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If the stator winding of a synchronized machine, which consists of many coils that are basically
connected as a series
circuit, is not connected to a load then the resulting emf from all the coils is the open circuit emf of
the phase winding. Closing the circuit on to a load causes a steady state current to flow in the stator
coils. Each coil creates a flux and their total flux opposes the field flux from the rotor. The resulting
flux in the air gap is reduced. The emf corresponding to the air-gap flux drives the stator current
through the leakage reactance and conductor resistance of the stator coils. The voltage dropped
across
this winding impedance is small in relation to the air-gap voltage. Deducting this voltage drop from
the air-gap voltage gives the terminal voltage of the loaded generator. In the circumstance described
thus far the reduction in air-gap flux is called armature reaction and the resulting flux is much
smaller
field current to be increased, which is the necessary function of the automatic voltage regulator and
Ibrahim El-Osery
the exciter.
seen by the stator has minimum reluctance. The reactance corresponding to the armature reaction
in this rotor position is called the 'direct axis synchronous reactance Xsd '. If the stator winding
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Kathleen T. Ruddy
than its value when the stator is open circuit. Restoring air gap and terminal voltage requires the
When the rotor pole axis coincides with the axis of the stator coils the magnetic circuit
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leakage reactance, Xa, is deducted from Xsd the resulting reactance is called the 'direct axis
reactance Xd '.
A similar situation occurs when the rotor pole axis is at right angles to the axis of the stator
coils. Here the magnetic reluctance is at its maximum value due to the widest part of the air gap
facing
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the stator coils. The complete reactance in this position is called the 'quadrature axis synchronous
reactance Xsq '. Deducting Xa results in the 'quadrature axis reactance Xq '.
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YES
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Does the complex plane have a horizontal axis called the real axis?
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