37

th
IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 1

Stephen Hicks
a
, Brian Uy
b

a
General Manager, Heavy Engineering Research
Association, Auckland, New Zealand
b
Professor & Director
Centre for Infrastructure Engineering & Safety,
The University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia

The New Joint Australian and New Zealand
Bridge Design Standard AS/NZS 5100 - Part
6: Steel and Composite Construction
37
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 2
Introduction
Harmonization of AS/NZ
Standards
AS/NZS 4600
AS/NZS 5100.6
AS/NZS 2327
Combined AS4100 and NZS 3404
Historically bridges in both
countries used imported
steel
Sydney Harbour Bridge and
Auckland Harbour Bridge used
steel from Dorman Long, UK
Imported steel still used in NZ,
such as Te Rewa Rewa Bridge,
New Plymouth
Success of imported
products in NZ reflected in
market share of 50% for
structural steel in
construction

37
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 3
AS/NZS 5100.6 Scope and Application
Sets out minimum requirements for design of the structural steelwork
in bridges, together with steel-concrete composite members.
For consistency with forthcoming concrete bridge design standard
AS 5100.5, concrete strength f'
c
up to 100 MPa permitted
Does not cover the following structures, members and materials:
Bridges with orthotropic plate decks.
Cold-formed members other than those complying with AS 1163.
Steel members for which the value of yield stress f
y
used in design exceeds 690 MPa
(previously 450 MPa).
Steel elements, other than packers, less than 3 mm thick.
Design life of 100-years taken. In a similar manner to North American
practice, a global factor approach is adopted, where the design
resistance is calculated by multiplying the nominal (characteristic)
resistance by a capacity reduction factor | (cf. partial factor
approach, where | 1/
M
).
Hybrid approach used for composite columns, were capacity factors in composite columns
are applied to the individual material components with | = 0.9 for structural steel and
reinforcing steel and |
c
= 0.6 for concrete.
37
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 4
Steel types that comply with AS/NZS 5100.6
Australia/New Zealand
AS/NZS 1163 Hollow sections 250 MPa < f
y
450 MPa
AS/NZS 1594 Plate, strip, sheet floorplate 170 MPa < f
y
380 MPa
AS/NZS 3678 Plate and floorplate 200 MPa < f
y
450 MPa
AS/NZS 3679.1 Flats and sections 280 MPa < f
y
360 MPa
AS/NZS 3679.2 Welded sections 280 MPa < f
y
340 MPa
AS 3597 Plate 500 MPa < f
y
690 MPa
NZS 3404.1 currently permits the following overseas steels
EN 10025-2, EN 10025-2 and EN 10025-4 275 MPa < f
y
560 MPa
JIS G 3106 and JIS G 3136 215 MPa < f
y
460 MPa

For AS 5100.6 to be revised as
AS/NZS 5100.6, NZ designers
required steels permitted in NZS
3404.1 to be recognized.
Concerns that use of overseas steel
might cause an erosion of safety
margins resulted in FORM analyses
according to ISO 2394
For ULS, safety index | = 3.8 and
FORM sensitivity factor for
resistance o
R
= 0.8, so o
R
| = 3.04
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 5
Structural reliability analyses of beams in
bending
Analyses on beam tests that
have compact, not-compact and
non-compact cross-sections
show:
Existing AS 4100 & AS 5100.6 capacity
factor of 0.90 for beams in bending are
on the conservative side for EN and JIS
manufacturing Standards.
Design practice that has been used in
NZS 3404.1 for the last 35-years is
supported (where no differentiation to
the capacity factors is made for steel to
EN 10025, JIS G 3106 and JIS G
3136).
Normative supplementary rules
for overseas steels to be
introduced through proposed
Appendix N in AS/NZS 5100.6
with minimum product
conformity requirements to
ensure equivalency to AS/NZS
steels.

Parameter EN10034: 1993
JIS G
3192:
2005
JIS A
5526:
2005
AS 5100.6
AS/NZS
1365:1996
Depth (h)
(mm)
-2 -2 -h/50
Width (b)
(mm)
b110
110<b210
-1
-2
-2.5 -b/100
Web
thickness
(t
w
) (mm)
t
w
<7
7t
w
<10
-0.7
-1
-0.7
4.5<t6
6<t10
-0.85
-0.9 Flange
thickness (t
f
)
(mm)
-1 -1
2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Reliability index (|)
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r
Steel (|)
Compact sections manufactured to EN 10034
manufacturing tolerances =0.94 at = 3.04
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 6
Corrosion Resistance & Protection
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 7
Corrugated web girders & additional buckling
mode identified
Buckling mode with intermediate
torsional restraints
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 8
Resistance of headed stud connectors
Structural reliability analyses
considered international push test
data (n = 108) and extended
equations to 16 MPa < f

cy
80 MPa
(previously 40 MPa).
No other international Standard
provides design equations to this
upper end of f

cy
(EC4 validated with
n = 75 and f
ck
s 35 Mpa):



or



whichever is smaller, where | =0.8, d
bs
is nominal shank diameter, but 16 mm
d
bs
25 mm, f
uc
is UTS of shear connector, but not greater than 500 MPa, f
cy

is the characteristic strength of the concrete, but not 16 MPa f
cy
80 MPa
and E
c
is modulus of elasticity for concrete.

uc
f d f
2
bs ds
70 . 0 | =
c cy
E f d f ' =
2
bs ds
29 . 0 |
37
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 9
Road traffic loads in AS 5100.2 and
introduction to damage equivalent factor
Road traffic loads according to
AS 5100.2 (a) A160 axle load (b)
M1600 moving traffic load
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 10
Fatigue verification
AS/NZS 5100.6 to adopt the IIW provisions and EN 1993-1-9 damage
equivalent approach, which has been specifically adapted for the
loading given in AS 5100.2.
The following general equation will be given for fatigue verification:


where
Ff
is the load factor for equivalent constant amplitude stress ranges, Ao
E2
is the
equivalent constant amplitude stress range at 2 million cycles, u is a dynamic factor (u = 1+o
in road bridges), is the damage equivalent factor, Ao
FLM
is the characteristic stress range
from the applicable Fatigue Load Model (FLM), | is the capacity reduction factor (| 1/
Mf
in
EN 1993-1-9): taken as 0.87 for the damage tolerant method (implicitly assumed in current AS
5100 with a fatigue life of 75 years) ; and 0.74 for the safe life method, and Ao
c
is the fatigue
resistance of the detail at 2 million cycles.

Damage equivalent factor for road bridges:


where
c
is a damage equivalent factor for the required number of cycles in terms of vehicles
per day,
L
is a damage equivalent factor for the span,
R
is a damage equivalent factor for the
route factor and
Y
is the damage equivalent factor for the service life.

( )
c FLM Ff E Ff
o | o o A s A u = A
2
Y R L c
=
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 11
Conclusions
Bridge design Part 6: Steel and composite construction, only
part of AS 5100 suite being revised as a joint AS/NZS Standard

Proposed that overseas steels currently recognized in NZS
3404.1 to be included in normative appendix, which gives
minimum standards of traceability and quality control for the
design assumptions to remain valid.

Following the international trend of using less natural
resources, rules for higher strength steel and concrete given
(e.g. composite columns and shear connectors).

New design rules provide greater alignment with international
best practice and, in some cases, improvements are given.

37
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IABSE Symposium, Madrid, September 2014 Engineering for Progress, Nature and People 12
Te Rewa Rewa Footbridge, New Plymouth, New Zealand
(Photograph courtesy of Novare Design)