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ch−¬ng 4.

nguyªn hμm vμ tÝch ph©n

1. Dïng b¶ng tÝch ph©n c¬ b¶n vµ c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña tÝch ph©n, tÝnh:
(1 + x) 2
1) ∫ (a + b ) dx 2) ∫ dx
x x 2
x(1 + x 2 )
dx
3) ∫ x . x + 2 .dx 4) ∫
2 5 3
xcos (1 + lnx)
2

sinxdx 1 + tg 2 x
5) ∫ 6) ∫ dx
1 + 2cosx 1 + tgx
x + (arccos3x) 2 e x dx
7) ∫ dx 8) ∫ 2x
1 − 9x 2 e +4
dx dx
9) ∫ 1 + sinx 10) ∫
x 1+ x2
1+ x − x2 (1 − x) 2 dx
11) ∫ dx 12) ∫
(1 − x 2 ) 3 x x

Gi¶i.
1) ∫ (a + b ) dx = ∫ [(a ) + 2(ab) + ( b ) ]dx
x x 2 2 x x 2 x

a 2x 2(ab) x b 2x
= + + +C
lna 2 ln(ab) lnb 2

(1 + x) 2 ⎛1 2 ⎞
2) ∫ dx = ∫ ⎜ + 2 ⎟
dx = ln x + 2arctgx + C.
x(1 + x )
2
⎝ x 1+ x ⎠

6
15 3 1 5 3
3) ∫ x . x + 2 .dx = ∫ . x + 2 .d(x + 2) = . .( x + 2) 5 + C
2 5 3 3

3 3 6
55 3
= ( x + 2) 6 + C .
18

dx d(1 + lnx)
4) ∫ xcos 2 (1 + lnx) = ∫ cos 2
(1 + lnx)
= tg(1 + lnx) + C.
sinxdx 1 d(1 + 2cosx)
5) ∫ 1 + 2cosx
= ∫− .
2 1 + 2cosx
= − 1 + 2 cos x + C .

1 + tg 2 x d(1 + tgx)
6) ∫
1 + tgx
dx = ∫ 1 + tgx
= 2 1 + tgx + C .

x + (arccos3x) 2
7) ∫ dx
1 − 9x 2
1
1 − 1
= − ∫ (1 − 9 x ) 2 d (1 − 9 x ) − ∫ (arccos 3 x) d (arccos 3 x)
2 2 2

18 3
1 1
= − 1 − 9 x 2 − (arccos 3 x) 2 + C .
9 9

e x dx d(e x ) 1 ex
8) ∫ 2x
e +4
= ∫ (e x ) 2 + 2 2 = 2 arctg 2 + C.
dx dx dx
9) ∫ 1 + sinx = ∫ ⎛π ⎞
= ∫ ⎛π x⎞
1 + cos ⎜ − x ⎟ 2cos 2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝4 2⎠
⎛π x⎞
− d⎜ − ⎟
⎝4 2⎠ ⎛π x⎞
= ∫ = tg ⎜ − ⎟ + C.
⎛π x⎞ ⎝4 2⎠
cos 2 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝4 2⎠

10) ∫x
dx
1+ x 2
= ∫x 2
xdx
1+ x 2
=
1 ⎛
∫ ⎜

1
2 ⎝ x +1 −1
2

1 ⎞

x +1 +1⎠
2
(
⎟d x2 +1 )
1 x 2 +1 −1
= ln +C.
2 x2 +1 +1
Chó ý ta còng cã thÓ tÝnh:
dx
∫x 1+ x2
=

dx ⎛1⎞
d⎜ ⎟ 2
x2 ⎝ x⎠ 1 ⎛1⎞ x
∫ x2 +1 ∫ = −
2
= − ln
x
+ 1 + ⎜
⎝ x


+ C = ln
1 + 1 + x 2
+C
⎛ ⎞
1
1+ ⎜ ⎟
x ⎝x⎠
1+ x − x2 1− x2 x
11) ∫ dx = ∫ dx + ∫ dx
(1 − x )
2 3
(1 − x )
2 3
(1 − x 2 ) 3
dx 1 d(1 − x 2 )
= ∫ − ∫
1− x2 2 (1 − x 2 ) 3
1
= arcsinx + +C.
1− x 2

(1 − x) 2 dx ⎛ − 32 −
1 1
⎞ 2x 2 − 12x − 6
12) ∫ = ∫⎜
⎜ x − 2x 2
+ x 2 ⎟
dx
⎟ = +C
x x ⎝ ⎠ 3 x

2. Dïng ph−¬ng ph¸p ®æi biÕn tÝnh c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:
dx
1) ∫ x (1 − 2x ) dx 2) ∫
3 4 3

(x + 1) x
xdx sin4xdx
3) ∫ 4) ∫
x 4 −1 cos 2 2x + 4
3x + 5
5) ∫ x
dx 6) ∫ tg x.dx
3

x2 − x
7) ∫ x a − x .dx 8) ∫ dx
3 2
(x − 2) 3
x − 1 dx dx
9) ∫ x + 1. x 2 10) ∫ x − x2
x +1 dx
11) ∫ dx 12) ∫
x(1 + xe x ) 1+ ex
x2 −1 x2 −1
13) ∫ 4 dx 14) ∫ 2 dx
x +1 (x + 5x + 1)(x 2 − 3x + 1)
Gi¶i.
1
1) ∫ x (1 − 2x ) dx . §Æt t = 1 - 2x4, th× dt = - 8x3dx ⇒ x3dx = - dt. VËy:
3 4 3

8
1 3 1 1
∫ x (1 − 2x ) dx = - 8 ∫ t dt = − 32 t4 + C = - 32 (1 - 2x4)4 + C.
3 4 3

dx
2) ∫ (x + 1) x . §Æt x = t, th× dx = 2tdt vµ
2tdt dt
∫ (t 2 + 1)t ∫ t 2 + 1 = 2arctgt + C = 2arctg x + C.
= 2

xdx
3) ∫ x −1
4
. §Æt t = x2, th× dt = 2xdx.
VËy
xdx 1 dt 1 1
∫ = ∫ ln t + t − 1 +C = ln x + x − 1 + C
2 2 4
=
x 4 −1 2 t 2 −1 2 2

sin4xdx
4) ∫ cos 2 2x + 4 . §Æt t = cos2x th× dt = - 2sin2xdx vµ ta cã:
sin4xdx 2sin2xcos2 xdx
∫ cos 2 2x + 4 ∫ cos 2 2x + 2 2
=

tdt 1 d(t 2 + 4) 1
= ∫ 2

t +2 2
= − ∫
2 t +2 2 2
= −
2
ln(t2 + 4) + C
1
= − ln(cos22x + 4) + C.
2

3x + 5 t2 −5
5) ∫ x
dx . §Æt t = 3x + 5 , th× 2tdt = 3dx vµ x =
3
.
Do ®ã:
3x + 5 t 2 dt
∫ dx = 2 ∫ 2
x t −5
⎛ 5 ⎞ 1 t− 5
= 2 ∫ ⎜1 + 2 ⎟dt = 2t + 10. . ln +C
⎝ t −5⎠ 2 5 t+ 5
3x + 5 − 5
= 2 3x + 5 + 5 ln + C.
3x + 5 + 5

6) ∫ tg x.dx = ∫ [ tgx(1 + tg2x) - tgx].dx = ∫ tgxd (tgx ) − ∫ tgxdx


3

1 2
= tg x + ln cos x + C.
2
1
Chó ý cã thÓ ®Æt t = tgx, th× dt = 2
dx = (1 + tg2x)dx vµ do ®ã
cos x
dt
dx =
1+ t 2

7) ∫ x a − x 2 .dx . §Æt t =
3
a − x 2 , th× xdx = - tdt vµ x2 = a - t2.
VËy:
∫x a − x 2 .dx
3

1 5 at 3 t3
=∫ − − = ∫ − = − + = (3t 2 − 5a ) + C =
2 4 2
(a t ) t ( tdt ) ( t at ) dt t C
5 3 15
3 x + 2a
2

= − . (a − x 2 ) 3 + C .
15
x −x
2

8) ∫ dx .
(x − 2) 3
§Æt t = x - 2, th× dx = dt vµ x2 = t2 + 4t + 4; x2 - x = t2 + 3t + 2.
VËy:
x2 − x t 2 + 3t + 2 ⎛1 3 2 ⎞ 3 1
∫ (x − 2) 3 dx = ∫ t 3
dt = ∫⎝ t t t ⎠
⎜ + 2
+ 3 ⎟ dt = ln t −
t
+
t2
+C

3 1
= ln x − 2 − + +C
x − 2 (x − 2) 2
3x − 5
= ln x − 2 − +C.
(x − 2) 2
x − 1 dx
9) ∫ . .
x +1 x2
x −1 2
x −1 u2 +1 4udu
§Æt u = , th× u = vµ do ®ã x = , dx = .
x +1 x +1 1− u2 (1 − u 2 ) 2
4u
du
x − 1 dx (1 − u 2 ) 2
VËy ∫ .
x +1 x2
= ∫ u.
⎛ u2 +1⎞
2
=
⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝1− u ⎠
4u 2 du 4 4
∫ (u 2 + 1) 2 = ∫ u 2 + 1 du − ∫ (u 2 + 1) 2 du
⎛1 u 1 ⎞
= 4arctgu - 4. ⎜ . 2 + arctgu ⎟ + C
⎝ 2 u +1 2 ⎠
2u
= 2arctgu − 2 +C
u +1
x −1 x 2 −1
= 2arctg − +C
x +1 x
dx
10) ∫ x − x2
.
2
1 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
V×: x - x = − ⎜ − x ⎟ , nªn ®Æt t = ⎜ − x ⎟ th× dt = - dx vµ ta cã:
2
4 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
dx dt
∫ x − x2 ∫ 1 2
= − = arccos2t + C = arccos(1 - 2x) + C.
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ −t
2

⎝2⎠
Còng cã thÓ ®Æt t = x , th× dx = 2tdt vµ x − x 2 = t 1 − t 2 .
Do ®ã:
dx 2tdt
∫ x − x 2 = ∫ t 1 − t 2 = 2arcsint + C = 2arcsin x + C.

x +1
11) ∫ x(1 + xe x
)
dx . §Æt t = 1 + xex, th× dt = (x + 1)exdx, do ®ã:

x +1 (x + 1)e x
∫ x(1 + xe x ) dx = ∫ xe x (1 + xe x ) dx =
dt t −1 xe x
=∫ = ln + C = ln +C
t(t − 1) t 1 + xe x
dx
12) ∫ 1+ e x
. §Æt t = 1+ e x , th× exdx = 2tdt vµ ex = t2 - 1.

Do ®ã:

dx e x dx 2tdt dt t −1
∫ 1+ ex
= ∫e x
1+ ex
= ∫ t(t 2 − 1) ∫ t 2 − 1
= 2 = ln
t +1
+C=

1 + ex −1
= ln +C
1+ ex +1
x2 −1
13) ∫ 4 dx .
x +1
1
Chia c¶ tö sè vµ mÉu sè cho x2 vµ ®Æt t = x + , ta tÝnh ®−îc:
x
x2 −1 1 x 2 − 2x + 1
∫ x 4 + 1 = 2 2 x 2 + 2x + 1 + C
dx ln

x2 −1
14) I = ∫ 2 dx .
(x + 5x + 1)(x 2 − 3x + 1)
1
C¸ch 1. Chia c¶ tö sè vµ mÉu sè cho x2 vµ ®Æt t = x + , ta tÝnh ®−îc:
x

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ 1 − ⎟dx
(x 2 − 1)dx ⎝ x2 ⎠ dt 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= = = ⎜ − ⎟dt
(x + 1 + 5x)(x + 1 − 3x) ⎛
2 2
1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ (t + 5)(t − 3) 8 ⎝ t − 3 t + 5 ⎠
⎜ x + + 5 ⎟⎜ x + − 3 ⎟
⎝ x ⎠⎝ x ⎠
VËy:
x2 −1 1 t −3 1 x 2 − 3x + 1
I=∫ 2 dx = ln + C = ln 2 + C.
(x + 5x + 1)(x 2 − 3x + 1) 8 t+5 8 x + 5x + 1
C¸ch 2. V×: x2 + 5x +1 vµ x2- 3x +1, lµ c¸c tam thøc bËc hai nªn b»ng
ph−¬ng ph¸p hÖ sè bÊt ®Þnh ®Æt:
(x 2 − 1) Ax + B Cx + D
= 2 + 2 , ta tÝnh ®−îc:
(x + 1 + 5x)(x + 1 − 3x) x + 5x + 1 x − 3x + 1
2 2

2 5 2 3
A=− ;B=− ;C= ;D=− .
8 8 8 8
(x 2 − 1) 1 2x + 5 1 2x − 3
VËy: 2 = − . + . .
(x + 1 + 5x)(x 2 + 1 − 3x) 8 x 2 + 5x + 1 8 x 2 − 3x + 1
Tõ ®ã suy ra kÕt qu¶ nh− trªn.

3. Dïng ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝch ph©n tõng phÇn tÝnh c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:
1) ∫ x arctgxdx 2) ∫ (x + 2x + 3)cosxdx
2 2

3) ∫ x lnxdx 4) ∫ (x + 1)e dx
3 2 − 2x

5) ∫ e cos3xdx 6) ∫ sin 3 x .dx


− 2x

arcsinx arctgx
7) ∫ x2
dx 8) ∫x 2
(1 + x 2 )
dx

xe arctgx xln(x + 1 + x 2 )
9) ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 3
dx 10) ∫ 1+ x2
dx .

Gi¶i.
dx x3
1) ∫ x arctgxdx . §Æt u = arctgx vµ dv = x dx th× du =
2 2
vµ v = ,
1+ x 2 3
do ®ã:
x3 1 x 3 dx
∫ x arctgxdx = 3 arctgx – 3 ∫ x 2 +1
2

x3 1 x(x 2 + 1) − x
= arctgx – ∫ dx
3 3 x 2 +1
x3 1 ⎛ x2 1 ⎞
arctgx – ⎜⎜ − ln(x + 1) ⎟⎟ + C =
2
=
3 3⎝ 2 2 ⎠
x3 1 2 1
arctgx – x + ln(x + 1) + C .
2
=
3 6 6

2) ∫ (x + 2x + 3)cosxdx .
2

§Æt u = x2 + 2x + 3, dv = cosxdx th× du = (2x + 2)dx, v = sinx, do ®ã


∫ (x + 2x + 3)cosxdx = (x2 + 2x + 3)sinx – 2 ∫ (x + 1)sinxdx
2

= (x2 + 2x + 3)sinx + 2 ∫ (x + 1)d(cosx)


= (x2 + 2x + 3)sinx + 2[(x + 1)cosx – ∫ cosxdx ]
= (x2 + 2x + 3)sinx + 2[(x + 1)cosx – sinx] + C
= (x + 1)2sinx + 2(x + 1)cosx + C.

3) ∫ x lnxdx . §Æt u = lnx, dv = x3dx , tõ ®ã ta cã:


3

1 4 1
∫ x lnxdx = x lnx − x4 + C.
3

4 16

4) ∫ (x + 1)e dx . §Æt u = x2 + 1 vµ dv = e– 2xdx th× du = 2xdx vµ


2 − 2x

1
v = − e– 2x.
2
VËy:
1 – 2x 2
∫ e .(x + 1) + ∫ xe dx
− 2x − 2x
(x 2
+ 1)e dx = −
2
1 ⎛ 1 − 2x ⎞
= − e– 2x.(x2 + 1) + ∫ xd ⎜ − e ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1 1 1
= − e– 2x.(x2 + 1) − xe– 2x + ∫ e dx
− 2x

2 2 2
1 1 1
= − e– 2x.(x2 + 1) − xe– 2x − e– 2x + C
2 2 4
1 1
= − e– 2x.(x2 + x + ) + C.
2 2

5) ∫ e cos3xdx .
− 2x

1
§Æt u = e– 2x vµ dv = cos3xdx th× du = - 2 e– 2xdx vµ v = sin3x.
3
1 – 2x 2
VËy: I = ∫ e cos3xdx = ∫e
− 2x − 2x
e sin3x + sin3xdx
3 3
1 – 2x 2
= e sin3x + J .
3 3
§Ó tÝnh J ta ®Æt u = e vµ dv = sin3xdx th× du = - 2 e– 2xdx vµ
– 2x

1
v = − cos3x.
3
VËy
1 2 − 2x 1 2
J = − e– 2xcos3x − ∫ e cos3xdx = − e– 2xcos3x − I.
3 3 3 3
1 – 2x 2 1 2
Tõ hÖ I = e sin3x + J vµ J = − e– 2xcos3x − I
3 3 3 3
1 - 2x
ta suy ra I = e (3sin3x - 2cos3x) + C.
13
Chó ý cã thÓ xÐt bµi to¸n tæng qu¸t: ∫ e cosbxdx .
− ax

6) ∫ sin 3 x .dx .
§Æt t = 3 x th× dx = 3t2dt vµ ta cã: I = ∫ sin 3 x .dx = 3∫ t sint.dt .
2

§Ó tÝnh tÝch ph©n nµy ta ®Æt u = t2 vµ dv = sintdt th× du = 2tdt vµ v = - cost.


Do ®ã:
∫ t sint.dt = - t2cost + 2 ∫ tcost.dt = - t2cost + 2 ∫ td(sint)
2

= - t2cost + 2[tsint − ∫ sintdt ] = - t2cost + 2tsint + 2cost


= (2 - t2)cost + 2tsint.
Do ®ã:
∫ sin x 2 )cos 3 x + 6 3 x .sin 3 x + C.
3 3
x .dx = 3(2 -

arcsinx ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1 1
7) ∫ x 2 dx = ∫ arcsinx.d ⎜


x


= −
x
arcsinx + ∫ x
.
1− x 2
.dx

⎛1⎞
d⎜ ⎟
1 ⎝ x ⎠ = − 1 arcsinx − ln 1 + 1 − 1 + C =
= − arcsinx + + ∫ 2 x x x2
x ⎛1⎞
⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝x⎠
1 1+ 1− x2
= − arcsinx − ln +C.
x x

arctgx
8) ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx .
1 dx
§Æt u = arctgx vµ dv = dx , th× du = vµ
x (1 + x )
2 2
1+ x2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
v = ∫⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟
dx = − − arctgx .
⎝x 1+ x ⎠ x
VËy:
arctgx ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ dx
∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx = arctgx ⎜ −
⎝ x
− arctgx ⎟

+ ∫⎝ x
⎜ + arctgx ⎟
⎠1+ x
2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 x ⎞
= arctgx ⎜ − − arctgx ⎟ + ∫ ⎜ − 2 ⎟dx + ∫ arctgx.d(arctgx) =
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x x +1⎠
1 1 1
= − arctgx - (arctgx)2 +ln x – ln(x2 + 1) + (arctgx)2 + C =
x 2 2
x 1 1
= ln − arctgx − (arctgx)2 + C.
1+ x 2
x 2

xe arctgx
9) ∫(1 + x 2 ) 3
dx .

§Ó tÝnh tÝch ph©n nµy ta ®Æt u = arctgx tøc lµ x = tgu. Khi ®ã:
3 3
1 du
(1 + x ) = (1 + tg u) =
2 2 2 2
3 , dx = .
cos u cos 2 u
Suy ra:
xe arctgx tgu.e u .cos 3 u sinu − cosu u
∫ (1 + x 2 ) 3
dx = ∫
cos u 2
.du = ∫ e u .sinu.du =
2
.e + C .

x 1
Nh−ng ta cã: sinu = ; cosu = , nªn suy ra:
1+ x2 1+ x2
xe arctgx x −1
∫ (1 + x ) 2 3
dx =
2 1+ x 2
earctgx + C.

xln(x + 1 + x 2 )
10) ∫ 1+ x 2
dx .

xdx
§Æt u = ln(x + 1 + x 2 ) vµ dv = .
1+ x2
dx
Suy ra du = vµ v = 1+ x2 .
1+ x 2

Tõ ®ã:
xln(x + 1 + x 2 )
∫ 1+ x 2
dx = 1 + x 2 . ln(x + 1 + x 2 ) - x + C.
4. TÝnh c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:
x2 + x x2 +1
1) ∫ 6 dx 2) ∫ 4 dx
x +1 x + x2 +1

x 2 −1 x5 − x
3) ∫ 4 dx 4) ∫ 8 dx
x + x3 + x2 + x +1 x +1

x4 +1 1
5) ∫ 6
x +1
dx 6) ∫ x 6 x 2 + 1 dx
( )
1 x 3n −1
7) ∫ 4 dx 8) ∫ 2n dx , (n lµ sè tù nhiªn).
x + x2 +1 (x + 1) 2

cos 4 x dx
9) ∫
sin 3 x
dx 10) ∫ sin 3 x.cos 5 x

Gi¶i.
1) Ta cã:
x2 + x 1 dx 3 1 dx 2 1 1 dt
∫ x6 +1 =
3 ∫ x3 2 +1 2 ∫ x2 3 +1 3
+ = +
2 ∫ t3 +1
3
dx arctgx
( ) ( ) .

dt
Ta tÝnh riªng tÝch ph©n: ∫ 3 .
t +1
Ph©n tÝch:
1 1 1 1 t−2 1 1 1 ⎛ 1 2t − 1 3 1 ⎞
= . − . 2 = . − .⎜ . 2 − . 2 ⎟.
t +1 3 t + 1 3 t − t +1 3 t + 1 3 ⎝ 2 t − t + 1 2 t − t +1⎠
3

V× vËy
dt
∫ t3 +1 =
⎛ 1⎞
d⎜ t − ⎟
1 1 1 ⎝ 2⎠ 1 1
ln t + 1 − ln t 2 − t + 1 + ∫ 2
= ln t + 1 − ln t 2 − t + 1
3 6 2 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞2 3 6
⎜ t − ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1 2t − 1
+ arctg + C.
3 3
VËy:
x2 + x 1 1 x2 +1 ( 1)2
2x 2 − 1
∫ x6 +1 = + + +C.
3
dx arctgx ln arctg
3 12 x 4 − x 2 + 1 2 3 3
x2 +1
2) ∫ 4 dx .
x + x2 +1
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Chia c¶ tö vµ mÉu cho x2, sau ®ã ®Æt t = x − ⇒ dt = ⎜1 + 2 ⎟dx , ®ång thêi ta
x ⎝ x ⎠
1
còng cã x2 + 1 + 2
2 = t + 3.
x
VËy:
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜1 + 2 ⎟dx
x +1
2
⎝ x ⎠ dt 1 t 1 x2 −1
∫ x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ 2 1
=∫ 2
t +3
=
3
arctg
3
+C=
3
arctg
x 3
+C
x +1+ 2
x

x 2 −1
3) ∫ 4 dx .
x + x3 + x2 + x +1
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Chia c¶ tö vµ mÉu cho x2, sau ®ã ®Æt t = x + ⇒ dt = ⎜1 − 2 ⎟dx , ®ång thêi
x ⎝ x ⎠
ta còng cã
2
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
x2 + x +1+ + 2 = ⎜ x + ⎟ − 2 + ⎜ x + ⎟ +1 = t 2 + t −1.
x x ⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
VËy:
⎛ 1⎞ 1 5
d⎜ t + ⎟ t+ −
x −1
2
dt ⎝ 2⎠ 1 2 2 +C
∫ x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 dx = ∫ t 2 + t − 1 = ∫ 2
⎛ ⎞
2
=
5
ln
1 5
⎛ 1⎞ ⎜ 5⎟ 2. t+ +
⎜t + ⎟ −⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 2 2
hay
x 2 −1 1 2x 2 + x − 5x + 2
∫ x4 + x3 + x2 + x +1 dx = ln
5 2x 2 + x + 5x + 2
+C.

x5 − x
4) ∫ 8 dx .
x +1
x5 − x x4 −1 1 t 2 −1
§Æt t = x , th× dt = 2xdx. Do ®ã ∫ 8 ∫ x8 + 1 2 ∫ t4 +1
2
dx = xdx = dt .
x +1
B»ng c¸ch chia c¶ tö vµ mÉu cho t2 vµ lµm t−¬ng tù nh− trªn ta ®−îc:
x5 − x 1 x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
∫ x8 + 1 dx =
4 2
ln
x 4 + 2x 2 + 1
+C .

x4 +1
5) ∫ 6 dx . ViÕt x4 + 1 = (x4 - x2 + 1) + x2, ta t¸ch thµnh hai tÝch ph©n:
x +1
x4 +1 x4 − x2 +1 x 2 dx 1
∫ x 6 + 1 dx = ∫ ( x 2 + 1)( x 4 − x 2 + 1) dx + ∫ ( x 3 ) 2 + 1 = arctgx + 3 arctgx + C .
3

1
6) ∫ x (x
6 2
+1 ) dx .
1 dt
§Æt x = ⇒ dx = − .
t t2
VËy:
1 t 6 dt t 6 dt
∫ x 6 x 2 + 1 dx = − ∫
( ) ⎛ 1⎞
= −∫
t2 +1
.
t 2 ⎜1 + 2 ⎟
⎝ t ⎠
Ta ph©n tÝch hµm sè d−íi dÊu tÝch ph©n nh− sau:
t6 t6 +1−1 4 2 1
= = t − t +1− 2 .
t +1
2
t +1
2
t +1
Tõ ®ã ta cã:
1 t5 t3 1 1 1 1
∫ x 6 x 2 + 1 dx = − 5 + 3 − t + arctgt + C = − 5x 5 + 3x 3 − x + arctg x + C .
( )
1
7) ∫x 4
+ x2 +1
dx . Ta cã:
1 1 ⎛ x +1 x −1 ⎞ 2x + 1 1 2x − 1 1
= ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟= + − +
x + x + 1 2 ⎝ x + x + 1 x − x + 1 ⎠ 4(x + x + 1) 4(x + x + 1) 4(x − x + 1) 4(x − x + 1)
4 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 x2 + x +1 1 x 3
VËy: ∫ 4 dx = ln + arctg +C.
x + x2 +1 4 x2 − x +1 2 3 1− x2
a+b
(Chó ý lµ ta cã c«ng thøc arctga + arctgb = arctg ).
1 − ab
x 3n −1
8) ∫ 2n dx ( n lµ sè tù nhiªn).
(x + 1) 2
n −1 3 n −1 1 2n 1
§Æt xn = t, th× nx dx = dt ⇒ x dx = x dt = t 2 dt .
n n
VËy:
x 3n −1 1 tdt
∫ ( x 2n + 1) 2 dx = n ∫ t. (t 2 + 1) 2 .
§Ó tÝnh tÝch ph©n nµy ta dïng ph−¬ng ph¸p tÝch ph©n tõng phÇn b»ng c¸ch
®Æt nh− sau:
⎧ u=t ⎧ du = dt
⎪ tdt ⎪ 1
⎨ = dv ⇒ ⎨v = − .
⎪⎩ (t + 1)
2 2
⎪⎩ 2(t + 1)
2

Tõ ®ã:
x 3n −1 1 tdt 1⎛ t 1 dt ⎞ 1 ⎛ t ⎞
∫ ( x 2n + 1) 2 dx = n ∫ t. (t 2 + 1) 2 = n ⎜⎜⎝ − 2(t 2 + 1) + 2 ∫ t 2 + 1 ⎟⎟⎠ = − 2n ⎜⎝ t 2 + 1 − arctgt ⎟⎠ + C

1 ⎛ xn ⎞
= − ⎜⎜ 2 n − arctgx n ⎟⎟ + C .
2n ⎝ x + 1 ⎠

cos 4 x
9) ∫ 3
dx = ∫ cos 3 x. sin −3 x.d (sin x ) .
sin x
§Æt u = cos3x, dv = sin- 3xdx th×
1 −2
du = - 3cos2x.sinx.dx vµ v = − sin x .
2
Do ®ã:
cos 4 x cos 3 x 3 cos 2 x
∫ sin 3 x dx = − 2 sin 2 x − 2 ∫ sin 2 x . sin x.dx
cos 3 x 3 1 − sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x 2 ∫ sin x
=− − dx

cos 3 x 3 dx 3
=− 2
− ∫ + ∫ sin xdx =
2 sin x 2 sin x 2
cos 3 x 3 x 3
− 2
− ln tg − cos x + C
2 sin x 2 2 2
dx
10) ∫ sin 3 x.cos 5 x
dx (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)dx dx dx
Ta cã: = = + =
3
sin xcos x 5 3
sin xcos x 5 sin 3 xcos 5 x sin 3 xcos5 x
sin 4 x cos 4 x
1 3
dx dx −
= 2
+ = (tgx) 2
d(tgx) + (tgx) 2
d(tgx) .
cos x cotgx cos x tg x
2 3

Tõ ®ã suy ra:
dx 2
3

1
2
∫ sin 3 x.cos 5 x = 3 (tgx) − 2(tgx) 2 + C = 3 tgx tgx − 2 cotgx + C .
2

5. TÝnh c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:


π π
2
1 + sinx 4

1) ∫ ln dx 2) ∫ ln (1 + tgx)dx
0
1 + cosx 0
1 1
dx
3) ∫ x 4) ∫ (arccotgx − arctgx)dx
−1
(e + 1)(x 2 + 1) 0

Gi¶i.
π π π
2
1 + sinx 2 2

1) ∫ ln dx = ∫ ln(1 + sinx)dx − ∫ ln(1 + cosx)dx = I − J .


0
1 + cosx 0 0

π
§Ó tÝnh I ta ®Æt x = − t , thÕ th× dx = - dt, 1 + sinx = 1 + cost vµ ta cã:
2
π π π
2 0 2 2
I = ∫ ln(1 + sinx)dx = ∫ ln(1 + cost)(−dt) = ∫ ln(1 + cost)dt = ∫ ln(1 + cosx)dx = J .
0 π 0 0
2
Suy ra:
π
2
1 + sinx
∫ ln 1 + cosx dx = 0
0
π
4
π π π
2) I = ∫ ln (1 + tgx)dx . §Æt x = − t , th× khi x = 0 th× t = cßn khi x = th×
0 4 4 4
⎛π ⎞ 1 − tgt 2
t = 0, ®ång thêi 1 + tgx = 1 + tg ⎜ − t ⎟ = 1 + = vµ dx = - dt.
⎝4 ⎠ 1 + tgt 1 + tgt
VËy:
π π
4
⎛ 2 ⎞
0 4
π
I = ∫ ln (1 + tgx)dx = − ∫ ln⎜⎜ ⎟⎟dt = ∫ [ln 2 − ln(1 + tgt)]dt = ln2 − I .
0 π ⎝ 1 + tgt ⎠ 0 4
4

Tõ ®ã suy ra:
π
4
π
I = ∫ ln (1 + tgx)dx = ln2 .
0 8
1
dx
3)
−1
∫ (e + 1)(x 2 + 1)
x .
§Æt x = - t, th× khi x = - 1 ta cã t = 1, cßn khi x = 1 th× t = - 1, ®ång thêi
x
et +1
dx = - dt vµ e + 1 = .
et
Khi ®ã:
1 −1 1
dx e t dt (e t + 1 − 1)dt
∫ (e x + 1)(x 2 + 1) = − ∫1 (e t + 1)(t 2 + 1) = −∫1 (e t + 1)(t 2 + 1)
−1
1 1
dt dt
=∫ 2 −∫ t =
−1
t + 1 −1
(e + 1)(t 2
+ 1)
1 π ⎛ π⎞ π
= arctgt −1
− I ⇒ 2I = - ⎜− ⎟ = .
4 ⎝ 4⎠ 2
1
dx π
VËy I = ∫−1 (e x + 1)(x 2 + 1) = 4 .
1

4) ∫ (arccotgx − arctgx)dx .
0
1 1
x π 1 2 1
Ta cã: I = ∫ arccotgx.dx = x.arcctgx 0 + ∫
1
dx = + ln(1+ x ) 0
0 0
1+ x 2
4 2
π 1
= + ln2.
4 2
1
π 1
T−¬ng tù J = ∫ arctgx.dx = – ln2 .
0 4 2
1

VËy: ∫ (arccotgx − arctgx)dx = ln 2


0

6. TÝnh giíi h¹n sau:


1 ⎡ 12 22 n2 ⎤
lim ⎢ + + ... + ⎥
n → ∞ n2 n +1 n+2 n + n⎦

Gi¶i.
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞2 ⎛ 2 ⎞2 ⎛n⎞ ⎤
2

⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
1 ⎡ 12 22 n 2 ⎤ 1 ⎢⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ n⎠ ⎝n⎠ ⎥
§Æt un = n 2 ⎢ n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + n + n ⎥ = n .⎢ n + 1 + n + 2 + ... + n + n ⎥ =
⎣ ⎦
⎢ n n n ⎥⎦

⎡⎛ 1 ⎞2 ⎛ 2 ⎞2 ⎛n⎞ ⎤
2

⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ n⎠ ⎝ n⎠ n 1
= ⎢ + + ... + ⎝ ⎠ ⎥.
⎢ 1 2 n⎥n
⎢ 1 + 1 + 1 +
⎣ n n n ⎥⎦
x2
C¸c sè h¹ng trong tæng trªn lµ gi¸ trÞ cña hµm sè f(x) = t¹i c¸c ®iÓm
1+ x
1 2 n
x1 = , x2 = , ..., x n = = 1 .
n n n
Râ rµng c¸c ®iÓm nµy chia ®o¹n [0, 1] thµnh n ®o¹n b»ng nhau víi
1
®é dµi mçi ®o¹n lµ Δ x = .
n
2
x
Hµm sè f(x) = lµ kh¶ tÝch trªn ®o¹n [0, 1] nªn suy ra:
1+ x
1 1
1 ⎡ 12 22 n2 ⎤ x2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
lim 2 ⎢ + + ... + ⎥ = lim u n = ∫ dx = ∫ ⎜ x − 1 + ⎟dx
n→∞ n
⎣ n + 1 n + 2 n + n ⎦ n→∞
0
1 + x 0 ⎝ x + 1 ⎠
1
⎛ x2 ⎞ 1
= ⎜⎜ − x + ln( x + 1) ⎟⎟ = ln 2 − .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 0
2
7. Chøng minh r»ng:
π
3 2 2
3 cotgx 1
≤∫ dx ≤ 2) ∫ (lnx) dx ≤ ∫ lnxdx
2
1)
12 π x 3 1 1
4

Gi¶i.
cotgx ⎡π π ⎤
1) XÐt hµm sè f(x) = trªn ®o¹n ⎢ , ⎥ ta cã
x ⎣4 3⎦
1
− .x − cot gx
sin 2 x x + sin x cos x ⎛π π ⎞
f'(x) = 2
==− 2 2
< 0 , víi mäi x ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ .
x x sin x ⎝4 3⎠
⎡π π ⎤
VËy f(x) nghÞch biÕn trªn ⎢ , ⎥ , do ®ã:
⎣4 3⎦
⎛π ⎞ ⎛π⎞ ⎛π π ⎞ 3 cotgx 4
f ⎜ ⎟ ≤ f(x) ≤ f ⎜ ⎟ , víi mäi x ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ , tøc lµ: ≤ ≤ .
⎝3⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝4 3⎠ π x π
Tõ ®ã suy ra:
π π

3 ⎛π π ⎞ 3
cotgx 4 ⎛π π ⎞ 3 cotgx 1 3

⎜ − ⎟≤
π ⎝3 4⎠ ∫π x dx ≤ ⎜ −
π ⎝3 4⎠
⎟ hay
12 ∫π x
≤ dx ≤
3
.
4 4

2 2

2) ∫ (lnx) dx ≤ ∫ lnxdx .
2

1 1
Víi mäi x ∈ (1, 2) th×: ln1 < lnx < ln2 < lne ⇔ 0 < lnx < 1 ⇒ (lnx)2 <
lnx.
Tõ ®ã:
2 2

∫ (lnx) dx ≤ ∫ lnxdx .
2

1 1

8. Chøng minh r»ng nÕu hµm sè f''(x) liªn tôc trªn ®o¹n [a, b] th×:
b

∫ xf ′′ (x)dx =[bf ′ (b) − f(b)] − [af ′ (a) − f(a)]


a
Gi¶i.
C¸ch 1. XÐt hµm sè F(x) = xf'(x) - f(x), ta cã:
F'(x) = f'(x) + xf''(x) - f'(x) = xf''(x).
Nh− vËy F(x) lµ mét nguyªn hµm cña xf''(x). Do ®ã:
b

∫ xf ′′ (x)dx = (xf ′( x) − f ( x)) = [bf ′ (b) − f(b)] − [af ′ (a) − f(a)] .


b
a
a
C¸ch 2. Dïng tÝch ph©n tõng phÇn.
b b b

∫ xf ′′ (x)dx = ∫ xd[f ′ (x)] = xf ′ (x) − ∫ f ′( x)dx = bf ′ (b) − f(b) − f ( x) b =


b
a a
a a a

= [bf ′ (b) − f(b)] − [af ′ (a) − f(a)]

9. Chøng minh r»ng nÕu hµm sè f(x) liªn tôc trªn ®o¹n [a, b] th×:
b 1

∫ f(x)dx =(b − a)∫ f [a + (b − a)x]dx


a 0
Gi¶i.
§Æt x = a + (b - a)t, th× dx = (b - a)dt, khi x = a th× t = 0 vµ khi x = b th×
t = 1. VËy:
b 1 1

∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f [a + (b − a)t](b - a)dt = (b − a)∫ f [a + (b − a)t]dt =


a 0 0
1

= (b − a)∫ f [a + (b − a)x]dx
0
10. Chøng minh r»ng:
π
π π 2
π
∫ xf(sinx)dx =
0
2 ∫0
f(sinx)dx = π ∫ f(sinx)dx
0
Gi¶i.
§Æt x = π - t th×
π 0 π π

∫ xf(sinx)dx =∫ (π − t)f(sint)(−dt) = π ∫ f(sint)dt − ∫ tf(sint)dt


0 π 0 0
π π
π
Suy ra ∫ xf(sinx)dx =
∫ f(sinx)dx .
0
2 0
§Ó tÝnh tÝch ph©n thø hai nµy ta t¸ch thµnh hai tÝch ph©n nh− sau:
π
π 2 π

∫ f(sinx)dx = ∫ f(sinx)dx + ∫ f(sinx)dx .


0 0 π
2

π π
§Æt x = π - t th× khi x = th× t = , cßn khi x = π th× t = 0.
2 2
π π
π 0 2 2

VËy: ∫ f(sinx)dx = ∫ f(sint)(−dt) = ∫ f(sint)dt = ∫ f(sinx)dx , do ®ã


π π 0 0
2 2
π π π
π 2 2 2

∫ f(sinx)dx = ∫ f(sinx)dx + ∫ f(sinx)dx = 2∫ f(sinx)dx .


0 0 0 0
Nh− vËy:
π
π π 2
π
∫ xf(sinx)dx =
0
2 ∫0
f(sinx)dx = π ∫ f(sinx)dx
0

11. TÝnh c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:


1 b
dx dx
1) ∫ 2) ∫ (b > a)
0 x(1 − x) a (x − a)(b − x)

Gi¶i.
1) Hµm sè d−íi dÊu tÝch ph©n cã hai ®iÓm dõng x = 0 vµ x = 1. Ta t¸ch
tÝch ph©n ®· cho thµnh hai tÝch ph©n vµ chó ý r»ng:
2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
x(1 - x) = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ x − ⎟ , nªn:
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1
dx
∫0 x(1 − x) =
1
1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 2
2
d⎜ x − ⎟ 1 d⎜ x − ⎟ x−
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 2
∫ +∫ = lim+ arcsin
2 2 2 2 a→0 1
0 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
⎜ ⎟ −⎜x − ⎟ 2 ⎜ ⎟ −⎜x − ⎟ 2
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ a

1− a
1
x−
+ lim+ arcsin 2
a →0 1
2 1
2

⎛ π⎞ π
= 0 - ⎜− ⎟ + - 0 = π.
⎝ 2⎠ 2
b
dx
2) ∫
a (x − a)(b − x)
(b > a) . Lµm hoµn toµn t−¬ng tù nh− bµi tËp trªn.

C¸ch 1. Hµm sè d−íi dÊu tÝch ph©n cã hai ®iÓm bÊt th−êng lµ x = a, x = b.
Râ rµng ta cã:
2 2
a+b ⎛b−a ⎞ ⎛ a+b⎞
a< < b, vµ (x - a)(b - x) = ⎜ ⎟ −⎜x − ⎟ , nªn t¸ch tÝch
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
ph©n ®· cho thµnh hai tÝch ph©n nh− sau:

a +b
b
b
dx 2
dx dx
I= ∫ (x − a)(b − x)
= ∫ (x − a)(b − x)
+ ∫
a +b (x − a)(b − x)
= I1 + I 2
a a
2
a +b
a+b 2
x−
2 π
Ta cã I1 = arcsin b − a = arcsin0 - arcsin(- 1) = vµ
2
2 a
b
a+b
x−
2
I2 = arcsin b−a =
2 a+b
2

π
, do ®ã I = I1 + I2 = π .
= arcsin1 - arcsin0 =
2
⎛ π⎞
C¸ch 2. §Æt x = acos2t + bsin2t, víi t ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ , th× ta cã:
⎝ 2⎠
x - a = bsin t + a(cos t - 1) = (b - a)sin2t ,
2 2

b - x = b(1 - sin2t) - acos2t = (b - a)cos2t vµ


dx = [2acost(- sint) + 2bsintcost]dt = 2(b - a)sintcostdt.
π π
b 2 2
dx 2(b - a)sintcostdt
VËy I = ∫a
=∫
(x − a)(b − x) 0 (b − a) sin t cos t
= 2∫ dt = π .
0

12. Kh¶o s¸t sù héi tô cña c¸c tÝch ph©n sau:


3 1
dx dx
1) ∫ 2 2) ∫ 4
2
x − 4x + 3 0 1− x4
1 +∞
sinx + cosx x
3) ∫
0
5
1− x3
dx 4) ∫ 1 + x dx
1

Gi¶i.
3
dx
1) ∫2 x − 4x + 3 . §iÓm bÊt th−êng x = 3. Ta cã:
2

1 1⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= − ⎜ + ⎟.
x 2 − 4x + 3 2 ⎝ x −1 3 − x ⎠
3 3
dx dx
L¹i biÕt ∫ lµ ph©n kú (dÊu hiÖu sã s¸nh), vµ tÝch ph©n ∫ x − 1 lµ héi tô
2
3− x 2
nªn tÝch ph©n ®· cho lµ ph©n kú.

1
dx
2) ∫
1− x4
0
4
.

§iÓm bÊt th−êng x = 1. Víi mäi x ∈ [0, 1] ta cã 1 + x ≥ 1, 1 + x2 ≥ 1, do ®ã


1 1
1
(1 + x)(1 + x ) ≥ 1. Tõ ®ã (1 + x) (1 + x ) ≥ 1 hay
2 4
2 4
1
≤ 1.
[(1 + x)(1 + x 2 )] 4

1 1 1
VËy ta cã: 0 < 1
= 1 1 1
≤ 1 .
(1 − x ) 4 4
(1 − x) (1 + x) (1 + x )
4 4 2 4
(1 − x) 4

1
dx
Theo dÊu hiÖu so s¸nh, tÝch ph©n ∫ 1 lµ héi tô nªn tÝch ph©n ®· cho
0
(1 − x) 4

héi tô.
1
sinx + cosx
3) ∫
0
5
1− x3
dx .

Ta thÊy r»ng víi mäi x ∈ [0, 1], ta cã 1 + x + x2 ≥ 1, do ®ã ta cã:


1
1
(1 + x + x ) ≥ 1 hay còng vËy
2 5
1
≤ 1.
(1 + x + x ) 2 5

Tõ ®ã:
sinx + cosx 2 2
0< ≤ 1 1
≤ 1 .
5
1− x3 (1 − x) (1 + x + x )
5 2 5
(1 − x) 5
1
2
Nh−ng ∫ 1
dx lµ héi tô theo dÊu hiÖu so s¸nh, nªn tÝch ph©n ®· cho héi
0
(1 − x) 5

tô.
+∞
x x x 1
4) ∫ 1 + x dx . Víi mäi x > 1 ta cã: 1 + x >
1
=
x+x 2 x
.
Nh−ng tÝch ph©n:
+∞ +∞
1 1 x
∫1 2 x dx lµ ph©n kú v× sè mò α = 2 < 1, nªn tÝch ph©n ®· cho ∫
1
1+ x
dx

lµ ph©n kú.

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