ME3122

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

ME3122 HEAT TRANSFER

(Semester I : AY2012/2013)

Time Allowed : 2 Hours







INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:


1. This examination paper contains FOUR (4) questions and comprises FOURTEEN
(14) printed pages.


2. Answer ALL FOUR (4) questions.


3. All questions carry equal marks.


4. This is a CLOSED-BOOK EXAMINATION.


5. Handbook of heat transfer equations, tables and charts are provided.


6. Programmable calculators are NOT allowed for this examination.


PAGE 2 ME3122


QUESTION 1

The figure below shows the cross-section of a low temperature stage comprising 3
components Component A made of Mat A, one thin heater layer in the middle of
Component A, and Component B made of Mat B. Dimensions and properties of the low
temperature stage are summarized in the table below. (The whole structure has a constant
depth (D) of 5 cm.) The whole setup is connected to a tank filled with liquid nitrogen, which
can be considered as a heat reservoir with a constant temperature of 77 K. Normally, during
the operation, the low temperature stage is sealed in vacuum, and the surroundings are in
room temperature (25C).














Dimension k (W/m-K) c
Heater layer 5 cm (W) 0.05 cm (T) 5 cm (D) 5 0.3
Component A 5 cm (W) 2 cm (T) 5 cm (D) 400 0.02
Component B 2 cm (W) 15 cm (T) 5 cm (D) 2 0.9

(a) When the heater is not switched on, the temperature of the whole low temperature
stage can be assumed to be 77 K. Using this temperature, calculate the total rate of
radiative heat transfer between the low temperature stage (Components A and B, you
can ignore the heater layer in this subquestion) and the surrounding. What does the
negative sign of your result mean?
(4 marks)

(b) Assume that Component A (with the heater layer) is a 1D composite plane wall, in
which radiative heat transfer through the side walls of Component A can be
neglected. For simplicity, you can assume constant heat fluxes
T
q ' ' and
B
q ' ' at the top
and bottom surfaces of Component A (ignore nonuniformity at the bottom surface).
The heater is switched on to heat Components A and B to roughly 100 K.
(14 marks)

(i) Assuming an abrupt temperature drop from 100 K to 77 K at the top surface of
Component A, estimate the heat flux
T
q ' ' if thermal conductance is 1 kW m
-2

K
-1
.
(2 marks)
Mat A
Mat B
Heater layer
Reservoir 77K
vacuum
W
T
PAGE 3 ME3122


(ii) Using an appropriate control volume, estimate the total rate of heat transfer
through the bottom surface ( A q
B
' ' = , where A is total area of the bottom
surface). Estimate
B
q ' ' . (In this subquestion, you can assume that the whole of
Component B is at 100 K.)
(5 marks)

(iii) Under this steady-state condition, what is the rate of heat generation by the
heater layer?
(2 marks)

(iv) Neglecting heat transfer through the side walls, sketch the temperature profile
in Component A (including the heater and the top surface).
(5 marks)

(c) Assume that the bottom surface of Component A is at 100 K. Estimate the total rate of
heat transfer through Component B. In this subquestion, you CANNOT ignore heat
transfer through the side walls of Component B and CANNOT assume that the
temperature of Component B is uniform. Justify the assumptions made throughout the
estimation. (Tip: you could use the fin equation.)
(7 marks)


QUESTION 2

(a) Air at 1 atmospheric pressure and 58
o
C enters a thin-walled circular copper tube at an
average velocity of 3.5 m/s. The copper tube has an inner diameter of 20 mm and a
length of 2.5 m, and it is wrapped by electrical heating elements that provide a
uniform heat flux over the entire length. An air bulk temperature of 146
o
C is required
at the exit. Neglecting entrance effect, determine:

(i) the convective heat transfer coefficient between the tube and air;
(6 marks)

(ii) the uniform heat flux required; and
(6 marks)

(iii) the exit surface temperature of the tube.
(5 marks)

State any assumptions made in your calculations.

(b) Instead of applying a uniform heat flux, if the surface temperature of the tube is now
maintained at a uniform temperature of 160
o
C over its entire length, determine the
length of tube that is required to achieve the same air flow parameters as in (a).
(8 marks)

PAGE 4 ME3122


QUESTION 3

In a gas-to-gas heat recovery unit, air is preheated from 25C to 255C at the rate of 20 kg/s
by waste gas available at the rate of 20 kg/s at 400C. The air preheater is essentially a shell-
and-tube heat exchanger with one shell and two tube passes where the gas moves with a
mean velocity of 15 m/s through copper tubes (k
wall
= 400 W/mK) having outer and inner
diameters of 55 mm and 53 mm respectively, and air flows across the bank of tubes with a
mean velocity of 10 m/s. For cross-flow, the following equation may be used

Nu = 0.27 Re
0.63
Pr
0.36


(a) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. (Hint: You can assume the wall to be
thin)
(8 marks)

(b) Determine the required heating surface.
(7 marks)

(c) Determine the number of tubes required.
(5 marks)

(d) Determine the length of tubes per pass.
(5 marks)

Given:
Properties of air at 140C:
a
= 0.844 kg/m
3
, c
pa
= 1.01 kJ/kgK,
k
a
= 0.0352 W/mK, v
a
= 28.3 10
-6
m
2
/s and Pr
a
= 0.684

Properties of gas at 295C:
g
= 0.622 kg/m
3
, c
pg
= 1.11 kJ/kgK,
k
g
= 0.0454 W/mK, v
g
= 41.2 10
-6
m
2
/s and Pr
g
= 0.660

PAGE 5 ME3122


QUESTION 4

A hemispherical cavity of radius 1.0 m is covered with a plate having an opening of 0.2 m
diameter drilled at its centre. The inner surface of the plate is maintained at 700 K by a heater
embedded in the surface. Let the inner surface of the plate be 1, the surface of the hemisphere
be 2, and the virtual surface of the opening be 3. The surface can be assumed to be black and
the hemisphere taken to be well insulated.

(a) Determine F
22
.
(12 marks)

(b) Determine the temperature of the surface of the hemisphere.
(8 marks)

(c) Determine the power input to the heater.
(5 marks)



















1.0 m
3
2
1
700 K
0.2 m
PAGE 6 ME3122


INFORMATION SHEETS

1
st
law of thermodynamics:

Conduction:

Convection:

Radiation:





Control Volume:



Surface volume:

Solids:

Free electrons:

Gases:

Joule heating:

Interfaces:

Cartesian:




PAGE 7 ME3122


Cylindrical:



Spherical:




Heat wave speed:

Error function:

Erf(0)=0; Erf()=1; Erf(-)=-1; Erf(0.48)=0.5

Two semi-infinite solids touch:


Semi-infinite solids, surface temp at T
s




















PAGE 8 ME3122









PAGE 9 ME3122



Fin Efficiency:

Fin Effectiveness:

Lumped Capacitance Method:
,
, , ,

SUMMARY ON FORCED CONVECTION

External flow over Isothermal flat plate with uniform temperature T
w
= constant


laminar flow:
local
3 / 1
x
x
Pr Re 332 . 0
k
x h
Nu
2 1
x
= =
Re
x
5x10
5


0.6 Pr 60


average
3 / 1 2 1
L L L
Pr Re 664 . 0 Nu 2
k
L h
Nu = = =


turbulent flow for x > x
cr
:

local
3 / 1
x
x
Pr Re 0296 . 0
k
x h
Nu
5 4
x
= =
5x10
5
Re
x
1x10
7

0.6 Pr 60

average
3 / 1 5 4
L L L
Pr Re 037 . 0 Nu
4
5
k
L h
Nu = = =


mixed laminar-turbulent flow over length L:


PAGE 10 ME3122

average

5 3 / 1 5 4
L
3 / 1 2 1
cr
3 / 1 5 4
cr
5 4
L L
10 5 Pr ) 871 Re 037 . 0 (
Pr Re 664 . 0 Pr ) Re (Re 037 . 0
k
L h
Nu
= =
+ = =
cr
Re for



valid for 5x10
5
Re
L
1x10
7
0.6 Pr 60



Total heat transfer rate:


) T T ( A h Q
w w
=



External flow over flat plate with uniform heat flux q
w
=constant


laminar flow:

local
3 / 1 2 1
Pr Re 453 . 0
x
x
x
k
x h
Nu = =
Re
x
5x10
5
0.6 Pr 60


average
3 / 1 2 1
L L L
Pr Re 906 . 0 Nu 2
k
L h
Nu = = =


turbulent flow for x > x
cr
:

local
3 / 1 5 4
x
x
x
Pr Re 0308 . 0
k
x h
Nu = =
5x10
5
Re
x
1x10
7
0.6 Pr 60

average
3 / 1 5 4
L L L
Pr Re 0385 . 0 Nu
4
5
k
L h
Nu = = =


mixed laminar-turbulent flow over length L:

average

PAGE 11 ME3122

( )
5 3 / 1 5 4
L
3 / 1 2 1
cr
3 / 1 5 4
cr
5 4
L L
10 5 Pr 755 Re 0385 . 0
Pr Re 906 . 0 Pr ) Re (Re 0385 . 0
k
L h
Nu
= =
+ = =
cr
Re for



valid for 5x10
5
Re
L
1x10
7
0.6 Pr 60

Total heat transfer rate:


w w
A q Q=


External flow over flat plate with uniform heat flux q
w
=constant


Wall temperature distribution:
Local
) (
) (
x h
q
T x T
x
w
w
=



average
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
} } }

L
x
tur x
x
lam x
w
L
x
w
w
c
c
dx
h
dx
h L
q
dx
h L
q
T T
,
0
,
0
1 1

1



laminar flow: Re
x
5x10
5
0.6Pr 60

average
) Pr Re 68 . 0 ( )
2
3
(
3 / 1 2 1
L
w
L
w
w
L
k
q
h
q
T T = =


turbulent flow from x> x
cr
:

5x10
5
Re
x
1x10
7


average
) Pr Re 037 . 0 ( )
5
6
(
3 / 1 5 4
L
w
L
w
w
L
k
q
h
q
T T = =



mixed laminar-turbulent flow over length L:

PAGE 12 ME3122

5
cr
2
8
5 4 3 1
5 4 2 1
2
5 4 3 1
10 5 Re for
Re
10 335 . 3
Re 037 . 0
1
) Pr (

Re 037 . 0
1
Re 68 . 0
1
Re
Re
Re 037 . 0
1
) Pr (
=
(

+ =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

L L
w
cr cr L
cr
L
w
w
k
L q
k
L q
T T


valid for 5x10
5
Re
L
1x10
7
0.6Pr60

Internal Flow in Smooth Circular Tube/Pipe

Laminar flow in isothermal tube with constant temp T
w
:
average
2000 Re for 66 . 3
D
h
s = =
k
D h
Nu
D

Laminar flow in tube with constant wall heat flux q
w
:
average
2000 Re for 36 . 4
D
h
s = =
k
D h
Nu
D
where

h c
h
D u
P
A
D = =
D
Re
4


Turbulent flow in smooth circular tube/pipe (for both isothermal wall or constant heat-flux
wall):

Dittus Boelter equation:

average
n
D D
k
h
Nu Pr Re 023 . 0
D
8 . 0
h
= =


for Re
D
2000 0.6 Pr 100


n = 0.4 for heating of fluid (T
w
> T
b
)

n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid (T
w
< T
b
)

Photons:



PAGE 13 ME3122

Solid angle:

Convection:

Spectral Intensity:



Diffuse emitter:

Blackbody:





Weins displacement law:

Real surfaces:



Semitransparent medium:

View factor:

PAGE 14 ME3122













Radiation exchange:



Radiation network approach:









- END OF PAPER -