Constant DC voltage

t = 0
t=infinity
Ioc =0
Vres = IR = 0 Emf across inductor goes to 0, Vres has the full 10V drop across it., I = 10A
E
L
= 10V
To find the size of the current ramp, have the starting voltage, and inductance so can get di/dt negative slope
10V
t=0
2H
R= 1Ohm
dt
di
L E
L
=
I (A)
t= infinity
On closure of the switch current ramps up to the full 10A, the back emf of the inductor opposes the battery voltage
and causes the time ramp, back emf also on decreasing current opposing.
t=0
Emf across inductor goes to 0, Vres has the full 10V drop across it., I = 10A
To find the size of the current ramp, have the starting voltage, and inductance so can get di/dt negative slope
I (A)
t (s)
On closure of the switch current ramps up to the full 10A, the back emf of the inductor opposes the battery voltage
and causes the time ramp, back emf also on decreasing current opposing.
R-L circuit Voltage response in the R-L circuit
Variable AC voltage
Solve the general voltage response equation for i(t)
where :
and
or
*Note:- The symmetrical fault response has no DC offset component
Symmetrical fault response Symmetrical about the time axis- Average current is zero
e(t)
R
L
t=0
) ( 2 ) ( o e + = t VSin t e
) (
max
o e + = t Sin V
0 ; ) (
max
> + = = + t
dt
di
L iR IR t Sin V o e
| | )] sin( ( ) (
/ max
u o u o e + =
L Rt
e t Sin
Z
V
t i
( )
2 2
L R Z e + =
) / ( tan 0
1
R L e

=
This is the decaying
component of the i(t) response
) ( ) ( ) ( t i t i t i
dc ac
+ =
Assymmetrical fault current
Symmetrical fault current (Constant)
DC offset current (decays with time)
Voltage response in the R-L circuit
by definition
Max battery voltage is drop across resistor + the inductor
voltage
The symmetrical fault response has no DC offset component
) ( 2 ) ( o e + = t VSin t e
) (
max
o e + = t Sin V
0 ; ) (
max
> + = = + t
dt
di
L iR IR t Sin V o e
This is the decaying DC
component of the i(t) response
current (decays with time)
Max battery voltage is drop across resistor + the inductor
Any L-E or L-L-E fault is assymmetrical
Therefore the bigger the DC offset. The larger peak and rms current that exists initally.
Synchronous machine
2 /
peak rms
I I =
Since RMS value of steady state short circuit current is called breaking current so short circuit making current can be written as:
Short circuit making current = 2.5 x short circuit breaking current
Making Current:-
Current that must be withstood if you
close onto a fault
Therefore the bigger the DC offset. The larger peak and rms current that exists initally.
Lowest reactance yielding
the highest value of s/s current Sub-transient reactance - Xd" determines the current flow in first few cycles of fault response -instant the fault occurs
Transient reactance - Xd' determines the current flow up to about 0.5 sec (about 30 cycles)
Synchronous reactance Xd is the apparent reactance that determines the current flow when a steady state condition is reached.
Breaking current:-
RMS value of steady state
current
Since RMS value of steady state short circuit current is called breaking current so short circuit making current can be written as:
Short circuit making current = 2.5 x short circuit breaking current
Sub-transient reactance - Xd" determines the current flow in first few cycles of fault response -instant the fault occurs
Transient reactance - Xd' determines the current flow up to about 0.5 sec (about 30 cycles)
Synchronous reactance Xd is the apparent reactance that determines the current flow when a steady state condition is reached.