I/C: KALLURI VINAYAK

Introduction
Design of machine elements needs geometry and joints;
single integral parts will not do
Parts are joined by fasteners and they are conveniently
classified as permanent, semi-permanent and non-
permanent joints
Permanent :Welded joints, adhesive bonding
Semi-permanent : Riveted joints
Non-permanent fasteners: Threaded/ non threaded joints
Non threaded joints- keys, pins, Cotter and Knuckle joints
Threaded joints- screws, bolts and nuts, studs etc.
Thread Standards and Definitions
Lead and multi-threaded screws
Lead is the distance moved by nut parallel to
the screw axis when the nut is given one turn.
l = p * multiplicity of threading
Single threaded, l=p Single threaded, l=p
Double threaded, l=2p
Triple-threaded, l=3p
Single & Double thread screws
The Metric Thread:
M12 1.75 mm
nominal major diameter of 12 mm
pitch of 1.75 mm metric designation
d = major diameter d = major diameter
d
r
= minor diameter
= d - 1.226 869p
d
p
= pitch diameter
= d - 0.649 519p
p = pitch
p H
2
3
=
basic ISO 68 profile with 60 symmetric threads
(a)Square
(b) Acme threads
Power screw or Screw jack mechanism
A device used in machinery to change angular motion into
linear motion, and, usually, to transmit power
Find use in machines such as universal tensile testing
machines, lead screws of lathes and other machine tools,
automotive jacks, vises, linear actuators, adjustable floor
posts and micrometers etc
The Mechanics of Power Screws
square-threaded power screw
single thread
Mean diameter d
m

pitch p
lead angle
helix angle
loaded by the axial compressive force F
Helix angle: Angle that thread makes with plane perpendicular to thread axis
Lead angle : Angle between the helix and a plane of rotation
FBD of one thread, (a) lifting (or raising) and (b) lowering
A single thread of the screw is unrolled or developed for exactly a single turn. Then
one edge of the thread will form the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose base is the
circumference of the mean-thread-diameter circle and whose height is the lead
tan=(l / d
m
)

= = 0 cos sin fN N P F
R H

= + = 0 cos sin N fN F F
V

= + = 0 cos sin fN N P F
L H

= = 0 cos sin N fN F F
V
Raising:
Lowering:
( )


sin cos
cos sin
f
f F
P
R

+
=
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
=
m
m
R
d
l f
f
d
l
F
P

.
1
(
| |
|
|

\
|

+
=
fl d
fd l Fd
T
m
m m
R

2
Raising:
Lowering:
( )


sin cos
sin cos
f
f F
P
L
+

=
|

\
|
+
(

\
|

=
m
m
L
d
l f
d
l
f F
P

.
1
|
|

\
|
+

=
fl d
l fd Fd
T
m
m m
L

2
Lowering:
Self locking of power screws
T
L
gives the torque required to overcome the
friction in order to lower the load
In certain instances, the load may itself lower by
causing the screw to spin
In such cases, T
L
is either zero or negative. In such cases, T
L
is either zero or negative.
Whenever, the load does NOT lower by itself
unless a positive T
L
is applied, the screw is said
to be self-locking
Self-locking of power screws
The condition for self-locking is
l fd T
m L
> 0
Divide both sides by d
m
. Since l/ d
m
=tan
The screw is self locking whenever the
coefficient of friction is greater than the
tangent of the lead angle.
tan > f
Accounting for collar friction
Normally a collar is employed to enable the power
screw system to have sufficient bearing area hold the
component being raised
Since the collar slides against the component being
raised, additional torque needs to be applied to raise the
load, this is called as collar friction torque T
c
To estimate the T
c
, whenever the collar is not too big, it To estimate the T
c
, whenever the collar is not too big, it
is enough to use a mean diameter, d
c
, at which the collar
friction force is concentrated
2
c c
c
d Ff
T =
Total torque required to rise the load; T
R
= T
R
+ T
c
Total torque required to rise the load; T
L
= T
L
+ T
c
Power screw s raising efficiency
It is the ratio of raising torque without friction to
the raising torque with friction
Can be defined both with and without collar
friction
2
Fl
T
o
= Q
R R
o
T
Fl
T
T
e
2
= =
2
R R
T T 2
Use Tables 8-5 and 8-6 for values of coefficient of f and f
c
.
Table 85
Coefficients of Friction f for Threaded Pairs
Table 86
Thrust-Collar Friction Coefficients
Raising torque for ACME screws
A simple approximate equation is
The effect of the thread angle in ACME thread is to increase
|
|

\
|

+
=


sec
sec
2 fl d
fd l Fd
T
m
m m
R
the friction force between the screw and the nut due to the
wedging action of the thread
For power screw application, though the ACME thread is not
suitable due to higher frictional force resulting from wedging
action, is invariably used because it is easier to manufacture
than the square threads.
Bearing
pressure
Body stresses in power screws
Critical element at which the
von-Mises stress is evaluated
T
F
Body stresses in power screws
Bending stress,
x
Torsional shear stress,
xz
Axial compressive stress,
y
Transverse shear (no contribution to von-Mises
stress because it is maximum where bending stress
is zero and is zero where bending stress is
resultant is von-mises
stress at top of the
root plane
is zero and is zero where bending stress is
maximum; hence needs to be only independently
checked for)
Bearing pressure (no contribution to von-Mises
stress because it is distributed over the thread and
is maximum at the middle of thread and is zero at
the root of the thread)
Body stresses in the screw: those that need only to be
independently checked (no need to take into account in von-Mises
stress)
p n d
F
p n d
F
t m t m
B

2
2
= =
Must be less than the safe bearing
pressure given in Table 8-4. Causes
too much wear and sometimes
crushing.
The engaged threads cannot share the
load equally. Some experiments show
that the first engaged thread carries a
maximum of 0.38 of the load. In
estimating thread stresses by the
Table 84
Screw Bearing Pressure
p d
F
p n d
F
p n d
F
A
V
r t r t r

14 . 1 3
2 2
3
2
3
= = = =
It is at the centre of the
root area. Must be less
than the shear yield
strength of material.
estimating thread stresses by the
equations above, substituting 0.38F for F
and setting n
t
to 1 will give the largest
level of stresses in the thread-nut
combination.
p d
F
p n d
F
m t m
B

76 . 0 2
= =
Body stresses in the screw threads: those to be taken into account
for estimation of the von-Mises stress at the critical element
3
16
r
R
xz
d
T

=
3
16
r
L
xz
d
T

=
or
2
4
r
y
d
F
A
F

= =
F F M 28 . 2 6
Power screws are operated normally at low speeds and
hence static design is enough.
p d
F
p n d
F
c I
M
r t r
b x


28 . 2 6
= = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
6
2
1
'
zx yz xy x z z y y x
+ + + + + =
4 2
) (
12
1
;
4
3
p
c and
p
n d I
p
F M
t r
=
|

\
|
= = Q
Resultant von-Mises stress
Problem
A power screw has triple thread of major diameter 25 mm,
minor diameter 21.5 mm, pitch diameter 23 mm and
pitch of 3 mm. A vertical load on the screw reaches a
maximum of 6 kN. The coefficient of friction is 0.06 for
threads and 0.03 for collar. The friction diameter of the
collar is 30 mm. Find the following: (a) total torque
required to raise the load, (b) total torque required to required to raise the load, (b) total torque required to
lower the load, (c) efficiency, (d) bending stress, axial
normal stress, torsional shear stress and the resultant
von-Mises at the root for one thread (by assuming the
first engaged thread carries a maximum of 0.38 of the
load). (e) bearing and transverse shear stress
Force, F = 6 kN
d = major diameter = 25 mm;
d
r
= minor diameter = 21.5 mm;
d
p
= pitch diameter= 23 mm
p = pitch = 3 mm; For triple threads, l= 3p = 9 mm
f= 0.06; f
c
= 0.03; d
c
=30 mm
mean diameter, d
m
= (d+d
r
)/2 = 23.25 mm
+
mean diameter, d
m
= (d+d
r
)/2 = 23.25 mm
(a) Total torque required to raise the load,
|
|

\
|

+
fl d
fd l Fd
m
m m

2
2
c c
d Ff
T
R
= T
R
+ T
c
= +
+
|
|

\
|

+
) 9 )( 06 . 0 ( ) 25 . 23 (
) 25 . 23 ( ) 06 . 0 ( 9
2
25 . 23 10 6
3

x x
2
30 ) 03 . 0 ( 10 6
3
x
=
= 12.874 + 2.7 = 15.574 N-m
2 2
c c
m
m m
d Ff
fl d
l fd Fd
+
|
|

\
|
+

m - N 3.371 - = 2.7 + 6.071 -

2
30 ) 03 . 0 ( 10 6
) 9 )( 06 . 0 ( ) 25 . 23 (
9 ) 25 . 23 ( ) 06 . 0 (
2
25 . 23 10 6
3 3
=
+
|
|

\
|
+

=
x x x

x x Fl T 9 10 6
3
= = = =
(b) Total torque required to lower the load
T
L
= T
L
+ T
c
=
friction collar with
x
x x
T
Fl
T
T
e
R R
o
% 18 . 55
) 10 574 . 15 ( 2
9 10 6
2
, Efficiency
3
3
= = = =

friction collar without
x
x x
T
Fl
T
T
e
R R
o
% 75 . 66
) 10 874 . 12 ( 2
9 10 6
2
, Efficiency (c)
3
= = = =

MPa
x x
x x x
d
b x
5 . 67
) 10 3 )( 1 )( 10 5 . 21 (
10 6 38 . 0 6
stress, Bending )
3 3
3
= = =

( )
MPa
x
x x
d
F
r
z
52 . 16
10 5 . 21
10 6 4 4
stress, normal Axial
2
3
3
2
=

MPa
x T
R
98 . 7
) 574 . 15 ( 16 16
, stress shear Torsional = = = MPa
x d
r
R
xz
98 . 7
) 10 5 . 21 (
, stress shear Torsional
3 3 3
= = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
material the of strength yeild MPa
zx yz xy x z z y y x
< =
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
39 . 78
98 . 7 6 5 . 67 52 . 16 ) 52 . 16 ( 5 . 67
2
1
6
2
1
'
2
1
2 2 2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2

4. - 8 Table in given
pressure bearing safe 81 . 20
3 1 25 . 23
10 6 38 . 0 2
2
2
3
< =


=
= =
MPa
p n d
F
p n d
F
t m t m
B

Bearing Pressure
4. - 8 Table in given
MPa
p d
F
A
V
r
76 . 33
3 5 . 21
10 6 14 . 1 14 . 1
2
3
3
=


= = =

Transverse Shear stress

Must be less than shear yield strength of the material
Bolts/Screws
Bolt is the ubiquitous machine element; there is
virtually no machine without at least one
bolt/screw
The purpose of a bolt is to clamp two or more
parts together
The clamping load stretches or elongates the bolt The clamping load stretches or elongates the bolt
The load is obtained by twisting the nut until the
bolt has elongated almost to the elastic limit; this
load acts as preload
While tightening the nut, if possible, hold the bolt
head stationary and twist the nut, this protects the
shank (shank will not feel the friction torque)
Bolts/Screws
The ideal bolt length is one in which only one or two
threads project from the nut after it is tightened
Locations of stress concentration in a bolt
At the fillet
At the run-out
1
3
At the run-out
At the thread-root fillet in the plane of the nut
The washer face and washers are used to distribute the
load under the bolt head and nut face. It also prevent
fatigue failure of bolt that may result when the burs on the
imperfectly drilled bolt holes cut into the bolt head
2
Nomenclature of bolt
or 0.4 mm
(See Table A-29; page-1053)
d, Nominal d, Nominal
diameter or
major diameter
48
200
200 125
125
__ __
25 2
12 2
6 2
,

>
<

+
+
+
=
d
L
L
L
d
d
d
L length Threaded
T
Table A-29; page-1053
CAP screws
Fillister
Flat
Socket; may be hexagonal or square
may have hexagonal head also similar to a bolt but with a thinner head (not shown here)
See Table A-30, page-1054 for dimensions.
Machine screws:
notice that there is no shank
driven all the way up to the
head into the part head into the part
sometimes having a hole for
screw head to seat in the part
Hexagonal nut
Jam nuts: they are thinner
(a) end view, general; (b) washer-faced regular nut; (c) regular nut chamfered on
both sides; (d) jam nut with washer face; (e) jam nut chamfered on both sides.
See Table A-31, page-1055 for dimensions.
Note: that the dimension H includes the washer face thickness which is
normally 0.4 mm.
Table A31; Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts
A bolt may be used in two different cases
(1) with nut, and (2) without nut
IMPORTANT: The grip length needs to be differently estimated in the two
cases.
Case 1
Case 2
Design methodologies for the two cases described in the last slide.
Given: fastener diameter d and pitch p or number of threads.
-Roundup Table A-17
t d
l l l + = , length Grip
H l L + Length, Fastener
T d
L L l = grip, in portion unthreaded of Length
d t
l l l = grip, in portion threaded of Length
|

\
|
+ =
2
,
2
min ' length, Grip
2 d
t
h l
d h L 5 . 1 Length, Fastener +
T d
L L l =
portion, unthreaded useful of Length
d t
l l l = '
portion, threaded useful the of Length
48
200
200 125
125
__ __
25 2
12 2
6 2
,

>
<

+
+
+
=
d
L
L
L
d
d
d
L length Threaded
T
Bolt Stiffness
2 1
1 1 1
k k k
+ =
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
k
+
=
t
t
T
l
E A
k =
d
d
d
l
E A
k =
t d
t d
b
k k
k k
k
+
=
d t t d
t d
b
l A l A
E A A
k
+
=

Scenario of
springs in
series

A
t
= Thread tensile stress area from Table 8-1
portion d) (unthreade shank the of area ;
4
2
d
A
d

=
Table 81 (p:412) Diameters and Areas of Metric Threads.
d
r
= minor diameter
= d - 1.226 869p
d
p
= pitch diameter
= d - 0.649 519p
The mean of d and d The mean of d
r
and d
p
was used to compute
the tensile-stress area.
Joints- Member Stiffness
i m
k k k k k k
1
....
1 1 1 1 1
4 3 2 1
+ + + + + =
Scenario of
springs in
series

When one of the
members is a soft
gasket, k
m
is simply
the gasket stiffness.
If there is no gasket, the stiffness of the members is
rather difficult to obtain, except by experimentation,
because the compression spreads out between the bolt head because the compression spreads out between the bolt head
and the nut and hence the area is not uniform.
Itos ultrasonic technique method shows that the
pressure stays high out to about 1.5 bolt radii and falls off
farther away from the bolt and suggested to use pressure
cone method for stiffness calculation.
Joints- Member Stiffness
Figure 815
Compression of a member with the equivalent
elastic properties represented by a frustum of
a hollow cone. Here, l represents the grip
length.
The Theory of the Frustum of a Hollow Cone
EA
dx P
d
.
=
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
+
+ =
(
(

\
|

\
|
+ = =
2
tan
2
tan
2 2
tan ) (
2 2
2 2
d D
x
d D
x
d D
x r r A
i o


( ) | | ( ) | |

+ + +
=
t
dx P

( )( )
( )( ) d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
P
+ +
+ +
=

tan 2
tan 2
ln
tan .
( )( )
( )( ) d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed P
k
+ +
+ +
= =

tan 2
tan 2
ln
tan .
( ) | | ( ) | |

+ + +
=
d D x d D x E
0
2 tan 2 tan .

Resultant member stiffness:

( )( )
( )( )
(

+ +
+ +
=
d D d D t
d D d D t
d E
k
i i i
i i i
i
i

tan 2
tan 2
ln
tan .
If for i
th
member,
i=1, 2, n
n m
k k k k k k
1
....
1 1 1 1 1
4 3 2 1
+ + + + + =
When all members are made of same material then we will use only two
identical frusta arranged back to back, and hence identical frusta arranged back to back, and hence
2
2 1 1 1 1 1
2 1
k
k
k k k k k k
m
m
=
= + = + =
( )( )
( )( )
(

+ +
+ +
=
d D d D t
d D d D t Ed
k
m

tan 2
tan 2
ln 2
tan .

Resultant member stiffness:

( )( )
( )( )
(

+ +
+ +
=
d D d D t
d D d D t
Ed
k
m

tan 2
tan 2
ln 2
tan .
Ito suggested an angle = 45 to use, but Little reports that this
overestimates the clamping stiffness. When loading is restricted to a washer-
face annulus (hardened steel, cast iron, or aluminum), the proper apex angle
is smaller. Osgood reports a range of 25 33 for most combinations. is smaller. Osgood reports a range of 25 33 for most combinations.
(

+
+
=
d l
d l
Ed
k
m
5 . 2 5774 . 0
5 . 0 5774 . 0
5 ln 2
5774 . 0
If is 30
o
and D is taken as the waster face diameter d
w
.
The washer face diameter is roughly 1.5 the major diameter of the bolt.
( )( )
( )( ) d d d d l
d d d d l
Ed
k
w w
w w
m
+ +
+ +
=

tan
tan
ln 2
tan .

Wileman et al. FEM results for the same situation: when all members were
made of same material and hence having same Youngs modulus.
) / exp( l Bd A
Ed
k
m
=
A, B are constants; l is the grip length;
d is the major diameter of bolt.
Use table 8-7 to read A and B
or use graph.
According to SAE or ASTM, the bolt strength is specified
by its minimum tensile strength and its minimum proof
strength
The proof load is the maximum load (force) that a bolt can
withstand without acquiring a permanent set (i.e. first
measurable deviation from elastic behavior, which is
Bolt Strength
measurable deviation from elastic behavior, which is
approximately equal to 0.0001 in )
The proof strength is the quotient of the proof load and the
tensile-stress area
Use Table 811 (page:435) for proof strength of steel
For other materials, take S
p
= 0.85 S
y
Table 811 (page:435)
For other materials, take S
p
= 0.85 S
y
Estimation of Preload, F
i
For both static and fatigue loading

=
s connection permanent F 0.90
fasteners reused s, connection nt nonpermane for F 0.75
p
p
for
F
i
where F
p
is the proof load, obtained from the equation,
F = A S
p
F
p
= A
t
S
p
Here
A
t
is the tensile stress area obtained from Table 8-1
S
p
is the proof strength obtained from Table 811
Tension joints- The External load
Tension joints- The External load
i i
b
i b b
F CP F
P k
F P F + = +
+
= + =
0 < F
m b
m
b
m b
b
m
b m
P P P
and
k
k
P P or
k
k
P P
+ =
= = = =
m
m
b
b
k
P
k
P

where
is stiffness constant of the joint
i i
m b
i b b
F CP F
k k
F P F + = +
+
= + =
0 <
m
F
i i
m b
m
i m m
F P C F
k k
P k
F P F =
+
= = ) 1 (
0 <
m
F
Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
The torque required to produce a given preload
The diameter of the washer face of a hexagonal nut is the same as the width across
2 sec tan
sec tan
2
2 sec
sec
2
c c i m i
c c i
m
m m i
d f F
f l
f d F
T
or
d f F
fl d
fd l d F
T
+
|
|

\
|

+
=
+
|
|

\
|

+
=




The diameter of the washer face of a hexagonal nut is the same as the width across
flats and equal to 1.5 times the nominal size. Therefore the mean collar diameter is
d KF d F f
f l
f
d
d
T
d
d d
i i c
m
=
(

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|
=
=
+
=
625 . 0
sec tan
sec tan
2
25 . 1
2
) 5 . 1 (
d
c


Where K is called torque coefficient
The coefficient of friction depends upon the surface smoothness,
accuracy, and degree of lubrication. On the average, both f and f
c
are about 0.15.
The interesting fact is that K = 0.20 for f = f
c
= 0.15 no matter
what size bolts are employed and no matter whether the threads
are coarse or fine.
Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
Table 815 :Torque Factors K
Load factor for statically loaded tension joint
with preload
S strength proof the is of value limiting The
)/A F (CP /A F bolt in stress tensile
F CP F P
load bolt resultant F
t i t b b
i i b
b
+ = = =
+ = + =
=

CP
F - A S
factor load n
)/A F (CnP strength proof S
S strength proof the is of value limiting The
i t p
t i p
p b
= =
+ = =

Gasketed Joints:
Pressure on the gasket is given by
( )
| |
( ) | |
i m
g
i
g
m
gasket
F nP C F
A
N
C nP F
N A
F
p
=
= =
1
) 1 (
/
Q
N = Number of bolts in the joint
In full gasketed joints uniformity of pressure on the gasket is important. To
bolts of No N
circle bolt of diameter D
Nd
D
b
b
.
6 3

In full gasketed joints uniformity of pressure on the gasket is important. To
maintain adequate uniformity of pressure adjacent bolts should not be placed
more than six nominal diameters apart on the bolt circle.
The contradictory requirement is that to maintain wrench clearance bolt should be
placed at least three diameters apart.
To bring these two contradictory requirements together to a balanced status, the
following rule is normally followed.
Problem: Fig illustrates the connection of a cylinder head to
a pressure vessel using 10 bolts and a confined gasket
seal. The effective sealing diameter is 150 mm. A=100,
B=200, C=300, D=20, E=20 (all in mm). The cylinder is
used to store gas at a static pressure of 6 MPa. ISO class
8.8 bolts with a diameter of 12 mm have been selected.
Find load factor n?
Cylinder head is steel (E = 207 GPa )
Cylinder is grade 30 cast iron (E = 100 GPa)
External tensile load applied per
bolt=(1/10)x(/4)x(150
2
)x6=10602 N
Table A-29, H=10.8 mm for regular hexagonal nut
washer is not used.
l=D+E=20+20=40 mm
l+H=40+10.8=50.8 mm l+H=40+10.8=50.8 mm
Fastener length=L>l+H
From table A-17, L=60 mm
L
T
=2d+6=2x12+6=30 mm
l
d
=L-L
T
=60-30=30 mm
l
t
=l-l
d
=40-30=10 mm
A
d
=(/4)x(12
2
)=113.09 mm
2
From Table 8.1, A
t
=84.3 mm
2
E=207 GPa, E=207 GPa,
K
b
=(113.09x84.3x207x10
3
)/(113.09x10+84.3x30)
=539.2x10
3
N/mm
d t t d
t d
b
l A l A
E A A
k
+
=
Steel cylinder head
Table 8-8, A=0.78715, B=0.62873
k
m
=Ed A exp(Bd/l)=2361.15x10
3
N/mm
k
st
=2k
m
=4722.31x10
3
N/mm
Cast iron cylinder, E=100 GPa
Table 8-8, A=0.77871, B=0.61616 Table 8-8, A=0.77871, B=0.61616
k
m
=Ed A exp(Bd/l)=1124.125x10
3
N/mm
k
ci
=2k
m
=2248.25x10
3
N/mm
K
m
=k
st
k
ci
/(k
st
+k
ci
)=1523.11x10
3
N/mm
C=k
b
/(k
b
+k
m
)=0.261
Table 8-11, S
p
=600 MPa
Fi=0.75xA
t
xS
p
=37935 N
n=(A
t
xS
p
-F
i
)/(CP)=4.569
For a general case with constant preload and an external
load on per bolt is fluctuating between P
min
to P
max
.
( ) ( )
2 2
min max min max
max max
min min
a
b b
a
i b
i b
A
P P C
A
F F
F CP F
F CP F

=
+ =
+ =

Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
( ) ( )
loading. fatigue for solve to
equations failure elliptic ASME and Gerber Goodman,
in stresses amplitude and midrange above the Substitute
2 2
2 2
min max min max
t
i
t
m
t
b b
m
t
a
t
a
A
F
A
P P C
A
F F
A A
+
+
=
+
=
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
The statistics indicate that the bolts under dynamic
loading failed 65% in the thread at the nut face, 20% at
the end of the thread (at the runout point) and 15%
under the head.
Table 817
Fatigue Stress- Concentration Factors K for Threaded Elements
Table 817
Fully Corrected Endurance Strengths for Bolts and Screws with
Rolled Thread
Fatigue Stress- Concentration Factors K
f
for Threaded Elements
Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
( )
t t
i
t
i
t
a
A
CP
A
F
A
F
A
CP
2 2
1
2
1
min max
=
|
|

\
|
+ = =
In the common bolted joints of pressure cylinders, the
external load varies from a lower extreme of P=0 to the
upper extreme of P itself.
In this case
t t t t
A A A A 2 2 2
\
( )
t
i
t t
i
t
i
t
m
A
F
A
CP
A
F
A
F
A
CP
+ =
|
|

\
|
+ + = + =
2 2
1
2
1
min max

i m a
=
The equation of the load hence is,
1 = +
ut
m
e
a
S
S
S
S
Goodman
1
2
=
|
|

\
|
+
ut
m
e
a
S
S
S
S
Gerber
1
2
2
=
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
p
m
e
a
S
S
S
S
elliptic ASME
( )
i ut e
a
S S
S S
S
+

=

Goodman
Gerber
( ) | |
e i
ut
i e e
ut
ut
e
a
S S S S S S
S
S
2 4
2
1
2 2
+ + =
e ut
a
S S +
i a m
S
S
+ =
e
S 2
i a m
S
S
+ =
elliptic ASME
| |
e i
i e p
p
e p
e
a
S S S S
S S
S
S
+
+
=
2 2 2
2 2
i a m
S
S
+ =
safety of Factor
a
a
f
S
n

=
Problem: Fig illustrates the connection of a cylinder head to
a pressure vessel using 10 bolts and a confined gasket
seal. The effective sealing diameter is 150 mm. A=100,
B=200, C=300, D=20, E=20 (all in mm). The cylinder is
subjected to cyclic pressure between 0 to 6 MPa. ISO
class 8.8 bolts with a diameter of 12 mm have been
selected. Determine the fatigue factor of safety using
Goodman criteria Goodman criteria
Values of F
i
, A
t
, C & P are from solution of previous problem
i.e. P=10602 N; C= 0.261; F
i
=37935 N & A
t
=84.3 mm
2

i
=F
i
/A
t
=37935/84.3=450 MPa

a
=CP/(2A
t
)=0.261x10602/(2x84.3)=16.412 MPa
From Table 8-17, S
e
=129 MPa
From Table 8-11, S =830 MPa From Table 8-11, S
ut
=830 MPa
Modified Goodman criteria
S
a
=S
e
(S
ut
-
i
)/(S
ut
+S
e
)=51.115 MPa
n
f
=S
a
/
a
=51.115/16.412=3.114
Bolted and Riveted Joints in Shear
(a) shear loading;
(b) bending of rivet;
I/c is the section modulus for the weakest member
(c) Shear of rivet;
A is the cross-sectional area of all the rivets
(d) tensile failure of members;
Modes of failure in shear loading
of a bolted or riveted connection
A is the net area of the plate
(e) bearing of rivet on members or bearing
of members on rivet;
projected area for a single rivet is A = td. Here, t is the thickness
of the thinnest plate
(f ) shear tear-out & (g) tensile tear-out.
These failures are avoided by spacing the rivets at least 1.5
diameters away from the edge
Shear Joints with Eccentric Loading
Free-body diagram of beam
Beam bolted at both ends with distributed load
enlarged view of bolt group centered at
O showing primary and secondary
resultant shear forces.
Beam bolted at both ends with distributed load
Primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt:
n
V
F = '
Primary shear or direct load
Secondary shear or moment load:
M r F r F r F
C C B B A A
= + + + ...
// // //
Same for all bolts.
...
2 2 2
//
+ + +
=
C B A
n
n
r r r
Mr
F
C C B B A A
r F r F r F / / /
// // //
= =
Hence from the above two equations:
Next find the vectorial sum of
the primary and secondary shear
forces to know the total load.
The force taken by each bolt depends upon its radial
distance from the centroid; that is, the bolt farthest from
the centroid takes the greatest load, while the nearest
bolt takes the smallest
Centroid of pattern of bolts:

=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
n
i
n
i i
A
x A
A A A A A
x A x A x A x A x A
x
1
1
5 4 3 2 1
5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1

=
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
n
i
n
i i
A
y A
A A A A A
y A y A y A y A y A
y
1
1
5 4 3 2 1
5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
Problem: Find the total shear load on each of the
three bolts for the connection shown in the figure
and compute the significant bolt shear stress.
Sol:
kN F F
F
kN F F F
5 . 37
32 200 12
0
4
' ' ' '
' '
1
'
3
'
2
'
1
=

= =
=
= = =
2
1
( ) ( )
MPa bolt in stress Shear
MPa bolts in stress Shear
mm A table from bolts M For
kN F F F F
kN F F
r
42 . 52
3 . 76
1000 4
1
32 . 494
3 . 76
1000 72 . 37
3 , 2
3 . 76 , 1 8 , 12
72 . 37
5 . 37
32 32
32 200 12
2
2
' '
2
2
'
2 3 2
2 2
' '
3
' '
2
=

=
=

=
=
= + = =
=
+

= =
1
3
Problem: A vertical channel 152x76(see Table A7) has a
cantilever beam bolted to it as shown. The channel is hot-
rolled AISI 1006 steel. The bar is hot-rolled AISI 1015
steel. The shoulder bolts are M12x1.75 ISO 5.8. For a
design factor of 2.8, find the safe force F that can be
applied to the cantilever.
26
Bolts: M12x1.75 ISO 5.8
From Table 8-11, S
p
=380 MPa, S
ut
=520 Mpa, S
y
=420 MPa
Channel: HR AISI 1006 steel
From Table A-7, t=6.4 mm, Table A-20, S
y
=170 MPa
Cantilever beam: AISI 1015 steel
From Table A-20, S
y
=190 MPa
M=201 F
F
b
=F
A
=F
B
=F/3 F
b
=F
A
=F
B
=F/3
F
A
=F
B
=2.01F
F
b
=F
b
+F
b
=2.343 F
Bolt shear:
From Table 8-1, A
r
=76.3 mm
2
Induced shear stress due to F
b
= allowable shear stress
F
b
/A
r
=0.577S
p
/n
d
F=2.55 kN=F1
Bearing on bolt:
A
b
=td=76.8 mm
2
F
b
/A
b
=S
p
/n
d
F=4.447 kN=F2
Bearing on channel :
F
b
/A
b
=S
y
/n
d
F=1.99 kN=F3
Bending of Cantilever:
I=1.23x10
5
mm
4
MC/I=S
y
/n
d
F=2.21 kN=F4
Safe load = min{F1, F2,F3,F4}=1.99kN