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A sign of dimensions 2.0 m 1.

2 m is supported by a hollow circular pole


having outer diameter 220 mm and inner diameter 180 mm (Fig. 8-26). The sign
is offset 0.5 m from the centerline of the pole and its lower edge is 6.0 m above
the ground.
Determine the principal stresses and maximum shear stresses at points A
and B at the base of the pole due to a wind pressure of 2.0 kPa against the sign.
Solution
Stress resultants. The wind pressure against the sign produces a resultant
force W that acts at the midpoint of the sign (Fig. 8-27a) and is equal to the
pressure p times the area A over which it acts:
W pA (2.0 kPa)(2.0 m 1.2 m) 4.8 kN
The line of action of this force is at height h 6.6 m above the ground and at
distance b 1.5 m from the centerline of the pole.
The wind force acting on the sign is statically equivalent to a lateral force
W and a torque T acting on the pole (Fig. 8-27b). The torque is equal to the
force Wtimes the distance b:
T Wb (4.8 kN)(1.5 m) 7.2 kNm
The stress resultants at the base of the pole (Fig. 8-27c) consist of a bend-
ing moment M, a torque T, and a shear force V. Their magnitudes are
M Wh (4.8 kN)(6.6 m) 31.68 kNm
T 7.2 kNm V W 4.8 kN
Examination of these stress resultants shows that maximum bending stresses
occur at point A and maximum shear stresses at point B. Therefore, A and B are
critical points where the stresses should be determined. (Another critical point
is diametrically opposite point A, as explained in the Note at the end of this
example.)
Stresses at points A and B. The bending moment M produces a tensile
stress s
A
at point A (Fig. 8-27d) but no stress at point B (which is located on the
neutral axis). The stress s
A
is obtained from the flexure formula:
s
A

M(d
I
2
/2)

in which d
2
is the outer diameter (220 mm) and I is the moment of inertia of the
cross section. The moment of inertia is
I
6
p
4

d
4
2
d
4
1

6
p
4

(220 mm)
4
(180 mm)
4

63.46 10
6
m
4
in which d
1
is the inner diameter. Therefore, the stress s
A
is
s
A

M
2
d
I
2
54.91 MPa
(31.68 kNm)(220 mm)

2(63.46 10
6
m
4
)
574 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress
Example 8-6
A
B
0.5 m
1.2 m
6.0 m
2.0 m
A
B
C
180 mm
220 mm
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FIG. 8-26 Example 8-6. Wind pressure
against a sign (combined bending,
torsion, and shear of the pole)
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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 575
continued
(b) (a)
(d) (c)
s
A
t
1
t
2
h = 6.6 m
h = 6.6 m W
b = 1.5 m
W = 4.8 kN
T = 7.2 kN m
B
A
T
M
V
C
B
A
C
t
1
t
1
y
y
x
O
B
t
xy
= t
1
+ t
2
x
O
A
t
xy
= t
1
s
y
= s
A
(f) (e)
FIG. 8-27 Solution to Example 8-6
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
The torque T produces shear stresses t
1
at points A and B (Fig. 8-27d). We
can calculate these stresses from the torsion formula:
t
1

T(d
I
P
2
/2)

in which I
P
is the polar moment of inertia:
I
P

3
p
2

d
4
2
d
4
1
2I 126.92 10
6
m
4
Thus,
t
1

T
2
d
I
P
2
6.24 MPa
Finally, we calculate the shear stresses at points A and B due to the shear
force V. The shear stress at point A is zero, and the shear stress at point B
(denoted t
2
in Fig. 8-27d) is obtained from the shear formula for a circular tube
(Eq. 5-44 of Section 5.9):
t
2

4
3
V
A


( j)
in which r
2
and r
1
are the outer and inner radii, respectively, and A is the cross-
sectional area:
r
2

d
2
2
110 mm r
1

d
2
1
90 mm
A p(r
2
2
r
2
1
) 12,570 mm
2
Substituting numerical values into Eq. (j), we obtain
t
2
0.76 MPa
The stresses acting on the cross section at points A and B have now been
calculated.
Stress elements. The next step is to show these stresses on stress elements
(Figs. 8-27e and f). For both elements, the y axis is parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the pole and the x axis is horizontal. At point A the stresses acting on the
element are
s
x
0 s
y
s
A
54.91 MPa t
xy
t
1
6.24 MPa
At point B the stresses are
s
x
s
y
0 t
xy
t
1
t
2
6.24 MPa 0.76 MPa 7.00 MPa
Since there are no normal stresses acting on the element, point B is in pure
shear.
Now that all stresses acting on the stress elements (Figs. 8-27e and f ) are
known, we can use the equations given in Section 7.3 to determine the principal
stresses and maximum shear stresses.
r
2
2
r
2
r
1
r
2
1

(7.2 kNm)(220 mm)

2(126.92 10
6
m
4
)
576 CHAPTER 8 Applications of Plane Stress
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses at point A. The principal
stresses are obtained from Eq. (7-17), which is repeated here:
s
1,2

s
x

2
s
y

s
x

s
y

t
2
xy

(k)
Substituting s
x
0, s
y
54.91 MPa, and t
xy
6.24 MPa, we get
s
1,2
27.5 MPa 28.2 MPa
or
s
1
55.7 MPa s
2
0.7 MPa
The maximum in-plane shear stresses may be obtained from Eq. (7-25):
t
max

s
x

s
y

t
2
xy

(l)
This term was evaluated previously, so we see immediately that
t
max
28.2 MPa
Because the principal stresses s
1
and s
2
have opposite signs, the maximum in-
plane shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses
(see Eqs. 7-28a, b, and c and the accompanying discussion). Therefore, the max-
imum shear stress at point A is 28.2 MPa.
Principal stresses and maximum shear stresses at point B. The stresses at
this point are s
x
0, s
y
0, and t
xy
7.0 MPa. Since the element is in pure
shear, the principal stresses are
s
1
7.0 MPa s
2
7.0 MPa
and the maximum in-plane shear stress is
t
max
7.0 MPa
The maximum out-of-plane shear stresses are half this value.
Note: If the largest stresses anywhere in the pole are needed, then we must
also determine the stresses at the critical point diametrically opposite point A,
because at that point the compressive stress due to bending has its largest value.
The principal stresses at that point are
s
1
0.7 MPa s
2
55.7 MPa
and the maximum shear stress is 28.2 MPa. Therefore, the largest tensile stress
in the pole is 55.7 MPa, the largest compressive stress is 55.7 MPa, and the
largest shear stress is 28.2 MPa. (Keep in mind that only the effects of the wind
pressure are considered in this analysis. Other loads, such as the weight of the
structure, also produce stresses at the base of the pole.)
SECTION 8.5 Combined Loadings 577
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

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