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Chapter 2

Outline 2.1

Matter anything that takes up space
Element a single type of atom or substance made of a single type of atom
- 92 naturally occurring
- Symbol consists of 1 or 2 letters
- Elements that make up 96% of human body (CHON)
Compound consists of two or more different elements
Ex. NaCl, H
2
O, sugar

Create a table of elements such as 2.1 (element & symbol). Be creative with your table and use color to
emphasize certain elements, such as the 4 most common in living organisms.

Trace element are essential, but only in small quantities

Outline 2.2

Fe is needed to transport O
2
. Found in red blood cells (RBC)
Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland. Deficiencies result in goiter.

Do some additional research on the web and write a synopsis (in your own words) as to what goiter is.
Include: a. what is goiter
b. signs and symptoms
c. common causes
d. treatment
e. sketch a diagram of an individual with goiter

Fluorine, in the form of Fluoride reduces tooth decay. Added to water.


Outline 2.3

Atom smallest unit of Matter
;./Proton subatomic particle with a positive charge
Electron - subatomic particle with a negative charge
Neutron - subatomic particle that is neutral
Nucleus center of atom. Location of protons and neutrons
Electron cloud all the electrons that orbit the nucleus
Draw a concept map for an atom and its subatomic particles. (Example provided below)

Atom


Nucleus Electron cloud


Protons Neutrons Electrons
+ charge no charge - charge
large large small
Atomic number number of protons in an atom
Mass number protons plus neutrons
Dalton equals the mass of 1 proton plus one neutron
Atomic mass (weight) average mass of an atom. Similar to mass number
Isotope atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactive isotope atoms that have an unstable nucleus and whose nucleus is breaking apart giving off
particles and energy.

Watch Brainpop (Atoms): http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch Brainpop (Isotopes): http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch BBM (Atoms): http://www.youtube.com/user/Biologybyme
Interactive animation: http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/atom.htm
- Build several atoms of your choice

Complete the atoms chart. You will need to go to the periodic table of elements, which can be found online, to
get the atomic numbers of the following atoms. (Example of Mg and Na
+
provided for you)

Element/
Ion
Atomic
Number
Mass
Number
Charge Protons Neutrons Electrons
1.
24
Mg 12 24 0 12 12 12
2.
39
K
3.
23
Na
+1
11 23 +1 11 12 10
4.
19
F
-1

5.
27
Al
+3

6.

1
H
7.
24
Mg
+2

8.
108
Ag
9.
32
S
-2

10.
2
H
11.
35
Cl
-1

12.
9
Be
+2


Outline 2.4

Living cells cannot distinguish between isotopes of the same element.
Some isotopes are radioactive and can be measured by instruments. (tracers)
Can be used to:
- Follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes
- Make medical diagnosis
- Treatments
Uncontrolled exposure can results in damage to cellular molecules such as DNA and proteins
Natural sources of radiation can also pose threats (UV light, radon)

Research radon on-line and write a half page essay. Include its chemical symbol, where its found, how it gets
into homes, tests for it, what it looks, smells and tastes like, how to get rid of it, health problems it poses, etc.







Outline 2.5

Electron shell orbit containing electrons at a certain energy level.
- the farther the electron, the greater the amount of energy it has.

The number of electrons in the outermost shell determines the chemical properties of an atom.

Chemical bond an electrical attraction between atoms.


Watch Brain pop (Periodic Table of Elements) http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch animation of octet rule: http://www.dnatube.com/video/26289/Lec-107--Octet-Rule

Write a paragraph on the octet rule and how it is applied to chemical bonding. You may have to do some
additional research on the web.

Outline 2.6

Covalent bond electrical attraction in which 2 atoms share one or more valence electrons.
Molecule 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
Double bond the sharing of two pairs of electrons. Identified by a pair of lines (=)

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form is equal to the number of additional electrons needed to fill its
valence shell.

Watch Brainpop (Chemical bonds): http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch animation (Covalent bond): http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
Watch BBM (chem bond 3) http://www.youtube.com/user/Biologybyme

Draw the following covalent compounds in terms of their molecular formula, electron distribution diagram, and
structural formula. Methane, urea, hydrogen (H
2
), carbon dioxide


Electronegativity an atoms attraction for electrons
- the electronegative the greater the attraction for electrons
Nonpolar covalent bonds covalent bonds in which electrons are shared equally.
Ex. O
2
, H
2
, CH
4

Polar covalent bond covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
- one atom becomes more negative and the other atom becomes more positive
Ex. H
2
O
Polar molecule a molecule that is neutral overall but whose poles (ends) have partially positive and partially
negative charges.

Watch animation http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/propertiesofwater/water.html
Watch BBM (Polar & H-bond) http://www.youtube.com/user/Biologybyme

Draw H
2
O and ammonia in terms of their molecular formula, electron distribution diagram, and structural
formula.




Outline 2.7

Ion an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons.
Ionic bond formed when oppositely charged atoms attract each other

Watch Brain pop (Ions): http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch animation: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html
Watch BBM (chem bond 1, 2) http://www.youtube.com/user/Biologybyme

Draw the following ionic compounds using electron distribution diagrams. (Use colored pencils to denote the
valence electrons) KCl, CaCl
2
, MgCl
2


Emergent properties (read pg 3-4)

Draw a diagram and write a few sentences explaining how table salt illustrates the theme of emergent
properties.


Outline 2.8

Hydrogen bond weak electrical attractions between the slightly positive H of one molecule and the slightly
negative FON of another molecule.
Found in: proteins
DNA
Polar molecule a molecule that is neutral overall but whose poles (ends) have partially positive and partially
negative charges.

Watch animation (Polarity and hydrogen bonding)
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp02/02020.html

Draw three water molecules hydrogen bonded to each other.





















Outline 2.9

The structure of atoms and molecules determines the way they behave.

2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
Reactants Products

Chemical reaction the making and breaking of chemical bonds
- only rearranges atoms
- the number and type of atoms on each side must be the same

Watch animation
http://www.physics-chemistry-interactive-flash-
animation.com/chemistry_interactive/basic_chemical_reaction_balance_learning.htm

Balance the following chemical equations. Balance larger molecules first and individual atoms last.

1. S + O
2
SO
3


2. KI + Pb(NO
3
)
2
KNO
3
+ PbI
2


3. H
2
O
2
+ H
2
O + O
2


4. Na + H
2
O NaOH + H
2


5. C
2
H
6
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O

Outline 2.10

Cohesion tendency of the same molecules to stick together.
Adhesion - tendency of different molecules to stick together.
Surface tension a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid.


Outline 2.11

Thermal energy energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules.
Heat the movement of thermal energy form one location to another.

The making and breaking of hydrogen bonds absorb and release large amounts of energy.
When heat is absorbed hydrogen bonds are broken.
When heat is released hydrogen bonds are formed.

Waters ability to resist temperature change is important to climate stability.
Evaporative cooling as a liquid evaporates the hottest molecules (ones with the most energy) escape into the
air. This leave the cooler molecules behind, lowering the average temperature of the
object.
Outline 2.12

Ice expands due to hydrogen bonds arranging the water molecules into a particular shape. The molecules are
now further apart resulting in the frozen water expanding.

Outline 2.13

Solution a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances.
Solvent a dissolving agent
Solute the substance that is dissolved
Aqueous solution solution in which water is the solvent.

Make a Compare/Contrast Table. (Example of ionic bond has been provided)

Type of bond Strong or weak Between molecule
or within molecule
Examples of atoms
involved
How bond formed
Ionic Strong Within Na, Mg, Cl, Br Attraction between
positive and
negative ions.
Covalent


hydrogen




























Outline 2.14

H
2
O H
+
+ OH
-

Hydrogen ion hydroxide ion

Acid gives up H
+
ions
Ex. HCl H
+
+ Cl
-


Acidic solutions have a higher concentration of H
+
than OH
-


Base accepts H+ ions
Ex. NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-


Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH
-
than H
+


pH scale measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.
- Potential of H

Each pH unit represents a 10x change in concentration

Buffers substances that minimize changes in pH.
- Can accept or donate H+

Buffers are important in the blood

Watch Brainpop (pH) and (Acids and Bases) http://www.brainpop.com/
Watch animation (Tutorial 4.3)
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio3/core/content/index/animations.asp
Watch BBM http://www.youtube.com/user/Biologybyme

Draw and label a pH scale
- Use color to emphasize different aspects of the diagram.
- Write the pH of common substances

Perform brainpop lab: pH scale and meter calibration
http://www.brainpop.com/games/virtuallabsphscaleandmetercalibration/

2.15 (No outline)

Watch video (Ocean acidification) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo-bHt1bOsw

Write a half page essay on ocean acidification. You may have to research the web.

Draw a diagram that relates the production of excess CO
2
from coal fired power plants and cars to its
dissolution into the oceans and finally its ability to dissolve the shells of organisms, especially plankton.







Outline 2.16 (Skip)


Carefully answer Connecting the Concepts, Testing Your Knowledge, and Synthesis/Evaluation.
- The more neat, complete, and well thought out your answers, the more you will get out of it!
- Write the answers into your notebook.





Lab Chapter 2

Go to the following website. Read and complete the activity successfully. Write a paragraph or two explain the
rules you discovered and used to build a stable atom.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/atom/

Model building

Build the following molecules with your model building kit: Take a picture of each molecule and paste it into
your journal. You may have to look up the structure of one or more of these.

Chlorine (Cl
2
)
Methane (CH
4
)
Ammonia (NH
3
)
Water (H
2
O)
Urea (CON
2
H
4
)

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