Diversity factor

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Contents
[hide]
1 Coincidence factor
2 Diversity
3 Diversified load and diversification factor
4 In mathematics
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Coincidence factor[edit]
The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor. However, differing sources define
the simultaneity factor to be identical to either the coincidence factor or the diversity factor. The
International Electrotechnical Commission defines the coincidence and simultaneity factors
identically with the diversity factor being the reciprocal. Since the only change in definition is to
take the inverse, all one needs to know is if the factor is greater than or less than one.
Diversity[edit]
The (unofficial) term diversity, as distinguished from diversity factor refers to the percent of time
available that a machine, piece of equipment, or facility has its maximum or nominal load or
demand (a 70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum
load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned on).
Diversified load and diversification factor[edit]
The diversified load is the total expected load (power) to be drawn during a peak period by a
device or system of devices. The diversified load is the combination of each devices full load
capacity, Utilization Factor, Diversity Factor, Demand Factor and the Load factor(electrical)|load
factor. This process is referred to as load diversification. The diversification factor is then
defined as:

In mathematics[edit]
Diversity factor is commonly used for a number of mathematics-related topics. One such
instance is when completing a coordination study for a system. This diversity factor is used to
estimate the load of a particular node in the system.
See also[edit]

Energy portal
Energy storage
Intermittent power source
Demand factor
Load Factor
Utilization factor
References[edit]
1. IEEE Standard 141(TM)-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power
Distribution for Industrial Plants, Red Book.
2. Handbook for Electricity Metering, Edison Electric Institute, Tenth Edition.
simple word in diversity factor which means ratio sum of the individual max demand to total
max demand of the power station.
External links[edit]
ise.ufl.edu/capehart/papers/diversity.html
nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/necdigest/CodeIssues072704.pdf
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Estimating Power Demand Using IEC Methods
By Steven McFadyen on July 27th, 2011

Estimating power demand is combination of science and art. It is an area of electrical engineering where
there is no correct answer. Plug the figures in your preferred method of calculation and then as an
engineer you need to relay on instincts to say if the answer feels right or not. This is a look at one method
inline with what could be considered IEC practice.


reproduced from
Schneider's 'Electrical Installation
Guide - According to IEC International Standards' Estimating power demand is combination of
science and art. It is an area of electrical engineering where there is no correct answer. Plug the figures in
your preferred method of calculation and then as an engineer you need to relay on instincts to say if the
answer feels right or not.
Individual loads do not necessarily operate at full rated nominal power nor at the same time. Estimating
power demand involves both looking at the total connected load and the maximum expected demand on
the system. As we will see these are not the same.
Contents [hide]
1. IEC Method
2. Typical Utilisation & Simultaneity Factors
i. Utilization Factor (ku)
ii. Simultaneity Factor (ks)
3. Basic Demand Data and Preliminary Planning
4. Related Links
IEC Method
Depending where you are, different methods, figures and procedures are used to estimate the power
demand of an installation. This is a look at one method inline with what could be considered IEC practice.
To get going it is useful to understand some basic definitions:
voltage V - the voltage of the electrical system
load current Ib - the current required to operate an item of equipment
apparent power kVA - the product of the voltage V and load current Ib
real power kW - the actual power consumed by the load or equipment
power factor - the ratio of the real power to apparent power (kW/kVA)
utilisation factor ku - see below
simultaneity factor ks - see below
Utilisation factor ku - name plate ratings invariably list higher values of
current than will be seen in use, motors rarely run at full load, etc. A utilisation
factor can be applied to these ratings to establish a more realistic load current,
thereby not overestimating the demand.
Simultaneity factor ks - not all equipment runs a the same time; for example
one motor may be duty and the other standby. The same applies to
installations; for example a group of houses or apartments will not all consume
the full design current at the same time. Applying a simultaneity factor takes
care of this. Often the term diversity is used and has the same meaning.
The diagram illustrates how the utilisation and simultaneity factors are used to estimate the power
demand of an installation. Click on the image for a larger version.
Following the diagram, the apparent power of the load or equipment is multiplied by the utilisation factor
to give a realistic power demand to be supplied by a distribution board. Summing these power demand
figures gives the total connected apparent demand (at that board). The distribution board would normally
be sized for this demand.
An appropriate simultaneity factor is applied to the connected apparent demand at the distribution board
and this [diversified] load is carried upstream to higher levels boards. Repeating this procedure will lead to
an expected total demand for the full installation.
In a nutshell, thats all there is to it - in principal at least. There are often problems in deciding what
simultaneity factor to use and here experience can be really useful.
Tip: estimating power demand this is normally carried out using either
apparent or real power. I prefer real power as it gives me the actual kW
required and is an algebraic sum. Many people will use apparent power, which
strictly speaking is a vector sum. As we are dealing with estimates (ball park
figures even), using either real or apparent power will yield usable results.
Typical Utilisation & Simultaneity Factors
Ideally utilisation and simultaneity factors should be developed specifically for each application and based
on a knowledge of how that particular system will operate. For certain situations it may be necessary to
use factors given by supply authorities or some other industry adopted factors.
The factors below are based on those given in the Schneider Electrical Installation Guide and can be
used in the absence of other sources or to provide reality checks on figures being used.
Utilization Factor (ku)
Actual power used in equipment is often less than the rated power. A utilization factor (ku) is used to give
a more realistic estimation of maximum power.
Typical values of Utilization Factor ku:
Type of load ku
Motors (Typical 0.75
Lighting Circuits 1
Socket Outlets 0.1 to 0.2
Simultaneity Factor (ks)
If is rare in practice that all loads operate simultaneously. The simultaneity factor ks is applied to each
group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-distribution board). Simultaneity factor is
sometimes called diversity factor.
Typical values of Simultaneity Factor ks by circuit function:
Type of load ks
Lighting 1
General Heating 1
Space Heating 0.8
Air Conditioning 1
Socket Outlets 0.1 to 0.2
Lifts/Hoists
Most powerful
motor
1
Second most
powerful motor
0.75
For all motors 0.6


Assemblies -Number of Circuits ks
2 and 3 0.9
4 and 5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
10 and more 0.6

Building Installations ks
Escalator 0.5
Elevator 0.3
Sanitary systems 0.5
Sprinklers 0.1
Heating 0.8
Air conditioning 0.8
Cooling water system 0.7
Refrigeration 0.7

Apartment Blocks ks
2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
50 and more 0.40





We've produced an Excel spreadsheet for estimating building total connected load and maximum
demand.
If your interested in obtaining a copy, you can get it here.
Basic Demand Data and Preliminary Planning
Siemens produce a series of publications providing typical demand figures for various building functions
[see Steven's Technical List, Buildings Technology for a list of these]. The following tables are based on
values given in these publications:
Buildings according to their type of use:
Building Use Average
Power
Demand
Simultaneity
Factor
Bank 40-70 w/m
2
0.6
Library 20-40 w/m
2
0.6
Office 30-50 w/m
2
0.6
Shopping centre 30-60 w/m
2
0.6
Hotel 30-60 w/m
2
0.6
Department store 30-60 w/m
2
0.6
Small hospital
(40-80 beds)
250-400
w/m
2

0.6
Hospital
(200-500 beds)
50-80 w/m
2
0.6
Warehouse (no
cooling)
2-20 w/m
2
0.6
Cold store 500- 1,500
w/m
2

0.6
Apartment complex
(without
night storage or
continuous-flow
water heater)
10-30 w/m
2
0.6
Museum 60-80 w/m
2
0.6
Parking garage 3-10 w/m
2
0.6
Production plant 30-80 w/m
2
0.6
Data centre 500-2,000
w/m
2

1 .0
School 10-30 w/m
2
0.6
Different functional and building areas
Functional Area/
Building Area
Average
Power
Demand
Simultaneity
Factor
Hallway, anteroom or
lobby
5-15 w/m
2
0.3
Staircase 5-15 w/m
2
0.3
General utilities 5-15 w/m
2
0.3
Foyer 10-30 w/m
2
1.0
Access ways
(e.g. tunnel)
10-20 w/m
2
1 .0
Recreation
room/kitchenette
20-50 w/m
2
0.3
Toilet areas 5-15 w/m
2
1 .0
Travel centre 60-80 w/m
2
0.8
Office areas 20-40 w/m
2
0.8
Bookstore 80-120 w/m
2
0.8
Flower shop 80-120 w/m
2
0.8
Bakery/butcher 250-350
w/m
2

0.8
Groceries 80-120 w/m
2
0.8
Bistro/ice cream
parlour
150-250
w/m
2

0.8
Cafe 180-220
w/m
2

0.8
Diner/restaurant 180-400
w/m
2

0.8
Tobacco shop 80-120 w/m
2
0.8
Hairdresser 220-280 0.8
Gym hall 15-30 w/m
2
0.6
Stadium (40,000-
80,000 seats)
70-120
w/seat
0.6
Old peoples home 15-30 w/m
2
0.6
Greenhouse (artificial
lighting)
250-500
w/m
2



w/m
2

Dry-cleaners or
laundry
700-950
w/m
2

0.7
Storage area 5-15 w1/m2 0.3


Office Equipment Demand Recommendations
Equipment Average
Power
Demand
Data
Source
All in one Printer/
Fax/Scanner
75 w CIBSE
Ceiling Projector Lift 50 w Estimated
Ceiling Projector
Screen
80 w Estimated
Colour Printer/Copier 200 w CIBSE
Colour Scanner 50 w CIBSE
Computer Peripherals 400 w Estimated
Convenience Sockets 200 w/socket DEWA
Cost Recovery Devices 3,000 w Estimated
Desktop 100 w CIBSE
DVD Player 70 w Estimated
Fixed Camera 30 w Estimated
Laptop 100 w CIBSE
Large Smart Board 300 w Estimated
Monitor 200 to 400 W CIBSE
Paper Shredder 50 w CIBSE
Personal Printer/Fax 50 w CIBSE
Portable Wireless
Controller
20 w Estimated
Projector 300 w CIBSE
Rack Equipment in
Credenza
400 W Estimated
Shredder 190 w Estimated
Technology Wells in Table
Top
200 w Estimated
Teleconference Module 50 w Estimated
Wall Mounted Controller 20 w Estimated
Wall Mounted LCD 200 w Estimated

Other areas:
Area Average power
demand
Electric floor heating
bedrooms
65-1 00 w/m
2

Electric floor heating
bathroom
130-150 w/m
2

Night storage heating:
Low-energy house
60-70 w/m
2

Night storage heating:
house with standard
insulation
100-110 w/m
2

Small air conditioning unit 60 w/m
2

Photovoltaic (maximum
output of the modules)
100-130 w/m
2


Related Links
Maximum Demand for Buildings - Post
Power Demand, Buildings, Energy



More interesting Notes:
Possibly related posts:
Power Factor
What is Aircraft Ground Power
9 power supply issues solved by using a UPS
Three Phase Current - Simple Calculation
UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply


Steven McFadyen
Steven has over twenty five years experience working on some of the largest construction projects. He
has a deep technical understanding of electrical engineering and is keen to share this knowledge. About
the author
- See more at: http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/74/estimating-power-demand-using-iec-
methods#sthash.9aqK0TWC.dpuf
.
Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization
Factor-Load Factor
Posted Nov 14 2011 by jiguparmar in Energy and Power with 17 Comments
Originally published at Electrical Notes Articles
(1) Demand factor
Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system
Demand factor is always less than one.
Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of
300W,Than demand factor = 6000W / 3300W = 55%.
The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.
Feeder-circuit conductors should have an ampere sufficient to carry the load; the ampere of the
feeder-circuit need not always be equal to the total of all loads on all branch-circuits connected
to it.
Remember that the demand factor permits a feeder-circuit ampere to be less than 100% of the
sum of all branch-circuit loads connected to the feeder.
Example: One Machine Shop has
Fluorescent fixtures=1 No, 5kw each, Receptacle outlets =1 No, 1500w each.
Lathe=1No, 10 Hp, Air Compressor=1 No, 20 Hp, Fire Pump=1 No, 15 Hp.
After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered as
follows:
1. The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
2. The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small
loads plugged into them.
3. The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is setup time. This
procedure repeats every 15 minutes.
4. The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time.
5. The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours.
Top
Calculation:

Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 1.0
Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kW
Receptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1 = 0.1
Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 watts x 0.1 = 2.25 kW
Lathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 =0 .33
Lathe Demand Load = 10 hp x .746 x .33 = 2.46 kW
Air Compressor Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 0.5
Air Compressor Demand Load = 20 hp x .746 x .5 = 7.46 kW
Fire Pump Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.
= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 0.0 = 0.0
Fire Pump Demand Load = 15 hp x .746 x 0.0 = 0.0 kW
Summary of Demand Loads :
Equipment kW D.F. Demand KW
Lighting 5 1 5
Receptacle Outlets 22.5 .1 2.25
Lathe 7.5 .33 2.46
Air Compressor 15 0.5 7.46
Fire Pump 11.25 0.0 0.0
TOTAL 61.25 Kw 17.17 Kw
(2) Diversity factor / simultaneity factor (Ks)
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand. / Max. Demand on Power Station.
Diversity Factor = Installed load. / Running load.
Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max.
Demand)
The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The
diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this
time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness).
When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add
together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is
done, a figure somewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is
because it is unlikely that all the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously.
The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand
is known as the application of a diversity factor.
70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level
70% of the time that it is connected and turned on.
If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is
two.
If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is
four.
If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity
factor is equal to One
Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.
Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the
individual customers to the peak demand of the network.
This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and
combinations of such.
Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. The
feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the
timing differences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual
customers.
As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can
be demonstrated when restoring service after outages (called cold starts) as the system initial
surge can be much greater than the historical peak loads.
Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:
1. feeder 1 has maximum demand 10 MW at 10:00 am,
2. feeder 2 has maximum demand 12 MW at 7:00 pm and
3. feeder 3 has maximum demand 15 MW at 9:00 pm,
4. While the maximum demand of all three feeders is 33 MW at 8:00 pm.
Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 =
37 MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12. The
diversity factor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum
demand of the individual sub-system occurs simultaneously.
Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a
connection point, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate:
1. The building at these co-ordinates is fitted with a 100A main supply fuse.
2. The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total,
potentially, of 192A.
Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would
rupture, as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to
be 192A/100A, or 1.92, or 52%.
Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning
conservatism because of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a
diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer
requirements chosen accordingly.
The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a local
evaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may,
on some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the
local installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated
load current. It is better to evaluate the pattern of usage of the loads and calculate an
acceptable diversity factor for each particular case.
In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well
over twice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a
field, the rebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply
cables for a distance exceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather
more for a kWh than at present. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isnt justifiable
in this particular case.
Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to
determine the maximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process.
You have to understand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will
size the feeder. Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or
have a data records to create 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum
demand load for node then you can easily determine the feeder and transformer size.
The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individual
consumers divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible to
compute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system.
The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors
usually of 1.4, street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.
Diversity Factor in distribution Network
Elements of System
Diversity Factors
Residential Commercial
General
Power
Large
Industrial
Between individual users 2.00 1.46 1.45

Between transformers 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05
Between feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05
Between substations 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
From users to transformers 2.00 1.46 1.44

From users to feeder 2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15
From users to substation 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32
From users to generating station 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45
Diversity Factor for distribution switchboards
Number of circuits Diversity Factor (ks)
Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 0.9
4 and 5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
10 and more 0.6
Assemblies partially tested in every case choose 1
Diversity Factor for according to circuit function (IEC 60439)
Circuits Function Diversity Factor (ks)
Lighting 0.9
Heating and air conditioning 0.8
Socket-outlets 0.7
Lifts and catering hoist
For the most powerful motor 1
For the second most powerful motor 0.75
For all motors 0.8
Diversity Factor for an apartment block
Apartment Diversity Factor (ks)
2 To 4 1
5To 19 0.78
10To 14 0.63
15To 19 0.53
20To 24 0.49
25To 29 0.46
30 To 34 0.44
35 To 39 0.42
40To 40 0.41
50 To Above 0.40
Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a
given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity
Factor (ks).
The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution
or sub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the
designer, since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which
the individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values
for general application.
Designing Size of Electrical Switchgear by use of Demand Factor and Diversity Factor:
Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.
For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand
factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the
maximum demand of the feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub
feeders divided by the diversity factor for the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load
to be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders are derived.
Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA,
200 kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively.Use
a diversity factor of 1.5.
Calculating demand for feeder-circuits
o 250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA
o 200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA
o 150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA
o 400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA
o 837.5 kVA
o The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.
o If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.00 = 837.5
kVA.
o The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.
o However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA 1.5 = 558 kVA for the
main feeder.
o For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.
o Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As
material is transported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each
section in succession until the final section is reached. In this simple example only one
section of conveyor is carrying material at any point in time. Therefore five motors are
only handling no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW) keeping the belts moving whilst one
motor is handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presented by each motor when it is
carrying its load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but the maximum load
presented by the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.
o Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.
o Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.
(3) Load factor
Load Factor = Average load. /Maximum load during a given period.
It can be calculated for a single day, for a month or for a year.
Its value is always less than one. Because maximum demand is always more than avg. demand.
It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor, lesser will
be the cost per unit.
Load Factor = Load that a piece of equipment actually draws / Load it could draw (full load).
Example: Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on.
The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.
Load factor is term that does not appear on your utility bill, but does affect electricity costs.
Load factor indicates how efficiently the customer is using peak demand.
Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month )
A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that
occasionally a high demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is sitting idle for long periods,
thereby imposing higher costs on the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers
with high load factor are charged less overall per kWh.
For Example
Customer A High Load Factor
82% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 5 kW x 730 hours/month.
Customer B Low Load Factor
41% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 10kW x 730 hours/month.
To encourage the efficient use of installed capacity, electricity rates are structured so the price
per kWh above a certain load factor is lower. The actual structure of the price blocks varies by
rate.
(4) Utilization factor (Ku)
In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that
indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application
of an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.
Utilization Factor = The time that a equipment is in use./ The total time that it could be in use.
Example: The motor may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a year. The hours of
operation would then be 2000 hours, and the motor Utilization factor for a base of 8760 hours
per year would be 2000/8760 = 22.83%. With a base of 2000 hours per year, the motor
Utilization factor would be 100%. The bottom line is that the use factor is applied to get the
correct number of hours that the motor is in use.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors,
which are very rarely operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may be
estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied
from the sockets concerned.
Maximum demand
Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits,
switches and protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload
or short circuit conditions.
Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum
demand of a 240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8
kW) by the voltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor of
unity, which is a reasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.
There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example,
if a ring circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 =
195 A, if only because the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A
sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W lamps fitted, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing
machines; others again may not be loaded at all.
Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be
assumed to carry the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of
100 W per lamp holder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are
particularly difficult to assess, and current cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power
by supply voltage. The reasons for this are:
1. Control gear losses result in additional current,
2. the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater, and
3. Chokes and other control gear usually distort the waveform of the current so that it contains
harmonics which are additional to the fundamental supply current.
So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current
demand for the circuit can be calculated from:
current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent
lamps would be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88A
Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are
required to carry, unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing
resulting from the switching of such inductive and capacitive loads.
(5) Coincidence factor
The coincidence factor =Max. demand of a system / sum of the individual maximum demands
The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor
Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Industries
Type of Industry Demand
Factor
Load
Factor
Utilization Factor
(DF x LF)
Arc Furnace 0.55 0.80 0.44
Induction Furnace 0.90 0.80 0.72
Steel Rolling mills 0.80 0.25 0.20
Mechanical/ Electrical
a) Single Shift 0.45 0.25 0.11
b) Double Shift 0.45 0.50 0.22
Cycle Industry 0.40 0.40 0.16
Wire products 0.35 0.40 0.14
Auto Parts 0.40 0.50 0.20
Forgings 0.50 0.35 0.17
Cold Storage
a) Working Season 0.60 0.65 0.39
b) Non-Working Season 0.25 0.15 0.04
Rice Shellers
a) Working Season 0.70 0.80 0.56
b) Non-Working Season 0.05 0.30 0.01
Ice Candy Units
a) Working Season 0.50 0.65 0.32
b) Non-Working Season 0.50 0.10 0.05
Ice Factories
a) Working Season 0.80 0.65 0.52
b) Non-Working Season 0.80 0.10 0.08
Cotton Ginning
a) Working Season 0.70 0.25 0.17
b) Non-Working Season 0.10 0.10 0.01
Spinning Mills 0.60 0.80 0.48
Textile Industry 0.50 0.80 0.40
Dyeing and Printing 0.40 0.50 0.20
Ghee Mills 0.50 0.50 0.25
Oil Mills 0.70 0.50 0.35
Solvent Extraction Mills 0.45 0.50 0.22
Plastic 0.60 0.25 0.11
Soap 0.50 0.25 0.12
Rubber (Foot Wear) 0.45 0.35 0.16
Distilleries 0.35 0.50 0.17
Chemical Industry 0.40 0.50 0.20
Gas Plant Industry 0.70 0.50 0.35
Pain and Colour Factory 0.50 0.40 0.20
Sugar 0.30 0.45 0.13
Paper 0.50 0.80 0.40
Flour Mills(Single Shift) 0.80 0.25 0.20
Atta Chakies 0.50 0.25 0.12
Milk Plants 0.40 0.80 0.32
Printing Presses 0.35 0.30 0.10
Repair Workshops 0.40 0.25 0.10
Bottling Plants 0.40 0.35 0.14
Radio Stations 0.55 .0.45 0.25
Telephone exchange 0.50 0.90 0.45
Public Water Works 0.75 0.40 0.30
Medical Colleges 0.60 0.25 0.15
Hospitals 0.25 0.90 0.22
Nursing Homes 0.50 0.50 0.25
Colleges and Schools 0.50 0.20 0.10
Hotels and Restaurants 0.75 0.40 0.30
Marriage Palaces 1.00 0.25 0.25
Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Buildings:
Individual Facilities Demand
Factor
Load Factor
Communications buildings 60-65 70-75
Telephone exchange building 55-70 20-25
Air passenger terminal building 65-80 28-32
Aircraft fire and rescue station 25-35 13-17
Aircraft line operations building 65-80 24-28
Academic instruction building 40-60 22-26
Applied instruction building 35-65 24-28
Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory 70-80 22-28
Materials Laboratory 30-35 27-32
Physics Laboratory 70-80 22-28
Electrical and electronics systems
laboratory
20-30 3-7
Cold storage warehouse 70-75 20-25
General warehouse 75-80 23-28
Controlled humidity warehouse 60-65 33-38
Hazardous/flammable storehouse 75-80 20-25
Disposal, salvage, scrap building 35-40 25-20
Hospital 38-42 45-50
Laboratory 32-37 20-25
Dental Clinic 35-40 18-23
Medical Clinic 45-50 20-23
Administrative Office 50-65 20-35
Single-family residential housing 60-70 10-15
Detached garages 40-50 2-4
Apartments 35-40 38-42
Fire station 25-35 13-17
Police station 48-53 20-25
Bakery 30-35 45-60
Laundry/dry cleaning plant 30-35 20-25
K-6 schools 75-80 10-15
7-12 schools 65-70 12-17
Churches 65-70 5-25
Post Office 75-80 20-25
Retail store 65-70 25-32
Bank 75-80 20-25
Supermarket 55-60 25-30
Restaurant 45-75 15-25
Auto repair shop 40-60 15-20
Hobby shop, art/crafts 30-40 25-30
Bowling alley 70-75 10-15
Gymnasium 70-75 20-45
Skating rink 70-75 10-15
Indoor swimming pool 55-60 25-50
Theater 45-55 8-13
Library 75-80 30-35
Golf clubhouse 75-80 15-20
Museum 75-80 30-35

Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand
From Electrical Installation Guide
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General rules of electrical installation design
Electrical installation design methodology
Electrical installation rules, standards
o Definition of voltage ranges
o Electrical regulations and standards
o Quality and safety of an electrical installation
o Environmental directives
Installed power loads - Characteristics
o Induction motors
o Resistive-type heating appliances and incandescent lamps (conventional or halogen)
Power loading of an installation
o Installed power (kW)
o Installed apparent power (kVA)
o Estimation of actual maximum kVA demand
o Example of application of factors ku and ks
o Diversity factor
o Choice of transformer rating
o Choice of power-supply sources
Connection to the MV utility distribution network
Connection to the LV utility distribution network
MV and LV architecture selection guide
LV Distribution
Protection against electric shocks
Sizing and protection of conductors
LV switchgear: functions and selection
Overvoltage protection
Energy Efficiency in electrical distribution
Power Factor Correction
Power harmonics management
Characteristics of particular sources and loads
PhotoVoltaic (PV) installation
Residential and other special locations
ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Contents
[hide]
1- Factor of maximum utilization (ku)
2- Factor of simultaneity (ks)
3- Factor of simultaneity for an apartment block
4- Factor of simultaneity for distribution switchboards
5- Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function

All individual loads are not necessarily operating at full rated nominal power nor necessarily at
the same time. Factors ku and ks allow the determination of the maximum power and apparent-
power demands actually required to dimension the installation.

Factor of maximum utilization (ku)
In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that
indicated as its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application of
an utilization factor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors,
which are very rarely operated at full load.
In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied
from the sockets concerned.
For Electric Vehicle the utilization factor will be systematically estimated to 1, as it takes a long
time to load completely the batteries (several hours) and a dedicated circuit feeding the charging
station or wall box will be required by standards.

Factor of simultaneity (ks)
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a
given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor (ks).
The factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution or sub-
distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since
it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual
circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general
application.
Number of downstream consumers Factor of simultaneity (ks)
2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
50 and more 0.40

Fig. A10: Simultaneity factors in an apartment block

Factor of simultaneity for an apartment block
Some typical values for this case are given in Figure A10, and are applicable to domestic
consumers supplied at 230/400 V (3-phase 4-wires). In the case of consumers using electrical
heat-storage units for space heating, a factor of 0.8 is recommended, regardless of the number of
consumers.
Example (see Fig. A11):
5 storeys apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
From Figure A10, it is possible to determine the magnitude of currents in different sections of
the common main feeder supplying all floors. For vertical rising mains fed at ground level, the
cross-sectional area of the conductors can evidently be progressively reduced from the lower
floors towards the upper floors.
These changes of conductor size are conventionally spaced by at least 3-floor intervals.
In the example, the current entering the rising main at ground level is:



the current entering the third floor is:






Fig. A11: Application of the factor of simultaneity (ks) to an apartment block of 5 storeys

Factor of simultaneity for distribution switchboards
Figure A12 shows hypothetical values of ks for a distribution board supplying a number of
circuits for which there is no indication of the manner in which the total load divides between
them.
If the circuits are mainly for lighting loads, it is prudent to adopt ks values close to unity.
Number of circuits Factor of simultaneity (ks)
2 and 3 0.9
4 and 5 0.8
6 to 9 0.7
10 and more 0.6

Fig. A12: Factor of simultaneity for distribution boards

Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function
ks factors which may be used for circuits supplying commonly-occurring loads, are shown in
Figure A13.
Circuit function
Factor of
simultaneity (ks)
Lighting 1

Heating and air conditioning 1

Socket-outlets 0.1 to 0.2
(1)


Lifts and catering hoist
(2)

For the most powerful motor
For the second most powerful motor
For all motors
1
0.75
0.60

(1) In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this factor can be higher.
(2) The current to take into consideration is equal to the nominal current of the motor, increased
by a third of its starting current.

Fig. A13: Factor of simultaneity according to circuit function
..
Electrical load lists are documents that list major draws and users of electrical power; mainly
motors. You may encounter the following terminology and short forms in these documents:
Connected load (CL) = motor nameplate rating = electrical load at power input terminals
Demand Factor (DF) = Actual maximum demand load (design load)/connected load
Max Demand = maximum power that you imagine could be consumed by the load =
connected load * DF
Utilization Factor (UF) = Actual operating time/possible operating time. (e.g. UF = 1 for
always on, 0 always off)
Peak Demand = CL * DF * UF
Remember that the terms above are the electrical loads demanded at the motor. The process will
receive less energy due to inefficiencies inherent in the motor, as well as the device the motor
powers (pump/compressor/fan/etc. efficiency).
And if examining the overall plant:
Plant Diversity (Coincidence) Factor (PDF) = Factor applied to Total Plant Net Run
Demand, based on coincidence probability of loads operating concurrently
Power distribution losses = Peak Run Demand x Plant Diversity Factor x % Power
Distribution losses (3-5%)
Utilization Factor Guidelines (not rules):
If an equipment is used only rarely and intermittently, then the UF can be based on the % of the
year where it is used.
What about equipment that is used continuously? (i.e. all the time except for shutdowns or
maintenance problems). Reliable equipment, such as API 610 pumps, should be online at least
95% of time if using correctly. Maybe even 98-99%.
If there are two pumps one online and one spare, there are two options.The simple method is to
set the UF of one pump at 1.00 and other at 0.00 as an approximation.
To be more accurate, set the main pumps UF high like say at 0.95. The missing 5% accounts for
trips and plant outages. Then put the second pump UF = ~0.1, 0.05 since occasionally must start
up spare pump and shut down main pump.
For compressors, they tend to be more finicky than pumps, so the main compressor may only
have UF = 0.8-0.9ish.
Example:
In the design condition, a pump must produce 200 gpm flow over 86 psi difference. (Discharge
pressure suction pressure = 86 psi).
This is a hydaulic horse power requirement of ~ 10 hp. (hhp = flow * dP / 1714 with these
units). The process needs to receive an input of 10 hp at the pump design condition.
Suppose that the selected pump itself is only 50% efficient. Determine the brake horsepower:
bhp = hhp / pump efficiency = 10 / 0.5 = 20 hp.
The motor is only 90% efficient. The motor hp = bhp / motor efficiency = 20/0.9 = 22 hp.
The nearby common motor sizes are 20 hp, 25 hp, and 30 hp. Therefore, suppose the pump is
given a 25 hp motor.
Therefore CL = 25 hp. Max demand = 22 hp = CL * DF, so DF must = 0.89. (Check: Max
demand = CL * DF = 25 * 0.89 = 22, good).
Say the pump will be used almost all the time, assign a UF = 0.95. Peak demand = CL * DF *
UF 25 * 0.89 * 0.95 = 21 hp, or ~16 kVa.
..
How to Create an Electrical Area
Classification Diagrams
2011 May 20
tags: canadian electrical code, electrical area classification, national electrical code
by admin
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Creating an Electrical Area Classification Diagram involves the following basic steps, done by
electrical and process engineers:
1. Find all systems in the plant using flammable materials like hydrogen, natural gas,
propane, butane, gas condensates, ammonia, flammable dusts, etc.
2. Along the systems carrying flammables, identify on the plot plan the location of all
flammable release sources such as: Open process points (like open tanks), Control valves,
Pump seals, Rotating equipment, Seal pots, Drains, Metering points, Sampling points,
Vents, PSVs, Rupture Disks. In general, closed metal piping or tubing without valves,
fittings or flanges does not need to be considered as a potential source of release
3. Get the correct electrical code, e.g. National Electrical Code (NEC) in U.S., or the
Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), whatever applies. Classify the release sources identified
in step #2 by the standard. For example, possible abnormal operation leak points along a
Hydrogen system may be Class 1 Divison 2, Group B. (Meaning Flammable Gases, only
occasionally present, gas is hydrogen). In many cases, the rating can be modified based
on the quality of ventilation present.
4. Create an area classification drawing, clouding the area around the hazards with the
appropriate area classification. In some cases elevation drawings may also be required
(especially multi-level structures). The area you must classify is often not specified in the
electrical code, but depends on industry practice and site-specific tests of concentrations
of flammable gases in simulated release scenarios. API 500 & 505 are good resources for
determining the area to cloud around a potential hazard.
5. If designing a new plant, ensure all equipment in the cloud is built to the standard
specified by the cloud. If you are reviewing an existing plant, do a check to ensure that
equipment inside the clouds are built for the classification. In some cases it may be
possible to get an exception from the regulators for borderline cases
Good reference article:
http://www.roe.com/pdfs/technical/practical%20guidelines%20for%20ctg%20power%20plants.p
df
You can hire consulting companies who are masters at steps 3 & 4, and do it easily, but steps 1,
2, and 5 still need the touch of people intimately knowledgeable about the system being drawn.
http://smartprocessdesign.com/piping-instrumentation-diagram-pid-designer-checklist/