions
8 a set of finanial %anage%ent aountability guidelines
8 industry and standards able to ut red tape and help pro%ote jobs gro"th

Thirdly, beause it does not ontain the litany of speial lauses and speial o%pro%ise deals
that spelt the beginning of the end of pre#ious dou%ents.

22.21.4 Will 1uropean 2eaders take notie of the 1uro 'onstitution proposal?

Will present 1uropean leaders take notie of the 1uro 'onstitution proposal? 6robably not.
They ha#e in#ested too %uh of their redibility and desired legay into the failed proposals of
the present syste% to onsider anything else.

That is fine, for the people "ho %atter are the ne" leaders e%erging fro% the slu%s and
depressed ities of 1urope looking for hange. =nstead of si%ply pulling do"n Ene 1urope, it
is hoped they "ill see the #alue in supporting a better %odel, a better aspiration than "hat
e0ists today.

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*adly, it is part of the hu%an nature of those in po"er that they si%ply refuse to see
alternati#es until the fires are burning all around the%. Ene day soon, 1urope "ill fae suh
%ajor hallenges. =t is hoped that the onstitution for the 1uro &nion "ill help people hoose
a positi#e path to"ards rebirth and regro"th rather than the dark path of nationalis% and
soialis% that so ra#aged the "orld si0ty years ago.

22.22 ,sia.)nion.1r!

5efore the age of 1uropean 1%pires and onquests, Asia "as and has al"ays been the entre
of the "orldRs largest and %ost prosperous eono%ies. >o" after enturies of do%inane,
history sees the return of the great Asian eono%ies to their entral plae as do%inant
influenes on the future of the "orld.

22.22.1 A*1A> and A61'

&nlike 1urope, the A%erias and Afria, there is no one single body that represents all the
Asian eono%ies. =nstead, t"o inter8go#ern%ent bodies stand out abo#e all others8 A*1A>
AAssoiation of *outh81ast Asian >ationsB and A61' AAsia86aifi 1ono%i 'ooperationB.

A*1A> "as founded in August of 1-$( by Thailand, =ndonesia, :alaysia, *ingapore, and the
6hilippines in response to the 'hinese supported 'o%%unist e0pansion in Gietna% and
insurgeny "ithin their o"n borders. 4uring the late 1-+.Rs A*1A> briefly tried to establish a
Do%%on %arketP bet"een its #arious nations, "ith little suess.

A61' "as founded in >o#e%ber 1-+- through the hea#y lobbying of )apan, Australia, the
&nited *tates and 'anada in largely a response to A*1A>s push to beo%e a trade blo.
A61' has no" surpassed A*1A> in both status, broad representation and effeti#e dialogue
in its regular su%%its.

22.22.2 With A*1A> and A61', "hy does Asia need another?

The question then is if Asia nations ha#e both A*1A> and A61', "hy does the region need
another in the for% of the Asia &nion?

The reason is si%ple8 neither A*1A>, nor A61' represent the lear interests of Asia8 only
parts of Asia and so%e of the issues of Asia. A*1A> re%ains "holly suspiious and relutant
to e0pand its %e%bership to be %ore representati#e, "hile A61' strethes "ell beyond the
borders of Asia to eno%pass A%erian states.

This in itself is not the only funda%ental reasons. =n ter%s of effeti#eness, A61' has been
enor%ously positi#e to"ards bilateral dialogue bet"een the %ajor po"ers of the region. =t is
ho"e#er, insuffiient gi#en the fast approahing eono%i, li%ate and soial hallenges
faing Asian eono%ies.

22.22.3 3inanial stability, soial stability and en#iron%ental hallenges

:ore than any other region, Asia faes a %assi#e prie for its rapid deades of gro"th in
ter%s of en#iron%ental destrution. 6ollution is literally hoking the po"ers of 'hina and
=ndia to death. &ntil no", #irtually e#ery respet of the en#iron%ent has been sarified in the
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na%e of eono%i gro"th. <o"e#er, no" Asian eono%ies suh as =ndonesia and 'hina are
faed "ith the soial onsequenes of %assi#e pollution in rising health osts and urban
populations gro"ing onerned that their ne" found "ealth %ay be under threat.

=n the ase of 'hina, the o%bination of entral ontrols and pro%oting pro#inial autono%y
to pro%ote free %arket gro"th has been pheno%enally suessful in generating %assi#e trade
surpluses and ne" "ealth "ithin the ities of 'hina. =t has also reated a "hole ne" range of
i%%ense soial hallenges fro% rising health are osts, urban spra"l, urban slu%s and soon
the politial unrest that "ill o%e "hen suh en#iron%ents are hastily reated.

&nlike 1urope that has e0periened deades of long ter% under e%ploy%ent, the eono%y of
'hina and =ndia ha#e been boo%ing. Het suh gro"th is ine#itably unsustainable, if nothing
else for the strutural onstraints that "ill soon reign it in. The brand ne" %odern slu%s of
'hinese ities are yet to feel the hallenge of undere%ploy%ent like other regions of the
"orld, ho"e#er if de%and is brought under ontrol by the %ajor partners of 'hina, there is
no doubt 'hina "ill soon feel the effets of une%ployed urban ghettos.

This is already the e0periene in %any other Asian ities that e0periened strong deades of
gro"th before 'hina and =ndia8 the urban poor of =ndonesia, *outh Korea, Thailand and the
6hilippines.

22.22.4 The gro"ing seeds of disontent

<istory re%inds us again and again, if "e so hoose to listen, that urban slu%s are the
nursery of re#olution8not al"ays positi#e. That "hen faed "ith a prospet of no future, urban
poor populations an quikly beo%e the hostile supporters of a haris%ati re#olutionary
and;or a soial ditator.

When faed "ith suh fores, the deliate soial fabri of Asian de%oraies and e#en
o%%unists entral syste%s "ill be no %ath. 3or 'hina, the prospet is no sooner than fi#e
to ten years. 3or other Asian nations, the underlying soial unrest is fer%enting %uh sooner.

*uh deep proble%s as long ter% undere%ploy%ent, slo" eono%i gro"th, "aste and
orruption are issues that often are beyond the apaity of one nation to sol#e on its o"n.
:oney alone "ill not sol#e these issues. What is needed are o%%on soial strategies ai%ed
at balaning the load of hange and refor% aross the region8 a union8 an Asian &nion.

22.22.! The need for the Asia &nion

A onstitution is the blueprint of a soiety. =t defines our struture, our essential rules and
beliefs. =t enshrines our ulture and "ho and "hat "e think "e are. Therefore, the struture of
a soiety is al"ays deter%ined by the strength of its onstitution.

>o %atter ho" %any good people and organisations e0ist in Asia, no %atter ho" %any
honourably intended ats of kindness are pro#ided, poorly onstruted onstitutions "ill
ine#itably lead to poorly onstruted soieties and to sadness and e#il.

An ideal onstitution and organisation is one that enables any de%orati soiety to funtion
to its opti%u% so that all its itizens li#e happy and fruitful li#es and that there is har%ony
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and peae.

This is the purpose of the Asia &nion. To pro#ide a fra%e"ork of strength and #ision for the
benefit of all itizens of Asian nations. To assist nations in sol#ing issues of a %assi#e nature
fro% urban rene"al, en#iron%ent repair, long ter%s jobs gro"th, eduation, health and soial
justie.

Abo#e all, the Asia &nion "ill assist those go#ern%ents and nations of the regions to
o#ero%e the hallenges that "ould other"ise spell ertain doo% to their present institutions
and leadership at the hands of soial unrest and unresol#ed po#erty.

22.22.$ When "ill the Asia &nion happen and ho"?

2ike all hange, the likelihood of the leaders of 'hina, =ndia and other %ajor Asian nations
e%braing the Asia &nion until the stor% is upon us is sli%. 6ride, arrogane, o#er self
onfidene are the faults of leaders throughout history and the "orld. =t is not unique to the
region.

As a result, it "ill probably be only after the ne0t "a#e of finanial risis, of %ajor soial
unrest that the leaders of Asian nations "ill onsider the need for a deeper struture beyond
%erely nation to nation bi8annual su%%its.

=n the %eanti%e, the future re#olutionary leaders are being born in the slu%s of %ajor
polluted Asian ities. =f not the present leadership, then they "ill ha#e no hesitation in
%aking hange. 3or they are the hildren of our future8 either a return to feudal soieties
ruled by ruthless despots, or a hope of a better "orld through deeper odependene and
support to rid our "orld of po#erty and soial injustie.

The Asia &nion e0ists by its onstitution. Enly ti%e "ill tell "ho reognize the seed of history
and take up the all.
22.23 ,meri%as.)nion.1r!

The A%erias A>orth, 'entral and *outh A%eriaB are #ast lands of e0tre%es8 of great
%ountains, of deserts, of unheralded natural and hu%an reated "ealth and of e0tre%e
po#erty. >o", as the T"enty83irst 'entury progresses to"ards the end of its first deade, the
future of the nations of >orth, 'entral and *outh A%eria ha#e ne#er been so intert"ined.

22.23.1 The notion of loser union bet"een the nations of the A%erias

The idea of loser %ilitary, politial and eono%i union bet"een the nations of the A%erias
is not ne". 5efore any person in 1urope had e#er espoused suh ideals of ooperation, eight
nations of 'entral and *outh A%eria has already %et by 1+2$ at the 'ongress of 6ana%a
under the #ision of *i%_n 5ol`#ar.

While the plan ulti%ately failed to %aterialized, it e%phasized the histori threads of
enlighten%ent and re#olution that has been the hall%ark of the region for t"o hundred years.

The present day Erganisation of A%erian *tates AEA*B "as e#entually for%ed at the >inth
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age $0) of $%0
=nternational 'onferene of A%erian *tates in 5ogota in 1-4+. The %eeting also adopted the
A%erian 4elaration of the /ights and 4uties of :an, the "orldCs first general hu%an rights
instru%ent.

*ine its aspirational beginnings, the EA* has steadily %o#ed for"ards Aand so%eti%es
bak"ardsB in loser ooperation bet"een the #arious nations of the A%erias. The EA* has
e#en #oted on its future e0istene as a o%%on eono%i o%%unity, si%ilar to the
1uropean &nion, inluding the #ision of o%%on finanial instru%ents. <o"e#er, suh ideas
ha#e failed to %aterialize to the ti%etable originally hoped.

22.23.2 Why the A%erias &nion? Why not the ontinued role of the EA*?

There is no question that the EA* has beo%e far %ore representati#e and rele#ant in the
affairs of A%erian states sine e#en fifteen years ago "hen it "as onsidered %erely
FWashingtonCs olonial offieF. The organisation has been instru%ental in reduing land
%ines in *outh A%eria and has diretly assisted %any states in their transition to
de%oraies.

5ut the DWashingtonP tag in referene to the &nited *tates still re%ains. 3or e#ery bright
hope of a loser union, the EA* %o#es at an inredibly slo" and painful pae. While ti%e "as
short e#en fi#e years, no" there is no %ore ti%e to "aste.

A o%%on %arket for the A%erias "ould unlok tre%endous "ealth and "ork opportunity
for tens of %illions. =t "ould re#italize the industry of the &nited *tates and 'anada "hile at
the sa%e ti%e see signifiant gro"th opportunities for the still de#eloping eono%ies of
'entral and *outh A%eria.

5eyond %ere eono%is, there also re%ains the entral hallenge to ontinue refor%s in
hu%an rights, in soial ser#ies and eduation. These i%pro#e%ents annot happen "ithout a
strong and lear organisation struture representing the interests of all states.

5eyond soial ser#ies, one of the %ost ritial issues faing the &nited *tates is its o"n
protetion. 5ut si%ply building bigger fenes "ill not ste% the tide of i%%igrants, nor lead to
a longer ter% solution for all of the A%erias. =t is only "hen seurity is i%pro#ed for all of
>orth, 'entral and *outh A%eria an the &nited *tates hope to see long ter% safety.

Again, the Erganisation of A%erian *tates is unable to pro#ide the physial o%%on organs
for suh %ilitary and polie ooperation effeti#ely.

22.23.3 A%erias8&nion.Erg

*iene teahes us that "hen an organis% is "ell strutured, its hanes of sur#i#al and
gro"th e0eed one that is poorly adapted for the onditions. The Erganisation of A%erian
*tates "as an organisation for its ti%e. That ti%e has no" passed.

3or the sake of the future generations of itizens in all nations of the A%erias, fro% the
presently rih to the poor, a ne" organisation urgently needs to be for%ed, apable of the
strutural strength to "ithstand the barrage of speial interests and o%pro%ise that
ine#itably follo" nation to nation negotiations.
Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age $0* of $%0
This is e0atly the purpose and destiny of the A%erias &nion. 3or%ed fro% the kno"ledge
and "isdo% of strutures and syste%s fro% the #ery best and reognizing the #ery "orst
faults of o#er engineered dou%ents, the onstitution for the A%erias &nion holds out the
pro%ise of real and lasting prosperity for the A%erias.

22.23.4 When and ho" "ill the A%erias8&nion be i%ple%ented?

=n this present generation of leadership in the White <ouse and %any A%erian nations,
there appears little reognition of history, of i%ple%enting key and lasting strutures or of
any politial legay other than knee8jerk speial interest response. Whereas so%ething suh
as the A%erias &nion ould stand as a lasting legay to the #ision and leadership of a
6resident of the &nited *tates and other leaders, the hanes of suh ideas getting through is
highly unlikely.

=nstead, the hallenge to sa#e the &nited *tates and the A%erias is al%ost ertain to fall
upon the shoulders of their suessors8 the %en and "o%en "ho "ill ha#e the ourage to join
together for the benefit of their itizens and for the sake of their region.

When "ill this happen? <opefully sooner than later. =n ten years, fi#e years or %aybe sooner.
The "orld, the li%ate is rapidly hanging. With suh great hange, "hat %ight see%
i%probable, e#en i%possible an quikly beo%e real out of neessity.

22.24 ,rabian.)nion.1r!

*i0ty years ago, se#en nations found o%%on ground bet"een the%sel#es and a #ision to
for% a union "ith its %ain goal to7

D*er#e the o%%on good of all Arab ountries, ensure better onditions for all Arab ountries,
guarantee the future of all Arab ountries and fulfill the hopes and e0petations of all Arab
ountries.P

Thus "as for%ed the Arab 2eague.

3orty years ago, an equally a%bitious and inspirational organisation "as also for%ed,
follo"ing a terrorist attak that se#erely da%aged the holy Al8Aqsa :osque. This ne"
organisation stated as its %ain goal7

Fto pro%ote solidarity a%ong all %e%ber statesM to onsolidate ooperation a%ong %e%ber
states in eono%i, soial, ultural, sientifi, and other fields of ati#ityM to endea#or to
eli%inate raial segregation and disri%ination and to oppose olonialis% in all its for%sM to
support the 6alestinian people in their struggle to regain their national rights and to return to
their ho%elandM and, to support all :usli% people in their struggle to safeguard their dignity,
independene and national rights.F

Thus "as for%ed the Erganisation of =sla%i 'onferene AE='B, a body no" offiially
reognized as ha#ing representation in the &nited >ations.

With =sla%i and Arab organisations already in e0istene "ith suh aspirational and
hu%anisti goals, "hy then does the "orld need another in the for% of the Arabi &nion?
22.24.1 The gulf bet"een the rhetori and the results of urrent Arab and =sla%i
organisations

>ot a "eek goes by no", "ithout another at of %urder, of terror, of innoene lost in so%e
ity, to"n and street in the :iddle 1ast and near Asia. The "ar in =raq has taken a hea#y toll
in the li#es of "o%en and hildren as "ell as fighters. The battle for reognition and so#ereign
independene of the 6alestinian state has also ost %any li#es. And for all the "onderful
"ords spoken by the present international bodies that seek to represent the interests of Arab
nations and :usli%s "hat tangible results are e#ident after si0ty years and forty years
respeti#ely?

=s 6alestine yet an independent state? <as the entral issue of )erusale% been settled in a
peaeful and sustainable "ay? <a#e the li#ing standards of the itizens of Arab and =sla%i
nations signifiantly i%pro#ed? <as the good na%e of =sla% been i%pro#ed?

En e#ery single funda%ental issue, on e#ery single pro%ise %ade so%e si0ty and forty years
ago, not one shred of tangible e#idene of results, e0epting regular %eetings and endless
paper"ork has been ahie#ed.

Adding insult to injury, this i%possibly poor trak reord has ourred at a period in history
"hen the "ealth of the region Athanks to oil re#enuesB has ne#er been greater. <o" %any
then of the itizens of these nations ha#e benefited personally fro% suh "ealth? <undreds of
%illions?, tens of %illions, a fe" hundred thousand or just a handful?

*o appalling has the leadership of these organisation been at addressing the deepest of issues
i%portant to its itizens that the itizens the%sel#es ha#e instead turned to radials and
re#olutionaries in the hope that through their %essage of death and destrution that the
"orld %ight "ake up and listen to their needs.

That is "hy, in the slu%s of 5aghdad, 2ahore, 9aza and the West 5ank, &sa%a bin 2aden is
regarded as a great hero. >ot beause these people are so%eho" bloodthirsty barbarians,
inapable of reognizing right fro% "rong, but beause no one else has stepped in to try and
effet real hange in any %eaningful "ay.

22.24.2 Are the itizens of Arab nations unique? =s the %iddle east an e0eption to the idea of
de%oray?

Against the bakdrop of %issed opportunities, orruption and death another per#erse debate
has raged. =t onerns the insane notion that so%eho" the itizens of Arab and :usli%
nations are so%eho" unique to the rest of the "orld in "anting to be ruled by ditators,
rather than ontrolling their destiny through de%oray.

*uh insane argu%ents ha#e found supporters on both sides of the "ar on terror, "ith both
the leaders of so%e Western nations as "ell as funda%entalist religious leaders both lai%ing
that de%oray is a doo%ed De0peri%entP in the :iddle 1ast. 3or radials, it is the goal of the
pure =sla%i autoray8 the great DaliphateP. To Western leaders it is a re%inisene to the
old days of stable ditators "ho "ere prepared to do business, if only the West turned a Dblind
eyeP to ra%pant orruption and po#erty in their nations.

5ut the true e#il that per#ades both sides of the argu%ent is the absene of any real
reognition of the #oie of the #ery people on "hose behalf both sides lai% to be speaking.

These are the #ery people "ho urrently support the ause of the "ar against the West. These
are the #ery people "ho gi#e their sons and daughters up to be fighters and suiide bo%bers8
not beause they are "ithout any %oral sense, but beause no other alternati#e of ation is
presented.

=n the ase of =raq, the proof of the strength of de%oray in the fae of sheer terror is e#ident
by the enor%ous #oter turnout to eletions and the #alidation of the onstitution, at
onsiderable risk to their o"n li#es. 3e" itizens of "estern nations ha#e e#er had to %ake
suh a hoie8 to risk their life to support the idea of ha#ing a say in their o"n future. While
%any still lai% Aand seretly hopeB in de%oray in =raq failing, if the free itizens of =raq
ha#e anything to say then de%oray "ill be ali#e and "ell in that nation for %any years to
o%e, "hether the A%erians are there or not.
22.24.3 The Arabian &nion and a positi#e plan for hange

The Arabi &nion is a positi#e plan for hange that reognizes the pratial needs of all the
itizens and the good go#ern%ent of so#ereign states of Arab and :usli% nations in the
region.

The &nion is one part of a o%plete plan ai%ed at fulfilling e#ery single aspirational and
positi#e hope of e#ery good itizen in the Arab "orld and of =sla%7

8 The freedo% of )erusale% through its reognition by the &nited >ations as an =ndependent
*tate for all hu%anity, regardless of "hether being :usli%, 'hristian or je"
8 The reognition and establish%ent of the 6alestinian *tate
8 The for%al struture of a united =sla% AEne8=sla%B represented by the holiest, %ost
honorable international leadership sine its foundation, and to be a per%anent %e%ber of
the &nited >ations for e#ery single :usli%M

>o other ti%e in history, sine the #ery beginning of =sla% itself has suh an a%bitious plan
been reated. <o"e#er, not only is the plan possible, this "eb site and all its onneted sites
represent the #ery real progress to"ards fulfilling these goals8 "ithin the ne0t fe" years.

The good people of the Arab nations ha#e suffered enough lies, ha#e suffered enough
bloodshed and hunger. The Arabi &nion "ill bring sustained and signifiant i%pro#e%ents
in the quality of life for all. =t "ill herald both the end days of the old, the orrupt and the
deeitful and the ne" beginning for all.
22.24.4 Will the leaders of Arab states respond?

There are those #isionary leaders "ho reognize that great hange is upon us. =t is hoped that
they "ill e%brae the idea of the Arabian &nion and help its birth. 3or others, hange "ill
o%e only through the re#olution of the %asses in o#erthro"ing regi%es inapable of
reognizing the ti%e for hange.

Whate#er the %ehanis%, no" is the ti%e. Eur future does not ha#e to be another fi#e, ten
or si0ty years of endless hollo" pro%ises. =f "e seize the %o%ent, suh pro%ises through the
Arabian &nion, Ene )erusale% and Ene =sla% an be real "ithin a #ery short ti%e.
22.2$ ,fri%ans.)nion.1r!

About En )uly 11, 2... in 2o%e, Togo, the heads of state and go#ern%ent of !3 Afrian
nations signed the 'onstituti#e at to herald the offiial birth of the Afrian &nion.

The birth and signing of this 33 artile onstitution heralded an histori %o%ent. 3or a
gli%pse, it held the hope that a united Afria %ight finally find the ourage and #ision to unite
in a pratial "ay to sol#e the %ajor hallenges faing its %illions of o%bined itizens.

=t is an instru%ent that has been ratified by the #ast %ajority of Afrian nations. =t is a
dou%ent "hih aspires for the future prosperity and peae of all itizens of Afria. =t seeks to
de#elop a o%%on urreny, a o%%on %arket and loser seurity ties bet"een all nations in
Afria. And it is barely four years old. *o "hy hange the onstitution of the Afrian &nion
no"?

22.2!.1 The po"er of onstitutions and politial ats

A onstitution is the blueprint of a soiety. =t defines our struture, our essential rules and
beliefs. =t enshrines our ulture and "ho and "hat "e think "e are. Therefore, the struture of
a soiety is al"ays deter%ined by the strength of its onstitution.

'orrupt and dangerous soieties breed e#il and sadness. Well onstruted soieties breed
happiness. >o %atter ho" %any good people e0ist in Afria, no %atter ho" %any honourably
intended ats of kindness are pro#ided, poorly onstruted onstitutions "ill ine#itably lead
to poorly onstruted soieties and to the kind of sadness and e#il that has plagued Afria for
deades.

The deeper question therefore is Dis the urrent onstitution of the Afrian &nion suh a
#isionary of ohesi#e dou%ent, or not?P

22.2!.2 5eyond the superfiial8the underlying %alaise

When great /o%an 9enerals sought to ontrol #ast lands and populations "ith only a handful
of troops, they did so "ith all the unning and "isdo% of the ages8that to di#ide a people, is to
"eaken their ability to rebel8 hene the 5ritish 1%pirial %odel of ontrol Ddi#ide and
onquerP.

>ot only the 5ritish, but all the %ajor 1uropean olonial e%pires understood the #alue of
deliberately i%posing di#isions upon a pre#iously ontiguous landsape8 di#iding tribes,
fa%ilies, traditional lands and foring pre#ious ene%ies to o8e0ist "ith one another. *uh
:ahia#ellian politis "as superbly suessful Afor relati#ely short periods of historyB in
allo"ing the 1nglish and 3renh to ontrol #ast trats of the globe as their o"n do%inion.

=n Afria, the Ddi#ide and onquerP syste% of false boundaries and %ini olonial states sa"
the total and o%plete subjugation of hundreds of %illions of people, the stripping of #ast
"ealth, the selling of the people the%sel#es as sla#es and the greater "ealth for 1urope and
the A%erias.

*o suessful "ere the olonists, that the last #estiges of 'olonialis% sur#i#ed right up until
the #ery last deade of the t"entieth entury until apartheid "as finally dis%antled in *outh
Afria. 1#en no" the boundaries of the fifty plus nation states of Afria re%ain the enduring
poisoned legay of the for%er 1uropean %asters.

*uperfiially Afria is free. *uperfiially Afria has ne#er been %ore united under a o%%on
Afrian &nion. =n truth, the deep and enduring sars of its reent olonial past ontinue to
ripple and haunt Afria and %ake any lasting and real progress as %uh a drea% as the
prea%ble of the present onstitution.

22.2!.3 The Afrian &nion as the only hope

<istory tells us that ditators rarely "illingly gi#e up their po"er. :ost are re%o#ed by fore,
or the fore of ti%e. >or do states, one for%ed and offiially reognized by the "orld do they
a%alga%ate "ith other states to better rese%ble the true shared ulture of the land.

*o it is, Afria is no" ursed "ith fifty plus states, of "hih fe" are ulturally or eono%ially
self ontained. :ost are si%ple strange sribbles on Afria, designed to ensure their
per%anent dependene on 1urope and the A%erias. Today, nothing see%s to ha#e hanged.

While Afria an proudly lai% a union of states, it re%ains deeply dependent on "estern
po"ers for food aid, for finanial aid and for %ediines to o%bat the ra#ages of %odern and
anient diseases.

The only hope. The only future for Afria is that the &nion itself beo%es so strong as a
entral and o#erall go#ern%ent for and on behalf of all the itizens of Afria that it an
o#ero%e the e#il legay of the for%er olonial po"ers.

22.2!.4 The "eakness of the present onstitution

3or suh a task as a entral go#ern%ent as "ell as o%%on %arket spanning all the present
states of Afria requires a supre%ely inspiring and "ell onstruted onstitution "ell beyond
the o%pro%ised and poorly defined dou%ent that at present represents the &nion.

=ndeed, it %ust be reognized that e#en the finest bureaurati and legal %inds of 1urope
ha#e failed to sueed in designing a onstitutional fra%e"ork for the effeti#e and
prosperous future of Ene 1urope. =f 1urope, the for%er olonial %asters of Afria annot
agree on their o"n o%%on future, "hat hope do the Afrian %onarhs, eleted leaders and
#arious ditators ha#e?

The present onstitution deliberately a#oids suh diffiult hallenges and questions. The
onstitution ignores the natural and proper hu%an rights that should be para%ount to any
lasting dou%ent of history. =t pro#ides a no%inal role for the people of Afria in eleting
representati#es to the &nion that ha#e no real or effeti#e po"er Aand "ill ne#er ha#e unless
the onstitution is a%endedB. =t fails to define syste%s apable of effeting deep and lasting
soial i%pro#e%ent beyond the no%ination of yet %ore organs for talk and debate.

22.2!.! Afrians8&nion.Erg

=n ontrast, the refor%ed onstitution of the Afrian &nion is a dou%ent speifially
designed for the hallenge and task of sa#ing Afria and its future prosperity.

The refor%ed onstitution pro#ides all the key syste%s and %ethods to i%ple%ent a entral
set of strutures through the &nion that an ha#e i%%ediate effet in i%pro#ing health,
eduation, la" and order, jobs, industry and the en#iron%ent.

*uh lai%s are possible beause the onstitution pro#ides the blueprint for suh lai%s to be
possible. /ather than lea#ing the future and the rights of all itizens of Afria in the hands of
the fe", the onstitution e%bodies the rights and diret #ote and po"er of all Afrians. =t is by
their #ote, by their support alone that the refor%ed onstitution reei#es its po"er.

22.2!.$ The future of the refor%ed onstitution of the Afrian &nion

While "ords %ay inspire us, greatness o%es not fro% "ords but ations. While /oyalty and
eleted 2eaders %ay deree so%ething to be so, it is only "hen "e the free peoples of Afria
gi#e the% our %andate that suh derees shall be just and fair la". =t is to these unending
truths that "e dra" hu%ble onsideration to our future as one united Afria.

When a dou%ent is born out of injustie, it an ne#er beo%e just. The Afrian &nion, no
%atter ho" noble by its present onstitution is an unjust and unrepresentati#e %andate. =t
neither presents real and lasting solutions to the deepest of proble%s of Afria, nor does it
pro#ide genuine representation or flo" of authority of po"er. Therefore, ine#itably either the
onstitution "ill be replaed "ith one that is just and representati#e or sadly the &nion itself
shall ease to be.

3or the sake of the li#es of %illion of Afrians, it is hoped the &nion shall not only sur#i#e but
thri#e. =t is then the hope that at least so%e of the leaders of Afria reognize that only
through the refor%ed onstitution of the Afrian &nion shall the hopes and drea%s of their
itizens e#er be fulfilled.

22.2& 1%eani%.)nion.1r!

=n the battle of eono%i and politial titans aross the 6aifi and =ndian Eeans, the s%aller
=sland nations are often forgotten.

*o%eti%es feted for their influene as per%anent %e%bers of the &nited >ations, or #arious
international bodies Asuh as the "haling o%%issionB these s%aller nations ha#e struggled
to sur#i#e sine their #arious dates of independene.

22.2$.1 The age of asy%%etrial "arfare, terroris% and the influene of the indi#idual

Whereas during the period of the 'old War, a general true e0isted "hereby the superpo"ers
held eah other in hek, today "e li#e in the age of asy%%etrial "arfare, of terroris%, yber
ri%e and the influene of the indi#idual.

*%all nations no" represent so%eti%es easy targets for groups as a entre for organized
ri%e, for terroris% hide8outs, for staging posts fro% "hih to attak and disrupt their %uh
large neighbours. =n a sense, the reality of the net"orked "orld has finally a"oken larger
nations to take interest in the affairs of these s%aller =sland nations.

=n plaes suh as the *olo%on =slands, the po#erty and urban slu%s of <oniara are as bad as
any %ajor populated Asian ity. As has already been sho"n, failure to address the pressing
soial proble%s of hroni une%ploy%ent, poor health and eduation of the poor of 6aifi
and =ndian Eean nations, is a reipe for anarhy and terror.

22.2$.2 1ono%ies of sale, %aintaining so#ereign integrity and a o%%on union

What is the solution then to the see%ing i%possible proble% of %aintaining the so#ereign
integrity of the "orldRs s%allest nations, "hile at the sa%e ti%e addressing their long ter%
needs?

*o%e ha#e argued that the t"o onepts Aso#ereign integrity and eono%i "ell beingB are
unsustainable together8 that the only #iable solution is re8olonization of these =sland states.

The proble% of re8olonization #ersus other solutions is not "orth thinking about. 5oth in
ter%s of the fores in "hih it unleashes bak into the "orld, let alone the soial unrest of
%e%bers of the for%er independent nation. /egardless of the longer ter% ost and
onsequenes of the ne" parent nation, suh ation represents a retrograde step8 a step bak
to the days "here subjugation and seond8lass people "ere aepted as the nor%.

22.2$.3 The Eeani8&nions the solution

There is a #iable alternati#e to the hallenge of =sland nation unrest8 the establish%ent of a
o%%on union, "hih pro#ides the o#erarhing finanial, seurity and soial fra%e"ork for
this fa%ily of nations.

*uh an institution ould assist olleti#ely in the training of %ilitary and polie, in the
%aintenane of o%%on urreny and finanial standards and in the signifiant
i%pro#e%ent of li#ing standards and soial skills "ithout ontra#ening the so#ereign integrity
of these island nations.

This is the proposal of the Eeani8&nion.

22.2$.4 When and ho" "ill the Eeani &nion be for%ed?

The largest =sland nation for%ing the Eeani &nion "ould be Australia. 5ased on the
urrent go#ern%ent of Australia, there is so%e possibility that the prag%atis% of the present
leader %ay see a politial solution to the urrent risis through so%e %ehanis%. Then again,
hange rarely happens "ithout so%e fits and starts.

Then again, the all for the Eeani &nion %ay o%e fro% the s%aller =sland nations
the%sel#es8 reognizing that their so#ereign integrity, indeed their #ery sur#i#al depends
upon so%e #ision beyond si%ply oupation fores Ae#en if under the &> bannerB to %aintain
la" and order.

22.2" )nited 8ations eforms

22.2(.1 The &nited >ations A&>B

The &nited >ations A&>B is the international body representing the largest %e%bership of
so#ereign states and territories of hu%an beings on planet 1arth. While not all states and
territories are %e%bers of the &nited >ations, it is hoped one day that this great institution
shall truly be the one house of the "hole fa%ily of the hu%an rae.
22.2(.2 The i%portane of the &nited >ations

The future of hu%anity rests in the strength of the "alls of the &nited >ations. >e#er has
there been suh an institution so globally eno%passing so %any ountries and ne#er has
there been suh a hope that one day all hu%anity %ight li#e in peae, "ith no hild in po#erty.

The reality is that "e ontinue to li#e in a "orld of "ar and o%pro%ise, of danger and terror.
The "orld in %any "ays is less safe than it "as ten years ago. To this end, the &nited >ations
stands as the last hane for hu%anity to step for"ard united as one under higher ideals and
drea%s than politial and %ilitary fore.
22.2(.3 The refor% of the &nited >ations

While great refor% ontinues "ithin the &nited >ations, the pae and sope of refor% is
insuffiient to enat great hange. The funda%ental proble%s "ithin the operation and
struture of the &nited >ations ontinue and so %aking the task of ahie#ing great goals suh
as the 2.1! :illenniu% Ebjets so %uh harder.

=f allo"ed to happen, suh zealous anti8refor% agendas "ill "reak great da%age to the hopes
and ideals of the hu%an fa%ily and "ill ulti%ately hurt the "ord and ause e#en greater
indiret %isery and sorro". The &nited >ations needs refor% to %ake it stronger, not
"eaker.

=nstead of trying to urb the po"er of the &nited >ations, it is the %oral obligation of the
rihest de#eloped nations to reognize that "ithout a proper treasury #ehile, the &nited
>ations is toothless in the fight against po#erty and disease. =t "ill fore#er be onsigned to an
institution for talking "ithout any real ability to ation.

To at a body needs assets and the &nited >ations %ust finally beo%e "hat it al"ays should
ha#e been, the international body representing all hu%an beings in relations to %atters of the
good go#ernane of "ealth and resoures of the planet.

With suh po"er the &nited >ations "ill for the first ti%e atually be able to help sol#e
po#erty and sikness and bring eduation to all. With suh po"er the hopes and drea%s of
%illions "ill be realized and the "orld an be a better plae.
22.2# )8 reformed de%larations

The &> &ni#ersal 4elaration of <u%an /ights is one of the greatest dou%ents of hu%an
history. Written in 1-4+ and updated se#eral ti%es sine, the &ni#ersal 4elaration of
<u%an /ights defines the essential and inalienable rights of all hu%an beings.

<o"e#er, sine that great point of enlighten%ent follo"ing World War ==, the "orld itself has
hanged dra%atially and no" %e%ber states are indi#iduals are finding the%sel#es faed
"ith diffiult questions of bioethis, drug ontrol, pri#ay and personal seurity rights #ersus
"ar against terroris%.

*ine its ineption, it has been both the %oral authority and responsibility of the &nited
>ations to guide the "orld in %atters onerning the priniples and o%ple0ities of hu%an
life, free fro% religious di#ision and e0tre%es. =t is therefore the %oral and righteous
responsibility of the &nited >ations to one again onsider the fra%e"ork pro#ided to the
"orld onerning %atters of hu%an rights and issues.
22.2+.1 The 6roposed ( &> &ni#ersal 4elarations

The follo"ing se#en A(B &ni#ersal 4elarations of the &nited >ations are proposed to be
ratified by %e%ber states. These are7

&ni#ersal 4elaration on <u%an /ights Aalready ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on 6ri#ay and *eurity Ato be ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on 3ood and 4rugs Ato be ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on 5io ethis Ato be ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on Kno"ledge Ato be ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on :oney and Wealth Ato be ratifiedB
&ni#ersal 4elaration on <appy 'o%%unity 2i#ing Ato be ratifiedB
22.2* )8 reformed %harter

The &nited >ations A&>B 'harter is the instru%ent by "hih the &nited >ations first a%e
into being and e0ists in its present for% today. =t is the soure of its legiti%ay and its pri%ary
onstitution.

The &> 'harter has been a%ended se#eral ti%es sine its ineption on 2$ )une 1-4! and it
"as ne#er the intention of the founding :e%ber *tates that suh a onstitution "ould re%ain
unhanged. =nstead, the &> 'harter has al"ays represented "hat the o%%on o%%unity of
nations belie#e is its best harter for the better%ent of hu%anity.

As suh, there is urgent need of onstitutional refor% "ithin the harter itself if firstly the
&nited >ations itself is to hope to ahie#e any of its ai%s suh as the 2.1! :illenniu%
6rojets. The &nited >ations as it urrently e0ists is ha%strung by the li%itations plaed on it
by the present harter. To %ake real effet, the &nited >ations needs instru%ents apable of
real and lasting hange in ter%s of the eono%i "ell being of nations and the per%anent
%ilitary tools to ensure peae and seurity.

/ather than "eakening the &nited >ations, the harter needs to be a%ended to strengthen
the &nited >ations so that e#ery person is represented by a state that is represented in the
9reat Asse%bly of all nations.
22.2-.1 /e#ised &> 'harter
=ntrodution
6/1A:521
'<A6T1/ = 6&/6E*1* A>4 6/=>'=621*
'<A6T1/ == :1:51/*<=6
'<A6T1/ === E/9A>*
'<A6T1/ =G T<1 91>1/A2 A**1:52H
'<A6T1/ G T<1 *&6/1:1 'E&>'=2
'<A6T1/ G= 6A'=3=' *1TT21:1>T E3 4=*6&T1*
'<A6T1/ G== A'T=E> W=T< /1*61'T TE T</1AT* TE T<1 61A'1, 5/1A'<1*
E3 T<1 61A'1, A>4 A'T* E3 A99/1**=E>
'<A6T1/ G=== /19=E>A2 A//A>91:1>T*
'<A6T1/ =I =>T1/>AT=E>A2 1'E>E:=' A>4 *E'=A2 'E8E61/AT=E>
'<A6T1/ I T<1 1'E>E:=' A>4 *E'=A2 'E&>'=2
'<A6T1/ I= 41'2A/AT=E> /19A/4=>9 >E>8*12389EG1/>=>9
T1//=TE/=1*
'<A6T1/ I=== T<1 T/&*T11*<=6 'E&>'=2
'<A6T1/ I=G T<1 =>T1/>AT=E>A2 'E&/T E3 )&*T='1
'<A6T1/ IG T<1 =>T1/>AT=E>A2 T/1A*&/H
'<A6T1/ IG= T<1 =>T1/>AT=E>A2 9&A/4
'<A6T1/ IG== T<1 92E5A2 4131>'1 'E&>'=2
'<A6T1/ IG=== T<1 =>T1/>AT=E>A2 *6A'1 'E&>'=2
'<A6T1/ I=I T<1 *1'/1TA/=AT
'<A6T1/ II T<1 =>T1/>AT=E>A2 5EA/4 E3 4=/1'TE/* AE3 A91>'=1*B
22.30 )2,75,8 law system

The &'A4=A> la" syste% is the single largest and %ost o%plete refor% of hu%an publi,
pri#ate, i#il and o%%on la" e#er in hu%an history.

9reater than any other body of legal refor% e#en in hu%an history inluding the 1-th 'entury
>apoleoni 'ode, the $th 'entury 1%peror )ustinian 2egal /efor%s and all anient legal
preedents.

3urther%ore, the &'A4=A> la" syste% is the %ost o%prehensi#e and onsistent legal
fra%e"ork of la" e#er in hu%an history.
22.3..1 The *truture of the &'A4=A> la" syste%

The &'A4=A> la" syste% is o%prised of se#en A(B o%plete legal odes, that the%sel#es
o%ple%ent one another and are onsistent "ith the &'A4=A> onstitutional %odel as
e0a%pled by the &nion 'onstitutions suh as 1uro8&nion, Arabian8&nion, Asia8&nion,
A%erias8&nion, Afrians8&nion and Eeani8&nion.

The se#en A(B legal odes are7
&adian 'i#il 'ode
&adian 'ri%inal 'ode
&adian *er#ie 'ode
&adian )udiial 'ode
&adian :ilitary 'ode
&adian 6olie 'ode
&adian 6rison 'ode
22.3..2 All essential strutures of la" are onsidered

=n ter%s of the general struture of the &adian 2a" *yste%, all the essential strutures and
i%portant institutions of la", priniples and aepted proedures of la" are inorporated.

=%portant legal priniples suh as Abut not restrited toB the presu%ption of innoene, the
right to a fair trial, the right to representation, the rights of property are properly
inorporated.

=n this "ay, the &adian 2a" *yste% does not represent any %ajor fla", error or de#iation
fro% "hat are aepted as the funda%ental priniples of fair and just la".
22.3..3 'onsisteny and o%prehensi#eness

=n ter%s of addressing the urrent and signifiant legal fla"s of e0isting syste%s, the &adian
2egal *yste% speifially addresses strutural proble%s ourring due to the tradition of
inre%ental la", inonsisteny bet"een histori areas of la" and lak of o%prehensi#eness.

=n this "ay, ele%ents of la" that ha#e beo%e areas of bias in legal proedure and the just
enat%ent and enfore%ent of la" ha#e been addressed, inluding the proedure of
in#estigation of serious ri%es, the fairness of ost in ter%s of i#il proeedings and the lear
distintions bet"een ri%inal, i#il and tort la".
22.3..3 *i%plifiation and strengthening of la"

The %ost signifiant refor% of the &adian 2egal *yste% is in enabling the dra%ati
si%plifiation of la" that also pro#ides a great strengthening of la", e#en though the syste%
addresses the %odern o%ple0ities of present and future soiety.

Traditionally, suh refor% possibilities in la" refor% ha#e been onsidered i%possible, due to
the aeptane that %odern soiety neessarily entails o%ple0 treat%ents in la".

<o"e#er, the &adian 2egal *yste% pro#es that "ell struture, non8ontraditing and
o%prehensi#e syste%s are able to drastially redue o%ple0ity and ensure a robust legal
syste% for hundreds of years to o%e.
22.31 )%adian 2i-il 2ode

The &adian 'i#il 'ode is the %ost o%prehensi#e, ad#aned and lear 'ode for the
identifiation of the legal rights of indi#iduals, objets, their relationships, suession and
obligations.

The &adian 'i#il 'ode is based on a thorough analysis and re#ie" of all 'i#il 'ode %odels
inluding onte%porary onerns relating to i#il ode legal refor% and future legal
require%ents of soiety.

The &adian 'i#il 'ode is onsistent "ith generally reognized priniples and nor%s of
international la".

22.23.1 *truture of the 'i#il 'ode

The 'i#il 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then one
or %ore lauses "ithin eah artile.
The %ajor hapters of the 'i#il 'ode are7

=ntrodutory pro#isions
1. Kno"ledge
2. <u%an life
3. >on8hu%an life
4. <u%an relationships
!. 6roperty
$. *uession
(. Ebligation

While an artile %ay belong to a partiular hapter, the nu%bering of all artiles is
onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the 'i#il 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
"ithout the hapter headings.
22.23.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the 'i#il 'ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the 'i#il 'ode are as follo"s7

1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all pri#ate la"sM
2. To present the full list of i#il responsibilities, obligations, their li%its and appliationM
3. To define the grounds of i#il responsibilityM
4. To learly plae in onte0t the position of i#il la" #ersus ri%inal la", %ilitary la" and
other unifying odesM
!. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all %ilitary rules and proedures relating
to all %ilitary la"M
$. To present a lear set of i#il judiial standards and ode of ondut for all justies and
te%porary positions of judg%entM
(. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of itizens by ensuring the fair operation of the i#il
justie syste% and all those that perfor% a funtion "ithin the sope of the artiles
defined "ithin the 'i#il ode.
22.23.3 10a%ples of 'i#il 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> 'i#il 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 'i#il 'ode

22.32 &adian 'ri%inal 'ode

The &adian 'ri%inal 'ode is the %ost o%prehensi#e, ad#aned and lear 'ode for the
identifiation of ri%inal onduts, ri%inal obligation and lassifiation of ri%es for the
purpose of just sentening that has e#er been de#ised in hu%an history.

The &adian 'ri%inal 'ode is the first o%prehensi#e ri%inal legal fra%e"ork to reognize
the treat%ent of ri%inal ats and harges as assoiated ele%ents to an o#erall e#ent, rather
than separate and distint ite%s.

The &adian 'ri%inal 'ode is the first o%prehensi#e ri%inal legal fra%e"ork to define the
ele%ents of proof of ri%e that are required for any and e#ery set of ri%inal defined
ati#ities, thus eli%inating a funda%ental fla" in %odern ri%inal proseutions in ter%s of
guilt or innoene.

3urther%ore, the &adian 'ri%inal 'ode is the first ri%inal legal fra%e"ork in history to
reognize the lear distintion in all sentening bet"een ad%ission of guilt and genuine
re%orse and therefore an ati#e path of refor%, #ersus a lak of guilt, a lak of re%orse and a
greater e%phasis on punish%ent for suh beha#iour.

The &adian 'ri%inal 'ode is onsistent "ith the generally reognized priniples and nor%s
of international la".

22.32.1 *truture of the 'ri%inal 'ode

The 'ri%inal 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then
one or %ore lauses "ithin eah artile.

The %ajor hapters of the 'ri%inal 'ode are7

1. =ntrodutory pro#isions
2. 'ode of ondut
3. 'ri%e and soial objeti#es
4. 'ri%inal responsibility
!. )ustie and 6unish%ent
$. Effenes against a hu%an being
(. Effenes against ani%als
+. Effenes against non8arbon higher order life
-. Effenes against the hu%an fa%ily
1.. Effenes against 6roperty
11. Effenes against 6ubli 4eeny and 6ubli :orals
12. Effenes against 6ubli <ealth and 6ubli *afety
13. Effenes against 6ubli )ustie
14. Effenes against 6ubli *eurity and 6ubli Erder
1!. Effenes against the *tate and =nstru%ents of *tate
1$. Effenes against Trade and 3inanial =nstru%ents
onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the 'ri%inal 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith
or "ithout the hapter headings.
22.32.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the ri%inal ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the 'ri%inal 'ode are as follo"s7

1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all ri%inal la"sM
2. To present the full list of just penalties, their li%its and appliationM
3. To define the grounds of ri%inal responsibilityM
4. To outline the li%its of sentening for eah partiular ri%e and ensure sentening li%its
%eets "ith the standards and e0petation of soietyM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the position of ri%inal la" #ersus i#il la" and other unifying
odesM
$. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of itizens by defining those deeds "hih are
reognized as offenes dangerous to persons, soiety, or the *tate and under "hat speifi
onditions the rights of an indi#idual %ay be depri#ed.
22.32.3 10a%ples of 'ri%inal 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> 'ri%inal 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 'ri%inal 'ode

22.33 )%adian Ser-i%e 2ode

The &adian *er#ie 'ode is the %ost o%prehensi#e, ad#aned and lear 'ode for the
ondut of publi ser#ants in all le#els of go#ern%ent and ad%inistration e#er in hu%an
history.

The &adian *er#ie 'ode is based on a o%plete analysis of the nu%erous odes of ondut
used as guidelines for i#il and publi ser#ies in go#ern%ent fro% around the "orld.
22.33.1 *truture of the *er#ie 'ode

The 'i#il 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then one
or %ore lauses "ithin eah artile.

The %ajor hapters of the *er#ie 'ode are7

2. 'ode of ondut
3. *oial objeti#es
4. *oial responsibility
!. 6ositions, budgets and appro#als
$. Gaanies, ad#ertise%ent and inter#ie"s
(. Appoint%ents, re#ie" and ontrats
+. Ter%inations and disiplinary ation
-. :e%berships and third party assoiations
1.. 9ifts and gratuities

onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the 'i#il 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
22.33.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the *er#ie ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the *er#ie 'ode are as follo"s7
1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all rules and proedures relating to publi
ser#ie and ad%inistration la"M
2. To present a lear set of standards and ode of ondut for all publi ser#ants, offiials and
te%porary positions of publi ser#ieM
3. To define the o%plete operation of positions, appoint%ents, ter%s, proedures and
syste%sM
4. To outline the li%its of the role of publi ser#ie inluding funtion, dislosure, freedo%
and use of infor%ation and aountabilityM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the position of ser#ie la" #ersus i#il la" and other unifying
odesM
$. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of itizens by ensuring the fair operation of the ser#ie
syste% and all those that perfor% a funtion "ithin the sope of the artiles defined "ithin
the *er#ie ode.
22.33.3 10a%ples of *er#ie 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> *er#ie 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 *er#ie 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 *er#ie 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 *er#ie 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8*er#ie 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 *er#ie 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 *er#ie 'ode

22.34 )%adian :udi%ial 2ode

The &adian )udiial 'ode is the learest, %ost o%prehensi#e and onsistent guidelines for
the ondut of judiial responsibility and the operation of ourts of la" e#er de#ised in hu%an
history.

The &adian )udiial 'ode is based on an e0hausti#e analysis of irrent )udiial odes of
pratie inluding e0a%ples "here reent refor%s of la" ha#e atually "eakened, rather than
strengthened the operation of the ourts.

*peifially, the &adian )udiial 'ode addresses ele%ents of )udiial and ourt proedure
that ha#e beo%e areas of dispute and ontro#ersy, in partiular the funtion of the jury
syste%, the seletion of jury %e%bers, the funtion of a judge to a jury, the order of ourt
proeedings and the degree of latitude afforded both defense and proseution representati#es.

The &adian )udiial 'ode inorporates all the generally aepted and reognized priniples
of international and natural la" and ensures that the fair operation of the ourts is %ade
possible today and "ell into the 21st entury, no %atter "hat soial hanges our.
22.34.1 *truture of the )udiial 'ode

The )udiial 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then

The %ajor hapters of the )udiial 'ode are7

2. 'ode of ondut
3. )udiial standards and soial objeti#es
4. )ustie and operation of ourts
!. 9eneral priniples of the ourt
$. 9eneral priniples of diso#ery and in#estigation
(. 9eneral priniples of e#idene
+. 9eneral priniples of the )ury
-. 9eneral priniples of "arrants
1.. 9eneral priniples of seuring an aused person
11. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal defense
12. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal proseution
13. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal arraign%ent
14. 9eneral priniples of a ri%inal plea
1!. 9eneral priniples of a ri%inal trial
1$. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal hearing
1(. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal #erdits and judg%ents
1+. 9eneral priniples of ri%inal appeal and hearing
1-. 9eneral priniples of i#il ation
2.. 9eneral priniples of i#il defense
21. 9eneral priniples of i#il trial
22. 9eneral priniples of i#il hearing
23. 9eneral priniples of i#il #erdits and judg%ents
24. 9eneral priniples of i#il appeal and hearing

onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the )udiial 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
22.34.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the )udiial ode
The pri%ary objeti#es of the )udiial 'ode are as follo"s7
1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all judiial rules and proedures relating
to all i#il and ri%inal la"M
2. To present a lear set of judiial standards and ode of ondut for all %agistrates, justies
and te%porary positions of judg%entM
3. To define the o%plete operation of the ourts, inluding funtion, bodies, proedures and
syste%sM
4. To outline the li%its of key instru%ents of la" inluding diso#ery and in#estigation,
e#idene, the jury, "arrants and the seuring;granting of onditional release of aussed
personsM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the position of ri%inal la" #ersus i#il la" and other unifying
odesM
$. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of itizens by ensuring the fair operation of the judiial
the )udiial ode.
22.34.3 10a%ples of )udiial 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> )udiial 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 )udiial 'ode

22.3$ )%adian (ilitary 2ode

The &adian :ilitary 'ode is the %ost ad#aned and o%prehensi#e %ilitary ode of la" e#er
de#ised in hu%an history. >ot only does it inorporate the traditional areas onsidered in
%ilitary ondut relating to the beha#iour of %ilitary personnel, but addresses the legal
rights, position of ene%y o%batants and in partiular terrorist suspets.

&nder the &adian :ilitary 'ode, for the first ti%e in history, a state %ay pursue ene%y
o%batants found to ha#e undertaken ri%inal ats during onflit, partiularly ats
onsidered espeially heinous.

=n addition, the &adian :ilitary 'ode is the first legal fra%e"ork in history that defines the
legal rights of non8o%batants during onflit and the responsibilities and liabilities of a
%ilitary fore during suh ation.

The &adian :ilitary 'ode therefore is the first legal fra%e"ork in hu%an history that
addresses the issue of urban and onflit terroris% and enables the separation of anti8
terrorist ation fro% the need to o%pro%ise the #alues and rights of a general non8
o%batant population.
22.3!.1 *truture of the :ilitary 'ode
The :ilitary 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then

The %ajor hapters of the :ilitary 'ode are7

2. 'ode of ondut and o%bat
3. :iltary standards of justie and soial objeti#es
4. :ilitary responsibility
!. :ilitary )ustie and punish%ent
$. Effenes against the ode of ondut
(. Effenes against the ode of o%bat
+. Effenes against prisoners
-. Effenes against non8o%batants
1.. Effenes against property
11. Effenes against %ilitary justie
12. Effenes against the state
13. )ustie and operation of %ilitary ourts
14. >on8)udiial 6unish%ent
1!. 9eneral priniples of seuring an aused person
1$. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary ourt
1(. general priniples of diso#ery and in#estigation
1+. 9eneral priniples of e#idene
1-. 9eneral priniples of the jury
2.. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary defense
21. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary proseution
22. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary arraign%ent
23. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary trial
24. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary #erdits and judg%ents
2!. 9eneral priniples of %ilitary appeals

onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the :ilitary 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
22.3!.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the :ilitary 'ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the :ilitary 'ode are as follo"s7

1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all %ilitary la"sM
2. To present the full list of just penalties, their li%its and appliationM
3. To define the grounds of %ilitary responsibilityM
4. To outline the li%its of sentening for eah partiular %ilitary offene and ensure
sentening li%its %eets "ith the standards and e0petation of soietyM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the position of %ilitary la" #ersus i#il la", %ilitary la" and
$. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all %ilitary rules and proedures relating
to all %ilitary la"M
(. To present a lear set of %ilitary judiial standards and ode of ondut for all justies and
te%porary positions of judg%entM
+. To define the o%plete operation of %ilitary ourts, inluding funtion, bodies, proedures
and syste%sM
-. To outline the li%its of key instru%ents of la" inluding diso#ery and in#estigation,
e#idene, the jury, "arrants and the seuring;granting of onditional release of aused
personsM
1.. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of %ilitary personnel by ensuring the fair operation of
the %ilitary judiial syste% and all those that perfor% a funtion "ithin the sope of the
artiles defined "ithin the :ilitary ode.
22.3!.3 10a%ples of :ilitary 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> :ilitary 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 :ilitary 'ode

22.3& )%adian 'oli%e 2ode

The &adian 6olie 'ode is the %ost o%prehensi#e and ad#aned legal fra%e"ork for
%odern polie fores e#er reated in hu%an history.

The &adian 6olie 'ode addresses funda%ental areas onerning the duty and obligation of
6olie, but also addresses the de#elop%ent of a ode of honor "ithin fores to %aintain an
espirit de orps against indi#iduals "ho %ay at against the honor of the fore and the la"s of
soiety.
22.3$.1 *truture of the 6olie 'ode

The 6olie 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then

The %ajor hapters of the 6olie 'ode are7

2. 6olie standards and soial objeti#es
3. 'ode of ondut
4. 6olie po"er and rights
!. 6olie responsibility
$. 6olie integrity, #alues and honor
(. 6olie skills, o%peteny and eligibility
+. 6olie equip%ent and support syste%s
-. 6olie in#estigations
1.. 6olie operating proedures

onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the 6olie 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
22.3$.2 The pri%ary objeti#es of the 6olie 'ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the 6olie 'ode are as follo"s7
1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all polie rules and proedures relating to
all i#il and ri%inal la"M
2. To present a lear set of polie standards and ode of ondut for all polie offiers of Asia
&nionM
3. To define the o%plete po"ers and rights of polieM
4. To outline the li%its of polie responsibility, skills and o%peteniesM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the ore proesses of polie in#estigation and proeduresM
$. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of itizens by ensuring the fair operation of the polie
and all those that perfor% a funtion "ithin the sope of the artiles defined "ithin the 6olie
ode.
22.3$.3 10a%ples of 6olie 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> 6olie 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 6olie 'ode

22.3" )%adian 'rison 2ode

The &adian 6rison 'ode is the %ost o%prehensi#e set of la"s and operational proedures
for orretional %anage%ent e#er de#ised.

>ot only does the &adian 6rison 'ode address the traditional areas of prison %anage%ent
dealing "ith population housing, prisoners rights, the funtion and duties of orretional
personnel, but the 'ode addresses so%e of the long o#erdue areas of prison refor%.

After e0hausti#e in#estigation on the #arious suess and failure of prison and refor%
progra%s inluding the adoption of Fsuper8%a0F prisons by so%e go#ern%ents around the
"orld and the use of out8of8prison progra%s, the &adian 6rison 'ode legal fra%e"ork
identifies an opti%u% progra% for prisoners on#ited of different types of ri%es to ensure
%ini%al repeat offense due to fla"s in the syste% of prison %anage%ent.
22.3(.1 *truture of the 'i#il 'ode
The 6rison 'ode is strutured into hapters, "hih in turn are di#ided into artiles and then

The %ajor hapters of the 'i#il 'ode are7

2. 'ode of ondut
3. 6risons and soial objeti#es
4. 'orretional Effier responsibility
!. )ustie and 6unish%ent
$. 2e#el 1 'orretional 3ailities
(. 2e#el 2 'orretional 3ailities
+. 2e#el 3 'orretional 3ailities
-. 2e#el 4 'orretional 3ailities

onseuti#e so that the entire body of artiles of the 6rison 'ode %ay be read as one, "ith or
22.3(.3 The pri%ary objeti#es of the 6rison ode

The pri%ary objeti#es of the 6rison 'ode are as follo"s7
1. To pro#ide a single supre%e dou%ent odifying all orretional %anage%ent rules and
proedures relating to all prisons and detention progra%sM
2. To present a lear set of judiial standards and ode of ondut for all orretional staff,
%anage%ent, #isitors, prisoners and ontrators;onsultantsM
3. To define the o%plete operation of all types of orretional failities, inluding funtion,
bodies, proedures and syste%sM
4. To outline the li%its of key ation and beha#iour undertaken "ithin the all orretional
failities inluding diso#ery and in#estigation, e#idene, the jury, "arrants, restraint, fore
and alloation;re#oation of pri#ilegesM
!. To learly plae in onte0t the position of the 6rison 'ode #ersus ri%inal la", i#il la" and
$. To protet the rights and pri#ileges of prisoners by ensuring the fair operation of the prison
the 6rison ode.
22.3(.4 10a%ples of 6rison 'ode

The follo"ing links pro#ide pratial e0a%ples of the &'A4=A> 6rison 'ode in
i%ple%entation7

1uro8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode
Asia8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode
A%erias8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode
Arabian8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode
Afrians8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode
Eeani8&nion.Erg8 6rison 'ode

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23. The key purpose of your life
23.1 The 10 key purposes of your life

E#er the past 4! hapters, the understanding of &'A has taken us aross A22 and self.

The journey has been substantial and broad. Het the understanding is interdependene
a%ongst all things and all thought re%ains.

The final question to onsider is the ulti%ate purpose of your life8 "hat do you bring to this
"orld and this uni#erse?

What is your destiny? "hat is your fulfill%ent?

?1. To understand "ho you are
?2. To understand "hat and "here you are
?3. To e0ist as a hu%an being
?4. To li#e and e0periene e#ery %o%ent of life
?!. To for% relationships "ith other hu%an beings
?$. To learn and be a"are of the "orld around you
?(. To learn, aept and lo#e your self
?+. To be free of the hains of %ind
?-. To be an agent of positi#e hange
?1.. When all else fails, laugh and be happy
23.2 The 10 key purposes of your life F1A

To understand "ho you are

The first key purpose of your life is to understand "ho you are7

Hou are you

Hou are you, a li#ing hu%an being "ith self a"areness of a separate identity, look, physial
skills, %ental skills, %e%ories, e%otions.

Hou ha#e a %ind AsoulB that "ill li#e on after death

Hou and your %e%ories your ideas, your drea%s ha#e the apaity to e0ist as a separate entity
beyond the life of your body. This allo"s a reunion "ith other departed %inds that hoose to
be FangelsF, "hile enjoying the physial ontat of being ali#e.

Hou are unique8 one of a kind

Hou are unique8 one of a kind7 Hou are the first and the last you. Hour e0perienes, unique
outlook on life, joys, sadness. Hou are not so%e FreyledF reinarnated spirit . Hou are not
so%e insignifiant dupliate. Hou are unique in so %any "ays that to say other"ise is patently
ignorant.

Hou are part of &'A, part of F9odF

1#ery partile in your body, therefore e#ery part of &'A is %ade fro% pure &'A. Hou are a
part F9odF in the &ni#erse.

Hou are &'A8 the singular, 9od the singular

Hou are not only a part,you are by definition the singular 9od, the singular &'A at the sa%e
ti%e. 3or the &ni#erse to "ork, eah partile is not just the part, but also the "hole. This is
the final realization8 the realization that your hu%an apaity for a"areness annot possibly
o%prehend your nature as 9od the singular8 to feel e#ery hu%an heart beat, the feel e#ery
ray of light in the &ni#erse, to be e#ery planet, e#ery solar syste%, e#ery star, e#ery gala0y all
at one in an eternal >EW.

Hou are by definition, e#ery other hu%an, plant, ani%al, star, planet

,y definition every other human is part of you and you are they as
U@A" According to the :ew 3estament, =esus @hrist understood this
mystical eternal truth> A&o unto others as you would do to yourselfA and
A% am in you and you are in me"A

To understand "hat and "here you are

The seond key purpose of your life is to understand "hat and "here you are.

The 1st understanding8 your di%ension

Hou li#e in the di%ension of the &ni#erse. Hou li#e in the first di%ension and therefore the
absolute reality of the &ni#erse to &'A.

As a physial being in this di%ension, you li#e in the absolute reality of the
&ni#erse.

The 2nd understanding8 your position

As a hu%an being, you li#e on the surfae of the planet 1arth. Hour relati#e position in the
&ni#erse is7

W En the surfae of the planet 1arth
W En a planet an a#erage of 144 %illion k% fro% a star "e all The *un that is the entral star
of a solar syste% "e all The *olar *yste%M
W Within a solar *yste% "e all The *olar *yste% as part of a luster of
solar syste%s 2;3rd fro% the entre of a spiral gala0y Aappro0i%ately 33,... light years fro%
the entre of the 9ala0yB "e all The :ilky WayM
W Within a spiral gala0y "e all The :ilky Way as part of a luster of gala0ies appro0i%ately
fi#e %illion light years in dia%eter "e all The 2oal 9roup Aaround 4. gala0iesBM
W Within a luster of gala0ies "e all The 2oal 9roup in a region of spae inluding the Girgo
'luster Ao#er 1... gala0iesB, the 6ises luster and 'aner luster Aaround 1!. %illion light
years arossB "e all the 6isean /egion.
W Within a luster of 9alati lusters "e all the 6ises /egion Aaround 1!. %illion light years
arossB in %id spae in an area "e lass as Euter :id8*pae around 1+ to 2. billion light
years fro% the entre and birthplae of the &ni#erse and heading a"ay fro% the positi#e
entre region, but slo"ing.

The 3rd understanding8 "hat you are

Hou are a hu%an being, a %e%ber of the hu%an rae and equal

Hou are part of &'A

As part of &'A, you are all that you see and you an think

The 4th understanding8 your gift of onsious self a"areness as a hu%an being

As a hu%an being you ha#e the ability to de#elop your o"n unique onsious perspeti#e.
This is a skill of the brain thanks to the de#eloped %e%ory and input signals of the hu%an
body. Hour le#el of self a"areness as a hu%an being is deter%ined by the apaity and
perfor%ane of your brain AgenetisB as "ell as the range, #eloity, type and pakaging of
infor%ation Aen#iron%entB. A highly eduated brain an ha#e a heightened sens of self
a"areness.

The fourth is understanding your o"n unique onsious perspeti#e as
a hu%an being

The !th understanding8 the li%itations of hu%an onsious a"areness

The apaity of the brain to store infor%ation and absorb infor%ation is li%ited. Therefore
the apaity to be fully self a"are as a hu%an being is li%ited. %e%ories are appro0i%ations
of the atual past. =nput fro% the present is only an appro0i%ation. As hu%an beings our
physial strutural li%itations %eans "e an ne#er really kno" "hat any %o%ent an be like.

<o"e#er, "e an al"ays FfeelF "hat a no" %o%ent is like. Therefore, hu%an feelings "ill
al"ays be stronger than hu%an "ill.

The $th understanding8 the uniqueness of your hu%an perspeti#e

Hour brains struture, input and storage syste%s %eans that your self a"areness as a hu%an
being is unique and different to other hu%an beings. <o" you see things, ho" you learn
things, ho" you %e%orize things, ho" you reall things and ho" you reat to realled
%e%ories.

When on#ersing "ith other hu%an beings you are al"ays Fappro0i%ating appro0i%ations.F
>ot only is your o"n %e%ories, thoughts, and onsious ations as a hu%an being a li%ited
appro0i%ation of the reality, but your onsious o%%uniation "ith another hu%an is an
a#erage of the t"o pereptions.
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Therefore, onsiousness to onsiousness is #astly inferior to feelings to feelings bet"een
hu%an beings.

=t also %eans that your perei#ed reality is rightfully yours. There is no self onsious hu%an
reality, only a perei#ed set of rules that Fhold do"nF or Fstake outF a o%%on self onsious
reality for hu%ans. Without rules, this o%%on self onsious reality an and "ill break
do"n.

9i#en hu%an beings desire to li#e in o8dependent o%%unities, there is an e#er inreasing
desire to ha#e a o%%on self onsious reality that ao%%odates the ad#aning self
onsious %inds of hu%ans. *o%e o%%on self onsious realities ha#e been de#eloped "ith
strit rules A suh as funda%entalistsB #ersus liberal apital based self onsious realities suh
as de%orati eono%i ountries #ia parlia%ents, onstitutions and rules.

The danger about o%%on self onsious realities are that they rarely hold "ithout regular
%aintenane and de#elop%ent. /eligious based organisations, espeially fringe groups are
finding it inreasingly easier to i%plant ne" o%%on self onsious realities into the heads of
group follo"ers unhappy "ith the o%%on self onsious realities of the broader o%%unity
or traditional religions.

The (th understanding8 Hou are you, yet you are %ore

Hou as a hu%an being ha#e a unique ability to feel "hat it is like to be all &'A, all lo#e, all
onnetion, all e0istene as "ell as be %entally self onsiously aligned at the sa%e ti%e.

At no other ti%e during the de#elop%ent and journey of you8 the onsious self, "ill you ha#e
the opportunity to be separate and yet feel "hat the "hole feels. At all other ti%es, you "ill
either be the separate hu%an you, or the "hole &'A, not both.

The +th understanding8The apaity for the hu%an self onsious %ind to ontinue after the
body dies

Hou as a self onsious hu%an %ay ontinue to hoose to be separate to the &'A after your
body has died. This is "hat "e %ean by the *oul. Hou %ay re%ain as spirit, o%%anding the
physial %o#e%ent of partiles of %atter to the e0tent that you belie#e you an, but not part
of the &'A, nor the ability to hoose to be part of any part of &'A until the physial bonds
"ith the li#ing are released. Hou an then be an angel, the onsious %ind and its apaity to
be any part of &'A, to o%bine and "ork "ith any part of &'A, to reall any drea%, to reate
any di%ension "ithin the soul and see it as real, to reate di%ensioned "orlds "ithin pure
&'A a"areness, yet ne#er altering or interjeting on a natural la" of the &ni#erse.

Angels only influene o#er the physial "orld is #ia o%%uniation "ith li#ing onsious
%inds, by %eeting in o%%on di%ension. This only happens angels to spirits in the
di%ension of &'A drea%ing, and only happens "ith li#ing hu%ans in the di%ension of
hu%ans thinking Aseeking stored or lost infor%ation;ne" infor%ationB or drea%ing.

Therefore angels an only influene li#ing hu%ans "hen they are a"ake and allo" the self
onsious %ind to slo" for a %o%ent, or in drea%ing.

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The -th &nderstanding8 Angels an and do influene you

Angels and spirits Adeparted soulsB an and do influene you fro% ti%e to ti%e. *o%eti%es
their effet is "eakened beause of the strength of your onsious %ind, or your onsious
%inds refusal to aept the o%%uniation. Ether ti%es, it an be that the angels and;or
spirits are pursuing so%ething else and not "anting to o%%uniate.

Angels and be both good and bad. 5oth good and bad %essages are trans%itted to you during
your life. *o%eti%es they onfuse, so%eti%es they hurt, so%eti%es they larify, so%eti%es
they surprise.

The 1.th &nderstanding8Angels are hu%ans in a different perspeti#e. They ha#e feelings,
desires, "ants, onerns.

They also arry the li%itations of onsious a"areness, although often "ith inreased
"isdo%. The o%bined o%%on spaes for o%%union of angels ha#e been battle grounds
just as on 1arth.

'o%%uniation "ith li#ing hu%ans has #ariously been sought as7 W guard against e#il angels W
lo#e of the li#ing through pre#ious lose bonds "hen the angel "as ali#e W re#enge W sense of
duty in ti%es of "ar bet"een hea#ens W seeking to influene the li#ing to ad#ane the goals in
a state of <ea#en.


To e0ist as a hu%an being

The third key purpose of your life as a hu%an being is to li#e as a hu%an being.
23.4.1 /ejoiing at being hu%an

3or enturies, for %illenia the greatest and "isest souls ha#e looked upon the hu%an for% as
so%eho" ursed, as so%eho" less than pure spirit.

:any a holy %an has and ontinue to stri#e to enlighten%ent and Fbe %oreF by rejeting the
parado0 of being hu%an8 of being spirit, ani%al and darkness all "rapped into one.

Het if one is to aept enlighten%ent for "hat it is, an understanding of "ho and "hat you are,
then you already kno" your %ind is i%%ortal, that in a greater %anifestation you are part of
the "hole and are the uni#erse.

What %akes you unique then is not these qualities, but that you are %anifested at this point
in ti%e in the hu%an for%8 a supre%ely unique e0periene.
23.4.2 5eing hu%an, rather than trying to be so%ething you already are

Hou are already spirit. Hou are already i%%ortal. Hou are already part of and the one. *o to try
and e%ulate these qualities by denying your hu%anity is to ha#e both your priorities and
perspeti#es totally out of align%ent.
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The purpose of being hu%an is to be hu%an, not to beha#e as if you are 9od, or a %essiah, or
a de%on, or so%e other for%. =t is to e%brae your hu%anity8 that for a brief %o%ent in
ti%e, the uni#erse is instaned in your for%, "ill e0periene life through your eyes and %ind,
"ill e0periene the highs and lo"s, the pain and e0tay of being hu%an.
23.$ The 10 key purposes of your life F4A

To li#e and e0periene e#ery %o%ent of life

The fourth key purpose of life is to e0periene and be in e#ery %o%ent of life.

This is easier said than done. 3or "hen our %ind is full of regret, full of anger, full of desire,
our fous is either in the past, or the future, not the present.

When "e ha#e gro"n tired or upset at life and hoose to get drunk or take drugs to Fnu%bF
the pain, "e also %ask the %o%ent.
23.!.1 >o %o%ent of the uni#erse in your instane "ill e#er o%e again

When #arious philosophies seek to denigrate the hu%an for% to one that is ursed, one that is
less than the uni#erse, one that %ust aept life as a series of endless trials, then it is
understandable that a person "ho belie#es suh ideas has no reason to fous on the >o"
%o%ents.

Het these philosophies %ask the true and inredible nature of being hu%an8 that "e feel so
%uh, that "e e0periene suh a di#erse array of e%otions and %e%ories intert"ined.
23.& The 10 key purposes of your life F$A

To for% relationships "ith other hu%an beings

As a hu%an being, as the uni#erse instantiated in hu%an for%, a key purpose of your life is to
for% relationships "ith other hu%an beings.

As si%ple as this sounds, for so%e reason "e often get distrated fro% just ho" i%portant the
de#elop%ent of genuine bonds "ith others is for our ulti%ate purpose as a hu%an being.

We are already the uni#erse

We are already the uni#erse, so there is no need to reflet on onneting "ith the one,
onneting "ith nature. That is not our purpose or for%. We are in hu%an for%.

:any ti%es people "ho appear enlightened ha#e told us that to find oursel#es and fulfill our
purpose is to be spiritual beings and one "ith the uni#erse. The funny thing about this ad#ie
is that "e are already i%%ortal, "e are already spiritual beings8 so the opposite is atually our
destiny.

To e0periene the life of relationships
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<u%an relationships are not easy. We are distrated. We stray. We get frustrated. 5ut
relationships are the unique gift of being hu%an.

'onsider for e0a%ple, the 1arth in all its po"er. Where is itCs o%panion? 'onsider the *un
"ith all its glory, "here is its t"in and ho" %ight it e0periene the joy of a day at the beah?
or the holding of a ne" born?

Ef ourse, suh e0perienes are physially i%possible for the *un and the 1arth, yet open to
the life of being hu%an. That "e take suh relationships for granted. That "e so%eti%es
forget ho" %agial o%panionship is, is a sad state of affairs.
23." The 10 key purposes of your life F&A

To learn and be a"are of the "orld around you

A key purpose of our life is to beo%e %ore a"are of the "orld and our relationship to it8 but
fro% the unique perspeti#e of being hu%an.

This life lesson and journey is to %o#e through the #arious stages of thinking fro% Fto be
hu%an is an ant, a full stopF until "e realize that to be hu%an in the onte0t of the uni#erse is
to be the highest li#ing e%bodi%ent of the drea% of the &'A.

We are the fulfill%ent of the destiny of the uni#erse. We should be joyful at our i%portane
and unique position instead of feeling that so%eho" "e are so%e os%i %istake8 so%e
platypus of a"areness.
23.# The 10 key purposes of your life F"A

To learn and understand your self

To learn and understand your self is a key purpose to your life.

As a hu%an being you are %ore o%ple0 than you %ight first ha#e understood.
23.* The 10 key purposes of your life F#A

To be free of the hains of %ind

=%agine the idea of a "orld "ithout e#il, "ithout self8hate. =%agine the idea of a "orld that is
happy, "here people enjoy life, "here there is no po#erty. A #ibrant "orld of laughter and
har%ony.

<ea#en? >o, the idea is that suh a hea#en ould and indeed should e0ist on the planet 1arth.

The idea of hea#en on 1arth

1arth is a beautiful planet. A je"el. 2ife on 1arth is a%azing. 2ife for hu%anity on 1arth
should be and an be 1den.

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When hu%anity doesnCt destroy a natural "ilderness, there e0ists a piture of %agnifiene.
2ike the hand of the greatest of all artists had ar#ed the gentle strea%, the o#erhanging trees,
the fallen logs and great roks.

<o" blessed are "e to li#e on suh a beautiful a planet as 1arth.

Who says that hu%an life ould not only sur#i#e but thri#e in har%ony "ith suh beauty?

=t is not possible, it "ill ne#er happen...

Who says hea#en on earth is not possible, "ill ne#er happen? =s it the sientists, the
politiians, people "ith negati#e agendas?

Who are they to say our future is doo%ed, if "e hoose to take ontrol and responsibility for
our o"n futureV

There is nothing the uni#erse that says the hu%an rae is destined to e0tintion or a terrible
e0istene. We are our o"n authors to our o"n destiny.

23.10 The 10 key purposes of your life F*A

To be an agent of hange

To be an agent of hange is entirely up to you. This is the ninth key purpose to life.
23.1..1 'hange is not neessarily FgreatnessF

Hou are already great. Hou are already i%%ortal. The big things take are of the%sel#es. 5ut
"hat is laking in the "orld are the little things, the Fthank youCsF, the F= lo#e youF, the s%iles,
the laughs, the hugs, the helping hand, the do#e of peae not "ar, the e%brae of
understanding.

When you set your sites on grand plans, "hen you seek to ahie#e Fgreat thingsF at the
e0pense of little things, then you are not neessarily an agent for positi#e hange, but another
person "ho has been triked by the o%pliations of their o"n %ind and soiety8 that suh
things are %ore i%portant that a "ar% s%ile and a helping hand.

Try, just try one day keeping your "ord. =t is easy to say F%y "ord is %y bondF, but not so
easy to keep to it.

Try, just try one day to s%ile at e#ery person you %eet. >ot a razy, sary s%ile, but a s%ile of
genuine kindness. Again, itCs not easy gi#en people "ho brush past you and step in your "ay.

Why not try refraining fro% speaking ill about people in your "orkplae and at ho%e for a
"eek. 4o you think you ould do that? Again itCs hard "hen people press you to %ake a stand
on the field of battle of offie politis.

This is "here hange happens. >ot on the floor of a ourt roo%, but the side"alks bet"een
strangers. >ot in the offies of "orld leaders, but in the li#ing roo%s of fa%ilies.
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23.1..2 *ure, its easy to say suh things...

>o %atter ho" %any ti%es you say to yourself and to others Ftake are of the little things and
big things "ill take are of the%sel#esF, our egoCs al"ays see% to find a "ay to pinh us that
"e need Fbigger and betterF goals than si%ply pretending to be interested in the ho%e"ork
assign%ent of a hild.

Het letCs take an e0a%ple an apply so%e siene to it8 the butterfly effet. The butterfly effet
si%ply states t"o o%%on sense priniples A1B e#erything is onneted to e#erything else in
so%e "ay, and A2B one "e utter a "ord, think a thought or o%plete an ation, that ation
%ay ha#e far reahing onsequenes beyond our ontrol.

When realling the li#es of %en and "o%en "ho ha#e gi#en the "orld so %uh in art, in
%usi, in history, in ourage, it often goes bak to a %o%ent in ti%e "hen a strangers
kindness, or a persons lak of interest hanged their "orld.

*o take an interest in the little things and kno" that the uni#erse "ill take are of the rest.

When all else fails, laugh and be happy

The final and arguably %ost i%portant key purpose to life is that "hen all else fails8 laugh and
be happy.

We all are guilty of taking life too seriously. Hes, life is a serious business, but also frequently
a%using. *o%eti%es, "e an beo%e so serious, it turns into a soap opera.

Take road rage for e0a%ple. The fat that "e al%ost burst a blood #essel o#er so%eone
utting in front of us on a road "e donCt o"n, e#en though it only affets our arri#al ti%e by
frations of a seond8 yet "e are "illing to risk it all8 our li#es, our fa%ilies and our areer
o#er %aking sure the person kno"s they Fpissed us offF. <o" absurd, <o" absolutely
hysterially stupid and funny.

Er the spouse "ho thro"s a fit in the %orning or e#ening beause they anCt "ath their
fa#ourite TG progra%, or that their partner has forgotten to purhase %ore saue or a
fa#ourite foodV <o" hilarious, ho" hildish. Het in the heat of the %o%ent, "e are "illing to
risk the relationship, to e0pose the kids to suh anger and to end the relationship.

2augh. 3or to%orro" you %ight be dead. 2augh and if all else fails be happy kno"ing that life
isnCt all bad.
23.12 Thank you

Thank you for taking the ti%e to read the fitional "orks that are the )ourney of &'A and the
)ourney of *123.

There are so %any pressing ti%e issues in life today that to e#en spend a fe" %inutes reading
any of these books %eans so%ething else "ill not get done, so = really appreiate you
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taking the ti%e.

&sefulness of the journeys

= hope you found this "eb site and useful. 1#en if you didnCt agree "ith part, so%e or all of
these books, they are only an idea and = hope they led to so%ething positi#e.

=f you did find so%e positi#e insight out of these "eb pages then = a% glad.

Wish you "ell

3inally = "ish you "ell. That your positi#e drea%s are fulfilled and that you find happiness,
prosperity and har%ony in your life.

= "ish that you and your fa%ily are kept fro% har% and that your days are surrounded by
people "ho lo#e you and "ho you lo#e.

Hou are a%azing. Hou are unique to the uni#erse. Hou are i%%ortal in %ind. Hou are a hu%an
being8 greater than any god. 9reater than any sun.

Hou are %ore beause of "ho and "hat you are and the "orld and the uni#erse is a better
plae beause of you.

Copyright 2010 UCA!A" All rights reserved. #age $%0 of $%0

The Journey of Self

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by Frank OCollins

The Journey of Self by Frank OCollins

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