Introduction

Three reinforced concrete elements have been designed according to Eurocode 2 ; a simply
supported slab, a simply supported beam and a column.
The slab is a two-way spanning slab so the moment values are determined by the coefficients given
in the British Standards and the dimensions were assumed according to structural class and
environmental conditions.
The moment and the axial load acting on the column were slightly low, so the column has been
designed with smaller dimensions.
Hence, the beam had to have smaller dimensions, but had to carry the moment on it due to relative
larger opening and the uniformly distributed load acting on it. This has been made possible by
designing the beam with a singly reinforced section, to take the advantage of larger lever arm. This
also made the need of reinforcement less on the tension side, and none on the compression. Also,
with the less reinforcement required, the concrete space between the reinforcement bars were at
acceptable values.

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 Simply Supported Slab Design to Eurocode 2

Properties of the Slab

ly = 6.75 m
lx = 4.50 m
ly / lx = 1.50

Bending Moment Coefficients

According to BS8110
αsx = 0.104
αsy = 0.046

Assumptions of Height of Slab and Reinforcement Coverage to Eurocode

It is assumed that Structural Class is S3 and exposure class related to environmental conditions is
XC1. From Eurocode 2 Table 4.4 the minimum cover is 20 mm.
Assumed height of the slab = 200 mm
Assumed reinforcement coverage = 20 mm

Ultimate Load
Ultimate Load given in Eurocode = 1.35 g × 1.50 q
1.35 × (0.20 × 24) + 1.50 × 3.5 = 11.73 kN / m2

Bending Moment for Short Span

Msx = αsx × n × lx2
Msx = 0.104 × 11.73 × 4.52 = 24.70 kN m

Determining Ko
K0,sx = Moment / fck / b / d2
K0,sx = 24.70 × 106 / 30 / 1000 / 1802
K0,sx = 0.0254 < 0.167
 Singly Reinforced Section

Determining Lever – Arm for Short Span

zsx = d × [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 – ( K0,sx / 1.134 ) )0.5 ]
zsx = 180 × [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 – ( 0.0254 / 1.134 ) )0.5 ]
zsx = 175.87 mm

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Reinforcement Calculation
Asx = Msx / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
Asx = 24.70 × 106 / 0.87 / 460 / 175.87
Asx = 350.92 mm2/m

Minimum Reinforcement
According to Eurocode Clause 9.2.1
The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than Asmin
As,min = (0.26 × fctm × bt × d) / (fyk) but not less than 0.0013 × bt × d

As,min = (0.26 × 2.9 × 1000 × 180) / (460) = 295.00 mm2/m

As,min = 0.0013 × 1000 × 180 = 234.00 mm2/m
 Calculated Reinforcement is greater than the minimum reinforcement clauses. Calculated
Reinforcement will be used

Provide T8 at 125 mm (=402mm2/m)

ρ = As / b / d [ Reinforcement Ratio ]
ρ = 402 / 1000 / 180 = 0.0022
ς = 310 × 460 × 350.92 / 500 / 402 [ Design Service Stress ]
ς = 248.96 kN/m2
300 / 248.96 = 1.2050 [ Modification Factor ]
20 × 1.2050 = 24.10 [ Modified span/depth Ratio ]
d = span / (span / depth ratio) [ Minimum Effective Depth ]
d = 4500 / 24.10 = 186.72 > 180
 Deflections are too much. Increase the reinforcement to prevent this situation.

Provide T8 at 100 mm (=503mm2/m)

ρ = As / b / d [ Reinforcement Ratio ]
ρ = 503 / 1000 / 180 = 0.0028
ς = 310 × 460 × 350.92 / 500 / 503 [ Design Service Stress ]
ς = 198.97 kN / m2
300 / 198.97 = 1.5580 [ Modification Factor ]
20 × 1.55 = 31.16 [ Modified Span /Depth Ratio ]
d = span / (span/depth ratio) [ Minimum Effective Depth ]
d = 4500 / 31.16 = 144.42 < 180
With the increased reinforcement area, deflections are in the limits.

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Bending Moment for Long Span
Msy = αsy × n × lx2
Msy = 0.046 × 11.73 × 4.52 = 10.93 kN m

Determining Lever – Arm for Long Span

zsy = 175.8780 – 8 = 167.8780 mm

Reinforcement Calculation
Asy = Msy / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
Asy = Msy / 0.87 / 460 / 167.8780
Asy = 162.69 mm2/m
As,min = (0.26 × 2.9 × 1000 × 180) / 460 = 295 mm2 /m
 Minimum reinforcement is greater than the necessary reinforcement area. Minimum
reinforcement will be used.
Provide T8 at 150 mm (=335mm2/m)

Check For Bar Spacing:

Main Reinforcement Spacing = 100mm < 400 √
Secondary Reinforcement Spacing = 150mm < 450 √

Section of short – span. T8 bars at 100 mm

Section of long – span. T8 bars at 150 mm

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Maximum Reinforcement
According to Eurocode Clause 9.2.1
The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed As,max
outside lap locations.
As,max = ( 0.04 × Ac )
As,max = ( 0.04 × 1000 × 200 )
As,max = 8000 mm2 / m
 Provided reinforcements are in within range with the minimum and maximum reinforcement
clauses given in Eurocode 2.

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 Simply Supported Beam Design to Eurocode 2

Loading on the Beam

Total ultimate load on the slab is 11.70 kN / m2. The loading on the beam will be trapezoidal, with a
maximum of value of 26.39 kN /m starting at 2.25 meters and ending at 4.50 meters as shown in the
figure.

Support Reactions
Support Reactions = Total Load on the Beam / 2
Support Reactions = (26.39 × 2.25 × ½ × 2 + 26.39 × 2.25) / 2 = 59.38 kN

Maximum Moment
Maximum Moment will be in the midpoint of the beam. Taking moment about that point:
Moment = 59.38 × 6.75 / 2 – [ 2.25 × 26.39 × ½ × ( 2.25/2 + 2.25 /3 ) ] – 2.25/2 × 26.39 × 2.25/4
Design Moment = 128.04 kN m
The system is symmetrical so the maximum moment and the support reactions will be doubled.

Considered Loads Designing the Beam

Reaction at the Support = 59.39 × 2 = 118.76 kN
Design Moment = 128.04 × 2 = 256.08 kN m

Estimate The Depth Of The Beam To Design It Singly Reinforced

The necessary dimensions will be checked for if the beam can be designed singly reinforced.
0.167 > Moment / bw / d2 / fck [ Boundary Value For Single Reinforced Beam ]
Assume bw = 250 mm
0.167 > 256.08 × 106 / 250 / d2 / 30
d > 452.1617 mm

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Properties of the Beam

Assume Concrete cover to reinforcement = 25 mm

Links ø = 10 mm, Reinforcement ø = 25, h = 500 mm
d = h – d’ – links – reinforcement / 2 [ Effective Depth Of Reinforcement ]
d = 500 – 25 – 10 – 25 / 2 = 452.50
452.50 > 452.1617 so 250 × 500 is enough for singly reinforced cross section. The dimensions are
reasonable so design the beam to 250 × 500 mm.

Determining K0
K0 =Design Moment / fck / b / d2
K0 = 256.08 × 106 / 30 / 250 / 452.502
K0 = 0.166 < 0.167
 Singly Reinforced Section

Determining Lever – Arm

z = d × [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 - K0 / 1.134 )0.5 ]
z = 452.50 × [ 0.5 + ( 0.25 - 0.166 / 1.134 )0.5 ]
z = 371.90 mm

Reinforcement Calculation
As1 = Design Moment / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
As1 = 256.08 × 106 / 0.87 / 460 / 371.90
As1 = 1720.57 mm2
π × 252/4 = 491 mm2 [ Area of single T25 bar ]
1720.57 / 491 = 3.50 [ T25 bars needed ]
2
4T25 bars selected for the longitudinal bars (Total area = 1964.00 mm )

Check for Minimum And Maximum Reinforcement Limits

ρ min = 0.0013
As,min = 0.0013 × 250 × 452.50 = 147.06 mm2
As,min = (0.26 × fctm × bt × d) / (fyk)
As,min = (0.26 × 2.9 × 250 × 452.50) / (460) = 185.43 mm2
ρ max = 0.04
As,max = 0.04 × 300 × 452.50 = 5430.00 mm2
4T25 bars are in the limits of the conditions

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Design for Shear
VEd = 118760 Newton [ Design Shear Force ]

Shear Resistance of Concrete Alone

The design value for the shear resistance without any shear reinforcement is
1/3 0.5
VRd,c = [CRdC × k × (100 × ρ1 × fck ) + k1 × ςcp ] ×b × d given in Eurocode clause 6.2 where k = 1 + (200 / d)

k1 = 1 + (200 / d)0.5
k1 = 1.66
ρ1 = 1473 / 250 / 452.50 = 0.013
ρ < 0.02;  ρ = 0.02
NED = 0; ςcp = 0 [ Normal Force On Section ]
CRd,C = 0.18 / γC = 0.12 and k1 = 0.15
Vmin = 0.035 × k3/2 × fck0.5 = 0.035 × 1.66483/2 × 300.5
Vmin = 0.4118 N / mm2
VRd,c = [ 0.12 × 1.6648 × ( 100 × 0.02 × 30 )1/3 + 1.66 × 0 ] × 250 × 452.50
VRd,c = 88475 N < VED = 118760 N
 Shear reinforcement required.

According to Eurocode clause 6.2.2 , the shear force VEd, calculated without reduction, should always
satisfy the condition VEd < 0.5 × v × fcd × bw × d where v is a strength reduction factor for concrete
cracked in shear. v = 0.6 × [ 1 – (fck / 250) ]

v = 0.6 × [ 1 – ( 30 / 250 ) ]
v = 0.48
VEd < 0.5 × 0.48 × 30 / 1.5 × 250 × 452.50
118760 < 543000 √ [ Satisfied ]

According to Eurocode 2 clause 6.2.3, element 3, for members with vertical shear reinforcement, the
shear resistance VRd is the smaller value of
VRd,s = Asw / s × z × fywd × cot ϴ and VRd,max = ( αcw × bw × z × v1 × fcd ) / (cot ϴ + tan ϴ)

Calculation Of VRd,max
Assuming to use vertical shear reinforcement: α = 90°; ϴ = 45°
VRd,max = ( 1 × 250 × 387.7473 × 0.48 × 30 / 1.5 ) / (1 + 1)
VRd,max = 465296.67
VRd,c < VEd < VRd,max

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Shear Resistance with Shear Reinforcement Bars
VRd = Asw / s × z × fywd × cot ϴ
VRd = Asw / s × 0.9 × 387.7473 × 250 × 1
87243.1425 × Asw / s > VED = 118760
Asw / s > 1.3613

Minimum Shear Reinforcement Required

According to Eurocode ρ w,min = 0.08 × fck0.5 / fywk
ρ w,min = 0.08 × 300.5 / 250 / 1.15
ρ w,min = 0.0015
0.0015 = Asw / s / bw / sin α
Asw / s > 0.3125
 Calculated Shear Reinforcement > Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Necessary Shear Reinforcement

Asw / s > 1.3613
Area of cross section = 78.50 (for ø = 10 mm)
2 × Area = 157.00 mm2
157 / s > 1.3613
s < 115.4412 mm
Chosen value for s = 115.00mm

Maximum Allowed Shear Reinforcement

According to Eurocode slmax = 0.75 × d × (1+cot α)
slmax = 339.37 mm √
 T10 at 115 is in allowed range, provide ø = 10 mm links at 115 mm for whole length of the bar.

Four ø25 bars for the tension zone, having 27.5 millimetres space between them and ø10 bars at
115 millimetres. (Drawing not to scale.)

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 Column Design to Eurocode 2

Normal Force Acting On The Column

N1 = [ (6.75 / 2 + 4.5 / 2) × (4.5 / 2 + 4.5 / 2) ] × 11.73 = 296.92 kN
NEd = 296.92 × 3 = 890.76 kN [ 3 Stories in total ]

Slenderness Ratio Of Column

Height of Column = 4.5 m
Effective Height of the Column = 0.7 × lcolumn for the given restraint conditions according to Eurocode 2
Clause 5.8
lo = 0.7 × lcolumn = 0.7 × 4500 = 3150 mm
The beam has a width of 250 mms so assume the column to be 250 × 250 mm
i = ( I / A )0.5 [ Radius Of Gyration ]
3 0.5
i = ( b × h / 12 / b / h )
i = ( 250 × 2503 / 12 / 250 / 250 )0.5
i = 72.17 mm
λ = lo / i [ Slenderness Ratio ]
λ = 3150 / 72.17 = 43.65

Classification of Column
Eurocode 2 places an upper limit on the slenderness ratio of a single member below which second
order effects may be ignored. The limit is given by : λlim = 20 × A × B × C / (n)0.5
A = 0.7 B = 1.1 C = 2.2
n = 890.76 × 103 / 250 / 250 / ( 30 / 1.5 ) = 0.71
λlim = 20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.2 / ( 0.71 )0.5
λlim = 40.15
λlim < λ
Column is Slender
The First Order Moment M0,Ed
ϴ i ϴ i = ϴ 0 αh αm [ Imperfections ]
ϴ0 = 0.005, m = 4
αh = 2 / l0.5 = 0.94
αm = [ 0.5 × ( 1 + 1 / m) ]0.5 = 0.7905
ϴi = 0.005 × 0.9428 × 0.79 = 0.00372
ei = ϴi × lo / 2 = 5.85 × 10-3 [ Eccentricity ]
M0,ED = ei × NED = 5.85 × 10-3 × 890.76 = 5.21 kN m

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Assumptions :

Cover To All Reinforcement = 20 mm

4 longitudinal bars with diameter ø = 25 mm are used at four corners of cross – section
Diameter of links ø’ = 8mm
d’ = 0.5 × ø + ø’ + c = 40.50 mm

The Nominal Stiffness of the Column

E × I = kc × Ecd × Ic + Ks × Es × Is
Ecd = Ecm / ɣce = 32 × 103 / 1.2 = 27.5 × 103
Is = As × ( 250 / 2 – 40.50 )2
As = 4ø25 = 1962.50 mm2
Is = 14.01 × 106 mm4
Ic = b × h3 / 12 – Ic = 269.99 × 106 mm4
Es = 200000 N / mm2
ρ = As / Ac
ρ = 1962.50 / 250 / 250 = 0.03140 > 0.002
Ks = 1
K1 = ( fck / 20 )0.5 = ( 30/ 20 )0.5 = 1.22
K2 = n × λ / 170 = 0.71 × 40.15 / 170 = 0.182 < 0.20
Kc = K1 × K2 ( 1 + φf ) = 1.22 × 0.182 / ( 1 + 0 ) = 0.22
E × I = 0.22 × 27.50 × 103 × 269.99 × 106 + 200000 × 14.01 × 106
E × I = 43.45 × 1011 Nmm2
NB = π2 × E × I / Io2 = π2 × 43.45 × 1011 / 31502 = 4317.45 × 103 N
MEd = M0,Ed / ( 1 – ( NEd / NB ) = 5.21 × 106 / [ 1 – ( 890.73 × 103 / 4317.45 / 103 ) ]
MEd = 6.56 × 106 kN m
50 > 6.56
 Design Moment will be 50 kN m

Coefficients Needed for Determining the Reinforcement Area

MEd = 50 kN m
d’ / h = 40.50 / 250 = 0.1620
Round up to 0.20 and use the relevant chart to get the values needed for designing the column.
N / b / h / fcd = 890.76 × 103 / 250 / 250 / ( 30 / 1.5 ) = 0.7126
M / b / h2 / fcd = 50 × 106 / 250 / 2502 / ( 30 / 1.5 ) = 0.16

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Reinforcement Required
As × fyd / b / h / fcd = 0.21 [ From the Relevant Chart ]
2
As,required = 656.25 mm
As,provided = π × 252 / 4 × 4 = 1962.50 mm2 [Asprovided > Asrequired ]
Longitude Reinforcement Rules and Details for Columns According To Eurocode 2
The rules governing the minimum and maximum amounts of reinforcement in a load bearing column
according to Eurocode 2 are

i )A minimum of four bars is required in a rectangular column (one bar in each corner). Bar diameter
should not be less then 12mm.
4ø20 bars are provided at each corner.

ii) The minimum are of steel is given by; As,min = 0.10 × NED / fy
As,min = 0.10 × NED / fyd = 75 mm2
As,min = 0.002 × AC = 0.002 × 250 × 250 = 125 mm2

iii)The maximum area of steel allowed is given by; As,max = 0.08 × AC

As,max = 0.08 × 250 × 250 = 5000 mm2

As provided is in the acceptable range

Links Reinforcement Rules and Details for Columns According To Eurocode 2

i) Minimum size = ¼ × size of the compression bar but not less than 6mm
ii) Maximum spacing should not exceed the lesser of 20 × size of the smallest compression bar or the
least lateral dimension of the column or 400mm
iii) Every longitudinal bar placed in corner should be held by transverse reinforcement.
Provide, R8 links at 250 mm centres.
Diameter of links is greater of 6 mm and ¼ ø = 6.25 mm. Spacing of links does not exceed the least
of 20 × ø = 20 × 25 = 500mm and least dimension of column = 250.

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