Branz Engineering Basics of NZS 3604

BASIS OF
ENGINEERING
NZS 3604
2
BRANZ Engineering Basis of NZS 3604
Writer Roger Shelton
Design and layout Paul Brittain-Morby
ISBN 978-1-877330-90-2 (pbk)
978-1-877330-91-9 (epub)
First published April 2013
Copyright BRANZ Ltd, 2013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
3
1 INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 Objective of this book 9
1.2 Background 9
1.2.1 Status of NZS 3604 in the building control environment 10
1.2.2 Approach and intent 10
1.2.3 Canterbury earthquakes 11
1.3 Technical basis 12
2 NZS 3604 SECTION 2: GENERAL 13
2.1 Timber dimensions 13
2.2 Timber strength and stifness 13
2.2.1 Amendment 4 to NZS 3603 13
2.2.2 Efect on NZS 3604 14
2.2.3 Moisture content 14
2.3 Engineered wood products 15
2.4 Fixing types 15
3 NZS 3604 SECTION 5: BRACING DESIGN 18
3.1 Wind bracing demand (clause 5.2) 19
3.1.1 Lateral force coefcient C 20
3.2 Earthquake bracing demand (clause 5.3) 23
3.2.1 Lateral force coefcient C 24
3.2.2 Building parameters 26
3.2.3 Assumed loads 27
3.2.4 Load distribution 27
3.3 Suboor and wall bracing design (clauses 5.4 and 5.5) 28
3.3.1 Distribution 28
3.3.2 Minimum capacities of brace lines 28
3.3.3 Walls at angles 28
3.4 Bracing capacity ratings of suboor bracing elements (Table 5.11) 29
CONTENTS
4
3.4.1 Suboor bracing ratings (clause 5.4.4) 29
3.4.2 Design for safety (ultimate limit state ULS) 30
3.4.3 Design for serviceability (serviceability limit state SLS) 31
3.4.4 Foundation walls 31
3.4.5 Bracing capacity ratings for wall elements (clause 8.3) 31
4 NZS 3604 SECTION 6: FOUNDATIONS AND SUBFLOOR FRAMING 32
4.1 Setting out (clause 6.3) 33
4.2 Piles (clause 6.4) 33
4.2.1 General 33
4.3 Pile footings (clause 6.4.5) 33
4.3.1 Design for safety (ULS) 33
4.4 Driven timber piles (clause 6.6) 34
4.4.1 General 34
4.4.2 Design for strength 34
4.4.3 Design for serviceability 35
4.5 Jack studs (clause 6.10.2) 35
4.5.1 General description 35
4.6 Foundation walls (clause 6.11) 36
4.6.1 General 36
4.6.2 Wall details 36
4.7 Bearers (clause 6.12) 36
4.7.2 Design for strength 37
4.7.3 Design for serviceability 38
4.8 Stringers, spacing of xing bolts (clause 6.13) 38
4.8.1 General 38
4.8.2 Loads 39
4.8.3 FRI tests to establish bolt capacity 39
5 NZS 3604 SECTION 7: FLOORS 41
5.1 Timber oors 42
5.2 Floor joists (clause 7.1) 42
5.2.2 Design for strength (ULS) 44
5.2.3 Design for serviceability (SLS) 46
5.3 Structural oor diaphragms (clause 7.3) 48
5.4 Timber decks 49
5.5 Concrete slab-on-ground oors (clause 7.5) 49
5.5.1 General 49
5.5.2 Canterbury earthquakes 50
5
5.5.3 Shrinkage control joints (clause 7.5.8.6) 50
5.5.4 Fixing of timber to concrete oor slabs (clause 7.5.12) 51
6 NZS 3604 SECTION 8: WALLS 52
6.1 Timber properties 53
6.2 Studs (clause 8.5) 53
6.3 Stud spacing adjustment factor (clause 8.5.5) 57
6.4 Lintels (clause 8.6) 58
6.5 Steep roof multipliers for lintels (Table 8.7) 61
6.6 Top and bottom plates (clause 8.7) 62
6.6.4 Joints in plates (clause 8.7.3) 66
6.6.5 Lateral support of top plates (clause 8.7.4) 66
6.7 Connection of plates to studs (clause 8.7.6 and Table 8.18) 66
7 NZS 3604 SECTION 9: POSTS 68
7.1 Posts, footings and connections (clauses 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3) 68
8 NZS 3604 SECTION 10: ROOF FRAMING 71
8.1 Rafters including valley rafters (clause 10.2.1.3) 72
8.1.3 Design for deection (SLS) 75
8.2 Ridge beams (clause 10.2.1.5) 76
6
8.3 Ceiling joists and ceiling runners (clauses 10.2.1.6 and 10.2.1.7) 79
8.4 Underpurlins, struts and strutting beams (clauses 10.2.1.9, 10.2.1.10 and 10.2.1.11) 81
8.5 Veranda beams (clause 10.2.1.12) 81
8.6 Purlins and tile battens (clause 10.2.1.16) 84
8.7 Roof trusses (clause 10.2.2) 88
8.8 Roof truss anchorage (clause 10.2.2.6) 88
8.9 Roof bracing (clause 10.3) 89
9 NZS 3604 SECTION 11: BUILDING ENVELOPE 90
10 NZS 3604 SECTION 13: CEILINGS 91
11 NZS 3604 SECTION 15: 1.5 AND 2.0 KPA SNOW LOADING 92
12 NZS 3604 SECTION 16: COMPOSITE LINTELS 95
12.1 Plywood box beam lintels (clause 16.1) 95
12.2 Glue laminated timber lintels (clause 16.2) 99
12.2.2 Design for safety and serviceability 99
13 REFERENCES 100
14 ABBREVIATIONS 104
15 APPENDIX: DERIVATION OF FIXING CAPACITIES IN TABLE 2.2 107
7
FIGURES
TABLES
Table 1 Timber characteristic stresses 15
Table 2 Fixing types summary (adaptation of Table 2.2 from NZS 3604) 17
Table 3 Summary of results of stringer tests 39
Table 4 Timber strength properties used for oor joists 45
Table 5 Elastic properties of oor joists 47
Table 6 Timber properties used for walls 53
Table 7 Dead and live loads used for plates 65
Table 8 Timber properties used for roof framing 72
Figure 1 Type E xing 2 skew nails plus 2 wire dogs 16
Figure 2 Structural model used for jack studs 36
Figure 3 Structural model used for bearers 37
Figure 4 Congurations for cantilevered oor joists 43
Figure 5 Structural models used for oor joists 45
Figure 6 Continuity of diaphragm chords (reproduced from NZS 3604) 49
Figure 7 Structural models used for strength design of studs 55
Figure 8 Structural model used for serviceability of studs 56
Figure 9 Structural model used for strength of lintels 59
Figure 10 Overturning forces on a steep roof 61
Figure 11 Congurations of top plates 63
Figure 12 Structural models used for plates 64
Figure 13 Structural model used for posts 70
Figure 14 Structural models used for rafters 74
Figure 15 Structural model used for ridge beams and underpurlins 77
Figure 16 Structural model used for ceiling joists and ceiling runners 80
Figure 17 Structural model used for veranda beams 82
Figure 18 Structural models used for purlins and tile battens (strength) 85
Figure 19 Structural models used for purlins and tile battens (deection) 87
Figure 20 Structural model used for strength of composite lintels 97
8
INTRODUCTION
1
Thisbookisintendedasasourcedocumentforthosewhoneedtoknowthe
basisfortheengineeringdecisionsunderpinningNZS3604Timber-framed
buildings.ItisadaptedandrevisedfromBRANZStudyReport168(2007)The
engineering basis of NZS 3604.
NZS3604Timber-framed buildingssetsouttheconstructionrequirements
forlighttimber-framedbuildingsinNewZealandthatdonotrequirespecic
structuralengineeringdesign.Bylimitingthesizeofthebuildingandscopeof
application,aseriesofsolutionsarepresented,enablingadesignertoselect
anelementordetailappropriatetothesituationwithoutneedingtoengagea
structuralengineer.
ForthoseusersofNZS3604whoseprojects,designsorsystemsfalloutsideits
scope,itisimportanttoknowthetechnicalbasisforthestandard.Thisreport
documentstheengineeringbasisusedtoderivethetechnicalprovisionsofNZS
3604,includingthememberselectiontablesandconnections.Ambiguities
andproblemareasarehighlightedforattentionbyfuturestandardsdrafting
committees.
9
1.1 Objective of this book
TheobjectiveofthisbookistoprovideusersofNZS3604,theNewZealand
timber-framedbuildingsstandard(SNZ2011),withtheengineeringdesign
basis,theassumptionsandothercriteriathatwereusedtoderivethetechnical
provisionsandmemberselectiontables.Thecriteriamaythereforebeusedasa
basisforpreparationofequivalentdesignsolutionswherethelimitsofNZS3604
donotapplyorforproductsandmethodsnotalreadycoveredbyNZS3604.
Thisbookreferstosection,clauseandtablenumbersofNZS3604foreasy
cross-referencing.Whererequirementsorcriteriahavechangedoraredierent
betweenrevisionsorversionsofthestandard,generally,theexplanationinthis
bookrelatestothecurrent(2011)version.
Wherethereferenceistoasectionofthisbook,thisisspecicallynoted.
Detailsofpublicationsreferencedcanbefoundinsection13ofthisbook,andan
explanationofabbreviationsusedcanbefoundinsection14.
1.2 Background
NZS3604setsouttheconstructionrequirementsforlighttimber-framed
buildingsthatdonotrequirespecicdesignbystructuralengineers.Byplacing
limitsonthesizeandscopeofbuildingscoveredbythestandard,safebutnot
undulyconservativesolutionsareprovidedforawiderangeofbuildingswithout
theneedfortheinvolvementofstructuralengineerdesigners.Thus,thecostof
theinherentconservatismisbalancedagainstthesavingsinstructuraldesign
fees,wherethesimplicityofthedesigndoesnotwarrantsuchcloseattention.
Thoselimits(assetoutinthescopeprovisionsofclause1.1.2)governthe
buildingsize,heightandroofslope,oorloadingsandsnowloadings.Windand
earthquakeloadsarealsolimitedbyrestrictingthezoneorareainwhichthe
buildingmaybesituated.Forbuildingsorelementsofbuildingsoutsidethese
limits,aspecicstructuraldesignisrequired.
NZS3604(SANZ1978)wasrstpublishedbytheStandardsCouncilinNovember
1978toreplaceNZS1900:Chapter6.1:1964Construction requirements for timber
buildings not requiring specic design(SANZ1964a).NZSS1900itselfreplaced
NZSS95partIX,theoriginalbuildingbylawproducedbythenewlyformedNZ
StandardsInstituteaftertheNapierearthquakeof1931.
TherstrevisionofNZS3604wasmadein1981,anditwasconsiderably
amendedin1984whenitwasreprintedasanewdocument.Thechangeswere
largelycorrectionsandeditorial.Thenextrevisionwasin1990andaddedmuch
materialinresponsetouserdemands.Thismaterialincludedwiderspacing
forbracinglines,bracingprovidedbynon-orthogonalwallsandprovisionsfor
basementsandpartstoreysintheroofspaceandextendedthescopeofwindzones.
ThenextrevisionwaspublishedinJune1999andrecognisedNZS3604snew
statusasanAcceptableSolutionunderthe(then)newNewZealandBuilding
Code.The1999revisionformalisedalotofinformationondurability,especially
steelxings,andintroducedanewsectiondealingwiththebuildingenvelope.
Amendment1tothe1999revision,whichincludedchangestosnowloading,was
publishedinDecember2000,andAmendment2,dealingsolelywithrevised
timbergrading,waspublishedinMay2006.
10
Thecurrentrevision,publishedinFebruary2011,wasconceivedasalimited
technicalreviewandfocusedonvemainareas:
Updatingtoaccommodatethechangeinthecitedloadingstandardfrom
NZS4203totheAS/NZS1170series.
Migrationofthecladdingprovisionsanddetailsfromthebuilding
envelopesectionofNZS3604intoNewZealandBuildingCode(NZBC)
E2/AS1.
Generalimprovementofreadabilityandclarication.
Updatingofdurabilityrequirementsforconsistencywithotherstandards.
Updatingtoreectnewbuildingtechniquesandmaterials,inparticular,
engineeredtimberproducts.
1.2.1 Status of NZS 3604 in the building control environment
WhilethestandardwasoriginallywrittenasameansofcompliancewithNZS
1900Model building bylawandintendedforadoptionbycouncilbuilding
authorities,theNewZealandbuildingcontrolenvironmentchangeddramatically
withtheadventoftheBuildingActin1991,enactedin1992.
TheNewZealandBuildingCodewaspublishedundertheActasSchedule1of
theBuildingRegulations1992.Theapproveddocumentssubsequentlypublished
bytheBuildingIndustryAuthoringcalledupNZS3604asanAcceptableSolution
fortimber-framedbuildings.TherstrevisionofNZS3604underthisnew
regime(1999)statedthat:ItisintendedthatNZS3604willbecalledupinthe
approveddocumentsasanAcceptableSolutionformeetingtherequirements
ofNZBCCodeclausesB1Structure,B2Durability,andapartialsolutiontoE2
External moisture.
Sincethen,BuildingCodeclauseE2AcceptableSolutionAS1hasbeen
revisedanditscoverageextendedsothereisnolongerneedtohaveany
weathertightnessprovisionsinNZS3604.Thus,thescopeofsection11(Building
envelope)hasbeenreduced,andthedurabilityprovisionsofsection4now
coveronlystructuraldetailssuchasconnections.
InAugust2011,NZS3604:2011wasreferencedbythecompliancedocuments
forclausesB1andB2asanAcceptableSolutionforthestructuralanddurability
aspectsoftimber-framedbuildings.However,manyoftheprovisionsrelatingto
earthquakezonesandoorslabdetailsinNZS3604aremodiedorsuperseded
bythecompliancedocumentB1/AS1.Thesemodieddetailsarenotedinthe
relevantsectionsofthisbook.
1.2.2 Approach and intent
Althoughmuchofthedetailofthestandardhaschangedovertheyears,its
intenthasremainedunchangedandisbestdescribedinthewordsofthe
forewordtotheoriginalstandard:
Thisstandardisarevisioninmeans-of-complianceformatofthe
technicalrequirementsofNZS1990:Chapter6.1:1964(otherthan
requirementsfortimberandwood-basedproductsasmaterials,which
arecontainedinNZS3602*).
Thereisachangeofemphasisinthatthisstandardaddstoandmodies
thetraditionalpracticesthatwerecodiedinthepreviousChapter6.1
11
bytakingaccountonarationalengineeringbasisoftheactualloads,
whichthebuildingisexpectedtowithstand.Thishasledtodiering
requirementsfordierentseismiczonesandfordierentwindexposure
areasaswellasfordierentoorloadings.
Thischangeofemphasis,togetherwiththedesiretoallowawide
rangeofchoicesbetweenalternativebuildingpractices,hasledtothis
standardbeingmuchlongerthanthepreviousChapter6.1,withmany
moretablesanddiagrams.
Thewordsinthetitlenotrequiringspecicdesignhavealwaysbeensomething
ofamisnomer,becausethereneverwasanyintentionthatbuildingscovered
byitwerenottobeactuallydesigned.Rather,itspurposewastoavoidspecic
structuralengineeringdesign.Asaresult,thetitlewaschangedwiththe1999
revisiontobecomeTimber-framed buildings.
ArationalengineeringapproachwasusedasthebasisforNZS3604,although
advantagewastakenoftheredundancies,additionalstrengthandother
favourablefactorsknowntobepresentinlighttimber-framedbuildings
complyingwiththisstandard,eventhoughsuchfactorscannotnormally
betakenintoaccountinspecicstructuraldesign.Accordingly,itmustbe
recognisedthatthisstandardwillfrequentlygivedierentsolutionsfromthose
usingtheloadingsstandard(AS/NZS1170)andthetimberdesignstandard(NZS
3603).Thisbookisintendedtohelpbridgethatgap.
Theengineeringbasisofthedocumenthasbecomemorewiderangingand
perhapsalittlemoresophisticatedovertheyearsasresultsofresearchand
practicalexperiencehavebecomeavailable.
Inparticular,continueddevelopmentoftimberframingandtheneedto
consideranincreasingvarietyofmaterialsandmethodshaveledtothe
continuingevolutionofthedesignoflighttimber-framedbuildings.These
developmentsinclude:
recognitionofawiderrangeofwindzonesandgreaterrangeof
seismicityoverthecountry
theintroductionofsheetmaterials,engineeredwoodproductsand
proprietarysystems(particularlyframingtimbersizesandstresses)
theintroductionofproprietarybracingsystems,specicallydeveloped
totintotheNZS3604frameworkandthecompaniondocument
referredtoastheBRANZP21testmethod
thechangetoalimitstatedesignapproach,instepwiththeevolutionof
theloadingstandard
theneedtocaterformoreopen-planliving,withlargeropenings,
greaterspansandmorecomplexgeometriesthatnecessitateamore
rationalapproachtodesign.
1.2.3 Canterbury earthquakes
TheDareldearthquakeoccurredon4September2010whilethestandardwas
initsnalpreparationstages.Itwasapparentthattimber-framedbuildingsbuilt
onconcreteoorslabsusingthedetailsinNZS3604faredparticularlypoorly
inareasofChristchurchthatweresubjectedtoliquefactioneects.Therewasa
suggestioninthelead-uptopublicationtoexcludepotentiallyliqueablesites
fromthedenitionofgoodgroundinthestandard.Thiswouldhavehadthe
12
resultofrequiringspecicengineeringdesignforthesecases,butintheevent,
itwasdeterminedthattherewasnotenoughinformationorevidence-based
researchtomakethiscall.
TheFebruary2011eventandaftershockshaveresultedinspecialprovisions
beingappliedfortheCanterburyearthquakeregion,buttheseareoutsidethe
scopeofNZS3604soarenotaddressedinthisbook.However,changestooor
slabdetailsaectingthewholecountryarehighlighted.
1.3 Technical basis
DerivationoftheselectiontablesinNZS3604:2011wasgenerallybasedonthe
followingstandards:
Loadings
AS/NZS1170Structural design actions(SA/SNZ2002a,b,cand
SNZ2004b)
Members and connections
NZS3603:1993Timber structures standard(SNZ1993)
NZS3101:2006Concrete structures standard(SNZ2006)
NZS4230:2004Design of reinforced concrete masonry structures(SNZ2004c)
Thesymbolsusedinthisbookareconsistentwiththesymbolsusedinthose
standards,unlessnotedotherwise.Acompletelistisprovidedinsection14of
thisbook.
WheretheNZS3604technicalcommitteechoseanalternativeapproachasbeing
moreappropriateforlighttimber-framedconstruction,thisisdetailedinthis
book,alongwithsomebackgroundinformationonwhythechangewasmade.
13
NZS 3604 SECTION 2:
GENERAL
2
2.1 Timber dimensions
WhenNZS3604wasrstpublishedin1978,theNewZealandbuildingindustry
wasundergoingatransitionfromroughsawntoplanergaugedframingtimber.
Today,thetransitioniscomplete,andtheindustrynowusesalmostexclusively
drydressedandproprietarydryframeframingtimber.Untilthe1999version,
NZS3604referredtocalldimensions,withthereaderexpectedtobeawarethat
actualtimbersizesdiereddependingoncondition(thatis,sawn,dried,gauged
ordressed).Atablewasprovidedtoaidtheconversion.ForAmendment2to
the1999revision(publishedinMay2006),achangewasmadetorefertotimber
inactualminimumdriedsizesinaneorttomakethingsclearer.Thiswas
continuedinthe2011revision.
ForAmendment2of1999andthe2011revision,theactualdimensionswere
usedtoderivetheselectiontables.
Sectionsizesarecontinuallyupdatedtoreectthecommerciallyavailablesizes
asadvisedbythetimberindustry.Thus,120mmwides1havebeendeleted,and
35mmthicknesshasonlybeenincludedfor90x35mmand140x35mmsizes.
2.2 Timber strength and stiffness
2.2.1 Amendment 4 to NZS 3603
InMarch2005,StandardsNZissuedAmendment4toNZS3603:1993Timber
structures standard.Thisacknowledgedthegeneralconsensuswithinthetimber
andbuildingindustriesthatstructuralandframingtimberswerenotreliably
achievingtheengineeringproperties(strengthandstiness)aspreviously
speciedinNZS3603.
The timber industry refers to the largest section dimension as the timber width (e.g. 120 mm wides), whereas the building industry refers to the same dimension as the member depth.
14
Amendment4introducedseveralnewgradesoftimberforbothradiatapine
andDouglasranddistinguishedbetweentimberthathas(orhasnot)had
itsengineeringpropertiesveriedbytheproceduressetoutinNZS3622(SNZ
2004a).Lowerdesignstresseswereprovidedfortimberthathasnotbeen
veriedaftergrading(whethervisuallyormachinegraded).Amendment4
retainedtheNo1framinggrade,butitspropertieswerereducedtoreectthe
generalreductionintimberstrengthandstinessandrecognisingthedeciency
ofsolerelianceonvisualgrading.
Amendment4alsointroducedalowerboundmodulusofelasticity(E
lb
)tobe
usedforisolatedmembers,whilethenormalEvaluewasintendedtobeusedfor
membersactingtogetherandconstrainedtosimilardeformations,forexample,
studsandjoists.
2.2.2 Eect on NZS 3604
AsaresultofAmendment4toNZS3603,alltheselectiontablesinNZS
3604:1999werereworkedtoincorporatetherevisedtimberdesignproperties.
ThiswaspublishedasAmendment2inMay2006.
RecognisingthatmostframingtimberproducedinNewZealandisnowveried
toNZS3622,the2011revisionofNZS3604eliminatedthedistinctionbetween
visuallygradedandmachinegradedtimberandintroducedstructuralgrades
(SGxx),wherexxreferstotheEvalueofthegradesasprovidedforinNZS3603.
Thus,SG8isequivalenttobothVSG8andMSG8inNZS3603.Atthetimeof
writing,NZS3604istheonlyNewZealandstandardcurrentlyusingSGtimber.
Atrstglance,thestandardappearstoapplyonlytoveriedtimbergrades.
However,thereareinconsistenciesinthedenitionofstructuralgradesin
clause1.3,andcommitteemembersaredividedonwhetheritactuallywasthe
collectiveintentiontodoso.WhatiscertainisthattheSG6selectiontableswere
derivedusingNo1framinggradepropertiesfromNZS3603.
Forcompleteness,thetimberstressesusedtoderivetheselectiontablesare
showninTable1ofthisbook.
Similaritiesofengineeringpropertiesallowedtheselectiontablestobe
consolidatedintothreegroups,whicharecolourcodedinthestandardforeasy
identication.Forconvenienceofusers,onlySG8isincludedinthemaintext,
withtheothersmovedtoappendicesattheendofeachsection.
SG10 Green
SG8 Yellow
SG6 Blue
2.2.3 Moisture content
Themajorityofselectiontablescoversituationswherethetimbermembers
areanticipatedtoremaindryinserviceandsothedrytimberpropertiesof
NZS3603(lessthan18%moisturecontent)areappropriate.However,thereare
someapplicationswherethisrestrictionisnotappropriate.Theseareitemised
inclause2.3.4aspiles,stringers,bearersandjoistsindecks,postsandexposed
endsofrafters,purlinsandbattens.Forthesemembers,theselectiontablesare
15
basedongreenpropertiesofNZS3603(showninTable1asWetinservice.The
specicpropertiesusedarecoveredintheindividualsectionsofthisbook.
Thestandardallowstimbermemberstobeinstalledgreenandallowedtodryin
service,providedtheyareproppedappropriately.
2.3 Engineered wood products
Clause2.3.9providesfortheuseofcertainengineeredwoodproducts(LVL
orglulammembers).Thismaybebydirectsubstitutionofmembersforthe
selectedsawntimbermember(clause2.3.9.5)orotherengineeredproprietary
gradesandsizesundercertainconditions(clause2.3.9.6).The16kNlimitson
reactionswereimposedtoavoidoverloadingtherestofthestructureandwere
obtainedbybackcalculatingfromtheselectiontables.
2.4 Fixing types
Nailscheduleswereintroducedintotheoriginalstandardin1978,thuscodifying
astandardofnailingthatwasconsideredgoodpracticeintheindustryat
thetime.Sincethen,nailsizeshavechangedandgun-drivennailshavebeen
introduced,alongwithavarietyofmorespecialisedxings.Also,mostframing
timberstodayarenaileddryratherthangreen.
Forthe1999revision,mostmemberselectiontableswereextendedtoinclude
xingtypesforeachmembersizeoption,andeachtableincludedasubtableof
equivalentxingcapacities.Theseallowedsuppliersandmanufacturersatarget
tousetodeveloptheirownsolutionformanyapplications.Forthecurrent(2011)
revision,inresponsetorequestsfromusers,thexingtypesusedinthevarious
selectiontableswererationalisedandrenumberedtoprovideconsistency
throughoutthedocument.Forexample,atypeExingisalways2skewnails
plus2wiredogsinthecongurationshowninFigure1ofthisbook,irrespective
Table 1. Timber characteristic stresses
Shear strength (f
s
) = 3.8 MPa (dry), 2.4 MPa (green).
Compression perpendicular to the grain (f
p
) = 8.9 MPa (dry), 5.3 MPa (green).
Grade (NZS 3603
equivalents)
Moisture condition Bending strength,
(f
b
)
(MPa)
Compression
strength (f
c
)
(MPa)
Tension strength (f
t
)
(MPa)
Modulus of elasticity
(E)
(GPa)
Lower bound
MOE (E
lb
)
(GPa)
SG10 (MSG10,
VSG10)
Dry 20.0 20.0 8.0 10.0 7.5
Wet in service 11.7 12.0 4.0 6.5 4.4
SG8 (MSG8,
VSG8)
Dry 14.0 18.0 6.0 8.0 5.4
Wet in service 11.7 12.0 4.0 6.5 4.4
SG6 (MSG6, No 1
framing)
Dry 10.0 15.0 4.0 6.0 4.0
Wet in service 7.5 11.0 3.0 4.8 3.2
16
ofwhereitisused.Table2ofthisbookgivesacompletereferenceguide,along
withthecapacityofeach.
Figure 1. Type E xing 2 skew nails plus 2 wire dogs
Until1999,littleexperimentalconrmationofthebasicgenericnailperformance
hadbeenundertaken,andthecapacitiesgivenatthistimewereamixture
ofcalculationusingNZS3603andengineeringjudgement.Sincethen,alot
moretestandexperimentalinformationhasbecomeavailable,andthexing
capacitieshavebeenupdatedaccordingly.Theappendixofthisbook(section15)
givesthederivationsandcalculationsused.
Notethat,inthecontextofNZS3604,xingreferstothewholeconnection,
includingthetwomembersbeingconnectedandthefastener(s)and/orplatesor
bracketsusedtojointhem.Thecapacityoftheconnectionisdependentonthe
moistureconditionandloadingcondition.
17
Table 2. Fixing types summary (adaptation of Table 2.2 from NZS 3604)
Fixing type Description Alternative xing capacity (kN) Conguration
A 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm end gun-driven nails 0.7
B 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + 2 wire dogs 4.7
C 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + strap xing 8.5
D 4 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + 2 strap xings (double strap) 16.0
E 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm skew nails + 2 wire dogs 4.7
F 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm skew nails + strap xing 7.0
G 10 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails (5 each side) 4.7
H 1 / M12 bolt 8.5
I 2 / M12 bolts 16.0
J 2 / M16 bolts 24.0
K 6 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails 3.0
L 2 / M12 bolts 9.8
M 2 / M16 bolts 13.0
N 6 / 100 x 4.0 mm HDG nails (hand-driven) 4.7
O 2 / M12 bolts (see Figure 9.3 (C)) 6.8
P 2 HDG 'at' straps (see Figure 9.3 (B)) 13.7
Q 2 HDG 'tee' straps (see Figure 9.3 (A)) 25.5
R 1 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails 0.55
S 2 / 90 x 9.15 mm nails 0.8
T 1 / 10 g self-drilling screw, 80 mm long 2.4
U 1 / 14 g self-drilling Type 17 screw, 100 mm long 5.5
18
Theconceptofarationaldesignbasisforbracingthebuildingstructure
againstexternalappliedhorizontalforceswasnewwiththepublicationofthe
originalNZS3604in1978.Priortothat,wallbracingwasprescribedatcertain
locationsinthebuilding,irrespectiveofwindorearthquakeloading.Also,there
werenoprovisionsforthebracingofpiles.Thispracticecodiedtraditional
carpentryrulesofthumbandhadtheadvantagethatitwaseasyforeveryoneto
understand.
WiththeadventofNZS3604in1978,forthersttime,designerswererequired
toconsider,separately,resistancetohorizontalloadsaswellasverticalloads.
Acompaniondocument,BRANZ Technical Paper P21(CooneyandCollins1979),
providedthemeanstoevaluatethelateralstrengthofwallbracingelementsby
testsothatthedesignercouldnowmatchthebracingdemandtothecapacity
provided.Theconceptofmatchingthebracingdemandofthebuildingwiththe
capacityprovidedbythechosenbracingelementswasnewwiththisstandard
andisonethatfewothercomparablestandardsinothercountrieshaveyet
adopted.
Theotherconceptintroducedin1978wastheevendistributionofbracing
elementsalongnotionalbracinglinesparalleltotheexternalwalls,resultingin
anegg-cratestructuralform.Thiswasoriginallyintroducedtosuboorbracing
toensurethattheprinciplesofevendistributionofbracingelementscouldbe
followedandwaslaterextendedtowallsabovegroundoorlevel.
Bracinglineswereoriginallyspacedat5metres,butthiswaslaterincreasedto
6m(orevenmorewiththeuseofdragontiesordiaphragms).The6mspacing
ismerelyametricconversionofthe20footwallspacingpermittedinNZS1900:
Chapter6.1.
NZS 3604 SECTION 5:
BRACING DESIGN
3
19
Theconceptencapsulatesanimportantattributeoftimberstick-framed
constructionevenlydistributingloadsbetweennumerous,closelyspaced
resistingelements,ratherthanfewer,widelyspacedstrongerelements,whichis
morecommoninengineeredsteelorconcretestructures.
Thetermbracingunit(BU)wasintroducedin1978toquantifytheamount
ofbracingandtomeasurewallbracingelementperformance.Thevalueofa
BUwasestablishedbytestattheNZForestResearchInstitute.100BUsisthe
rackingcapacityvalueassignedtoa2.4msquareplasterboard-linedandtimber
weatherboard-claddiagonallybracedtimber-framedwallwhentestedunder
conditionsdenedinBRANZP21.Itwasapproximately5kNforbothwindand
earthquakeundertheworkingstressdesignsystem.Thus,1kNisequivalentto
20BUs.
Overtheyears,asbuildingsdesignedusingNZS3604becamemoreambitious,
therulesweredevelopedandextendedandbecamequiteconfusing,tothe
extentthatitiscommonpracticetodayamongarchitectstogetstructural
engineerconsultantstocarryoutthebracingcalculations.Thisobviatesoneof
theoriginalintentionsofthedocumentthatofreducingtheinvolvementof
structuralengineers.
Clauses5.2and5.3dealwiththebracingdemandsideoftheequation(wind
andearthquakerespectively).Clauses5.4,5.5and5.6coverthedesignand
distributionofbracingelements.Theresistanceofthevariouselementsand
theirconstructiondetailsremainintheapplicablesectionsofthestandard.
TheP21testmethodwasupdatedduringthe2011reviewofthestandard
(Shelton2010),andthenewversionisavailablefromtheBRANZwebsiteforfree
download.
3.1 Wind bracing demand (clause 5.2)
Thewindbracingdemandwasderivedbyfollowingsection2ofAS/NZS
1170.2:2002(SA/SNZ2002b).
Thegoverningequationforwindforceonanenclosedbuildingisequation2.5(1):
F = (p

A
z
)
where:
F = wind force on the building
p = design wind pressure
A
z
= reference area
ThisequationwasadaptedforNZS3604useinto:
D = C x l x 20
where:
D = demand (bracing units per metre)
C = force coefficient as defined in AS/NZS 1170.2 (see below)
l = length of the building (m) perpendicular to direction being
considered
20
ThewinddemandtablesareeectivelytablesofCproducedforeachorthogonal
buildingdirection,groupedintoconvenientcategoriesofbuildingtypes,heights
androofslopes.Thetablesgivethedemandona1metrelength(orwidth)ofthe
buildingtogiveBUspermetre.
3.1.1 Lateral force coecient C
AS/NZS1170.2:2002introducedanumberofrelativelyminorchangesaecting
thewinddemandonbuildingstructureswithinthescopeofNZS3604.These
includedchangestodeterminationofdesignwindspeeds(increasedultimate
limitstateregionalwindspeeds,changestotheassessmentofterraincategories
andtopographicalfactors)andtodeterminationofbuildingshapefactors
(introductionofacombinationfactortorecognisethenon-coincidenceofgust
loading).
Becausethesechangeswererelativelyminorandtoavoiddownstreamchanges
todesignsofindividualcomponentssuchaswindows,thecommitteedecided
tokeepthesamewindzonespeedsasthe1999document.Thiswasprincipally
donebyadjustingthegroundslopecut-opointsinthetopographicalzone
determinationsoastoachievethesamesitewindspeedsastheearlierversionof
NZS3604.
Inresponsetotheincreasingnumbersofhousesbeingbuiltinmoreexposed
locationsandrequiringspecicengineeringdesign,thecommitteedecidedto
addanextrahighwindzone(EH),setatasitewindspeedof55m/s.
Design wind speed
Sitewindspeedisdeterminedfromequation2.2ofAS/NZS1170.2:
V
sit,
= V
R
x M
d
(M
(z,cat)
x M
s
x M
t
)
where:
V
sit,
= site wind speed
V
R
= regional 3-second gust wind speed
M
d
= direction multiplier
M
(z,cat)
= site terrain/height multiplier
M
s
= shielding multiplier
M
t
= topographic multiplier
Valuesusedforderivingthesitewindspeedwere:
V
R
= 51 metres/second for region W (Cook Strait)
= 48 metres/second for region A (elsewhere in NZ)
(at ultimate limit state (ULS), the values of V
500
were used)
M
d
= 1.0 for the omni-directional design wind speeds required for NZS
3604
21
ThefactorsusedtodetermineM
(z,cat)
weredenedasfollows:
ThefactorstodetermineM
s
weredenedasfollows:
ThefactorstodetermineM
t
weredenedasfollows:
Theresultingwindspeedscalculatedbyequation2.2werethengroupedinto
broadbandwindzonesforsimplicitybyusersandthedesignwindpressures
calculatedusingequation2.4(1)ofAS/NZS1170.2:
p = 0.6 x V
des
2
x C
fig
x C
dyn
where:
V
des
= building design wind speed
C
fig
= aerodynamic shape factor
C
dyn
= dynamic performance factor
Forlow-risebuildings,thereisnosignicantdynamicresponse,soC
dyn
was
takenas1.0.
Ground roughness (NZS 3604) Terrain category (AS/NZS 1170.2) Height (z) M
(z,cat)
Urban 3.0 8.0 m 0.83
Open 2.0 8.0 m 0.96
Site exposure (NZS 3604) Ground roughness (NZS 3604) M
s
Sheltered Urban 0.83
Open 1.0
Exposed Urban 0.90
Open 1.0
Wind zone Wind speed (V
des
) Design wind pressure (p) (kPa)
Low Up to 32 m/s 0.62 C
g
Medium 33 to 37 m/s 0.82 C
g
High 38 to 44 m/s 1.16 C
g
Very high 45 to 50 m/s 1.50 C
g
Extra high 51 to 55 m/s 1.82 C
g
Topographic class M
t
T1 1.0
T2 1.15
T3 1.25
T4 1.4
22
Design wind pressures and forces
Designpressuresandforcesdependontheaerodynamicshapefactors(C
g
),
whicharedeterminedfromsection5ofAS/NZS1170.2usingequation5.2(1):
C
fig
= C
pe
x K
a
x K
c
x K
l
x K
p
where:
C
pe
= external pressure coefficient
K
a
= area reduction factor
K
c
= combination factor
K
l
= local pressure factor
K
p
= porous cladding reduction factor
NZS3604,byintent,limitsthesize,scopeandgeometricparametersofbuildings
tosimplifythedesignandselectionprocess.Theoverallbuildingheightfromthe
lowestpointofthegroundtotheroofapexislimitedto10m.Practicalsuboor
andstoreyheightsandbuildingwidthswilllimitroofheightsandpitchesfor
buildingsthatareattheirmaximumpermittedheight.Thecoverageofthe
demandtablestakesthesepermutationsintoaccount.
Thebuildingwidthonwhichtobasetheroofpitch(andthereforeitsC
pe
value
forwindacrosstheridge)hasbeentakenas7.2m.Thus,thebracingdemandfor
buildingswiderthan7.2mwillbegreaterthanistechnicallyrequired.
AsummaryoftheC
pe
factorsusedisasfollows:
K
a
,K
l
andK
p
werealltakenas1.0.
Bracingcalculationsarebasedonwindpressuresaccumulatedfromseveral
surfaces,sothecombinationfactor(K
c
)wastakenas0.8.
Forwindalongtheridge,theheightofthegablewastakenasroofheight(h),
andforwindacross,thetotalprojectedheight(h)wasused.
ForTable5.5,thesuboorheightwasassumedtobe1m.
ForTables5.6and5.7,thewindloadonthewallunderconsiderationwas
assumedtobeequallydistributedtotheoorlevelaboveandbelow,sothatthe
demandwasbasedonhalfthewallheight.
Theequationsusedaretabulatedopposite,whereD=windloaddemandinBU.
Roofs Height above eave (m) Net C
pe
(horizontal resultant, allowing for
upwind and downwind slopes)
1 0.24
2 0.40
3 0.70
4 0.85
5 1.20
Walls (including gable ends) Net C
pe
(windward and leeward walls)
1.20
23
3.2 Earthquake bracing demand (clause 5.3)
Theearthquakebracingdemandwasderivedfollowingtheequivalentstatic
methodasprovidedforinclause6.2ofNZS1170.5.
Thegoverningequationforseismicbaseshearisequation6.2(1):
V = C
d
(T
1
) x W
t
where:
V = horizontal seismic shear force at the base of the structure
C
d
(T
1
) = horizontal design action coefficient
W
t
= seismic weight
ThisequationwasadaptedforNZS3604useinto:
D = C x (w x A) x 20
where:
D = demand (bracing units)
C = lateral force coefficient as defined in NZS 1170.5 (see below)
w = seismic weight per square metre (kPa)
A = gross floor area (m
2
)
roof
roof
roof
wall
wall
wall
1.0
h
h
h
H
H
H
NZS 3604 table reference Height above eave (m) Equations
5.5 (suboor) Across
Along
5.6 (single or upper) Across
Along
5.7 (lower of two) Across
Along
24
ThedemandtablesareeectivelytablesofC,groupedintoweightcategories
dependingonthetypeofconstructionbeingconsidered.
Forthe1999revision,advicewassoughtfromtheNZS4203technicaldrafting
committeeastotheapplicationoftheequivalentstaticforcemethodtolow-
risetimberbuildingscomingwithinthescopeofNZS3604,inparticular,the
parametersmakingupthelateralforcecoecientCandtheeectiveliveload
contributingtotheseismicweightw.TheoutcomeisdiscussedinBRANZStudy
Report168(Shelton2007).
3.2.1 Lateral force coecient C
AnumberofchangesaectingtheseismicdemandonNZS3604-typestructures
wereintroducedbyNZS1170.5:2004.Inparticular,thehazardmapswere
changedsignicantly,andtheinuenceofsoilclassbecamemoreinuential
thanpreviously.
Hazard maps
TheseismichazardmapsofNewZealandchangedsubstantiallywiththe
publicationofNZS1170.5in2004.Inparticular,therangeofintensities,as
quantiedbythehazardfactor(Z),increasedgreatly.NZS4203hasarangefor
Zbetween0.6and1.2(2timeslowesttohighest),whileNZS1170.5hasarange
between0.13and0.6(4.6times),althoughareaswithZgreaterthan0.42are
unlikelytoseemuchbuildingactivity(principallytheSouthernAlps).
Toaccommodatethisgreaterrangeofhazard,thenumberofzonesprovidedin
NZS3604wasincreasedfrom3to4,withsimpliedzoneboundariesdrawnto
givehazardfactorsasfollows:
NotethattheincreaseinhazardfactorfortheCanterburyregionfrom0.22to
0.3meansthatitisstillinzone2.
Zoneswereallocatednumbersratherthanlettersaspreviouslytoavoid
confusionwiththesoilclassesprovidedinNZS1170.5.
Demandtableswereonlyproducedforzone3,withatableofadjustmentfactors
forotherzones.Theadjustmentfactorswerecombinedwiththesoilclass
adjustmentfactors(seebelow).
Soil types
NZS4203providedforthreesoilcategoriesrock,intermediateandexible
(ordeep)dependingonthedynamicpropertiesofthesoildowntobedrock.
TheNZS3604:1999demandtableswerebasedonintermediatesoil.However,
inthecompaniondocumentformasonryconstructionNZS4229(SNZ1999b),
thedemandtableswerebasedonexiblesoiladierencethatisprobablynot
widelynoticedbytheindustryingeneral.
Zone Hazard factor (Z)
1 0.20
2 0.30
3 0.46
4 0.6
25
NZS1170.5providesforvesoilclassesstrongrock,rock,shallow,softandvery
soft.Theseclassesresultinadierenceindemandforlow-risetimber-framed
buildingsofabout1.6timeshighesttolowest,andthishasbeenaddedtoNZS
3604:2011.
Theproceduretoidentifysoilclassesiscomplexandcostlyandbeyondthe
scopeofacookbookstandardsuchasNZS3604.Asaresult,thecommittee
debatedforsometimehowtoresolvethis.Thedecisionmadewastoproduce
demandtablesforsoilclassEalongwithatableofreductionfactorsforother
classesasanincentiveforuserswhotookthetroubletoidentifysoilclass.It
wasexpectedthat,induecourse,soiltypeswouldbecomepublicknowledge
throughtheBCAs,thusgreatlysimplifyingtheprocess.
Horizontal design action coecient
Thehorizontaldesignactioncoecient(C
d
(T
1
))isgivenas:
C
d
(T
1
) =
where:
s
p
= structural performance factor (= 0.7 for timber-framed buildings
with ductility of 3.5)
k = inelastic spectrum scaling factor, dependent on building period
and soil class (For T 0.4 sec, its value is 2.4 for class A to D soils and
2.3 for class E soils.)
C(T
1
) = C
h
(T) Z R N(T,D)
C
h
(T) = spectral shape factor, dependent on building period and soil
class:
(For T 0.4 sec, the value of Ch(T) is:
1.89 for class A and B soils
2.36 for class C soils
3.0 for class D and E soils)
Z = hazard factor as described in Hazard maps above
R = return period factor at ULS
(= 1.0 for importance level 2 buildings covered by NZS 3604)
N(T,D) = near-fault factor (1.0 for building period 0.4 sec)
Theductilityfactor()usedtoderivekwas3.5,asadvisedbytheNZS4203
committeein1999(Shelton2007).Thisvalueshouldbeusedwhereequivalent
specicdesignsarebeingundertakenfortimber-framedbuildingsoutsidethe
scopeofNZS3604.
Usingtheparametersabove,thelateralforcecoecient(C)fortherelevantsoil
classesandseismiczonesmaybetabulatedasfollows:
C(T
1
)s
p
k
26
Demandvaluesweretabulatedforzone3andsoilclassD(shadedtableentry),
withroundedadjustmentfactorsprovidedforotherzonesandclasses.For
simplicity,thevaluesforclassesDandEwerecombined
3.2.2 Building parameters
Theparametersusedinthecalculationmodelusedtoderivethebracing
demandtableswere:
floor area 100 m
2
length/breadth 2
soffit width 600 mm
Single storey on timber suboor (Table 5.8)
Two-storey on timber suboor (Table 5.9)
One or two storeys on concrete slab (Table 5.10)
Storey Height (m) % openings
Top storey 2.4 30
Foundation 1.0 -
Top storey 2.4 30
Lower storey 2.7 30
Foundation 1.3 -
Top storey 2.4 30
Single storey 2.4 30
Lower of two storey 2.7 30
Soil class Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
A or B 0.11 0.16 0.25 0.33
C 0.14 0.20 0.31 0.43
D 0.17 0.24 0.40 0.52
E 0.18 0.27 0.42 0.55
27
3.2.3 Assumed loads
Dead loads
Eective seismic live load
Inansweringthequestionofeectiveliveload(seesection3.2ofthisbook),the
twoissuesaddressedbytheNZS4203committeewere:
theprobableliveloadlikelytobepresentatthetimeoftheearthquake
theextenttowhichtheliveloadparticipatesinthedynamicresponseof
thebuilding.(Degreeofparticipationisinuencedbylackofconnection
withthestructure,forexample,looseobjectsabletoslideorrock.)
Forthepurposeofderivingthebracingdemand,thearbitrarypoint-in-timelive
loadlikelytobepresentwasconsideredtobeanaverageratherthanthe90%
value,thusgivingavaluefortheliveloadcombinationfactor(
)=0.2.
Basedontheoorareaof100m
2
,theareareductionfactor(
a
)wastakentobe
=0.67,givinganeectiveliveloadcontributingtotheseismicweightof:
(=
a
x
u
) = 0.134
Basicoorliveloadsconsideredwere2.0kPaforsection5ofthestandardand
3.0kPaforsection14,giving:
0.134 x 2 = 0.268 kPa for section 5
0.134 x 3 = 0.40 kPa for section 14
3.2.4 Load distribution
Vertical
Seismicweightsofoutsidewallsweredistributedtotheadjacentoorandroof
levelsas:
33%toroof(oroorabove)
66%tooorbelow.
VerticaldistributionbetweenlevelsusedtheprovisionsofNZS1170.5clause6.2:
Application Dead load
(kPa)
Roof Light 0.2
Heavy 0.6
Ceiling 0.24
Walls Light 0.3
Medium 0.8
Heavy 2.2
Partitions (based on oor area) 0.2
Floor 0.6
28
where:
F
i
= seismic force at level i
V = base shear
W
i
= seismic weight at level i
h
i
= height of level i
Horizontal
Noallowancewasmadeforeccentricityofloadinplan.Someresistanceto
accidentaleccentricityandtorsionofthebuildingasawholeisprovidedbythe
limitsondistributionofbracinglinesandbracingelementsinclauses5.4and5.5.
3.3 Subfloor and wall bracing design (clauses 5.4 and 5.5)
3.3.1 Distribution
Thedistributionofbracingelementswasinitiallydevisedtosatisfythebroad
engineeringprinciplesof:
symmetryofdistributionoflateralforceresistingelementstoreduce
torsionloadingunderlateralforcesofbothwindandearthquake
arelativelyevendistributionoflateralforceresistingelementstoavoid
concentrationsofloadingonindividualelementsandtheirconnections
totherestofthestructure(clause5.4.3)
ensuringthatbracingelementswerespreadouttothebuilding
extremities(forexample,cornersofexternalwalls)wheretheyaremore
eectiveinresistingtorsionloads(clause5.4.3).
Asarchitecturalstylesmovedtowardsopenplanning,largerexterioropenings
andlargerrooms,stepshadtobetakentoensurethattheoriginalstructural
conceptswerenotundermined.Atthesametime,itwasdesirableto
accommodatemodernarchitecturalstyleswithoutresortingtoooftentospecic
engineeringdesign.Forthe2011revision,therulesfordistributionofbracing
werechangedtoavoidextremeplanlayouts.Minimumcapacitiesforinternal
andexternalbracelinesaresetbyclauses5.4.7and5.5.2..
3.3.2 Minimum capacities of brace lines
Eachbraceline(superstructureorsuboorstructure)isnowrequiredtocontain
bracingelementswithacombinedcapacityofatleast50%ofthetotaldemand
(windorearthquake)inthedirectionbeingconsidered,withaminimumvalue
of100BUs.Inaddition,eachexternalwallisrequiredtohaveatleast15BUs/m
lengthofwall.
Thesevaluesaredesignedtoproducegoodstructuralperformancewithout
unnecessarilycompromisingarchitecturalplanningoptions.Theyrecognisethat
typicaltimber-framedceilingsandoorscannotprovidetherigiddiaphragms
normallyassumedinstructuralengineeringdesign.
3.3.3 Walls at angles
Bracedwallsatanglestotheprincipalorthogonaldirectionsweresimply
handledbyfactoringthebracingratingsbythecosineoftherelativeangletot
intotheorthogonalloadingconcept.
29
3.4 Bracing capacity ratings of subfloor bracing elements (Table 5.11)
Theoptionsforsuboorbracinginthe1978standardwereconcretefoundation
walls,cantileverpilesanddiagonalbraces.Sincethen,suboorbracingelements
haveevolvedconsiderablytothefollowingtypes.
Anchor piles
Anchorpilesbeganasshort,stubbyconcretepiles(maximum150mmabove
groundlevel)usedasabaseanchoragetoresisthorizontalloadsfromwhatwere
eectivelybracedjackstuds.In1984,thepermittedheightofattachmentwas
increasedto500mmabovegroundlevel,soanchorpileswerenowrequired
toactascantileverstoasignicantdegree.Theoptionofextendingthemupso
theycouldbedirectlyconnectedtothebearerwasrstintroducedin1984,and
thisisnowtheonlycongurationforananchorpileinthecurrentversionofthe
standard.Themaximumcantileverheightabovegroundforanchorpileshas
beenincreasedto600mmtogivemoreexibilitywithoorandgroundlevels.
Theresultingbendingmomentdemandonananchorpilehasmeantthatthey
areloadedbeyondthecapacityofvisuallygradedtimberandarerequiredtobe
prooftested.Thisisaddressedinthestandardfortimberpilesandpoles,NZS
3605(SNZ2001).
Braced piles
Bracedpilesstartedoutasdiagonalbracesthatcouldbeattachedtoawide
varietyofelementsateachend(apile,abearer,ajoistorblockingbetween
joists,afoundationwall,andevencutbetweenthestudsandplatesofajack
studwall).Thenecessitytodescribedetailsmoreandmorepreciselyfora
widervarietyofapplicationsincreasedthedemandsofthissection,untilthe
complexityofitsrequirementsexceededtheabilityofmostuserstounderstand
them.Coincidentally,themarketshareofthistypeofsuboorstructure
dwindled,andsothebracedpilehasnowbeenreducedinapplicationand
simpliedtowhatisnowonlyabracedpilesystemconsistingoftwopiles,a
braceandaconnectiontotheoorstructure.
Cantilever piles
Cantileverpileswereinitiallyintendedtobeeithershallowpilesbeddedina
concretefootingortimberpilesdriventoaspeciedsettoprovideadequate
verticalloadbearingthroughsofterground.Thecantileverstrengthofthe
shallowfoundedoptionislimitedbecauseoftheminimalsizeofthefooting,
thereforemakingitalessattractivepropositioncomparedwithananchorpile.
Thus,thedrivenpileoptionistheonlyoneremaininginthecurrentversionof
thestandard.
3.4.1 Suboor bracing ratings (clause 5.4.4)
Bracingratingsforanchorandbracedpileswereoriginallyderivedfromthe
capacityofthediagonalbracesgivenasanoptioninthe1978version.Testson
typicalbraceassembliesundercyclicloading(Woodetal.1976)assessedthe
axialcapacityofthiselementas17kN.Atthemaximumpermittedinclination
(45),vectorialresolutiongaveabasichorizontalloadof12kN.
Theratingforbracedpileswasthenderivedfromthatbasic12kNload,usingthe
followingequation:
Rating = 12 x F
1
x F
2
x 20
30
where:
F
1
was a factor (based on Dean 1987) to allow for the lower
performance of pinched hysteresis loop systems, compared with the
equivalent elasto-plastic loops that the design loads were based on (F
1

= 0.5)
F
2
was a factor to allow for the limited ductility of braced piles ( = 2
for bolted structures with bolts less than 18 mm diameter in which the
bolts are likely to yield in bending without causing a brittle fracture
in the timber) compared with = 4 that the design loads were based
upon. F
2
was based on the spectral coefficient from Table 4.6.1 of NZS
4203 at a period of 0.45 sec for intermediate soil sites (F
2
= 0.27/0.49
= 0.55)
20 is the conversion factor from kN to BUs.
Thisgives:
Rating = 12 x 0.5 x 0.55 x 20 = 66 BUs
whichwasthenroundedupbythecommitteeto70BUs.
Elasticallyrespondingstructures,suchascantilevereddrivenpiles,were
assignedaductilityfactorof1.0.
Forthe1999revisionofNZS3604onwards,theresultsofBRANZexperimental
studiesofpiledfoundationswereavailableseeBRANZStudyReport58
(Thurston1995).Lateralloadtestswereundertakenonanchorpiles,braced
pilesandcantileverpiles.Fromtheload/displacementcharacteristics,the
analysisprocedure,describedaboveundersection3.2ofthisbook,wasusedto
deriveabracingvalueof120BUsforanchorandbracedpiles.Thecommittee
increasedtheratingsfortheseelementsaccordingly,butallotherbracingvalues
wereunchangedfromNZS3604:1990.Ultimatepiletopdeectionsofbetween
30mmand50mmwererecordedinthesetests.
Theresultingparametersaretabulatedasfollows:
3.4.2 Design for safety (ultimate limit state ULS)
Element Earthquake
rating
(BU)

(kN)

Deection
(mm)
Wind
rating
(BU)

(kN)

Deection
(mm)
Anchor pile 120 6.0 30 160 8.0 30
Braced pile 120 6.0 50 160 8.0 50
Cantilever pile 30 1.5 25 70 3.5 45
31
3.4.3 Design for serviceability (serviceability limit state SLS)
3.4.4 Foundation walls
Thebracingvaluesforreinforcedconcreteandmasonryfoundationwallsset
outinTable5.11weredeterminedonthebasisofstaticoverturningofthewall
andthecapacityofthexingsprescribedinclauses6.11and6.13tosecurethe
framingtothewall.Thelongerthewallbecomes,thehighertheresistanceto
overturningandhencetheincreaseinBUspermetreofwalllength.
Whiledynamicconsiderationswouldindicatethatoverturningstabilityof
foundationwallswillneverbeanissue,BRANZresearch(Thurston1995)
indicatesthattheremaybeshortcomingsinthecurrentprovisionsfortimber
platexings.
3.4.5 Bracing capacity ratings for wall elements (clause 8.3)
Theearlierversionsofthestandardincludedbracingratingsforanumberof
genericwallbracingelements.Thesewerebasedonestimatedstrengthsuntil
theadventoftheBRANZP21testmethodin1979(CooneyandCollins1979).
TheP21testhasenabledtheratingofmanyproprietarybracingsystemsand
alsorevealedtheineciencyofmanyofthegenericsystems,especiallythose
basedondiagonalbraces.Asaresult,thetableofgenericsystemswasgradually
phasedoutinfavourofratingsbasedontests.
Forthe2011revision,theprocedureforheightadjustmentnolongerallowsan
increaseforwallslessthan2.4mhigh.Thispreventstheuseofelementswhose
appliedloadwouldbegreaterthanthetestedload.
Element Earthquake
rating
(BU)

(kN)

Deection
(mm)
Wind
rating
(BU)

(kN)
rating
Deection
(mm)
Anchor pile 20 1.0 3 120 6.0 10
Braced pile 20 1.0 3 120 6.0 13
Cantilever pile 5 0.4 1 45 2.25 4
32
Theprovisionsofthissectionofthestandard(andsection14)applytotheparts
ofthestructuresupportingsuspendedtimberoors.Thecompletesuboor
structureisspecicallyrequiredtoresistverticalloads(gravity)andhorizontal
loads(fromwindandearthquakeactions).
Detailsareprovidedinthissectionforavarietyofverticalsupportelements
(piles,foundationwallsetc.),whichmaybeusedinanycombinationexceptthat,
forthree-storeybuildings,perimeterwallsmustbesupportedbyfoundation
walls.Inpractice,useofsomeoftheelementsislimitedbytheirmaximum
allowableheightabovegroundlevel.Thisrangesfrom600mmforanchorpiles
toamaximumof3minthecaseoftimberordinarypiles.Beyondtheseheights,
specicengineeringdesignisrequiredtoproperlyallowforslendernessand
lateralexibility.
Severalofthefoundationelementshavealsobeenallocatedabracingresistance,
whichissetoutinsection5(Bracingdesign).Proprietary(tested)suboor
bracingelementsarealsoprovidedfor.Section5alsocoversthearrangement
anddispositionofbracingelementssoastomatchtheappliedloads,whichmay
aectthechoiceofsomeofthefoundationelementsinthissection.
Theprovisionsforsuboorventilationandaccesscrawlspaceencapsulate
typicalgoodpracticeandhaveremainedessentiallyunchangedsince1978.
NZS 3604 SECTION 6:
FOUNDATIONS AND SUBFLOOR FRAMING
4
33
4.1 Setting out (clause 6.3)
Therestrictionof200mmosetbetweenloadbearingwallandbearerorpileis
intendedtolimithighbendingmomentsintheoorjoists(orbearer)causedby
concentratedloadsnotallowedforinthederivationofthespantables.
4.2 Piles (clause 6.4)
4.2.1 General
Thedetailsprovidedforpilesinthe1978versionofNZS3604generally
encapsulatedstandardpracticeoftheday,exceptwheremorerobustprovisions
wererequiredforbracing,inparticular,theconnectionstooorframing.
Thelowerheightlimitsfortimberpilesinclause6.4.1.1(c)areintendedto
preventtransmissionofmoisturefromthegroundtobearersandotherframing
timbersthatarenotrequiredtobeasheavilytreatedasthepiles.Theupper
limitof3mfortimberpilesistopreventexcessiveslenderness.Theheightlimits
foranchorandcantileverpilesmatchtheproofloadingprovisionsofNZS3605.
4.3 Pile footings (clause 6.4.5)
4.3.1 Design for safety (ULS)
General
Theprovisionsforpilefootingsforlightandheavyroofsarethesameasthose
usedinNZS3604:1978.Thetablevaluesarebasedonworkingstressdesign
(WSD)methodsassumingthatthesoilhasasafebearingcapacityof100kPa.
Thisequatestoanultimatebearingcapacityof300kPausingasafetyfactorof
3.This,inturn,equatestoacohesionshearstrengthofclayorclayeysoilsfor
shallowcontinuousorsquarefootingsof60kPa,derivedfromtheworkdoneby
AWSkempton(Teng1962).
Itwasassumedthatapproximatelyhalftheliveloadinahouseisfurniture
andthereforeshouldbeconsideredasapermanentloadwithasafetyfactor
of3.Becausetheremainingportionoftheliveloadisconsideredtobeof
shortduration,forthecombinationofdead+liveload,asafetyfactorof2was
consideredacceptable.Anindependentcheckbyultimatestrengthmethodson
thefoundationsizesdoneforthe1999revisiondidnotjustifychangingthetable.
Loads
Theareareductionfactorforliveload(
a
)wastakenas1.0.
Theloadswereappliedasauniformlydistributedloadoverthetributaryarea
givenbytheproductofthespanofbearersandjoistsinTable6.1.
Dead load (G) Live load (Q)
Light roof cladding 0.287 kPa 0.25 kPa
Heavy roof cladding 0.766 kPa 0.25 kPa
Floors 0.58 kPa 1.5, 2, 3 kPa
Partitions 0.58 kPa -
34
Capacity
4.4 Driven timber piles (clause 6.6)
4.4.1 General
DuringthedraftingofNZS3604in1978,itwasrecognisedthattherewasaplace
fortheuseofdriven,naturalroundtimber,treatedpilesasfoundationsinlight
timber-framedconstruction.
4.4.2 Design for strength
General
Designforstrengthwasbasedonaseriesoftestscarriedouton32pilesat10
sitesinSouthAucklandin1972(Cocksetal.1974).Thepileswere1.8mlong
and140mmdiameterandweredrivento1.2mdepth.Thepileswereloaded
vertically,laterallyandthenwithdrawn.
Loads
LoadsusedtoobtainpilespacingsinTable6.2ofNZS3604were:
a
)wastakenas1.0.
Member capacity
Theultimateloadsresistedbyallthepileswereplottedagainstsetperblowand
abesttlinedrawn,givingthefollowingultimateloadsforthegivensetsper
blow:
Allowablebearingloadsperpilewerecalculatedusingthefollowingsafetyfactors:
Load combination Safety factor Bearing load (kPa)
G + Q/2 3 100
G + Q 2 150
Load combination Safety factor
G + Q/2 3
G + Q 2
Light roof cladding 0.287 kPa 0.25 kPa
Heavy roof cladding 0.766 kPa 0.25 kPa
Floors 0.58 kPa 1.5, 2, 3 Kpa
Partitions 0.58 kPa -
Set per blow (mm) Ultimate load (tonnes)
25 6.16
50 4.08
100 2.0
35
Thespacingsweretabulatedtosuitpracticaljoistandbearerspans.
ItshouldbenotedthattheHileydynamicpile-drivingformulaprovided
ultimateloadswellinexcessofthosemeasured.Thevariationrangedbetween
50%and100%abovethoseactuallymeasured.Asafetyfactorof5istherefore
recommendedtoobtainasafeworkingloadwhenusingtheHileyformulafor
pilesizescoveredbyNZS3604.
4.4.3 Design for serviceability
General
Designforserviceabilityincludedconsiderationofvibrationduetowindloading.
ThedetailsmaybefoundinCocksetal.(1974).
4.5 Jack studs (clause 6.10.2)
4.5.1 General description
Jackstudsareverticalmembersextendingupfrompilestotheundersideof
oorordeckframingandsupportonlygravityloads.Becausethereisnolining
attachedtoajackstud,therecanbenolateralbendingloadapplied.
Theselectiontableforjackstuds(Table6.3)wasinitiallytakenfromNZS1900:
Chapter6.1:1964andreanalysedusingworkingstressdesignmethodsfromNZS
1900:Chapter9.1:1964(SANZ1964c).Forthe1999revisionAmendment2,tables
for1.5and2.0kPaoorloadingwereconsolidatedintoonecoveringboth,and3
kPaoorloadswereincludedinsection14.Nofurtherchangesweremadetothe
2011revision.
General
ThemaximumjackstudheightgiveninTable6.3ofNZS3604wasdetermined
fromtheaxialstrengthofthejackstudscalculatedusingsection3.3ofNZS3603.
Loads
Floorloadswereappliedasauniformlydistributedloadoverthetributaryarea
givenbytheproductofthespanofbeareranditsloadeddimension.Roofloads
werebasedonaneaveswidthof0.6mandroofspanof12m(givingaloaded
dimensionof6m)timesthespanofthebearer.
Loadcasesconsidered:
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
Roof 0.85 kPa (along slope) -
Ground oor 0.35 kPa 2.0 kPa
Upper oor 0.40 kPa 3.0 kPa (section 14)
Wall 1.44 kN/m -
36
Structural model used for strength
Themodelusedforstrengthwasapin-endedcolumnsubjectedtoaxialloading,
asshowninFigure2ofthisbook.
Figure 2. Structural model used for jack studs

Member capacity
Strengthreductionfactor()=0.8.
Durationofloadfactorsforstrength(k
1
)=0.6forloadcase1and0.8forload
case2.
Norestraintwasassumedtoeachendofthemember,witheectivelength(L
ay
)
takenastheheightofthestud.
Drytimberpropertieswereused,assetoutinsection2.2ofthisbook.
Themaximumlengthofthejackstudwascalculatediteratively.
4.6 Foundation walls (clause 6.11)
4.6.1 General
Foundationwallsmaybeofreinforcedconcreteorreinforcedconcretemasonry
blockworkoracombination.Generally,theyarelaterallysupportedatthetop
bydirectattachmenttotheoorstructure.However,wherethisisnotpossible,
theyaredesignatedascantileveredfoundationwalls,andspecialdetailsare
provided.Lateralsupportmayalsobeprovidedbysoilpressureatwallsteps.
Theseprovisionswerenotcalculatedbutrepresentcommonsensiblepractice.
4.6.2 Wall details
Walldetailswereclariedandredrawnforthe2011revision,butthetechnical
contentremainedunchanged.Reinforcingsteeldetailswerebasedonearlier
versionsofNZS3101(SNZ1995).Figure6.15(a)wasaddedwiththe2011revision
toclarifyrequirementsforcontinuityofreinforcingatcornersandintersections.
4.7 Bearers (clause 6.12)
Bearersarebeamssupportingoorjoistsandarethemselvessupportedbypiles,
jackstudsorfoundationwalls.
s
t
u
d

h
e
i
g
h
t
P
P
37
BearerssupportingoorjoistsovertwoorthreespansweretakenfromNZS
1900:Chapter6.1:1964andreanalysedusingworkingstressdesignmethods
fromNZS1900:Chapter9.1:1964.Newtablesweredevelopedforthe1999
revisionAmendment2.
Thebearertablesincludeloadingfromthegroundooronly.Loadbearing
wallsabove(eitherparallelorperpendiculartothebearer)werenottaken
intoaccount,hencetheprovisioninclause6.3forlimitingthelocationofthe
supportingpiletowithin200mmofthewallabove,runningperpendicularto
thebearer.
Thestieningeectofthewallabove,runningparalleltothebearerandacting
asadeepbeam,wasconsideredtobesucientforsatisfactoryperformanceof
thebearer,andthelackofproblemsinpracticehasbornethisout.However,
whilethe1990versionofthestandardlimitedtheuseofpile/bearersupportto
single-storeybuildings,itisnowpermittedfortwo-storeybuildings.Thereason
forthischangeisunknown.
Clause6.12.7( Jointsinbearers)setoutgoodpractice,andbackcalculation
aftertheCanterburyearthquakesshowsthatthevaluesareconsistentwith
thetensionloadsthatmaybeappliedunderlateralspreadingassociatedwith
liquefaction.
4.7.2 Design for strength
General
Designforsafetyincludedastrengthcheckofbending,shearandbearing.
Loads
Dead load of floor (G) 0.35 kPa
Live load on floor (Q) 1.5 and 2.0 kPa (section 6)
3.0 kPa (section 14)
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
Themodelusedforstrengthwasatwo-spansimplysupportedbeamasshownin
Figure3ofthisbook.
Figure 3. Structural model used for bearers
Loadwasappliedtobothspansasauniformlydistributedloadperpendicularto
themember,withnoloadsharing.
bearer span bearer span
G + Q
38
Member capacity
Durationofloadfactorsforstrength(k
1
)=0.6forloadcase1and0.8forload
case2.
DrytimberpropertiesfromNZS3603wereusedfor1.5kPaand3.0kPaoor
liveloading,asthesewereconsideredinternalsuboorstructuresandprotected
fromtheweather.
Floorsdesignedfor2kPaloadingaremostlikelytobeusedfordecksand
exposedtotheweather,sogreenpropertieswereused.Timberpropertiesare
setoutinsection2.2ofthisbook.
4.7.3 Design for serviceability
General
Designforserviceabilityincludedconsiderationofbendingdeection,including
theeectsofcreepwhereappropriate.
Loads
Loadswereasgivenaboveforstrengthdesign.
Loadcasesconsideredwere:
Theshort-termandlong-termliveloadfactorswere:
s
= 0.7
l
= 0.4
Structural model used for serviceability
ThemodelusedforserviceabilityisshowninFigure3ofthisbook.Loadwas
appliedtobothspanstogetherasauniformlydistributedload.Noallowancewas
madeforloadsharing.
Deection calculation
Theaveragemodulusofelasticity(E)wasusedtocalculatebearerdeection,as
setoutinsection2.2ofthisbook.Theloaddurationfactor(k
2
)wastakenas2.5
forloadcase2.
Deection criteria
Thedeectionlimitwasspan/300,withnoabsolutelimit.
4.8 Stringers, spacing of fixing bolts (clause 6.13)
4.8.1 General
Astringerisahorizontaltimbermemberxedtothesideofaconcreteor
masonryfoundationwallandsupportingtheendsofoorjoists.
Load case Combination
1 G +
s
Q
s
(short-term loading)
2 G +
l
Q
l
(long-term loading)
39
4.8.2 Loads
Dead load of floor 0.35 kPa
Live load on floor 2.0 kPa (section 6)
Areareductionfactorforliveload(
a
)wastakenas1.0.
1 1.2 G + 1.6 Q
2 G + Q
4.8.3 FRI tests to establish bolt capacity
ThecapacityofaboltinthissituationwasnotdenedinNZS3603.Accordingly,
inthelate1970s,theNZS3604committeerequestedtheNZForestResearch
Institutetocarryouttestsonarangeofboltdiameterstoestablishsuitablebolt
loads.
Test specimens
Boltsoftherangeofdiameterssuitableforstringerswerecastintoready-mixed
concreteofnominalstrength17.5MPa.Therangeofspecimenstestedisgivenin
Table3ofthisbook.Greenradiatapinestringersectionswereattachedtothe
concreteviatheboltsusing50mmsquarewashersandthenutstightenednger
tight.Thespecimenswerethensetasideandallowedtodryout.Tenspecimens
weretestedforeachboltsizeanddirectionofloadinrelationtothegrain
direction.
Test method
Theconcreteblockswereattachedtotheplatenofauniversaltestingmachine,
andthestringerswereloadedattwopointsawayfromthebolt,simulatingthe
joiststhatthebearerissupporting.Theloadwasappliedataconstantcross-
headspeedof5mm/minuteuntilfailure.Aload/deectionchartwasplotted
duringloading.Moisturecontentanddensityweremeasuredonthetimber
componentsofthetestspecimens.
Results
AsummaryofthetestresultsisgiveninTable3ofthisbook.
Table 3. Summary of results of stringer tests
Series Bolt diameter Nominal timber
thickness
Load direction Assembly Test Average load at 2 mm
deection
Average load at 5 mm
deection
No mm mm To grain MC MC kN CoV% kN CoV%
1.1 9.5 50 Parallel Green Dry 3.99 38 7.91 17
1.2 12.5 50 Parallel Green Dry 4.70 26 9.61 14
1.3 16 75 Parallel Green Dry 4.91 36 12.54 15
1.4 19 75 Parallel Green Dry 6.04 57 15.01 27
1.5 9.5 50 Perpendicular Green Dry 4.24 21 7.62 14
1.6 12.5 50 Perpendicular Green Dry 4.43 28 8.96 22
1.7 16 75 Perpendicular Green Dry 4.00 3 tests 8.42 3 tests
1.8 19 75 Perpendicular Green Dry 3.93 40 11.22 20
40
At2mmdeection,nopermanentdeformationoftheboltswasobserved,
deformationbeingacombinationofelasticbendingoftheboltandcrushingof
thetimber.At5mm,crushingofthetimberundertheboltandsomepermanent
bendingoftheboltstookplace.Noneoftheconcreteblocksfailedatthese
deformations.
Derivation of allowable loads
Itwasconsideredthatanaverageshort-termdeectionof2mmunderaload
ofG+Qwasareasonabledesignlimitforthesituationofabearerinlight-frame
construction.Thisislessthantheshrinkageofa100mmdeepjoistorbearer
dryingfromgreento15%moisturecontent,soiswellwithinthecapacityofa
light-framesystemtoaccommodate.Thedensityofthetimbercomponentsis
oftheorderofthedensitytobeexpectedofstructuraltimberforlight-framed
construction.
Henceitwasrecommendedthattheallowableloadsbetheaverageofthetest
loadsat2mmdeection.Table6.7ofNZS3604isbasedonthesevalues.Acheck
oftimberbendingundertheULSwasdoneforAmendment2usingthetimber
propertiesofsection2.2ofthisbook.
41
Floorsmaybeatgroundlevelorsuspendedaboveauseablespacebelow.A
groundoormaybeaconcreteslabongradeoroftimberjoistconstruction
supportedonasuboorstructure.Thesuboorstructure,frombearerson
down,iscoveredinsection6ofNZS3604(Foundationsandsuboorframing).
Timbergroundoorsmaybeupto3mabovetheground,theactualheight
dependingontheshapeoftheground.However,lowerlimitsareplacedonthis
heightbytheneedtoventilatetheoorandmaintainaccesstothesuboor
spaceandalsobythenatureofthebracingrequiredofthesuboorstructure.
Theseaspectsarediscussedindetailinsection4ofthisbook.Asfarasthe
oorplateitselfisconcerned(theooringandthejoistsandassociatedframing
members),thereisnodierenceintherequirementsordetailedcriteria
betweenonethatissupportedonthewallsofthestoreybeloworonesupported
byasuboorstructure.
Themainstructuralfunctionofasuspendedooristoresistgravityloads
perpendiculartoitsownplane,althoughthereisalsoaneedtoprovide
resistancetoloadingintheplaneoftheoorbydiaphragmaction.Where
bracinglinesbelowtheoorarespacedwithin6mcentres,thisrequirement
fordiaphragmactionismodest,butforlongerspanningoors,itismore
demanding.
NZS 3604 SECTION 7:
FLOORS
5
42
5.1 Timber floors
Thetwomajorelementsaretheooring(sheetorstrip)andoorjoists.
Secondarymemberssuchasblockingarerequiredtoprovidelateralstability
tothejoistsandsupportedgesofoorsheeting.Bearersandbeloware
consideredpartofthesuboorstructureandarecoveredinsection4ofthis
book.
FloorliveloadsaresetoutaspartoftheoverallscopeofthedocumentinTable
1.2ofNZS3604.TheusesandoccupanciesarebasedonAS/NZS1170.1
(SA/SNZ2002a).
Itisclearthatbuildingscomingwithinseveraloftheoccupanciesincludedin
NZS3604(forexample,schoolsoroces)mayhaveconsiderableinputfroma
structuralengineerdesigner.Withready-madesolutionsinNZS3604available
foroors(andotherbuildingelements),thishastheeectofwideningthe
scopeofNZS3604wellbeyondtheoriginalintention,thusincreasingits
usefulnesstotheoverallbenetoftheindustry.
5.2 Floor joists (clause 7.1)
Floorjoistsarecloselyspacedparallelbeamssupportingooringdirectly
attachedtotheirtopedges.Floorjoistsmayalsoberequiredtosupportceiling
linings(eitherdirectlyorviaceilingbattens)andinteriorwallsrunningeither
parallelorperpendiculartothejoistdirection.
Cantileveroorjoistsmaybeusedinthreesituations,asshowninFigure4of
thisbook.
Inthebalconysituation(Figure4aofthisbook),whereaset-downisrequired
forweathering,thecantileveredjoistswillneedtobeseparatemembersfrom
theinternaljoists,asshowninFigure7.6ofNZS3604.Thealternativeof
notchingorrippingthejoiststoachievethisinvalidatesthetimbergradingand
compromisestheH3.2treatmentrequiredfordeckingframing.
Table7.2ofNZS3604isapplicabletoallthreesituations,withtheright-hand
columnusedforthebalconyandopendecksituations(inFigure4aandbof
thisbook)andoneoftherstsixcolumnsofthetablefortheenclosedspace
situation(Figure4cofthisbook).
NotethatbalustradescomplyingwithAS/NZS1170.1clause3.6andcantilevering
upfromthedeckframingimposelargebendingloadsontheirbasexings.
Cantileverjoistsizessmallerthan190x45mmSG8provideinsucient
strengthtoresisttheseforcessoareidentiedinthenotestoTable7.2ofNZS
3604.
43
Figure 4. Congurations for cantilevered oor joists
1.25 L
1.5 L
1.5 L
back
span
back
span
back
span
cantilevered
span
cantilevered
span
cantilevered
span
oor joists
H1.2 treated
100 mm threshold if
waterproof surface
cantilevered balcony joists,
H3.2 treated, lapped and
bolted to oor joists
L
L
L
deck stringer with
12 mm drainage gap
post
cantilevered
deck joists
cantilevered
deck joists
(a)Cantileveredjoistsforbalcony
(b)Cantileveredjoistsfordeck
(c)Cantileveredjoistsinanenclosedspace
44
5.2.2 Design for strength (ULS)
General
Designforsafetyconsideredbendingandshearstrength.
Loads
Theloadsusedinthederivationofthetableswere:
* This loading is based on the mass limit of 40 kg/m
2
stated in clause 7.1.5 of NZS 3604. Timber
decking or plywood with a bre-cement soft comes within this limit, but tiles on a bre-
cement substrate would generally be heavier and therefore would require specic design.
This is based on a mass limit of 26 kg/m

2
as stated in clause 7.1.5, with a balustrade height
of 1 metre. The value stated is load per metre of balustrade length. The point load per joist
depends on joist spacing.
Theliveloadcombinationfactor(
c
)forcase3wastakenas0.0.
Structural models used for strength
Thestructuralmodelsusedwereasimplysupported,uniformlyloadedbeam
fortheinternaljoistsandacantileverwithauniformlydistributedloadand
aconcentratedloadatthefreeend,asshowninFigure5ofthisbook.For
simplicity,thebackspanjoistswereassumedtobethesametimbersectionas
thecantileveredportionofthejoistsininternalsituations(columns38ofTable
7.2)and290x45mmforexternalbalconysituations(column9ofTable7.2).
Backspanlengthwastakenas1.5timesthecantileverlength.Loadsontheback
spanweretakenaszeroforULSconsiderations.
Internal oors External decks and balconies Superstructure (enclosed)
Dead load 0.40 kPa Decking: 0.40 kPa *
Balustrade: 0.25 kN/m
Light roof & ceiling: 0.45 kPa

(0.2 kPa with wind load)
Heavy roof & ceiling: 0.75 kPa
Wall: 0.8 kPa
Live load 1.5 kPa (section 7)
2.0 kPa 0.25 kPa (on roof)
Case Simply supported joists Cantilevered joists
1 1.35 G 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
3 - 1.2 G + Q
u
+ W
u
(wind acting down, on roof)
4 -
0.9 G W
u
(wind on underside of deck)
45
Figure 5. Structural models used for oor joists
Member capacity
Durationofloadfactors:
Stabilityfactor(k
8
)wastakenas1.0.Forthedeeperjoists(290x45mm)at
maximumspan,thisisslightlyunconservativebasedonthestabilitycalculations
usingtheformulaeinNZS3603.
Characteristic stresses
DrystressesfromNZS3603wereusedfor1.5kPaand3.0kPaoorloads,as
theserelatetointernaloors.However,joistsusedwith2.0kPaloadsarelikely
tobeusedforexternaldecksandwillbesubjecttoweatherinservice,sothe
selectiontablesfor2.0kPaoorloadswerederivedusingthegreenstresses
fromNZS3603.Thus,forTable7.2ofNZS3604,thespansintheright-hand
column(2kPaoorloads)werederivedusinggreenstresses,andalltheother
spanswerebasedondrystresses.
StressesasusedaresummarisedinTable4ofthisbook.NotethatbothMSG8
andMSG10wereconsideredtoreverttoG8stressesoncewetinservice.
Table 4. Timber strength properties used for oor joists
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 1.0
joist span
Internal joist Cantilever joist
cantilever span
wind load
wind uplift
from roof
back span
dead and live load dead and live load
balustrade
load
Grade Loading Bending strength (f
b
)
(MPa)
Compression strength
(f
c
)
(MPa)
Tension strength
(f
t
)
(MPa)
SG10 (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 20.0 20.0 8.0
(wetted) 2.0 kPa 11.7 12.0 4.0
SG8 (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 14.0 18.0 6.0
(wetted) 2.0 kPa 11.7 12.0 4.0
SG6, No 1 framing (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 10.0 15.0 4.0
(wetted) 2.0 kPa 7.5 11.0 3.0
46
Lateral support of oor joists (clause 7.1.2)
Lateralsupportofoorjoistsisrequiredintwosituations:
1. Totransferlateralloadsfromtheooractingasadiaphragminto
bracingelementsbelowtheoor,thuspreventingjoistroll-over(clause
7.1.2.1).Iftheoorisspecicallydesignatedasadiaphragm,this
requirementismoreonerous.
2. Toprovidelateralstabilitytotheoorjoistsactingasbeams(clause
7.1.2.3).Theprovisionsareasimpliedversionofthosecontainedin
NZS1900:Chapter9.1,whichwascurrentatthetimethatNZS3604
wasrstwritten.Forbeamscontinuouslyrestrainedbyooring,
thisrequirementismerelytokeepslenderoorjoistsstableduring
construction.
Floor joists supporting walls (clause 7.1.3)
Parallel to joists
Theuseofpairsofoorjoistsunderloadbearingwallscodiesindustrystandard
practice(clause7.1.3.1).Undersomeloadingsituations,thiscanbeshownby
calculationtobeinadequate.However,thestieningeectofthewallisignored
insuchsimplecalculations,andthelackofreportedproblemsindicatesthatthe
provisionisadequate.Concentratedloads,forexample,fromstudstrimming
largeopeningsinthewallabove,arelimitedtopositionswithin300mmofthe
endofthedoubledoorjoists(excludingtrimmerssupportingoorloads).
Right angles to joists
Thebasisofthe200mmpositionalrestrictionforbearingwallsatrightangles
tothejoists(clause7.1.3.3)isnotknown.Itisexpectedtobeveryconservative
andrestrictiveforjoistsover200x50mminsize.However,thereisnosuch
restrictionforbracingwalls,whichmaybeanoversight.Forexample,abracing
walllocatedinthecentreofa5mspanofoorjoistswillbehaveverydierently
tothewallastested.
5.2.3 Design for serviceability (SLS)
General
Thejoistselectiontablesarebasedonstaticdeectionandvibration
considerations.
Loads
Loadswerethesameasusedforstrengthdesign.
Short-termandlong-termloadfactors:

s
= 0.7

l
= 0.4
Structural models used for serviceability
Thestructuralmodelsusedwerethesameasforstrengthdescribedabove.
Forcantileverjoists,acounterbalancingloadofG+0.4xQwasusedontheback
spans.Thishastheeectofreducingthefree-enddeectionofthecantilever,
thusallowingslightlylongerspans.Thebackspanjoistswereassumedtobethe
sametimbersectionasthecantileveredportionofthejoistsininternalsituations
(columns38ofTable7.2)and290x45mmforexternalbalconysituations(column
9ofTable7.2).Backspanlengthwastakenas1.5timesthecantileverlength.
47
Static deection calculation
Floorjoistswereconsideredtobeconstrainedtosimilardeections,asnoted
incommentaryclauseC2.4.2.2ofNZS3603,thusallowingtheaveragemodulus
ofelasticity(E)tobeusedratherthanthelowerboundvalue(E
lb
)(seeTable5of
thisbook).
Thedurationofloadfactor(k
2
)wastakenas2.0foralloorjoistsexceptfor
cantilevereddecks,whichwereconsideredtobewetinserviceandforwhichk
2
=3.0wasused.
Staticdeectionlimitswerespan/300forsimplysupportedoorjoistsand
cantileverlength/200forcantileveredoorjoists.Anabsolutevaluewasnot
used.
Table 5. Elastic properties of oor joists
The10%increaseinallowablespansforjoistscontinuousovertwospans
recognisesthereductioninstaticdeectionforbeamswithcontinuity.
Vibration considerations
Vibrationcriteriawereintroducedwiththe1990versionofNZS3604asaresult
ofsubmissionsbyForestResearch(Bier1989),whichconcludedwithasetof
amendedspans.Thesewereadoptedforjoistspacingsof600mmandsizes
150x50mmandsmaller.
ForestResearchanalysedasimplysupported,uniformlyloadedtimberjoistoor
systemwithawidthof4.8m.Formulaeforestimatingnaturalfrequencyand
RMSaccelerationwerebasedonequationsfromChuiandSmith(1987).Criteria
chosenwerethatnaturalfrequencyshouldbeabove12HzandRMSacceleration
shouldbelessthan0.45m/s
2
.
ThisworkwasbasedonNo1framingtimber,sotoadjustthejoistspansforthe
othertimbergradesforAmendment2in2006,equation2ofChuiandSmith
wasusedtokeepacceleration(A
r
)constant:
(5.1)
where:
(5.2)
Grade Loading Modulus of elasticity
(E)
(GPa)
SG10 (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 10.0
(wetted) 2.0 kPa 6.5
SG8 (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 8.0
SG6, No 1 framing (dry) 1.5 and 3.0 kPa 6.0
48
and:
(5.3)
where:
m = mass
f = frequency
SotokeepA
r
constant,fortwosimilaroorsdieringonlyinspanandE:

(5.2)
giving:
(5.3)
Thisexpressionwasthenusedtoadjustallspanswherevibrationwasthe
limitingcase.
5.3 Structural floor diaphragms (clause 7.3)
Wherebracinglinesbelowtheoorunderconsiderationarespacedatgreater
than6m,theoorisspecicallydesignatedastructuraloordiaphragm
andmustcomplywiththedetailsofclause7.3.Thissituationmayoccur,for
example,whereanupperoorspansalargeopenspaceorwhereagroundoor
issupportedonunbracedpilesbutsurroundedbyperimeterfoundationwalls.
Theadditionalrequirementsarefairlymodestand,inpracticalterms,merely
restrictthediaphragmspanandaspectratioandprohibittheuseofstrip
ooring.Also,thereareslightlymoreonerousrequirementsforlateralsupport
oftheoorjoistsandbracingdetailsaroundthediaphragmperimeterinthe
storeybelow.
However,therearenospecicprovisionstoresistthediaphragmchordforces.
Jointsbetweenjoists,asprovidedforinclause7.1.1.7,haveacapacityofabout
6kN,butwheretheperimeterconsistsofblockingbetweenjoists,thecapacity
ofthechordelementwouldbeverymuchlower(forexample,thecircledjointin
Figure6ofthisbook,reproducedfromFigure7.9ofNZS3604).Alternativeload
pathsutilisingotherstructuralmembers(forexample,wallplates)aretenuous.
Consideringtheselimitationsonpotentialdiaphragmperformance,the
committeearbitrarilyreducedthemaximumdiaphragmdimensionfrom15
metresto12metresforthe2011revisionofthestandard.Thiswasdonein
recognitionthata15mopenspaceisverylargeforanon-specicallydesigned
timber-framedbuildingandwouldprobablyrequireanengineer-designedoor
supportsystemanyway(oorbeamorEWPjoists).
49
Note:
1. Floor diaphragm to cover entire oor area (see 7.3.1(c)).
2. Diaphragm size (see 7.3.1(b)):
a. Single storey maximum length must not be greater than 2.5 times the width.
b. Double storey maximum length must not be greater than 2.0 times the width.
3. See section 4 for durability requirements.

Figure 6. Continuity of diaphragm chords (reproduced from NZS 3604)
5.4 Timber decks
WiththeincreaseinhorizontalbarrierloadsinAS/NZS1170.1:2002andasa
resultofloadtestingofproprietarybarriersatBRANZandelsewhere,itbecame
clearthatprovisionswereneededinNZS3604toensurethereissucient
structureinthedecktoaccommodateasuitablebaseconnectionwherea
barrierreliedoncantileveractionforstability.Clause7.4.1.3providesthe
necessarydetails.TheyarebasedoncalculationstoNZS3603andtestingcarried
outatBRANZ.
5.5 Concrete slab-on-ground floors (clause 7.5)
5.5.1 General
Theprovisionsforconcreteslab-on-groundoorscontainedinAppendixEof
NZS3604:1978werebasedonabulletinpublishedbytheNZPortlandCement
Association(NZPCA1975).Thedetailswereamixtureofstandardpracticeand
commonsense,andthescopeandcontentsofAppendixEremainedlargely
unchangeduntil1990.
sheet ooring material minimum
sheet size 1200 x 2400 mm (see
7.3.1(d)), part sheets may be used to
complete a platform (see 7.3.1(d))
sheet ooring joints to be made
over a support (see 7.2.3.3)
x sheet material with 60 x 2.8 mm nails
at 150 crs around sheet and 300 crs to
intermediate supports (see Table 7.5)
foundation wall in conjunction with
perimeter bracing system
x joists to plate with 12 / 100 x 3.75 mm
skew nails per 1.5 m length (see Table 7.5)
lateral support to oor
joists around perimeter of
diaphragm
x plate to foundation wall
at 1.4 m crs (see 6.11.9.1)
x blocking to plate with
4 / 100 x 3.75 mm skew
nails (see Table 7.5)
maximum 300 mm from
corner to rst xing
minimum 1.5 m (minimum 2 xings
for plate to foundation wall)
50
BeforetheCanterburyearthquakesof2010and2011,slabssupportingsingle-
storeyconstructionwerepermittedtobeunreinforced,providedcontroljoints
wereused.Slabsfortwo-storeyconstructionrequiredreinforcingbymeshor
reinforcingbars.Theseprovisionsremainedunchangedthroughtothe2011
revision,butwereamendedbyB1/AS1Amendment11.
Detailsoftheslabthickeningunderloadbearinginternalwallsweretakenfrom
NZPCA1975forwallloadsofupto2,200kg/m.Thebasisisnotknownbutis
probablybasedonaruleofthumb.
Forthe1999revisionofNZS3604,theappendixonconcreteoorswas
incorporatedintotheoorsectionandtheprovisionsforshrinkagecontrol
jointswereexpanded,withamendmentstodetailsforxingoftimberframing
toallowforproprietaryanchorsaswellasgenericanchors.The2011revision
furtherclariedandexpandedtheseanchordetails.
5.5.2 Canterbury earthquakes
PoorperformanceofresidentialoorslabsintheCanterburyearthquakesof
2010and2011promptedtheDepartmentofBuildingandHousingasitwas
thentomodifythecitingofNZS3604Amendment11totheB1compliance
documents.
Amendment11makesseveralchangestotheprovisionsforoorslabsinNZS
3604:2011.ThesechangescoverthewholeofNewZealand,notjustCanterbury,
andinclude:
removingtheoptionforunreinforcedslabsforsingle-storey
construction
perimeterfoundationsmustbetiedtotheslab
slabreinforcementmustbegrade500Eductilemeshorreinforcing
barsofductilityclassEinaccordancewithNZS4671 Steel reinforcing
materials.
DetailsofthesechangesshouldbereadfromAmendment11toclauseB1and
arenotcoveredindetailinthisbook.Thereasonforthechangesistoprovide
morerobustandductiledetailsintoconcreteoorslabs.Observedfailuresin
Canterburyshowedslabbrittlenessleadingtofailureofthesuperstructureand
consequentlossofamenityfortheowner/occupier.
5.5.3 Shrinkage control joints (clause 7.5.8.6)
Shrinkagecontroljointsarerequiredinreinforcedslabs.
Toavoiddesignissueswithmovementatcontroljointsreectingthroughtiled
ooring,forexample,controljointsmaynowbenon-orthogonal,providedthe
includedangleisnotlessthan60.Thislimitistoavoidunintendedcracking
acrossthecorner.
Controljointspacingisrequiredat3mcentresforunreinforcedslabs(option
removedbyB1),4mforslabsincorporatingpolypropylenebre(option
removedbyB1)and6mforreinforcedslabs.Theaspectratiolimitsareintended
topreventlongnarrowpanels,whicharemoresusceptibletocrackingthan
squareones.
51
Thisisconsistentwiththeallowanceforshrinkagecontrolinindustrialoor
slabdesign,andtheuseofcontroljointsminimisestheriskofrandomcracking
fromdryingshrinkageofconcreteslabs.Theimportanceofavoidingrandom
crackinginaresidentialsituationismorecriticalwhentheslabistobeexposed
orcoveredwithvinylorceramictiles.
Inatypicalresidentialoorslab,thereisahighdegreeofrestrainttoshrinkage
imposedbytheperimeterconcretefootings.Theresultingstrainisrelievedby
crackinginducedatthecontroljoints.Theuseofsteelreinforcementisintended
tolimitthecrackwidthsatthejointsanddistributethecrackingevenlybetween
joints.
Inthe1990revisionofNZS3604,slabscastinoneoperationupto25mwere
allowed.Slabslongerthan24marenowallowed,providedtheyareseparated
byfreejoints.Afreejointisdenedas:aconstructionjointwhereno
reinforcementpassesthroughthejointlinkingbothsidesoftheconcreteslab
andtheverticalfacesofthejointarenotinbondedcontactwitheachother.
5.5.4 Fixing of timber to concrete oor slabs (clause 7.5.12)
Theoptionsforxingframingtimbertoconcreteoorslabsincludecast-inM12
boltsandproprietarypost-xedanchors.Theoptionofbentdowelshasbeen
removed,asitwasrarelyusedinpracticeandgaveunreliableresults.
Onrequest,the1999revisionincludedtargetstrengthsforproprietaryfasteners,
astheseweregenerallypreferredbytheindustrytothegenerictypesalready
providedfor.Toestablishabenchmarkstrengthforaminimumlevelofgeneral
robustness,BRANZEvaluation Method EM1(BRANZ1999)wasusedtoassessthe
capacityofthebentdowel,asprovidedforinNZS3604clause2.4.7.Forthe
2011revision,arationalanalysisoftheactualloaddemandspossiblewithinthe
maximumspansandloadlimitsofNZS3604wasundertakenbyBRANZ(Shelton
2004b).Thesevalueswereslightlylessthanthoseinthe1999versionandwere
adopted.
Bracingapplicationsarespecicallyexcludedfromthesevaluesbecausethe
demandontheanchorinthatapplicationcanonlybequantiedbyspecic
testingontheproprietarybracingelementbeingevaluated.Thus,notarget
valueswereprovidedforbracingapplications.
TheexperimentalpartoftheBRANZstudyhighlightedthepoorperformanceof
boltsinstalledinslabswhoseedgesareformedbymasonryheaderblocks.Based
onsubsequenttestexperiencebyBRANZandothers,areductionofspacing
from900mmto600mmwasadoptedforanchorsinstalledadjacenttoheader
blockedges.Therationalewasthat,byclosinguptheanchorspacing,theload
perxingwouldbereduced,thusreducingthelikelihoodoffailure.
52
Wallsarerequiredtoresisteitherverticalorhorizontalloadsorboth.
Wallsresistingverticalgravityloadsaredenedasloadbearingwalls,andall
othersarethereforedeemedtobenon-loadbearingwalls,eventhoughtheymay
berequiredtoresistrackingloadsand/orfaceloads.Thisnomenclaturefollows
Australianpractice.
Wallsthatarespecicallydesignedtocontributeresistancetolateralracking
loadsaredenedaswallbracingelementsinclause1.3.
Allwallswillberequiredtoresistfaceloadsatsometimeintheirlife.External
wallswillbesubjectedtowindpressureloading,andmostinternalwallswill
alsobesubjectedtosomedierentialwindpressuresifdoorsandwindowsare
open.Inaddition,allwallsrequireacertainlevelofrobustnesstowithstandface
loadsfromshelvingandattacheditems,humanimpact,doorsclosingandsoon.
Also,underearthquakeactions,allwallsarerequiredtoresistfaceloadscaused
bytheinertialeectsoftheirownself-weightandanythingattachedtothem(for
example,masonryveneer).
Theseloadsareallprovidedforintheselectiontablesanddetailedprovisions
forindividualwallmembers.
NZS 3604 SECTION 8:
WALLS
6
53
Genericdetailsforwallbracingelementsandtheirassociatedratingswere
initiallyincludedinthewallsectionofNZS3604:1978.However,therationalefor
theratingsgivenwasnottechnicallyrobust,anditwasrecognisedthattestingof
specic,proprietarybracingsystemsproducedmorereliableratings.
Accordingly,asproprietorsofbracingsystemsgainedexperiencewithtesting,
thedetailsandratingsofgenericbracingelementsweremovedtoanappendix
inthe1990versionofthestandardandweredroppedaltogetherinthe1999
version,asbythen,therewereanadequatenumberoftestedsystemsreadily
availableonthemarket.Intheraresituationwhereaproprietarybracingsystem
maynotbeavailableordesired,thegenericdetailsarestillavailablefromold
versionsofthestandard,althoughthiswillbeaconservativeoption.
6.1 Timber properties
DrytimberpropertiesfromNZS3603wereusedforallwallapplications
(strengthandserviceability)andaresummarisedinTable6ofthisbook.
Table 6. Timber properties used for walls
Shearstrengthwastakenas3.8MPaandbearingstrengthperpendiculartograin
as8.9MPa.
6.2 Studs (clause 8.5)
Studsaretheverticalmembersofwallframingrunningbetweentopandbottom
platesandsupportingtheexteriorcladdingand/orlining.Wherestudsare
lessthanfullwallheight(forexample,beneathsilltrimmers),theyarecalled
jackstuds(rstmeaningofthedenitioninclause1.3).Studseachsideofan
openingsupportingalintelorsilltrimmerarereferredtoastrimmerstudsand
areofgreaterthicknesstoprovideenhancedstrengthandstiness.Additional
studsprovidedforthepurposeofsupportingtheendsofalintelarecalled
doublingstuds(moresimplycalledpropstudsinAustralia)andareconsidered
tocontributetothestrengthorstinessofthetrimmerstudiftheyextendupto
within400mmofthefullwallheight(clause8.5.2.4).
Studsarerequiredtocarryverticalgravityloadsfromthesupportedroofand
oor(s)andalsototransferwallfaceloadingtothetopandbottomplates.Under
windloading,theremayalsobeaneedtotransferupliftloadsfromtheroof
tothefoundations,althoughthiswasnotconsideredacriticalloadcaseinthe
calculationsforNZS3604.Thus,studsweredesignedforaxialcompressionand
bending.Trimmerstudsatthesidesofopeningsarealsorequiredtoresistthe
concentratedbendingloadsresultingfromthereactionsattheendsoflintels
andsilltrimmersunderfaceloading.
Grade Bending strength
(f
b
)
(MPa)
Compression strength (f
c
)
(MPa)
Modulus of elasticity (E )
(GPa)
Lower bound MOE
(E
lb
)
(GPa)
SG10 20.0 20.0 10.0 6.7
SG8 14.0 18.0 8.0 5.4
SG6, No 1 framing 10.0 15.0 6.0 4.0
54
Forthe2011revision,studspacingsandwallloadeddimensionvalueswere
rationalisedtomaketheselectiontablesmoreusefulandrelevant.Inaddition,
anadditionaltrimmerstudwascalledforinTable8.5toprovideadequatewidth
forxingveneerties.
General
Wallstudtableswereoriginallypreparedin1976usingworkingstressdesign
methods.Tables8.2,8.3and8.4inNZS3604:1999werebasedonthosetables.
Forthe2011revision,thestudtableswererecalculatedonaspreadsheetusinga
macrotocarryoutaniterativetrialanderrorprocess.
Thetableswereoriginallydevelopedonthebasisofprovidingthemost
economicaltimbersizethatmetboththestrengthandserviceabilitycriteria
forthespecicloadingconditionsestablishedbythetable.Bothinteriorand
exteriorstudswereconsidered.
Loads
Gravity (axial loading on studs)
Loadswerecalculatedpermetreofwalllengthandthenmultipliedbythe
requiredstudspacingtoarriveatloadperstud,assuminganevendistributionof
loadingacrossallstudsinthewall.
Theoordeadandliveloadswerebasedoncontributoryloadingfroman
assumedjoistspanof5.2m,thelongestspaninthe2kPajoisttables,andan
eavesoverhangof600mmwasusedinthecalculationforroofloads.
Wind (face loading on studs)
des
) (m/s) Design wind
pressure (p)
(kPa)
Low (also internal walls) 32 0.61
Medium 37 0.82
High 44 1.16
Very high 50 1.50
Extra high 55 1.82
Component Dead load (G) Live load (Q) Snow
load (s
g
)
Suspended oor 1.1 kN/m of wall 2.0 kPa - section 8
3.0 kPa - section 14
-
Upper wall 1.44 kN/m of wall - -
Wall under consideration 0.8 kPa
(0.2 kPa for wind uplift)
- -
Roof
(including
framing)
Light 0.4 kPa
(0.2 kPa for wind uplift)
0.25 kPa 2.0 kPa
Heavy 0.85 kPa (including ceiling)
55
Thedierentialpressurecoecientacrossexternalwalls((C
pe
,C
pi
))wastaken
as1.1.Afaceloadof0.61kPawasconsideredappropriateforinternalwallstuds
togiveaminimumlevelofgeneralrobustnessagainstunevenwindloadsand
domesticscaleimpacts.Windloadingontheroofwasnotconsideredinconjunction
withfaceloadingonthewallsodidnotcontributetoaxialloadingonthestuds.
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
3 1.2 G + Q
u
+ W
u
4 1.2 G + Q
u
+ S
u
u
)forloadcase3wastakenas0.0forroofs
and0.7foroorloadsincombinationswithwindfaceloadingonthestuds.
ThemodelsusedforstrengthareshowninFigure7ofthisbook.
Figure 7. Structural models used for strength design of studs

Themodelisabeamcolumnwithpartialendxityduetosquareends,end
xingsandacontributionfromthewalllinings.Partialxitywasaccounted
forbyusinganeectivelengthfactor(k
10
fromNZS3603)of0.75xlengthfor
axialcompressiveloads.Foruniformlydistributedbendingcausedbywindface
loading,asimplysupportedmemberwasassumed.
Member capacity
Norestraintwasassumedforout-of-planeaction.Restraintsat600mmwere
assumedforin-planeaction.Thisrestraintisprovidedbyeitherdwangsorlining
xings.
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 and 4 1.0
s
t
u
d

h
e
i
g
h
t
P
P
P
P
Load case 1, 2, 4 Load case 3
W +
56
Theparallelsupportsystemfactorforloadsharinginbending(k
4
)wastakenas
1.1,recognisingtheloadsharingprovidedbydwangs,liningandcladding.
Underdeadloadonlyanddeadplusliveloadcases,thebearingstrength
perpendiculartothegrainonthebottomplatewasalsoconsidered.Thismaybe
criticalforshortstuds.
Thebearingareafactor(k
3
)wastakenas1.0.
6.2.3. Design for serviceability (SLS)
General
Thedeectionofthestudunderwindfaceloadingwasthecriticalloadcasefor
serviceability.
Loads
Wind(faceloadingonstuds):
Thedierentialpressurecoecientsacrossexternalwalls((C
pe
,C
pi
))wastaken
as1.1.Afaceloadof0.40kPawasconsideredappropriateforinternalwallstuds
togiveaminimumlevelofgeneralrobustnessagainstunevenwindloadsand
domesticscaleimpacts.
Liveandearthquakeloadswerenotconsideredforserviceability.
ThemodelusedforserviceabilityisshowninFigure8ofthisbook.
Figure 8. Structural model used for serviceability of studs

Thesystemseectoftheliningsandcladdingsresultinginanincreasedstiness
ofthestudsinthewallwasallowedforbyeectivelyincreasingthestudE
valuebyafactorof1.69.Thisfactorwasderivedfromfull-sizefaceloading
testsconductedonlinedandclad2.4mhighwallsinthe1970sandhasbeen
appliedtotheE
lb
valuefromNZS3603.AnSG8studthushasaneectiveEfor
serviceabilityof5.4x1.69=9.13GPa.
Zone Wind speed (V
des
) Design wind
pressure (p)
(kPa)
Low (also internal walls) 26 0.40
Medium 30 0.53
High 37 0.82
Very high 42 1.06
Extra high 45 1.22
s
t
u
d

h
e
i
g
h
t
W
57
Deection criteria
Maximumdeection=studheight/180,withanupperlimitof15mm.
6.3 Stud spacing adjustment factor (clause 8.5.5)
Thestudspacingadjustmentfactorallowsstudsoftherequiredcross-section
tobesubstitutedforbystudsofasmallercross-sectionspacedmoreclosely
together.Thisisparticularlyrelevanttothesituationofstudsinrakingwalls,
whicharedesirablyallthesamecross-sectionwidthalthoughtheyaredierent
heights.
Thebasisoftherecommendationsisasfollows:
1. Thestudsizeisdeterminedbybendingstinessrequirementsonly.
2. Thereducedstinessofasmallerstudsizemaybecompensatedfor
byplacingthesestudsclosertogetherinproportiontotheratioofthe
smallercross-sectionmomentofinertiatothelarger(usingequation6.3
below).
Toensurethattherstconditionismet,onlystuds3mandhighermaybe
substitutedfor,asthesizesofthesestudsaredeterminedbybendingstiness
considerations.However,thisconditionwasomittedinthepublishedstandard.
Hence,thefollowingformulaapplies:
(6.1)
or:
(6.2)
where:
S = stud spacing
I = moment of inertia
rearranging:
S
2
= S
1
x (I
2
/I
1
) (6.3)
togetthestudspacingfactor:
(I
2
/I
1
)
Example: Table 8.1 requires a 150 x 50 mm stud at 600 mm centres.
What spacing must be used with a 100 x 75 mm stud?
From the Original larger stud size row labelled 150 x 50, run along to
the Desired smaller stud size column headed 100 x 75. The spacing
adjustment factor is 0.38. The maximum spacing of the 100 x 75 mm
stud is 0.38 x 600 = 230 mm.
Alternatively, a 100 x 100 mm stud may be used at 0.53 x 600 = 320
mm spacing.
58
6.4 Lintels (clause 8.6)
Lintelsarehorizontalframingmembersspanningacrossopeningsinloadbearing
walls.Theyaresupportedbyeitheradoublingstudoracheck-outinthe
trimmerstud.Selectiontablesareprovidedforsolidtimberlintelsonlyin
section8ofthestandard.Compositelintelsarecoveredinsection16,andfor
proprietarylintels,themanufacturersliteraturehastobeconsulted.
Inderivingthelintelselectiontables,theloadswereassumedtobeuniformly
distributedalongthelintellength.Thus,anylintelsupportingaconcentrated
load,suchasfromagirdertruss,oratrimmerstudwithinanupperwallfalls
outsidethescopeofthestandardandmustbespecicallydesigned.
Theconceptofloadeddimensionwasintroducedwiththe1999revisionto
quantifytheweightofconstructionsupportedbythelintel.Itissimilarin
concepttotributaryarea,usedbystructuralengineersindesignformany
years,orloadwidthcommonlyusedinAustralia.
General
Thelintelspantableswerederivedusingdeadloadsandwindpressure
coecientsforroofpitchesupto45only.Abovethis,thelintelspanmultipliers
(Table8.7)mustbeused.DesignforsafetyincludedconsiderationoftheULSin
bending,shear,bearingandtheultimatecapacityofconnections.
Loads
Gravity loads
Eavesoverhangwastakenas750mm,wallheightas2.4mandoorspanas6.0m.
Wind loads
Onlytheextrahighwindzonewasconsidered,withp=1.82kPa.
Externalpressurecoecients(C
pe
):
Internalpressurecoecient:(C
pi
)=+0.3,0,-0.3
Component (light, medium, heavy cladding dened in clause 1.3) Dead load (G) (kPa) Live load (Q) (kPa) Snow load (s
g
) (kPa)
Roof (including framing and
ceiling)
Light 0.35
(0.2 for wind uplift)
0.25 1.0 (section 8)
1.5 and 2.0 (section 15)
Heavy 0.75 (0.4 under wind uplift)
Wall Light 0.4 (0.2 under wind uplift) - -
Medium 0.80 (0.2 under wind uplift) - -
Floor 0.4 2.0 (section 8)
3.0 (section 14)
-
Roof pitch Upwind slope Downwind slope
15 -0.7 -0.5
45 +0.6 -0.6
59
Modifyingfactors:(K
a
,K
l
,K
p
)=1.0
Roofslopesof15and45wereconsideredwiththeabovecoecientsand
factors,givingamaximumupliftof:
0.946 x p x loaded dimension
andamaximumdownloadof:
0.3 x p x loaded dimension
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
3 0.9 G - W
u
4 1.2 G + Q
u
+ 1.0 S
u
TheloadcombinationfactorforULS(
u
)wastakenas0.0forroofand0.4for
oors.
ThemodelusedforstrengthisshowninFigure9ofthisbook.
Figure 9. Structural model used for strength of lintels
Member capacity
Restrainttothetopofthememberswasassumedtobeprovidedbythewall
framingat600mmcentresandfullrotationalrestraintattheendsprovidedby
thetrimmerstuds.Thus,k
8
wastakenas1.0.
Loadsharingbyothermemberssuchasroofandwallframingwasnot
considered,sok
4
=1.0.
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 0.8
lintel span
W
60
DrystressesfromNZS3603wereusedforallapplications,assetoutinTable6of
thisbook.
Thebearingareafactor(k
3
)wastakenas1.36forasinglesupportingstudand1.1
foradoubledstud.
Connection capacity
Provisionsforsecuringoflintelsagainstupliftwereprovidedfortwolevelsof
connectioncapacity:
1. Standardxingsforlinteltotrimmerstudasprovidedinthenail
scheduleinTable8.19ofNZS3604.Loadtransferisprovidedeither
bythecheckintothetrimmerstudorbytheprescribedendnailingto
thelintelthroughthetrimmerstud.Thereisnospecicattachment
betweentrimmerstudandooraloadpaththroughliningorcladding
wasassumed,withsomeacknowledgmentofthespreadingofthe
concentratedloadthroughthewallanddowntotheoor.Thecapacity
ofthissystemwasassessedat2kN.
2. Amorerobustnailstrapconnectionbetweenlintelandtrimmer
studandbetweenbottomoftrimmerstudandoor.Thecapacityof
thissystemwasinitiallyassessedat5kNinWSDvalues,butthiswas
increasedto7.5kNforthe1999revision(atULS).
General
Loads
Gravityandwindloadsareasgivenaboveforstrengthdesign.
1 G +
l
Q
2 G +
s
Q
3 G +
s
Q + W
s
4 G +
s
Q + S
Theshort-termandlong-termloadfactorswere:
Modelsusedforserviceabilitywereasforstrength,asshowninFigure9of
thisbook.Loadwasappliedtothememberasauniformlydistributedload.No
allowancewasmadeforloadsharing.
Load Short-term
factor (
s
)
Long-term
factor (
l
)
Live (oor) 0.7 0.4
Live (roof) 0.7 0.0
Snow 0.5 0.0
61
Linteldeectionswerecalculatedusingthelowerboundmodulusofelasticity
(E
lb
)fromNZS3603andaresetoutinTable6ofthisbook.Onlydrytimberwas
considered.
Deection criteria
Adeectionlimitofspan/300wasusedforloadcases1,2and4andspan/200
forloadcase3,withanoveralllimitof12mmforall.
6.5 Steep roof multipliers for lintels (Table 8.7)
Thelinteltableswerepreparedonthebasisofloadscalculatedforroofpitches
upto45.However,thescopeofthestandardincludesroofpitchesupto60.
Thesteeproofmultipliersofclause8.6.1.3provideforadjustmentstotheloaded
dimensiontoallowfortheadditionalloadsonlintelscausedbywindloads
actingonroofpitchesbetween45and60.
General
RooftrusseswithinthescopeofNZS3604aresupportedattwopointson
thesamelevel.Becausethelintelloadeddimensionismeasuredhorizontally
betweenthesepoints,anincreaseofroofpitch(forconstantloadeddimension)
hastwoeectsontheloadappliedtothelintel:
Deadloadisincreasedbecausetherafterlengthincreaseswith
increasingpitch.
Thewindloadincreasestheoverturningmomentonthetrussasa
whole,which,inturn,increasestheloadonthelintel.
ThesecondeectisillustratedinFigure10ofthisbook:
Figure 10. Overturning forces on a steep roof

wind
h
W
1h
W
1
W
1v
W
2h
W
2
W
2v
l
R
R
A
62
EquatingmomentsaboutA:
(6.1)
where:
(6.2)
Totalloadonthelintelisgivenbythefollowingequation:
(6.3)
Thesteeproofmultiplierswerecalculatedusingthisequationandthefollowing
parameters:
Loads
Externalpressurecoecients:
Internalpressurecoecientontheceilingwastakenas0.30.
6.6 Top and bottom plates (clause 8.7)
Platesarehorizontalorrakingmembersformingthetopandbottomboundary
membersforwalls.Theysupportanddistributeloadsfromwalls,oors,roofs
andceilings,particularlywhenroofandoormembersdonotalignvertically
withthestuds.
Topandbottomplatesareprimarilydesignedtotransferanddistributevertical
loadsbetweenraftersorjoistsandthesupportingstuds.Althoughliningsor
claddingsareusuallydirectlyxedtoplatesandcantransferloadsdirectly
toorfromthem,thecontributiontoplatestinessandstrengthfromthese
supportingcomponentswasnottakenintoaccount.Therearenoprovisionsfor
thesupportoftrimmerjoistsorroofgirdertrusses,whichmayintroducehigh
concentratedloads.Forthisreason,themaximumloadsimposedbyroofgirder
trusses(clause10.2.2.2)orengineeredwoodproducts(clause2.3.9)arelimited
Construction Load (kPa)
Light roof (including framing and ceiling) 0.46
Heavy roof (including framing and ceiling) 0.84
Roof live load 0.25
Design wind pressure (VH zone - 50 m/s) 1.50
45 +0.50 -0.60
50 +0.50 -0.60
55 +0.55 -0.60
60 +0.60 -0.60
63
to16kN.Inpractice,theproblemisusuallysolvedbyaddinganadditionalstud
atthatlocationfordirectloadsupporttooorlevel.
Platesarealsorequiredtotransferhorizontalloadsbetweenthewallstudsand
rooforoorframingmembers.Faceloadsonthewalloriginatingfromwind
pressureandearthquakeinertialforcesareappliedtotopandbottomplates
asaseriesofreactionsfromtheendsofthestuds.Itwasassumedthatthese
loadsaretransferredtotheorthogonalbracingwallsbyceilingliningsactingas
diaphragmsorbyframingmembersspacedat2.5mmaximum(clause8.7.4.1),
althoughitisnotspecicallystatedinNZS3604thatthesemembersthemselves
areattachedtolinings.Wherelow-densityceilinglinings(lessthan600kg/
m
3
)areusedsuchthatdiaphragmactionisdoubtful,thetopplatemustbe
reinforced(clause8.7.4.2)wherebracingwallsarespacedatbetween5and6m.
General
Underverticalloading,thegeneralapproachwastocalculatetheexuraland
shearcapacitiesofthevarioustopplatecongurations.Thenextstepwasto
derivetheconcentratedloadtoreachthatcapacityforeachstudspacingand
structuralmodel,andthenforeachwallapplication(toporlowerstorey),the
matchingloadeddimensionwasdetermined.
Member capacity
Membercapacitiesinbendingandshearwerecalculatedfortheplate
congurationsshowninFigure11ofthisbook.
70 x 45 mm
90 x 45 mm
90 x 45 mm plate plus 90 x 45 mm dwang (only used for
top-storey walls and allows for post-installation where
rafter does not land within 150 mm of stud)
2/90 x 45 mm
(this includes the 90 x 45 mm plus 140 x 35 mm option shown
in Figure 8.18)
90 x 70 mm
Figure 11. Congurations of top plates
Load case k
1
Dead 0.6
Dead plus live 0.8
Wind combinations 1.0
64
DrystressesfromNZS3603wereusedforallapplicationsandaresummarisedin
Table6ofthisbook.
Shearstrength(f
s
)wastakenas3.8MPaforalltimbergradesasperNZS3603.
AccordingtoKeenan(1974),forsmallshearspans,asizefactorof2.0maybe
applied.Thiswasusedinearlierversionsofthestandardandwasretainedfor
Amendment2.However,inrecognitionthatthesameshearstrengthof3.8MPa
wasusedforDouglasraswellasradiatapine,thiswasreducedto1.5forthe
2011revision.
Theresultingshearcapacitywascalculatedfrom:
V
n
= 0.8 x k
1
x k
4
x (1.5 x f
s
) x (2/3b x d)
Bendingstrengthwascheckedusingaexuralenhancementfactorof1.25to
allowfortheshortspans.
Capacitiesofthecombinedtopplatemember,inthecaseofdoublemember
congurations,wereobtainedbysummingthecapacitiesoftheindividual
memberssothatnocompositeactionwasassumed.However,toallowforthe
lowertimbervariabilityindoubledmembers,theparallelsupportfactor(k
4
)
fromNZS3603wastakenas1.14.
Compressionperpendiculartothegrainwasnotconsidered.
Thestructuralmodelusedforthestrengthcheckwasatwo-spancontinuous
beamwithaconcentratedloadintwoalternativepositionswithinonespan
asshowninFigure12ofthisbook.Bendingmoments,shearsanddeections
werecalculatedbyelasticanalysisforeachstudspacingoption,resultinginthe
followingformulae:
M
max
= 0.0203 P x stud spacing
V
max
= 0.844 P
max
= 0.015 P x stud spacing
3
/E x I + 4.5 P x stud spacing/E x A
Figure 12. Structural models used for plates
Loads
Theconcentratedload(P)wasderivedfromroofrafterloadsoroorjoist
loadsfortopplatesandstudloadsforbottomplates,eachcalculatedfor
anappropriatespacing.Noloadsharingbetweenraftersoroorjoistswas
assumed.
ThevaluesofgravityloadsusedaregiveninTable7ofthisbook.
Load within 150 mm of support Load at mid span
stud spacing stud spacing
150 mm
= =
P P
stud spacing stud spacing
65
Item Loads
Dead Live
Light roof and ceiling 0.35 kPa (along slope)
(0.2 kPa with wind uplift)
0.25 kPa
Heavy roof and ceiling 0.75 kPa
(0.4 kPa with uplift)
0.25 kPa
Wall 0.4 kPa -
Floor 0.4 kPa 2.0 kPa (section 8)
Table 7. Dead and live loads used for plates
Wallheightusedtocalculatewallloadswas2.4m,andaneavesoverhangof600
mmwasassumed.
Windloadswerebasedonadesignwindpressure(p)of1.82kPafortheextra
highwindzone,andpressurecoecientsusedwere:
Net (C
pi
+ C
pe
) = - 0.946 under uplift
ThisvaluewasderivedusingthemodelofFigure10ofthisbook,witharoof
slopeof15.
K
a
, K
l
, K
p
= 1.0
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q
3 0.9 G W
u
4 1.2 G + Q
u
+ S
u
)forloadcase4wastakenas0.0fortheroof
and0.4foroorswhereappropriate.Groundsnowload(s
g
)wastakenas2.0kPa
forallplateselectiontables.Refertosection11ofthisbookforbackgroundon
snowloading.
Theplateloadeddimension(LD)wasthendeterminedbysubtractingthe
constantloadcomponents(oor,wall,eaves)fromthelimitingloadontheplate
andcalculatingtheapplicableloadeddimensionusingthefollowingformulae:
Singleortopstorey
LD = P (wall height x height + eave load x overhang)
roof load
Lowerstorey
LD = P (wall height x weight + eave load x overhang + floor load x LD)
roof load
where:
LD = plate loaded dimension

P = maximum calculated concentrated load
66
General
Designforserviceabilityincludedconsiderationofdeectiononly.Thesame
approachwasusedasforstrengthdesign.
Loads
Deadandliveloadsusedfortheserviceabilitycheckwerethesameasfor
strengthandaresetoutinTable7ofthisbook.
Thestructuralmodelusedforserviceabilitywasthesameasusedforstrength
(Figure12ofthisbook).
Limitingplateloadswerecalculatedusingthelowerboundmodulusofelasticity
(E
lb
)fromNZS3603andaresetoutinTable6ofthisbook.Onlytimberinthe
dryconditionwasconsidered.
Adurationofloadfactorforserviceability(k
2
)=2.0wasusedforthelong-term
deectioncalculation.Deectionwascalculatedincludingbothbendingand
sheareects.
Deection criteria
Themaximumallowabletotalmid-spandeection(includingbendingandshear)
waslimitedto5mmunderlong-termorshort-termloading.
6.6.4 Joints in plates (clause 8.7.3)
Theprovisionsforjointsintopplatesarebasedongoodpracticeratherthanany
formalanalysis.Theyaredesignedtotiethewallstogetherandproviderational
loadpathstobracingelements.
6.6.5 Lateral support of top plates (clause 8.7.4)
Topplatesspanhorizontallybetweenorthogonalsupportwalls.Ifaplateis
connectedtoadiaphragmcomplyingwithclause5.6,nofurtherprovisionsare
required.Otherwise,lateralsupportbyframingmembersisrequiredat2.5m
centres.Iftheadjacentceilingislowdensity(softboard),adoubledtopplateis
requiredwherethesupportwallsarespacedatgreaterthan5m.
Theseprovisionsarebasedongoodpracticeratherthanrationalengineering
analysis.
6.7 Connection of plates to studs (clause 8.7.6 and Table 8.18)
Provisionsforxingroofframingmemberstowallsarecoveredinsection10
(Roofframing).Toensureacontinuousloadpathdownthewall,xingsforthe
walltopplatetosupportingmemberssuchasstudsandlintelsareprovidedfor
inthisclause.Anycontributionfromtheliningxingswasignored.
67
Construction Load
Heavy roof cladding + framing 0.70 kPa
Light roof cladding + framing 0.30 kPa
Loads
Wind loads
Pressurecoecients:
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.1
K
a
, K
l
, K
p
= 1.0
Eaves overhang: 750 mm
Loadcaseconsidered:
1 0.9 G + W
u
Asystemsfactorof0.5ontheappliedloadwasusedtoaccountforloadsharing
toadjacentstuds,liningxingsanddynamiceects.Thiswasthesubjectof
muchdebatewithinthecommitteeandmadesomerecognitionofthefactthat
therehavebeennoreportedfailuresofthisjointin100yearsoftimberframing
inNewZealand.
Member capacity
ThisreferencestothegeneraljointcapacitiesinTable2.2(section2.4ofthis
book).

des
) p (kPa)
Low 32 0.61
Medium 37 0.82
High 44 1.16
Very high 50 1.50
Extra high 55 1.82
68
NZS 3604 SECTION 9:
POSTS
7
NZS3604includesprovisionsforsecuringpostsagainstupliftduetowind
forces.
7.1 Posts, footings and connections (clauses 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3)
Postsareisolatedverticalmemberssupportingaportionofaroof.Theyare
subjecttoaxialloadsonly,arisingfromgravityloading(compression)andwind
uplift(tension).
Postsarenotintendedtoresistlateralloadsfromwindorearthquake,sotheir
useinfreestandingstructuressuchaspergolasorcarportsisoutsidethescope
ofthestandard,asstatedinclause1.1.2(b).
Section9ofthestandardalsoincludesexampleconnectionsatthetopand
bottomofthepost,andconcretepostfootings.
General
Designforsafetyincludesconsiderationoftheactionscausinginstabilityand
thoseresistinginstability,asprovidedforinclause4.2.1ofAS/NZS1170.0.
Therearelimitsonthesizeandlengthofpoststolimittheslendernessratioto30.
69
Loads
Gravity
Wind
Designloadonthepost(kN)isgivenby:
W
u
= p x C
fig
x C
dyn
x A
where:
p = 0.6 x (V
des
)
2
C
dyn
= 1.0
A = tributary area, determined from Figure 9.1 of NZS 3604
Pressurecoecients:
C
pr
= 1.0 for light roofs
= 0.8 for heavy roofs (where the roof slope will be greater than 12.5)
k
a
, k
l
= 1.0
Loadcaseconsidered:
1 0.9 G W
u
ThemodelusedforthestrengthofpostsisshowninFigure13ofthisbook.
Construction Dead load (G)
Light (including framing) 0.2 kPa
Heavy (including framing) 0.6 kPa
des
) Design wind pressure (p)
Low 32 m/s 0.62 kPa
Medium 37 m/s 0.82 kPa
High 44 m/s 1.16 kPa
Very high 50 m/s 1.50 kPa
Extra high 55 m/s 1.82 kPa
70
Figure 13. Structural model used for posts
Member capacity
Thecapacityoftheboltedjointsateachendofthepostswasderivedby:
N* = x k
1
x k
12
x k
13
x Q
sk
withthefactorsastabulatedbelow.
Forresistancetowinduplift,aconcretemassof2,340kg/m
3
wasused(23kN/m
3
).
Strength reduction factor () 0.7
Duration of load factor (k
1
) 1.0
Modication factor for green timber (k
12
) 1.0
Modication factor for multiple fasteners (k
13
) 1.0
Characteristic strength of M12 bolt in single shear (Q
sk
)
(b
e
= 90 mm for all options)
6.97 kN perpendicular to grain
10.4 kN parallel to grain
P
P
71
Thissectioncontainsprovisionsforroofsconstructedofproprietarynailplate
rooftrussesandforroofsframeduponsitefromindividualsticksoftimber.The
completeroofstructureisrequiredtoresistverticalloads(gravityoriginated
dead,liveandsnowloads)andhorizontalloads(windandearthquake).Tolimit
loadingonothercomponentsofthebuilding(suchastopplates),rooftrusses
arelimitedindimensionsto12minspanand750mmoverhangattheeaves.
Thereareadditionallimitsoncantileveredraftersintheprovisionsforeaves(see
section8.1.1ofthisbook).
Theprovisionsforroofsexcluderoofswithpedestrianaccess.Thisisdoneto
limitliveloadingto0.25kPa.Roofswithpedestrianaccessmustbedesigned
usingtheprovisionsfordecks,whichallowfortheappropriateliveloadforthe
application.
Clause10.2.1appliestostick-framedroofs(includingpurlinsandtilebattens),
clause10.2.2appliestoproprietarytrussroofs,clause10.3appliestobracing
demandandclause10.4appliestobracingdetails.
Nailplatetrussedroofsareaproprietarysupplieditem,witheachone
specicallydesignedtosuittheprojectusingNZS3603(typicallyusingspecialist
softwaredevelopedforthepurposebythenailplatesuppliers).Thus,itis
importantthatthetrussdesigner(viathesupplier)isgivenalltherelevantsite-
specicinformationtoallowthedesigntobeproperlycarriedout.
Therearerequirementsfortiedown/anchorageforroofmembersspacedat
900and1200mmcentres.Itisassumedthatthesealsoapplytomembers
spacedat600mmorothercloserspacings,althoughpresumablythiswouldbe
conservative.
NZS 3604 SECTION 10:
ROOF FRAMING
8
72
Wind loads
Toavoidrepetitionintheindividualmembersectionsthatfollow,thewindloads
thatwereusedforthedesignofallroofmemberswerebasedonthefollowing:
Derivationofthesevaluesiscoveredinsection3ofthisbook.Pressurecoecients
usedforderivationsarecoveredintheindividualroofmembersections.
Timber properties
DrycharacteristicstressesfromNZS3603Amendment4wereusedforallroof
membersandaresummarisedinTable8ofthisbook.
Table 8. Timber properties used for roof framing
Shearstrength(f
s
)wastakenas3.8MPaforalltimbergrades.
Connections of roof framing members
Fixingsgenerallyarediscussedinsection2.4ofthisbook.Thederivationsareset
outinthesection15.
8.1 Rafters including valley rafters (clause 10.2.1.3)
Raftersareroofmembersthatrunparalleltotheslopeoftheroofandprovide
supporttopurlins,tilebattensorsarking.Theymaybesingleormultiplespan
andfrequentlyterminateatthelowerendasacantileveredeaveoverhang.
Thecantileverlengthislimitedto750mmor40%ofthepermittedrafterspan,
whicheverisless.Thisisbasedonstandardformulaefordistributedloadingon
simplysupportedandcantileverbeams,andonlythe90x45mmsizeisnot
limitedbythe750mmmaximum.
Hiprafters(andalsoridgeboards)havenospecicstructuralfunction,asthey
merelyresistequalandoppositethrustsofopposingjackorordinaryrafterstiedat
theirlowerendsbyceilingframing(couplecloseroofstructure).
Therearenospecicprovisionsforrafterstrimmingthesidesofopenings,such
asdormerwindows.Thus,eachsituationrequiresspecicstructuralengineering
design.
Wind zone Ultimate limit state (W
u
)
Serviceability limit state (W
s
)
Wind speed (V
des
) Design wind
pressure (p)
Wind speed
(V
des
)
Design wind
pressure (p)
Low 32 m/s 0.62 kPa 26 m/s 0.40 kPa
Medium 37 m/s 0.82 kPa 32 m/s 0.53 kPa
High 44 m/s 1.16 kPa 35 m/s 0.76 kPa
Very high 50 m/s 1.50 kPa 40 m/s 0.98 kPa
Extra high 55 m/s 1.82 kPa 44 m/s 1.16 kPa
Grade Bending strength
(f
b
) (MPa)
Compression strength
(f
c
) (MPa)
Tension strength
(f
t
) (MPa)
Modulus of elasticity
(E) (GPa)
Lower bound MOE
(E
lb
) (GPa)
SG10 20.0 20.0 8.0 10.0 6.7
SG8 14.0 18.0 6.0 8.0 5.4
SG6, No 1 framing 10.0 15.0 4.0 6.0 4.0
73
General
DesignforsafetyincludedconsiderationoftheULSinbending,shear,bearing
andtheultimatecapacityofconnections.
Loads
Gravity
Thevaluesof0.3kPaand0.7kPafordeadloadallowforaceilingattachedtothe
raftersandwereincreasedfromthoseusedwiththe1999document.Thevalues
of0.1kPaand0.4kPa(underwinduplift)assumenoceilingisattached.The1.1
kNconcentratedliveloadprovidedforinAS/NZS1170.1(andascitedinNZBCB1
compliancedocuments)dominatesrafterspans,especiallyforlightroofsinthe
lowerwindzones.Noloadsharingwasallowedforasitwasassumedthatthe
fullloadcouldbeappliedtoonememberonly.
a
)wastakenas1.0.
Forsnowloading,refertosection11ofthisbook.Groundsnowloadof1.0kPa
wasusedforallroofmembersinthebodyofthestandard.
Wind
Thedesignloadontherafter(kN/m)isgivenby:
W
u
= p x C
fig
x C
dyn
x S
where:
p = 0.6 x (V
des
)
2
C
dyn
= 1.0
S = rafter spacing
Todeterminetheaerodynamicshapefactors:
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.1 for wind uplift case 4 (C
pi
= 0 for enclosed roof space),
or - 1.3 for fixings of skillion roof rafters where internal wind
pressures may be directly applied to the rafter (C
pi
= + 0.2)
or + 0.3 (for wind down case 3)
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
Intheinterestsofsimplicity,thevaluesusedforC
p
andKareacompromisefrom
therangeofvaluesinAS/NZS1170.2consideringthemostlikelyoptionsfromthe
innitevarietyofroofshapesandpitchespossibleforbuildingswithinthescope
ofNZS3604.Theywillbeconservativeinmanycases,especiallymoderately
slopedhiproofs.
Cladding Dead load (G) Live load (Q) Snow load (s
g
)
Light (including
cladding framing)
0.3 kPa (0.1 kPa with wind) 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.1 kN (concentrated)
1.0 kPa
1.5 kPa, 2.0 kPa
(section 15)
Heavy (including
cladding framing)
0.7 kPa (0.4 kPa with wind) 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.0 kPa
1.5 kPa. 2.0 kPa
(section 15)
74
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q (distributed and concentrated)
3 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 W
u
4 0.9 G W
u
5 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 S
u
Theloadcombinationfactor(
c
)forcases3and5wastakenas0.0.
Figure 14. Structural models used for rafters

Loadwasappliedtotherafterasauniformlydistributedloadperpendicularto
thememberratherthanasaseriesofpointloadsfrompurlinsorbattens.The
maximumerrorforrealisticrafterspansandpurlinspacingsisapproximately
11%.Noallowancewasmadeforloadsharingbetweenadjacentrafters.
Forvalleyrafters,thediagramontheleftaboveshowstheactualload
distributionfromthepurlins,butforsimplicity,thetriangularloadontheright
wasused.
Design of member
Design of xing
ra
fte
r sp
a
n
ra
fte
r sp
a
n
ra
fte
r sp
a
n
live load
dead load
wind load wind load
Actual load distribution Simplied load distribution
valley rafter span valley rafter span
75
Thebendingmomentforthismodelisgivenby:
M = 0.064 x w x span
3
where:
w = applied load (in kPa)
Member capacity
Restrainttothetopedgeoftherafterswasassumedtobeprovidedbythe
purlinsspacedatamaximumof1.2mcentres.Norestraintwasassumedtothe
bottomoftherafters.Thestabilityfactor,k
8
,wascalculatediteratively.
Drytimberstresses,asoutlinedinTable8ofthisbook,wereusedtoderivethe
rafterspantables.
8.1.3 Design for deection (SLS)
General
Loads
Gravityloadswereasgivenaboveforstrengthdesign.
Wind
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.1 (for wind uplift case 4) or
+ 0.3 (for wind down case 3)
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
1 G +
s
Q
2 G +
l
Q
3 G +
l
Q + W
s
4 G +
l
Q + S
s
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 1.0
5 0.8
76
Modelsusedforserviceabilityarethesameasthoseforstrength.
Deectionisgivenby:

2
)wastakenas2.0,andthelowerboundmodulus
ofelasticity(E
lb
)wasusedforthedeectioncalculation.
Deection criteria
Limitsondeectionfortheloadcasesconsidered:

Thereisanupperlimitof25mmforeach.
8.2 Ridge beams (clause 10.2.1.5)
Ridgebeamssupporttheupperendsofraftersataridgeline.Theyarerequired
insituationswherethelowerendsoftheraftersarenottiedtogetherbyceiling
joists.(Collartieswerenotconsideredadequatetoperformthisfunction
becauseoftheirunfavourablelocation.)Ridgebeamsareusuallysupported
bywallsorinternalposts.Supportofridgebeamsbyhipraftersintroduces
potentialinstabilityoftheroofstructurebecauseofthehorizontalcomponentof
thereactionsfromthehipsandisthereforeoutsidethescopeofNZS3604.
General
Loads
Gravity
Load Short-term factor
(
s
)
Long-term factor
(
l
)
Live 0.7 0
Snow 0.0 0
0.0065 x w x span
5
E x I
= x k
2
Load case Deection limit
1, 2 Span
300
3, 4 Span
200
g
)
Light (including framing) 0.3 kPa (0.15 kPa with wind uplift) 0.25 kPa 1.0 kPa
1.5 kPa, 2.0 kPa (section 15)
Heavy (including framing) 0.7 kPa (0.4 kPa with wind uplift) 0.25 kPa 1.0 kPa
1.5 kPa. 2.0 kPa (section 15)
77
a
)wastakenas1.0.
wasusedforallroofmembersinthebodyofthestandard.Roofslopesof30
and45wereconsideredwhencalculatingtheworstcasecombinationfordead
andsnowloads.
Wind
Designloadonthemember(kN/m)isgivenby:
w
u
= p x C
fig
x C
dyn
x LD
where:
p = 0.6 x (V
des
)
2
C
dyn
= 1.0
C
pe
+ C
pi
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
1 1.35 G
3 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 W
u
4 0.9 G - W
u
5 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 S
u
c
)forwindandsnowloading(cases3and5)
wastakenas0.0.
Themodelusedforstrengthwasasinglespansimplysupportedbeamasshown
inFigure15ofthisbook:
Figure 15. Structural model used for ridge beams and underpurlins
Loadwasappliedtothememberasauniformlydistributedloadperpendicular
tothespan.Noallowancewasmadeforloadsharing.
Member capacity
beam span beam span
load case 2 load cases 1, 3
78
Restrainttothetopofthememberswasassumedtobeprovidedbytherafters
spacedat1.2mcentres.Norestraintwasassumedtothebottomofthemembers.
Stabilityfactor(k
8
)wascalculatediteratively.
ridgebeamspantables.
Connection capacity
TheridgebeamupliftxingsinTable10.3werederivedasdescribedinsection
2.4ofthisbook.
General
Loads
Wind
C
pe
+ C
pi
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
1 G +
s
Q
2 G +
l
Q
3 G +
l
Q + W
s
4 G +
l
Q + S
s
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 0.8
5 0.8
(
s
)
Long-term factor
(
l
)
Live 0.7 0
Snow 0.0 0
79
ModelsusedforserviceabilityareshowninFigure15ofthisbook.Loadwas
appliedtothememberasauniformlydistributedload.Noallowancewasmade
forloadsharing.
2
)wastakenas2.0,andthelowerboundmodulus
ofelasticity(E
lb
)wasusedforthedeectioncalculation.
Deection criteria
8.3 Ceiling joists and ceiling runners (clauses 10.2.1.6 and 10.2.1.7)
Ceilingjoistsarecloselyspacedframingmemberssupportingceilinglinings,
whichareeitherattacheddirectlytothejoistortoceilingbattensspanning
acrossthejoists.Theyalsoconnectthebottomendsoftherafterstoform
acouplecloseroof.Ceilingrunnersarebeamssupportingceilingjoistsat
intermediatepointsalongtheirlength,introducedtoreducethejoistspan.Both
spanbetweenwalls.
SpansofbothweretakenfromNZS1900:Chapter6.1andreanalysedusingNZS
1900:Chapter9.1(inWSD).NewLSDtablesweredevelopedforAmendment2of
NZS3604:1999andwerenotchangedinthe2011version.
General
DesignforsafetyincludedconsiderationoftheULSinbendingandshear.
Loads
1 1.35 G
2 1.2 G + 1.5 Q (distributed)
3 1.2 G + 1.0 Q (concentrated)*
1-4 Span
300
0.175 kPa 0.5 kPa (distributed
* A load factor of 1.0 under concentrated loading was chosen as it was considered that 1.0 kN was more than adequate to simulate the weight of a typical tradesperson crawling through the
manhole and into the ceiling space. This difers from the provisions of clause 3.5.2 of AS/NZS 1170.1.
80
Figure 16. Structural model used for ceiling joists and ceiling runners
Noallowancewasmadeforloadsharingfordistributedloadingonceilingjoists
orceilingrunners.
Member capacity
Restrainttothebottom(tension)edgeofthejoistswasassumedtobeprovided
bytheceilingliningorcloselyspacedbattens.Thestabilityfactor(k
8
)was
calculatedusingtheslendernesscoecientS
1
=3d/bfromclause3.2.5.3of
NZS3603.Thesamereasoningwasusedfortheceilingrunners,withrestraint
providedbytheconnectionstotheceilingjoists.
ceilingjoistandrunnerspantables.
General
Loads
forloadsharing.
2
)wastakenas2.0forbothceilingjoistsand
runners.Standardmodulusofelasticity(E)wasusedforceilingjoists,and
thelowerboundmodulusofelasticity(E
lb
)wasusedforceilingrunnersinthe
deectioncalculations.
Load case k
1
1.35 G 0.6
1.2 G + 1.5 Q 0.8
joist span
concentrated load dead and live load
81
Deection criteria
Maximumdeectionspan/300.
Maximumof25mmunderconcentratedloading.
8.4 Underpurlins, struts and strutting beams (clauses 10.2.1.9,
10.2.1.10 and 10.2.1.11)
Underpurlinsarebeamssupportingraftersatintermediatepointsalongtheir
length.Theyareusuallysupportedbystrutssupportedoninternalwallsoron
struttingbeamsrunningbetweeninternalwalls.
Theircriteriaarethesameasforridgebeams,describedinsection8.2ofthis
book.
8.5 Veranda beams (clause 10.2.1.12)
Verandabeamsspanbetweenposts(orwalls)andsupporttheouterendsof
theverandarafters.Theydierfromlintelsinbeingsubjecttoexternalwind
pressuresontheundersideoftherafters.Thus,theyaresubjectedtohighuplift
loads,requiringsubstantialxingsandanchorages.However,thedeection
criteriaarenotasstringentasforlintels.
General
Loads
Gravity
a
)wastakenas1.0.
wasusedforallroofmembersinthebodyofthestandard.
Wind
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.2 (up), 0.5 (down)
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
g
)
Light (including framing) 0.3 kPa (0.15 kPa with wind uplift) 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.0 kPa
Heavy (including framing) 0.7 kPa (0.45 kPa with wind uplift) 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.0 kPa
82
1 1.35 G
3 0.9 G + W
u
(up)
4 0.9 G 1.0 W
u
(down)
5 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 S
u
c
)forsnowloadingwastakenas0.Snowloading
(case5)wasconsideredforroofslopesofboth30and45.
Figure 17. Structural model used for veranda beams
Designloadonthebeam(kN/m)wasauniformlydistributedloadperpendicular
tothespan,givenby:
w = p x (LD + OH + OH
2
/4LD)
asshowninFigure17ofthisbook,where:
LD = loaded dimension (1/2 rafter span from building to veranda
beam)
OH = rafter overhang beyond the beam taken as 750 mm
Member capacity
veranda beam span
veranda beam
veranda beam span
load case 3
P
LD OH
rafter supported by wall and veranda beam
load cases 1, 2, 4, 5
wall
Load on beam
83
Restrainttothetopofthememberswasassumedtobeprovidedbytherafters
spacedat1.2mcentres.Norestraintwasassumedtothebottomofthemembers,
withL
ay
takenasthelengthofthebeam.
verandabeamspantables.
Connection capacity
Fixingsgenerallyarediscussedinsection2.4ofthisbook.Thederivationsare
setoutinthesection15.
General
Loads
1 G + Q
s
(long-term and short-term)
2 G + Q
s
+ W
s
3 G + Q
s
+ S
s
appliedtothememberasauniformlydistributedload.
2
)wastakenas2.0.Thelowerboundmodulusof
elasticity(E
lb
)wasusedforthedeectioncalculation,exceptfordoublemember
beamoptions,whereE=(E+E
lb
)/2.
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 1.0
5 0.8
(
s
)
Long-term factor
(
l
)
Live 0.7 0
Snow 0.5 0
84
Deection criteria
Adeectionlimitofspan/300wasusedforallloadcases.
8.6 Purlins and tile battens (clause 10.2.1.16)
Purlinsarehorizontalmembersspanningacrossraftersortrussesandtowhich
roofcladdingisdirectlyattached.Tilebattensforheavyandlightroofsarealso
includedinthesection.
Thereareseveralsubtledierencesbetweenpurlinsandtilebattens:
Purlinsareusuallyxedbythebuilderbeforetheroonginstallation
begins,whiletilebattensareinstalledbytheroofer.
Tilebattenspacingsaredeterminedbytilesizes(maximum400mm
spacing),whilepurlinspacingsaredependentonthespanofthe
claddingandactualrafterlength.
Tilebattensaregenerallysuppliedroughsawnandofnorecognised
timbergrade(runoflog).
Forthe2011revision,provisionsforpurlinsonedgespanningbetween
walls(ratherthanbetweenraftersortrusses)wereaddedattherequest
ofthedesigners.
General
DesignforsafetyincludedconsiderationoftheULSinbending,shearandthe
ultimatecapacityofconnections.
Loads
Gravity
* Concentrated load was not used for cantilevered purlins.
Aloadsharingfactorof0.6wasusedunderconcentratedloadingfortilebattens
andpurlinsontheat.Forpurlinsonedge,thetypicalpurlinspacingwas
consideredtoogreattoachieveanysignicantloadsharing.
a
)wastakenas1.0.
Wind
Forimpermeablecladdings(allroongtypesexceptforinterlockingconcrete
tiles),thedesignloadonthemember(kN/m)isgivenby:
w
u
= p x C
fig
x C
dyn
x S
g
)
Light 0.1 kPa 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.1 kN* (concentrated)
1.0 kPa
Heavy 0.6 kPa 0.25 kPa (distributed)
1.1 kN* (concentrated)
1.0 kPa
85
where:
p = 0.6 x (V
des
)
2
S = purlin spacing
C
dyn
= 1.0
C
fig
= aerodynamic shape factor, derived using the parameters below:
C
pe
= - 1.1 (This was interpolated from Table 5.3A of AS/NZS 1170.2 for
00.5 h from windward edge of the roof and h/d = 0.75 (maximum value
likely with a NZS 3604 sized building).)
C
pi
= 0.9 (For tile battens and purlin on at, it was assumed that a
ceiling lining would not be attached to the underside of these members.
This recognises that the batten/purlin thickness is insufcient for
adequate thermal insulation, so there would always be a separately
supported at ceiling with an enclosed roof space. Purlins on edge may
have a ceiling lining attached, but for the most likely internal wall
permeability combinations in Table 5.1A of AS NZS 1170.2, a value of C
pi
= 0
is appropriate.)
K
a
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
K
l
= 1.5
Forthe2011revision,themainareasofroofweredeleted.Therealitywasthat,
becauseoftherangeofpossibleroofslopesandsizesofbuildings,the0.2times
widthusedinthe1999versionprovedtoberestrictiveandthemainareasofroofs
weresmallinmanycases.Inusingk
l
=1.5throughout,thecostoftheextraxings
willbesmallandwillbeoutweighedbysimplicityandfewermistakesonsite.
Forconcretetileroofs,whichareairpermeable(especiallywhenthefrontsof
thetilestiltupunderwindsuction),itisnotpossibletoaccuratelyestimatewind
forcesanalytically.Instead,todeterminethebattenxingrequirements,tests
werecarriedouttoascertaintheloadrequiredtoremoveatilefromthebatten
whenxedinaccordancewithNZS4206.Theaveragepull-oresistancewas
0.15kN.Atthemaximumpermittedrafter/trussspacing,alternatetilesxedand
maximumtilecoverwidth,thisgivesamaximumappliedloadateachbatten/
rafterxingpointof0.23kN.
1 1.35 G
3 0.9 G W
u
4 1.2 G +
c
Q + 1.0 S
u
c
)forcases3and5wastakenas0.0.
Figure 18. Structural models used for purlins and tile battens (strength)
rafter spacing rafter spacing
distributed loads concentrated load
rafter spacing rafter spacing
86
Loadwasappliedtothememberasauniformlydistributedloadperpendicularto
thespan.Givennominatedpurlinspans(rafterortrussspacing),themaximum
purlinspacingwascalculatedandroundeddowntothenearest100mm.
Bendingmomentsunderconcentratedloadingwerederivedusingthefollowing
formula:
M = 0.20 x P x span
where:
P = 1.5 x Q x load sharing factor
= 1.5 x 1.1 x 0.6 = 0.99 kN
Member capacity
Durationofloadfactorsforstrength:
TimberpropertiesforpurlinsareassetoutinTable8ofthisbook.Notethat
purlinsaresuppliedindressedsizesandtilebattensinroughsawnsizes,and
thisisasnotedinthetables.
Timberpropertiesfortilebattens(lightandheavy)receivedspecial
considerationbythecommittee.Usingtheloadsandassumptionsdiscussed
above,tilebattenswillbesubjecttostressesrangingupto20MPa.However,
enquirieswithOSH,ACCandtilingmanufacturersrevealednegligibleincidents
offailureforeitherNo1framingorcutoflogbattens.Thecommittee
recognisedthat,duringtileroonginstallation,aselectionprocessisusedby
theinstallersthateectivelyensuresdefectsarecutoutorlocatedinnon-critical
positions.Clause10.2.1.16.7wasintroducedtoencapsulatethisprocess.
Purlinsontheatandbattensareinstalledsothatbendingisabouttheweak
axis,sothestabilityfactor(k
8
)wastakenas1.0.Purlinsonedgearebentabout
thestrongaxis,soconsiderationwasgiventotheirlateralstability.Theprovisions
ofclause10.2.1.16.6areintendedtoprovidethenecessarylateralsupport.
Connection capacity
PurlinupliftxingsinTables10.10,10.11and10.12ofNZS3604werederivedas
describedinsection2.4ofthisbook.
General
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
4 1.0
87
Loads
1 G +
s
Q
s
(short-term loading)
2 G +
l
Q
s
(long-term loading)
3 G + Q
s
+ W
s
Theshort-termandlong-termliveloadfactorswere:

s
= 0.7
l
= 0.0
andthecombinationfactor:
c
= 0.0
ModelsusedforserviceabilityareshowninFigure19ofthisbook.Loadwas
forloadsharingunderserviceabilityloading.
Figure 19. Structural models used for purlins and tile battens (deection)
Thelowerboundmodulusofelasticity(E
lb
)wasusedforpurlinandbatten
deection,assetoutinTable8ofthisbook.Theloaddurationfactor(k
2
)was
takenas2.0forloadcase2.
Deection criteria
Thereisnoupperlimit.Thelimitforwindloading(case3)wasbasedontherisk
ofcrackingofceilinglining,theothersonappearance.
rafter spacing rafter spacing rafter spacing
load case 1, 3 load case 2
1 Span
300
2 Span
300
3 Span
200
88
8.7 Roof trusses (clause 10.2.2)
Thisclauseappliestonail-platedrooftrusssystemsandrequiresspecic
engineeringdesigninaccordancewithNZBCB1/VM1andmanufacturebyan
accreditedfabricator.Thedetailedprovisionsoftheclauseareintendedto
encapsulatecurrentNewZealandbestpractice,assetoutintheFrameand
TrussManufacturersAssociationsCodeofPractice(FTMA2010)andare
designedtoensurethecorrectowofinformationisfacilitated,thecorrect
documentationisprovidedandthecorrectroofinstallationisachieved.
Theprocessisbasedaroundthenail-platemanufacturerswhoprovidedesign
softwareforusebyspecialisedfabricatorcompanieswhoareaccreditedby
thesoftwareproviders.Thefabricatorsdesign,manufactureandsupplythe
roofsystemtothesiteforerectionbythebuilder.Toaccommodatethetruss
deliveryprocess,threelevelsofdocumentationarerequiredforeveryproject:
Producerstatementverifyingthedesignsoftware.
Designstatementcoveringallthespecicdetailsfortheproject,
includingtrusslayout,windandsnowzonesandidenticationof
alldownstreamrequirements,suchasxings,anyspecicbracing
necessaryandnoticationofanyreactionsgreaterthan16kNupor
down.
Fabricatorstatementassuringthatthemanufacturehasbeencarried
outinaccordancewiththedesignstatement.
Generally,trussesareassumedtobesupportedonlyontheexternalwalls.
However,wherethetrussdesignerwantstoutiliseaninternalwallforsupport,
additionaldetails(includingfoundations)thatareoutsidethescopeofNZS
3604willneedspecicengineeringdesign.
8.8 Roof truss anchorage (clause 10.2.2.6)
Requirementsfortheanchorageofrooftrussesagainstupliftforcesistobe
determinedbythetrussdesignerandsuitablexingrequirementsprovided
withthetrusssystem.Asadefaultoption,theprovisionsofclause10.2.2.6may
beused.However,thisclausedoesnotprovideforspecialsituationssuchas
girdertrusses,hiptrussesandothercomplextrussroofsystems.
General
Designforsafetyincludedconsiderationoftheactionscausinginstabilityand
thoseresistinginstability,asprovidedforinclause4.2.1ofAS/NZS1170.0.
Loads
Gravity
Cladding Dead load (G)
Light (including framing and ceiling) 0.3 kPa
Heavy (including framing and ceiling) 0.7 kPa
89
Wind
Thedesignloadontheanchorage(kN)isgivenby:
W
u
= p x C
fig
x C
dyn
x S
where:
p = 0.6 x (V
des
)
2
S = rafter spacing
C
dyn
= 1.0
Pressurecoecientsused:
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.1
K
a
, K
l
, K
c
, K
p
= 1.0
1 0.9 G W
u
Member capacity
Durationofloadfactor(k
1
)=1.0.
Connection capacity
CapacitiesoftrussanchoragesinTable10.2.2.6ofNZS3604werederivedas
describedinsection2.4ofthisbook.
8.9 Roof bracing (clause 10.3)
Until2011,theprovisionsforroofbracingencapsulatedwhatwasconsidered
goodbuildingpractice,andnoformalengineeringcalculationswereundertaken
toverifythem.Unfortunately,theambitiousroofshapesfrequentlybeingused
todayarewellbeyondthescopeenvisagedintheroofframingsectionofNZS
3604,resultingintheprovisionsbeingverydiculttointerpret.
Forthe2011revision,roofbracinghasbeensimplied,andthedemandloads
nowdependonlyonroofweightandarearoofshapeisirrelevant.Inthe
absenceofspecicinvestigationoranalysis,demandwasmatchedtothat
impliedinpreviousversionsofthestandard.
Optionsforprovidingroofbracinginclude:
sarking
structuralceilingdiaphragmdirectlyattachedtotheundersideofthe
rafters
anycombinationofroofplaneorroofspacebracing.
CapacitiesofroofplaneorroofspacebracingwerecalculatedfromNZS3603or
publishedproprietaryinformation.
90
Theprovisionsinthissectionforthebuildingenvelopecoverroofandwall
claddingsandtheirappropriateunderlays.
Thesectionwasaddedwiththe1999revisionofNZS3604because,atthat
time,E2/AS1waslimitedinscopeanddidnotincludesomecommonlyused
claddingsorweathertightnessdetails.Thelaterpublicationofthethirdedition
ofE2/AS1in2005greatlyexpandedthesedetails,creatingmanyanomaliesand
contradictions,whichcausedproblemsforthebuildingindustry.
TheconcurrentrevisionsofNZS3604andE2/AS1in2010providedan
opportunityforrationalisationbyallowingremovalofallweathertightness
provisionsfromsection4(Durability)andsection11(Buildingenvelope).
Structuralanddurabilityconsiderationsforthebuildingenvelopearenow
coveredinE2/AS1.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
9
91
CEILINGS
10
AlthoughNZS3604statesthatceilingliningsarenotageneralrequirement
ofthisstandard,theyareassumedtoprovidelateralrestrainttoroofframing
members(section10ofthestandard)andarealsorequiredtodistributelateral
loadstobracingelementsbydiaphragmaction.Theconceptofbracinglines
dependsonthisfunction.Theweightlimitof17.5kg/m
2
(whichisequivalent
toabout19mmtotalthicknessofplasterboard)wasintroducedwiththe1999
revisiontoavoidheavyre-ratedceilingsystemsfromoverloadingtheceiling
framingmembers.
Theprovisionsfordiaphragmswereintroducedinthe1978versionofthe
standardandhavechangedlittlesincethen.Theirengineeringbasisisnot
knownbutisprobablybasedonpracticeofthedayandsoundengineering
judgement.
92
1.5 AND 2.0 KPA SNOW LOADING
11
Anumberofchangesaectingthesnowloadonbuildingswereintroducedby
AS/NZS1170.3:2004.Thechangesaresummarisedbelow:
1. TheloadfactoratULSforsnowloadschangedfrom1.2inNZS4203
to1.0inAS/NZS1170.0.However,thishasbeenincorporatedinthe
equationsdeningthegroundsnowload(s
g
)inAS/NZS1170.3.
2. ForbuildingswithinthescopeofNZS3604,theprobabilityfactor,
reectingtheimportanceofthebuilding(orconsequencesoffailure),
haschangedfrom:
C
c
= 1.0 in NZS 4203
to:
k
p
= 1.25 in AS/NZS 1170.3 at ULS (or = 0.85 at SLS)
3. Thecoecientforroofslopehaschangedquitesignicantly,asshown
inthefollowingplot:
93
0 10 20 30 70 40 50 60
Roof slope
C
o
e
f
c
i
e
n
t
0.20
0.00
0.60
0.40
0.80
1.00
1.20
NZS 4203
AS/NZS 1170
Also,theprovisionsforobstructions,driftingsnowandoverhangingatroof
edgesaremuchmorespecic.Theonlyeectonbuildingswithinthescopeof
NZS3604iswherealowerroofabutsanupperwallwheredriftingsnowcan
accumulate.
AsmostroofmemberspansinNZS3604aredominatedbywindloads(or
byconcentratedliveloadsfortheshortermembers),thechangeprovided
opportunitytooptimisesnowloadlimits(andthecorrespondingaltitudesof
Figure15.1)soastoreducetheneedforspecicengineeringdesignforsitesat
higheraltitudes.ThecommitteeconsideredtheresultsofaBRANZstudythat
showedthat,formostroofmembers,therewasnoreductioninspanwhensnow
loadwasincreasedfrom0to1.0kPaandthatthemaximumspanreductionin
extremecaseswas11%.
Thedecisionwasmadeforalltherelevantselectiontablesinthemainpartof
thedocumenttouse1.0kPaasthedefaultgroundsnowload(s
g
),with1.5kPa,
and2.0kPacoveredinsection15ofthestandard.
94
Theprovisionsofsection15ofthestandardarebasedonAS/NZS1170.3.
Thegoverningequationforroofsnowloadisequation4.2(1):
s = s
g
x C
e
x
i
where:
s = roof snow load (kPa)
s
g
= ground snow load (kPa)
= f(k
p
, h
0
), depending on the snow region (N1 to N5)
k
p
= probability factor, defined in AS/NZS 1170.0
h
0
= height above sea level (m)
C
e
= exposure reduction coefficient

i
= shape coefficient (see plot above)
Thefollowingvalueswereusedinthederivationoftheselectiontables:
k
p
= 1.25 (for IL2 buildings)
C
e
= 1.0 (for subalpine regions)
i
= 0.7 for the worst case of a roof slope less than 10 (Where a roof
abuts an upper-storey wall (see Figure 15.2), consideration of Figure
7.3 of AS/NZS 1170.3 for a realistic range of parameters resulted in
values of
i
= 0.91 for lintels, veranda beams and rafters and
i
= 1.05
for purlins.)
Thedeectionlimitusedwasspan/300,withanupperlimitof25mmforlintels
inthesupportingwalls.
Otherparameterswereasforthecorrespondingentryinthemainbodyofthe
standard.
95
COMPOSITE LINTELS
12
Provisionsforcompositelintelswereintroducedwiththe1999revisionofNZS
3604inresponsetothegrowingtrendinNewZealandconstructionawayfrom
solidtimberlintels.Theintentionwasthat,ifselectiontablesandconstruction
detailswereprovidedforlintelsconstructedofgenericmaterials,thenbuilders
wouldhaveadditionalotheshelf optionstothesolidtimberlintelsofsection
8ofthestandard.Itwasexpectedthatsuppliersofproprietarylintels,suchas
foldedmetalornail-platelaminatedlintels,wouldprovidesimilarmaterialfor
theirsystems.
12.1 Plywood box beam lintels (clause 16.1)
Plywoodboxbeamlintelsaremembersthatmaybereadilyconstructedon
siteorositewithstandardcarpentrytechniquesandusingmaterialsthatare
coveredbyexistingNewZealandstandards.
Thescopeofthissectioncoverslintelssupportingroofloadsonly.Loadswere
assumedtobeuniformlydistributedalongthelintellength.Thus,anylintel
supportingaconcentratedload,suchasfromagirdertruss,fallsoutsidethe
scopeofthissectionandmustbespecicallydesigned.
General
Thelintelspantableswerederivedusingdeadandliveloadsandwindpressure
coecientsforroofpitchesupto45only.Abovethis,thelintelspanmultipliers
(Table8.7)mustbeused.
96
andtheultimatecapacityofconnections.Designforbendingtookaccountofthe
contributionoftheplywoodsheets(eventhoughtheplywoodsheetsareofnite
lengthandtherearenailedjointsbetweentheendsofthesheets)aswellasthe
chordmembers.ThemethodusedisdescribedinSandie(1988).
Loads
Gravity loads
Eavesoverhangwastakenas600mm.
Wind loads
Externalpressurecoecients:
Windloadswerecheckedforpitchesof15,30and45withC
pe
asfollows:
Internalpressurecoecient:
C
pi
= + 0.3
Modifyingfactors:
(K
a
, K
l
, K
p
) = 1.0
1 1.4 G
2 1.2 G + 1.6 Q
3 0.9 G - W
u
Dead load (G)
(kPa)
Live load (Q)
(kPa)
Light (including framing and ceiling) 0.46 0.25
Heavy (including framing and ceiling) 0.84 0.25
des
)
(m/s)
Design wind pressure (p)
(kPa)
Low 32 0.61
Medium 37 0.82
High 44 1.16
Very high 50 1.50
15 -0.7 -0.5
30 -0.3 -0.6
45 +0.6 -0.6
97
ThemodelusedforstrengthisshowninFigure20ofthisbook.
Figure 20. Structural model used for strength of composite lintels

Member capacity
Restrainttothetopofthememberswasassumedtobeprovidedbythewall
framingat600mmcentres.Thus,k
8
wastakenas1.0.Loadsharingbyother
memberssuchasroofandwallframingwasnotconsidered,andk
4
=1.0.
Radiatapine,No1framing(moisturecontent<16 %)wasusedforthederivation
ofTable16.1.ForAmendment2,norecalculationwasdone,buttimbergrades
werelimitedtoVSG8/MSG8andabove.
Constructionplywood,gradeF11:
Bearingwidthonthesupportingdoublingstud=47mm.
Load case k
1
1 0.6
2 0.8
3 1.0
Parameter Value
Bending strength (f
b
) 17.7 MPa
Shear strength (f
s
) 3.8 MPa
Compression parallel (f
c
) 20.9 MPa
Compression perpendicular (f
p
) 8.9 MPa
Modulus of elasticity (E) 8.0 GPa
Parameter Value
Modulus of elasticity (E) 10.5 GPa
Modulus of rigidity (G) 0.525 GPa
Bending strength (f
pb
) 28.8 MPa
Tension parallel (f
pt
) 17.3 MPa
Panel shear (f
ps
) 4.7 MPa
Compression in the plane of the
sheet (f
pc
)
21.6 MPa
lintel span
W
98
Plywood design factors
General
Designforserviceabilityincludedconsiderationofbendingandsheardeection,
includingtheeectsofcreepwhereappropriate.Thecontributionoftheply
webstothestinessofthebeamfollowedthemethodgivenbySandie(1988).
Loads
Gravityloadsareasgivenaboveforstrengthdesign.
Wind
Pressurecoecients:
C
pe
+ C
pi
= - 1.1
K
a
, K
l
, K
p
= 1.0
1 G
2 G + Q
s
3 G + W
s
Themodelusedforserviceabilitywasthesameasforstrength,asshown
inFigure20ofthisbook.Loadwasappliedtothememberasauniformly
distributedload.Noallowancewasmadeforloadsharing.
Factor Value
k
14
, k
15
, k
16
, k
18
, k
19
1.0
Characteristic nail strength (Q
k
) 526 N
Secant stifness of nail joint (k) 1.4
Stifness factor (h
32
) 590
Duration factor (j
12
) 4
des
)
(m/s)
Design wind pressure (p)
(kPa)
Low 26 0.40
Medium 30 0.53
High 35 0.75
Very high 40 0.98
(
s
)
Long-term factor
(
l
)
Live 0.7 0.4
Snow 0.7 0.0
99
Deection criteria
12.2 Glue laminated timber lintels (clause 16.2)
Atableofgluelaminatedtimberlintels,manufacturedinaccordancewith
AS/NZS1328Parts1and2(SA/SNZ1998),wasprovidedasanalternativetoply
boxlintelsonthebasisofequivalentperformanceandthesamewidth.Thisgave
additionallinteloptionsoflesserdepththantheplyboxlintels.Nochangeswere
madeforAmendment2ofNZS3604:1999.
12.2.2 Design for safety and serviceability
Member capacity
Depthsofglulamsectionsof90mmwidthwerecalculatedtogiveequivalent
bendingstrengthsandstinessestotheplyboxbeams.Table16.2givesthe
minimumdepthssatisfyingbothcriteria.Theequationsusedwere:
(strength)
(stiffness)
where:
bb
refers to box beam
gl
refers to glulam
Therelevantparametersaresetoutbelow:
Modulus of elasticity (E) 8 GPa
Duration of load factor (k
2
) 2.0
1, 2, 3 Span
300
Radiata pine No 1 framing
(ply box beam)
GL8 GL10 GL12
Modulus of elasticity (E) 8 GPa 8 GPa 10 GPa 11.5 GPa
Bending strength (f
b
) 17.7 MPa 19 MPa 22 MPa 25 MPa
Tension strength (f
t
) 11 MPa 10 MPa 11 MPa 12 MPa
100
REFERENCES
13
BierH.1989.Submission to SANZ on Floor Joist Table for NZS 3604.NZForest
ResearchInstitute(ProjectRecordNo2275),Rotorua,NewZealand.
BrickDevelopmentResearchInstitute.1984.Lintels for Brickwork: Structural Note
17a.BDRI,Melbourne,Australia.
BRANZ.1997.DerivationofaSeismicCoecientforNZS3604Revision.BRANZ
Report RB3203/1.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
BRANZ.1999.'StructuralJointsStrengthandStinessEvaluation',BRANZ
Evaluation Method EM1.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
BRANZ.2001.DeterminationofBracingRatingofWalls.BRANZ Evaluation
Method EM3.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
ChuiYMandSmithI.1987.Proposed Code Requirements for Vibrational
Serviceability of Timber Floors (CIB-W18A/20-8-1).Dublin,Ireland.
CocksDE,LapishEBandComptonMJ.1974.Report on Driven Short Timber Pile
Foundations for Light Timber Framed Construction.Cocks,LapishandCompton,
Auckland,NewZealand.
CooneyRCandCollinsMJ.1979(revised1982,1987,1988).AWallBracingTest
andEvaluationProcedure. BRANZ Technical Paper P21.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,
NewZealand.
DeamBL.1997.SeismicRatingsforResidentialTimberBuildings.BRANZ Study
Report 73.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
DeanJA.1987.TheSeismicStrengthofTimberFrameShearwallsSheathed
101
withGibraltarBoard.Canterbury University Research Report 87/7.Universityof
Canterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand.
DeanJA,DeamBLandBuchananAH.1989.EarthquakeResistanceofTimber
Structures.Proceedings IPENZ Conference (Dunedin)1:107119.
FrameandTrussManufacturersAssociationofNewZealand(FTMA).2010. Code
of Practice.FTMA,Wellington,NewZealand.
HerbertPDandKingAB.1998.RackingResistanceofBracingWallsinLowRise
BuildingsSubjecttoEarthquakeAttack.BRANZ Study Report 78.BRANZLtd,
Judgeford,NewZealand.
KeenanFJ.1974.ShearStrengthofWoodBeams.Forest Products Journal24(9):
6370.
KingABandLimKYS.1991.SupplementtoP21:AnEvaluationMethodofP21
TestResultsforUsewithNZS3604:1990.BRANZ Technical Recommendation 10.
BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
King,AB.1997.LettertoBrianOlley,StandardsNewZealand,aboutloading
conditionsforbuildingstoNZS3604.Personalcommunication(12December
1997).
PlywoodAssociationofAustralia.Design Guide for Plywood Webbed Beams.PAA,
Queensland,Australia.
NZPortlandCementAssociation.1975.ConcreteFloorsforHouses.NZPCA
Bulletin ST7.NZPCA,Wellington,NewZealand.
SandieRB.1988.FlexuralBehaviourofNailedTimberBeams.In Proceedings of
the Second Pacic Timber Engineering Conference (Auckland)1:113118.
SheltonRH.2004a.DiaphragmsforTimberFramedBuildings.Journal of the
Structural Engineering Society of NZ,17(1).
SheltonRH.2004b.BottomplateanchorsunderNZS3604:1999.BRANZ Study
Report 125.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
SheltonRH.2007.TheengineeringbasisofNZS3604.BRANZ Study Report 168.
BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
SheltonRH.2010.AWallBracingTestandEvaluationProcedure.BRANZ
Technical Paper P21 (2010). BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofAustralia.1996.AS 2870 Residential slabs and footings
construction commentary.Sydney,Australia.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1964a.NZS1900:Chapter6.1Model
building bylaw. Construction requirements for timber buildings not requiring
specic design.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1964b.NZS1900:Chapter8Model
building bylaw. Basic design loads.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
102
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1964c.NZS1900:Chapter9.1Model
building bylaw. Design and construction timber.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1973.NZS3603Metric dimensions for
timber.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1978.NZS3604Construction requirements
for timber buildings not requiring specic design.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1984.NZS3604Construction requirements
for timber buildings not requiring specic design.SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1988.NZS3631Timber grading rules.
SANZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.1990.NZS3604Construction
requirements for timber buildings not requiring specic design.SANZ,Wellington,
NewZealand.
StandardsAustralia.2010.AS1684Residential timber-framed construction.SA
Sydney,Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.1997.AS/NZS1748. Timber-stress
graded-product requirements for mechanically stress graded timber.SASydney,
Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.1998.NZS1328 Glued laminated
structural timber.SASydney,Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.2000.AS/NZS2699.1Built-in
components for masonry construction. Part 1: Wall ties.SASydney,Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.2002a.AS/NZS1170.1.Structural
design actions, Part 1 Permanent, imposed and other actions.SASydney,Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.2002b.AS/NZS1170.2.Structural
design actions, Part 2 Wind actions.SASydney,Australia.
StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.2002c.AS/NZS1170.3.Structural
design actions, Part 3 Snow and ice actions.SASydney,Australia.
StandardsNewZealand.1989.NZS4210Code of practice for masonry
construction, materials and workmanship.SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.1992a.NZS4203Code of practice for general structural
design and design loadings for buildings.SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.1992b.NZS4206Concrete interlocking roong tiles.SNZ,
Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.1993.NZS3603Timber structures standard.SNZ,
StandardsNewZealand.1995.NZS3101Concrete structures standard.SNZ,
103
StandardsNewZealand.1999a.NZS3604Timber-framed buildings.SNZ,
StandardsNewZealand.1999b.NZS4229Concrete masonry buildings not
requiring specic engineering design.SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.2001.NZS3605Timber piles and poles for use in building.
SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.2004a.NZS3622Verication of timber properties.SNZ,
StandardsNewZealand.2004b.NZS1170.5Structural design actions, Part 5:
Earthquake actions New Zealand.SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.2004c.NZS4230Design of reinforced concrete masonry
structures.SNZ,Wellington,NewZealand.
StandardsNewZealand.2006.NZS3101Concrete structures standard. SNZ,
StandardsNewZealand.2011.NZS3604Timber-framed buildings.SNZ,
TengWC.1962. Foundation Design.PrenticeHall,NJ.
ThurstonSJ.1995.FieldTestingofTimberHousePileFoundationsUnderLateral
Load.BRANZ Study Report 58.BRANZLtd,Judgeford,NewZealand.
WoodJH,CooneyRCandPotterSM.1976.CyclicTestingofConnections
forLightTimberConstruction.Ministry of Works and Development Central
Laboratories Report No 5-76/12.MOW,Wellington,NewZealand.
104
ABBREVIATIONS
14
Symbol Denition Origin
A grossoorarea Commonuse
A
1
membersectionalarea Commonuse
A
r
acceleration ChuiandSmith(1987)
A
z
referencearea AS/NZS1170.2
b
subscriptforboxbeam -
bb
subscriptforboxbeam -
b memberwidth Commonuse
b
e
eectivethickness NZS3603
BU bracingunit NZS3604
C lateralforcecoecient NZS1170.5
C
c
coecientforbuildingcategory(snowload) NZS4203
C
d
(T
1
) horizontaldesignactioncoecient NZS1170.5
C
dyn
dynamicperformancefactor AS/NZS1170.2
C
e
exposurereductioncoecient(snowload) AS/NZS1170.3
C
g
aerodynamicshapefactor AS/NZS1170.2
C
h
(T) spectralshapefactor NZS1170.5
COV coecientofvariation Commonuse
C
pe
externalpressurecoecient AS/NZS1170.2
C
pi
internalpressurecoecient AS/NZS1170.2
C
pn
netpressureonfree-standingroof AS/NZS1170.2
C
pr
combinedpressurecoecient(roof ) -
C
pw
combinedpressurecoecient(walls) -
d memberdepth Commonuse
D demand(inbracingunits) -
105
d/b slendernessratioofabeam NZS3603
E modulusofelasticity Commonuse
E
lb
lowerboundmodulusofelasticity NZS3603
EWP engineeredwoodproducts NZS3604
f frequency Commonuse
F windforceonthebuilding AS/NZS1170.2
F
1
"pinchedloop"factor -
F
2
"ductility"factor -
F
i
seismicforceatleveli NZS1170.5
f
b
bendingstrength NZS3603
f
c
compressionstrength NZS3603
f
p
compressionperpendiculartothegrain NZS3603
f
pb
compressionperpendiculartothegrain(ply) NZS3603
f
pc
compressionintheplaneofthesheet(ply) NZS3603
f
ps
panelshear(ply) NZS3603
f
pt
tensionstrength(ply) NZS3603
f
s
shearstrength NZS3603
f
t
tensionstrength NZS3603
G deadload AS/NZS1170.0
G modulusofrigidity Commonuse
GPa gigaPascal Commonuse
gl
subscriptforglulam -
h heightofroofaboveeaves NZS3604
H heightfromgroundleveltoapexofroof NZS3604
HDG hotdipgalvanised Commonuse
h
i
heightofleveli NZS1170.5
h
o
heightabovesealevel NZS1170.3
h
32
stinessfactor AS1720.1
h/d ratioofheighttodepthofbuildinginwinddirection AS/NZS1170.2
I momentofinertia Commonuse
IL2 importancelevelforbuilding AS/NZS1170.0
(IL2isfor'normal'buildings)
j
12
durationofloadfactor AS1720.1
k secantstinessofnailjoint NZS3603
K
a
areareductionfactor AS/NZS1170.2
K
c
combinationfactor AS/NZS1170.2
K
l
localpressurefactor AS/NZS1170.2
kN kiloNewton Commonuse
K
p
porouscladdingreductionfactor AS/NZS1170.2
k
p
probabilityfactor(snowloading) AS/NZS1170.3
kPa kiloPascal Commonuse
k
inelasticspectrumscalingfactor NZS1170.5
k
1
loaddurationfactorforstrength NZS3603
k
2
loaddurationfactorforserviceability NZS3603
k
3
bearingareafactor NZS3603
106
k
4
parallelsupportfactor NZS3603
k
8
stabilityfactor NZS3603
k
10
eectivelengthfactor NZS3603
k
12
modicationfactorforgreentimber NZS3603
k
13
modicationfactorformultiplefasteners NZS3603
k
14
tok
19
modicationfactorsforplywood NZS3603
l lengthofbuildingperpendiculartowinddirection
beingconsidered NZS3604
L
ay
eectivelength NZS3603
LD loadeddimension NZS3604
LSD limitstatesdesign Commonuse
m mass,metres Commonuse
M bendingmoment Commonuse
M
(z,cat)
siteterrain/heightmultiplier AS/NZS1170.2
MC moisturecontent Commonuse
M
d
winddirectionmultiplier AS/NZS1170.2
MOE modulusofelasticity Commonuse
MPa megaPascal Commonuse
M
s
shieldingmultiplier AS/NZS1170.2
M
max
maximumbendingmoment Commonuse
M
t
topographicmultiplier AS/NZS1170.2
m/s metrespersecond Commonuse
n numberoffastners NZS3603
N(T,D) near-faultfactor NZS1170.5
OH rafteroverhang -
p designwindpressure AS/NZS1170.2
P concentratedload. Commonuse
strength/capacityreductionfactor AS/NZS1170.0
Q liveload AS/NZS1170.0
Q
k
characteristicnailstrength(ply) NZS3603
Q
l
long-termliveload NZS3603
Q
s
short-termliveload NZS3603
Q
sk
characteristicstrengthofaboltedjointsystem NZS3603
Q
skp
characteristicstrengthofaboltloadedperpendicular
tothegrain NZS3603
Q
u
liveload(ULS) AS/NZS1170.1
R returnperiodfactoratULS NZS1170.5
RMS rootmeansquare Commonuse
s roofsnowload AS/NZS1170.3
S memberspacing -
s
g
groundsnowload AS/NZS1170.3
SLS serviceabilitylimitstate Commonuse
s
p
structuralperformancefactor NZS1170.5
S
1
slendernesscoecient NZS3603
S
u
snowload(ULS) AS/NZS1170.3
107
T periodofvibration Commonuse
ULS ultimatelimitstate Commonuse
V seismicbaseshear NZS1170.5
V
des
buildingdesignwindspeed AS/NZS1170.2
V
max
maximumshearforce Commonuse
V
n
nominalshearstrength NZS3603
V
R
regional3secondgustwindspeed AS/NZS1170.2
V
sit,
sitewindspeed AS/NZS1170.2
w seismicweightpersquaremetre -
W
i
seismicweightatleveli NZS1170.5
W
s
windload(SLS) AS/NZS1170.0
WSD workingstressdesign Commonuse
W
t
totalseismicweight NZS1170.5
W
u
windload(ULS) AS/NZS1170.0
Z hazardfactor NZS1170.5
deection Commonuse
max
maximumdeection Commonuse
ductilityfactor NZS1170.5
i
shapecoecient(snowloading) AS/NZS1170.3
a
areareductionfactorforliveload NZS1170.5
c
liveloadcombinationfactor AS/NZS1170.1
l
long-termliveloadfactor AS/NZS1170.1
s
short-termliveloadfactor AS/NZS1170.1
u
liveloadcombinationfactor AS/NZS1170.1
108
Fixing A 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm gun-driven end nails Stud/plate
ValueswerebasedonresultsoftestscarriedoutatBRANZandAHIRoongandsubsequently
modiedbytheNZS3604committee.TestspecimenswereallmadefromMSG8radiatapine,
dry.Thespecimensweremadein6setsofbetween5and10replicatejointstoinvestigatecritical
parameters.Testspeedvariedbetween0.5mm/secand10mm/sec(approximatelymatching
speedsinP21bracingtests),andvariousmethodsofjointdisturbanceweretriedbeforetesting,as
thiscanbecriticalforcoatedgunnails.
Thisxingischaracterisedbyhighvariability(typicallythecoecientofvariationwasaround
50%),makingresultsanalysisdicult.BothAS/NZS1170.0andBRANZEM1wereusedtoderive
characteristicvalues,whichrangedfrom0.21kNupto1.1kN.Thevalueof0.4kNasusedinNZS
3604:1999wasputbeforethecommittee,butafterconsiderationofsystemseectssuchaslining
connectionsandthelackofobservedfailures,analvalueof0.7kNwasadopted.
Fixing B 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + 2 wire dogs Stud/plate
Acapacityforthisxingof4.7kNwasusedinNZS3604:1999.Testsusingasimilarjoint
conguration(purlin/rafterconnection)werecarriedoutatBRANZ(reportSR0929/1)andgavea
capacityof4.67kN.
Fixing C 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + strap xing Stud/plate
TestsonthiscongurationatBRANZwerecarriedouton9replicatespecimensmadefromradiata
pine,MSG8timber,dried.Acharacteristicvalueof9.6kNwasderivedusingAS/NZS1170.0and
11.1kNusingEM1.Usingastrengthreductionfactorof0.8andconsideringsystemseects,anal
capacityof8.5kNwasadopted.
APPENDIX
DERIVATION OF FIXING CAPACITIES IN TABLE 2.2
15
109
Fixing D 4 / 90 x 3.15 mm end nails + 2 strap xings Stud/plate
ThecapacityofTypeCwasdoubledandroundeddown.
Fixing E 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm skew nails + 2 wire dogs Rafter/plate
Acapacityof4.7kNforthisxingwasusedinNZS3604:1999.Testsusinga
similarjointconguration(purlin/rafterconnection)werecarriedoutatBRANZ
(reportSR0929/1)andgaveacapacityof4.67kN.
Fixing F 2 / 90 x 3.15 mm skew nails + strap xing Rafter/plate
Testsusingasimilarjointconguration(purlin/rafterconnection)werecarried
outatBRANZ(reportSR0929/1)andgaveacapacityof7.9kN.Thiswasrounded
downto7.0kN.
Fixing G 10 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails (5 each side) Ridge beam/studs
TheequivalentxinginNZS3604:1999was6/100x3.75mmnails,witha
capacityof4.7kN.Thecapacityof10gunnailswasderivedusingNZS3603:
Q = x n x k x Q
k
using:
= 0.8 for nails
n = 10
k
1
= 1.0 under wind uplift
Q
k
= 0.63 for J5 timber (dry)
Q = 0.8 x 10 x 1.0 x 0.63
= 5.04 kN

Thexingcapacitywasmaintainedat4.7kN.
Fixing H 1 / M12 bolt Ridge beam/studs
Q = x n x k x Q
sk
Forperpendiculartograin:
b
e
= 90 mm
Q
skp
= 6.97 for M12 bolt in J5 timber (dry)
Q
sk
= 2 x 6.97 = 13.9
using:
= 0.7 for other fasteners
n = 1
k
1
Q = 0.7 x 1 x 1.0 x 13.9
= 9.76 kN

Thexingcapacitywasroundeddownto8.5kNtoallowforthecapacityofthe
xingtotheoor.
110
Fixing I 2 / M12 bolts Ridge beam/studs
ThecapacityofFixingIwasdoubledandroundeddown.
Fixing J 2 / M16 bolts Ridge beam/studs
AsforFixingIbutwithQ
skp
=9.29forM16boltinJ5timber(dry)
Fixing K 6 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails Underpurlin/strut
Q = x n x k x Q
k
using:
= 0.8 for nails
n = 6
k
1
Q
k
= 0.63 for J5 timber (dry)
Q = 0.8 x 6 x 1.0 x 0.63
= 3.02 kN

Thexingcapacitywasroundeddownto3.0kN.
Fixing L 2 / M12 bolts Ridge beam/studs
Forperpendiculartograindirection:
b
e
= 45 mm
Q
skp
Q
sk
= 2 x 3.48 = 6.96
using:
n = 2
k
1
Q = 0.7 x 2 x 1.0 x 6.96
= 9.74 kN.
Thexingcapacitywasroundedupto9.8kN.
Fixing M 2 / M16 bolts Underpurlin/strut
AsforFixingLbutwithQ
skp
=3.65forM16boltinJ5timber(dry
111
Fixing N 6 / 100 x 4.0 mm HDG nails (hand-driven) Veranda beam/post
Q = x n x k x Q
k
using:
= 0.8 for nails
n = 6
k
1
Q
k
= 0.99 for J5 timber (considered dry due to protection from roofing

Q = 0.8 x 6 x 1.0 x 0.99
= 4.75 kN
Thexingcapacitywasroundeddownto4.7kN.
Fixing O 2 / M12 bolts (see Figure 9.3(C)) Veranda beam/post
Forsimplicity,allboltsandmetalbracketsusedatthetoporbottomofverandapostswereall
treatedaslikelytogetwetinservice.
Q = x n x k
1
x k
12
x Q
sk
b
e
= 90 mm
Q
skp
Q
sk
= 1 x 6.97 = 6.97
using:
n = 2
k
1
k
12
= 0.7 for green timber
Q = 0.7 x 2 x 1.0 x 0.7 x 6.97
= 6.8 kN
Thexingcapacitywasroundedupto9.8kN.
Fixing P 2 HDG 'at' straps (see Figure 9.3(B)) Veranda beam/post
SimilarlytoFixingO:
Q = x n x k
1
x k
12
x Q
sk
b
e
= 90 mm
Q
skp
Q
sk
= 2 x 6.97 = 13.8
using:
n = 2
k
1
k
12
Q = 0.7 x 2 x 1.0 x 0.7 x 13.8
= 13.6 kN
112
Fixing Q 2 HDG 'tee' straps (see Figure 9.3(A)) Veranda beam/post
SimilarlytoFixingO:
Q = x n x k
1
x k
12
x Q
sk
b
e
= 90 mm
Q
skp
Q
sk
= 2 x 6.97 = 13.8
Forparalleltograindirection:
b
e
= 90 mm
Q
skp
Q
sk
= 1.25 x 2 x 10.4 = 26
using:
n = 2 for parallel and 4 for perpendicular
k
1
k
12
Q = 0.7 x 2 x 1.0 x 0.7 x 26 (parallel) or 0.7 x 4 x 1.0 x 0.7 x 13.8 (perpendicular)
= 25.5 k
Fixing R 1 / 90 x 3.15 mm nails Purlin or batten/rafter
TestsonthiscongurationwerecarriedoutatBRANZandAHIRoong(reportSR0949/1).AS/NZS
1170.0andEM1wereusedtoderiveacapacityof0.55kN.
Fixing S 2 / 90 x 9.15 mm nails Purlin or batten/rafter
Fixing T 1 / 10 g self-drilling screw, 80 mm long Purlin or batten/rafter
Fixing U 1 / 14 g self-drilling Type 17 screw, 100 mm long Purlin or batten/rafter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

B
a
s
i
s

o
f

N
Z
S

3
6
0
4
BRANZ LTD
1222 Moonshine Road, RD1, Porirua 5381
Private Bag 50908, Porirua 5240, New Zealand
T +64 4 237 1170 F +64 4 237 1171
E branz@branz.co.nz
www.branz.co.nz
ISBN 978-1-877330-90-2 (pbk)
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Branz Engineering Basics of NZS 3604

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BASIS OF

Figure 2. Structural model used for jack studs

This is based on a mass limit of 26 kg/m

Light roof & ceiling: 0.45 kPa

Figure 7. Structural models used for strength design of studs

Figure 8. Structural model used for serviceability of studs

Figure 10. Overturning forces on a steep roof

LD = plate loaded dimension

Wind zone Wind speed (V

Figure 14. Structural models used for rafters

Figure 20. Structural model used for strength of composite lintels

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