DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC) 1

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER &

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
INTRODUCTION
Connecting digital circuitry to sensor devices is simple
if the sensor devices are inherently digital themselves.
Switches, relays, and encoders are easily interfaced
with gate circuits due to the on/off nature of their
signals.
However, when analog devices are involved, However, when analog devices are involved,
interfacing becomes much more complex. What is
needed is a way to electronically translate analog
signals into digital (binary) quantities, and vice versa.
An analog-to-digital converter, or ADC, performs the
former task while a digital-to-analog converter, or
DAC, performs the latter.
2 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
INTRODUCTION
A DAC inputs a binary
number and outputs
an analog voltage or
current signal.
DAC in a block
diagram:
AnADC inputs an
analog electrical signal
such as voltage or
current and outputs a
binary number.
ADC in a block diagram: diagram:
3 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
ADC in a block diagram:
INTRODUCTION
Together, they are often used in digital systems
to provide complete interface with analog
sensors and output devices for control systems .
4 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
APPLICATIONS
Digital audio: CD/ MP3 players, HD radio, digital
telephones
Digital videos: DVDplayers, DTV, computer
displays
Industrial control systems:- motor control, valves, Industrial control systems:- motor control, valves,
transducer excitation, cruise control
Waveformfunction generators, test equipment,
digital oscilloscope
Calibration/ tuning in embedded systems, built-in
self test
5 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
DAC CONVERSION METHOD
Resistive divider (binary-weighted-input DAC)
a variation on the inverting summing op-amp circuit.
The output voltage is the inverted (opposite polarity)
sumof all input voltages
6 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
DAC CONVERSION METHOD
R-2R ladder (binary ladder DAC)
An alternative to the resistive divider (binary-
weighted-input DAC) is the so-called R-2R DAC,
which uses fewer unique resistor values.
7 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
Circuit diagram
8 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
OPERATION
Starting fromV
1
and going throughV
3
, this would
give each input voltage exactly half the effect on
the output as the voltage before it.
input voltageV
1
has a 1:1 effect on the output voltage
(gain of 1) (gain of 1)
input voltageV
2
has half of V1 effect on the output (a
gain of 1/2)
input voltageV
3
half of V2 (a gain of 1/4).
These ratios were not arbitrarily chosen: they are
the same ratios corresponding to place weights in
the binary numbering system.
9 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
The values of input resistors are chosen to be
inversely proportional to the binary weights of
the corresponding input bits.
The lowest value resistor corresponds to the highest
binary weighted input (MSB).
Other resistors are multiples of R (2R, 4R, 8R etc)
10 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
Example of a 3 bit binary input :
For R=1k, input voltage high = +5V and low = 0V.
The output voltages for all eight combinations of
binary bits input to this circuit are:
Binary Input Output Voltage (V)
000 0.00
11 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
000 0.00
001 -1.25
010 -2.50
011 -3.75
100 -5.00
101 -6.25
110 -7.50
111 -8.75
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
For R=1k, input voltage high = +5V and low = 0V.
Binary input = 000 ;
)
4 2
(
3 2 1
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
f o

LSB input MSB input
MSB LSB
0 0 0
Binary input = 001 ;
12 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
V
k k k
k V
o
0 )
) 1 ( 4
0
) 1 ( 2
0
1
0
( 1
MSB LSB
V
k k k
k V
o
25 . 1 )
) 1 ( 4
5
) 1 ( 2
0
1
0
( 1
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
Binary input = 100 ;
Binary input = 101 ;
MSB LSB
V
k k k
k V
o
5 )
) 1 ( 4
0
) 1 ( 2
0
1
5
( 1
MSB LSB
Binary input = 111 ;
13 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
V
k k k
k V
o
25 . 6 )
) 1 ( 4
5
) 1 ( 2
0
1
5
( 1
V
k k k
k V
o
75 . 8 )
) 1 ( 4
5
) 1 ( 2
5
1
5
( 1
MSB LSB
RESISTIVE DIVIDER
OUTPUTWAVEFORM
binary input
Vo
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
-2.5
-1.25
14 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
-5.0
-7.5
-8.75
-6.25
-3.75
PRO & CONS OF RESISTIVE DIVIDER DAC
PRO:
Easily understood
CONS :
Limited to 8 bits input Limited to 8 bits input
Large number of resistors used in the circuit; several
different precise input resistor values, one unique
value per binary input bit.
Susceptible to noise
Expensive
Greater error
15 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
R-2R LADDER
3 bit
By constructing a different kind of resistor
network on the input of the summing circuit, the
same kind of binary weighting is achieved with
only two kinds of resistor values, and with only a
modest increase in resistor count.
16 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
R-2R LADDER
The less significant the bit, the more resistors the
signal must pass through before reaching the op-
amp.
The current is divided by a factor of 2 at each node.
17 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
2R
D2
R
D0
0
+V
R
2R
2R
Rf
2R
MSB
2R
D1
LSB
R-2R LADDER
a b c
Vout
0
-
+
1
2
3
If you look down the R-2R ladder, you see an equivalent resistance of 2R.
(To arrive at this, start at the LSB and work toward node a)
We have 2Rs in parallel, which is equivalent to R.
This results in two Rs in series, which is equivalent to 2R, and so forth all
the way back to node a.
18 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
R-2R LADDER
Consider the switch at bit D1 connected to the
amp, and all others switched to ground.
At node b, looking down the ladder or looking
toward the switches, you see a 2R to ground.
The equivalent resistance of two paralleled 2Rs is
19 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
The equivalent resistance of two paralleled 2Rs is
just R.
Thus we have a voltage divider, henceV
B
=+V/ 2.
Similar analysis will showthat +V is halved
progressing fromnode a to node d.
R-2R LADDER
D2
R
Req = R 2R
+V
D1
a b
Va = +V
we have a voltage
divider, hence
V
B
=+V(R/2R)
V
B
=+V/2
20 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
Similarly,
V
C
=V
B
(R/2R)
Vc = +V / 4
D1
R
Req = R 2R
D0
b c
Vb = +V/2
2R
D2
R
D0
0
+V
R
2R
2R
Rf
2R
MSB
2R
D1
2
LSB
R-2R LADDER
a b c
I
c
= I
f
)
2
1
)(
4
(
2 R
V
R
V
I
c
c

Vout
0
-
+
1
2
3
For a 3 bit binary input, what is the output voltage
when input is 001?
Vo = -I
f
x R
f
=
21 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
V
V
25 . 1
4

+v = 5V
2R
D2
R
D0
0
+V
R
2R
2R
Rf
2R
MSB
2R
D1
2
LSB
R-2R LADDER
a b c
I
c
= I
f
)
2
1
)(
4
(
2 R
V
R
V
I
c
c

)
2
(
2 R
V
R
V
I
a
a

)
2
1
)(
2
(
2 R
V
R
V
I
b
b

Vout
0
-
+
1
2
3
For a 3 bit binary input, what is the output voltage
when input is 111?
Vo = -I
f
x R
f
=
22 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
75 . 8 2 )}
2
1
4
( )
2
1
2
(
2
{ R x
R
V
R
V
R
V
+v = 5V
R-2R LADDER
Example of a 3 bit binary input :
For input voltage high = +5V and low= 0V. The
output voltages for all eight combinations of binary
bits input to this circuit are:
Binary Input Output Voltage (V)
000 0.00
23 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
000 0.00
001 -1.25
010 -2.50
011 -3.75
100 -5.00
101 -6.25
110 -7.50
111 -8.75
R-2R LADDER
OUTPUTWAVEFORM
binary input
Vo
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
-2.5
-1.25
24 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
-5.0
-7.5
-8.75
-6.25
-3.75
PRO & CONS OF R-2R LADDER DAC
Pro:
Easier to implement
Easier to manufacture, use 2 resistors value only.
Faster response time
Cons :
More confusing analysis
25 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
DAC & ADC
RESOLUTION (step size) is defined as the smallest
change that can occur in the analog output as a result
of a change in the digital input.
For an n-bit digital input , the total no. of steps is
(2
n
- 1)
Full scale output = the max output voltage obtained Full scale output = the max output voltage obtained
froma corresponding max input bits.
Step size = full scale output/no of total steps
Percentage resolution :
= (1/total no. of steps)*100
= 1/(2
n
- 1) *100
26 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)
Example :
Assuming the zero state output of the DAC is 0V, a 12-bit
DAC has a step size of 8 mv.
1. Determine the full scale output voltage and percentage
resolution.
2. Also find the output voltage for the input of
010101101101?
Answer : Answer :
1. The total no of steps is 2
n
-1 = 2
12
-1 = 4095;
Each step changes the output by 8mv;
full scale output = 4095 x 8mV = 32.76V.
The resolution is (1/total no of step)*100%= 2.44%
2. An input of 010101101101
b
is equivalent to 1389
d
.
Vo = 8mV x 1389 = 11.11V
27 DIGITAL TOANALOG CONVERTER (DAC)