International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology

Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011

24 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%'
http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet
Buildability Attributes at Design Phase in Malaysian Building
Construction
Shaik Hussein Mydin
1
, osli Mohamad !in"
2
, Muhd !aimi #bd Majid
$
,
Mardiyah
!ahidi
4
and #%tab Hameed Memon
&
1, 2,$,
4 'onstruction (echnolo)y * Mana)ement 'entre +'(M',, -aculty o% 'i.il
/n)ineerin) +-0#,, 1ni.ersiti (eknolo)i Malaysia +1(M, Skudai, 2ohor
&
-aculty o% 'i.il and /n.ironmental /n)ineerin), 1ni.ersiti (un Hussein 3nn Malaysia,
45466 7arit aja 8 9atu 7ahat, 2ohor, Malaysia
" 'orrespondin) author, e8mail: rosli:in12$;yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
<n Malaysian construction industry, construction problem is a common occurrence that
hinders the project to run smoothly, notably in traditional contractin) system =here the
desi)n and construction process are separated. 7re.ious research re.ealed that buildability
is able to minimise these problems as it link the desi)n and construction. (his study
outlines the buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n. /xtensi.e re.ie=s ha.e been carried
out on pre.ious researches on buildability concepts, attributes, principles and other areas
related to, and contributin) to buildability mainly in the desi)n phase. (he term
>buildability attribute? has been selected in this study to describe those characteristics
=hich directly or indirectly optimi:e inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the
buildin) process and balancin) the .arious project and en.ironment constraints to
maximi:e project )oals and buildin) per%ormance. 'lose examinations o% a.ailable
re%erences re.ealed that alto)ether there are 1@ buildability attributes that can be
implemented durin) the desi)n phase. (he results o% sur.ey conducted in the study sho=
that Malaysian construction industry practitioners rate the attributes 7ro.ide 'lear and
'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation and Bess Cork 9elo= Dround as the most important and
least important buildability attributes respecti.ely. (he client, consultant and contractor
share the same opinion re)ardin) the le.el o% importance o% the identi%ied buildability
attributes. 3ut o% 1@ attributes, 11 attributes ha.e si)ni%icantly hi)h mean .alues
indicatin) that these buildability attributes ha.e to be considered in %uture buildin) desi)n.
(his study has success%ully measured the le.el o% importance o% desi)n buildability
attributes %or buildin) construction in Malaysia
Keywords: (uildability )ttribute, *esign Phase
+Corres,onding )uthor
1.0 INTRD!CTIN
(here are a lot o% problems occurred durin) construction =here buildin)s or %acilities
could not be built as desi)ned or could not be constructed e%%iciently. 7articularly in
traditional contractin) system, the desi)n and construction are separated. Ee.ertheless,
buildability is seen to be able to sol.e some o% the problems in the construction industry.
<t is a concept that has been extensi.ely bein) de.eloped and applied in .arious countries
such as the 1S#, 10 and later in #ustralia, =here their studies ha.e demonstrated that
impro.ed buildability has lead to si)ni%icant sa.in)s in both cost and time reFuired %or
completin) construction projects G184H.
9uildability, as kno=n in the 1.0., is the extent to =hich the desi)n o% a buildin)
%acilitates ease o% construction subject to the o.erall reFuirements %or the completed
buildin) G&H. <n the 1.S., it is kno=n as constructability, is de%ined as the optimum use o%
construction kno=led)e and experience in plannin), en)ineerin), procurement and %ield
operations to achie.e o.erall project objecti.es G5H.
Aesi)ners, to)ether =ith other project participants in.ol.ed in the desi)n sta)e,
should stay alert to the impact o% buildin) desi)ns on the do=nstream acti.ities. (he
inte)ration o% )ood buildability into )ood o.erall desi)n is the responsibility o% the desi)n
team. (he processes are executed by alterin) the attributes o% the desi)n, such as structure
layout or the element si:e, that contribute to constructability problems based on
construction aspects such as dimensional tolerances, rebar con)estion etc. 9uildability
attribute is the term used in this study to describe buildability characteristic in optimisin)
inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the buildin) process. 7roper and timely
consideration o% buildabilty =ill ensure that the %inal desi)n outcome =ill meet all the
per%ormance criteria that ha.e been set.
Ee= de.elopments in the construction industry hi)hli)ht the importance and
continued rele.ance o% buildability. <% adeFuate considerations are made durin) the desi)n
sta)e in buildability aspects, it =ould help sa.e =aste%ul e%%orts throu)hout the =hole
process o% buildin) de.elopment and increase e%%iciency. GIH stated that the early e%%orts
o% buildability implementation can obli)e the en)ineer to make the best e%%orts at each
sta)e o% the project. Ho=e.er, in Malaysia construction industry, research into
buildability is still relati.ely not =ell de.eloped. (here is lack o% a.ailable sources and
reliable documentation that detail those buildability concepts and )uide their application.
Hence, Malaysian en)ineers ha.e a disad.anta)e by not kno=in) =hat, =hen and ho=
they should enhance the project buildability compared =ith the en)ineers in more
de.eloped countries G$H. 9esides, the concepts %or impro.in) buildability o% projects .ary
bet=een one country to the other =here it depends on the nature o% the construction
industry.
(his study has been carried out =ith the %ollo=in) objecti.es:
i. (o identi%y buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n phase %or Malaysian
construction industryJ and
ii. (o measure the le.el o% importance the buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n
phase amon) Malaysian construction practitioner
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
".0 BAC#$R!ND % T&' ST!D(
2.1 Buildability in Building Construction
9uildin)s constructed =ith the least .ariation to desi)n are kno=n to )i.e satis%action to
all the major parties o% a buildin) project 8 client, desi)n team and construction team. <t is
belie.ed that the use o% experienced construction kno=led)e %rom the outset to the
completion o% a project that inte)rate the methods o% construction in to the desi)n process,
pro.idin) bene%its and solutions to achie.e the desi)n intent in a cost e%%ecti.e and timely
manner. <n the construction process it is used to dri.e out =aste and enhance cost and
pro)ram certainty, throu)h properly plannin) the =orks and construction lo)istics and
usin) modern construction techniFues.
9uildability is increasin)ly becomin) a major reFuirement in buildin) construction
practice. (he aim o% buildability is to impro.e e%%iciency o% the o.erall buildin) process
by de.elopin) construction sensiti.e desi)ns G4H. (he expected results %rom implementin)
constructability are e%%icient and e%%ecti.e construction o% a buildin), =ith an economical
project cost and at a)reed Fuality speci%ied by the clients. G@H hi)hli)hted that buildability
must be considered %rom the %irst notional idea su))ested by the client, and is Fuite
simply a prereFuisite throu)hout =hat may be considered to be a sta)ed process +see
-i)ure 1,.
%igure 1) (he =ider %rame=ork o% buildability G16H
<t is essential to consider buildability at an early sta)e in the total construction
process, because the ability to in%luence project cost, and so .alue %or money %rom the
client?s .ie=point, diminishes as the project pro)resses in time. Aurin) the project
li%ecycle, buildability consideration should %ocus on the buildability attributes %or each
sta)e throu)hout the project li%ecycle.
"." Buildability Attributes in Design Phase
(his study outlines the discussion on buildability concepts in desi)n phase. -or this
purpose, extensi.e re.ie=s ha.e been carried out on pre.ious researches on buildability
concepts, attributes, principles and other areas related to, and contributin) to buildability
mainly in the desi)n phase. /.en thou)h di%%erent terms ha.e been used to describe the so
called buildability characteristics, )enerally the term >buildability attribute? has been
selected in this study to describe those characteristics =hich directly or indirectly
No. Buildability Attribute
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9#1
'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient
'onstruction Methods
K K K
9#2
7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n
<n%ormation
K
9#$ Maximise 7re%abrication K K K K
9#4 Maximise Standardi:ation K K K K K K K
9#& Bess Cork 9elo= Dround K K K
9#5 Simple Aetailin) K K K
9#I #llo= -lexibility K K K
9#4 Simple <nstallation K K K K K K K
9#@ /mploy Lisuali:ation (ools K K
9#16 3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e K K K K K
9#11 3ptimise Materials 1sa)e K K K K K K
9#12 3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e K K K K
9#1$ /%%ecti.e Site Bayout K K K
9#14 Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit K K
9#1& 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence K K K K K
9#15 Su%%icient (olerance K K K
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
optimi:e inte)ration o% construction kno=led)e in the buildin) process and balancin) the
.arious project and en.ironment constraints to maximi:e project )oals and buildin)
per%ormance.
(he studies o% buildability and constructability in di%%erent countries ha.e
demonstrated their di%%erent %ocuses o% interest. -or example in Sin)apore the )o.ernment
has en%orced the la= to reFuire minimum buildability o% submitted buildin) plans be%ore
)rantin) appro.al. <n 10, researchers emphasised the inte)ration o% desi)n and
construction, introducin) construction experts into the desi)n phase as =ell as de.elopin)
procurement structures to achie.e impro.ement o% buildability. <n Hon) 0on), =here
most construction sites are con)ested =ith restricti.e surroundin) conditions in busy
urban areas, buildability becomes critical in ensurin) smooth projects deli.ery. So, there
is a real and immediate need %or local construction industry to impro.e its o.erall
buildability per%ormance. <n 1S and #ustralia, more practical approaches =ere adopted.
(he '<< 1nited State +1S, and the '<< #ustralia published )uidelines %or implementin)
the concepts o% constructability. G11H, G$H and G12H summari:ed most o% the studies on
buildability attributes %or the =hole project li%ecycles.
'lose examinations o% a.ailable re%erences re.ealed that alto)ether there are 1@
buildability attributes that can be implemented durin) the desi)n phase. (able 1 sho=s the
summary o% buildability attributes as identi%ied by researchers in di%%erent countries.
Table 1) 9uildability attributes identi%ied by researchers in di%%erent countries
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
9#1I 'onsider <mpact o% Ceather K K
9#14 'onsider Sa%ety K K
9#1@ /ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction K
<n order to pro.ide a more clear representation o% buildability %or ease o%
understandin) by practitioners, the identi%ied buildability attributes listed in (able 1 is
%urther explored and described as %ollo=s +also as in (able 2,:
BA1 7 Consider Inno8ati8e9e::icient Construction Methods
(he desi)n solution encoura)es the usa)e o% e%%icient and inno.ati.e construction
methods. <teratin) desi)n approaches =ith the construction method can impro.e the
project Fuality and sa%ety per%ormances G1IH. Su))estions %or non8obli)atory
construction methods %or contractor are considered in this attribute.
BA" 7 Pro8ide Clear and Co-5lete Design In:or-ation
(his attribute consider the co8ordinatin) o% dra=in)s and speci%ications and
updatin) speci%ications and remo.in) ambi)uities or misunderstandin)s.
<n%ormation related to site8speci%ic such as site conditions and terrain characteristics
should also be accurate and readily a.ailable durin) the desi)n process. (he
underlyin) premise %or this aspect is that e.ery construction site is uniFue and
special attention needs to be de.oted to the desi)n to %acilitate construction.
BA. 7 Ma;i-ise Pre:abrication
7recast or pre%abricated sel%8contained bathrooms and kitchens, etc. reduce the
amount o% =et trade acti.ities on site. Since buildin) elements are then made under
the controlled %actory en.ironment, messy and pollutin) =orks .ulnerable to
ad.erse =eather conditions are eliminated. Chen standardisation and pre%abrication
are used to)ether, %acilitatin) a better mana)ement G14H.
BA0 7 Ma;i-ise Standardi<ation
Standardi:ation can be mani%ested throu)h the repetition o% )rids, si:es o%
components and connection details. <t enhanced ease o% construction by increasin)
project per%ormance and reduction o% the project cost G1I, 1@821H. Site personnel
%ind it easier to acFuaint themsel.es =ith the repeated =orkin) lo)istics, as it
reduces learnin) time G22H. Standard si:e components, e.). columns, doors and
construction details, also allo= sa.in) o% time and e%%orts because o% less .ariation
in %orm=ork based on common dimensions.
BA+ 7 6ess =or> belo? $round
<n condition =here the )round is ha:ardous, poor or =et, it =ill slo= do=n the
speed and %lo= o% the project G$H. <t is crucial to obtain a clear understandin) o% the
conditions likely to be met be%orehand. (he desi)ner must al=ays bear in mind that
=ork belo= )round is al=ays di%%icult to carry out (hey must ha.e kno=led)e on
.arious desi)n alternati.es to suit the condition on site. 7re.ious experience in
desi)n and super.ision on =orks belo= )round such as %oundation and exca.ation
=orks =ill de%initely assist the desi)ners.
BA/ 7 Si-5le Detailing
Aetails should be kept as simple =here possible to reduce the learnin) cur.e e%%ect
o% site tradesmen. easonable tolerances should be speci%ied G2282$H. <n the case o%
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
inno.ati.e details or combinations o% materials, =hich are bein) used %or the %irst
time, it is bene%icial to ha.e mock8up models or prototypes erected to study the
installation process and iron out possible problems be%ore %ull scale production.
BA@ 7 Allo? %le;ibility
(he hi)h adaptability o% buildin) elements help sa.e resources and increase the
%lexibility %or chan)e accordin) to actual site conditions bein) encountered.
<nterchan)eable components, e.). optional le%t/ri)ht orientation o% cabinets, sanitary
=are or uni.ersal assemblies that can be %itted in positions other than the desi)nated
ones sho=n on dra=in)s, should be adopted.
BA1 7 Si-5le Installation
<rre)ular shapes, complex )eometrical pro%iles, complicated installation details and
multi8disciplinary desi)ns could burden contractors =ith additional resources %or co8
ordination and site assembly. #s such, buildin) desi)ns =ith simple con%i)urations
enable =orks to be executed in a strai)ht%or=ard manner and %acilitate ease o%
construction G14H. Ho=e.er, this aspect must be balanced =ith the aesthetic
reFuirements o% clients and artistic aspiration o% desi)ners. <% complexity is
necessarily reFuired, the desi)n process should be coordinated properly to ensure
that minimum cross8re%erencin) o% documents is reFuired, other=ise expensi.e
errors are prone to occur on site.
BAA 7 '-5loy Bisuali<ation Tools
(he rapid de.elopment o% in%ormation technolo)y has enabled ad.anced so%t=are to
be used %or preparin) desi)n that inte)rates .isuali:ation %eatures G24H. Lisualisation
has been cited impro.e the collaboration bet=een site and desi)n teams in sol.in)
buildailty problems that may arise durin) construction G$H. <t irons out di%%iculties
that may occur be%ore construction commences on site. 'ommon buildability
problems that can be sol.ed by employin) .isualisation tools are inter%aces bet=een
components and di%%icult assembly G2&H.
BA10 7 5ti-ise 6abour9S>ills !sage
G25H pointed out that any desi)n is only )ood as skills a.ailable to execute it, either
o%%8site or on8site. Babour and skills reFuirements .ary bet=een one project to
another, bet=een one locality to another. Aesi)n must include a realistic assessment
o% the le.el o% skill likely to be a.ailable %rom appropriately chosen contractors and
specialists.
BA11 7 5ti-ise Materials !sage
7roducts and materials to be speci%ied durin) desi)n should be selected =ith care,
particularly, any =hich ha.e not lon) been established and accepted =ithin the
industry. <t is recommended that only products and materials, =hich ha.e been
pro.en suitable to be used are selected. #t the same time more economical bene%it
can be )ained i% local materials are used as in many cases materials produced locally
are cheaper and easy to )et.
BA1" 7 5ti-ise Plant and 'Cui5-ent !sage
Aesi)nin) %or optimum use o% plant and eFuipment and ha.in) the kno=led)e o%
them, also desi)nin) %or temporary plant and eFuipment anchora)e in permanent
structures are some important issues =hich are discussed here.
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
BA1. 7 '::ecti8e Site 6ayout
(he en.ironment around the construction site has si)ni%icant in%luence on the =hole
de.elopment process G11, 2582IH. 'on%ined sites possess characteristics concernin)
the imposed restrictions =hich substantially hinder the construction process. (he
smoothness o% construction is susceptible to nearby tra%%ic conditions, especially
=hen exits and in)ress o%ten encroach upon pedestrian pa.ements and .ehicular
routes.
BA10 7 Mini-ise9A8oid Return Bisit
(his attribute =ill optimise the usa)e o% certain trade by enablin) the trade to =ork
=ith as %e= return .isits as possible. G25H presented an example related to this
attribute. <n this desi)n, the )able end structure =as desi)n usin) similar materials
as =ith other intermediate steel %rame structures instead o% )able =all simply
because to ensure the steel =orkers complete the =hole =ork =ith minimum
interruption. (he bene%it is )ained %rom material sa.in) throu)h )able =all desi)n
did not out=ei)h the cost o% erectin) steel )able end.
BA1+ 7 Consider Construction SeCuence
(he seFuence o% installation should not be dictated in desi)n document but le%t %or
the contractor to decide on the seFuence %or the entire =orks. -or example, )round
%loor slabs can be constructed be%ore or a%ter superstructure construction to allo=
%lexibility in the timin) o% under)round draina)e =orks.
BA1/ 7 Su::icient Tolerance
(he tolerances =hich are normally achie.able in site conditions should be properly
considered in the desi)n especially inter%acin) bet=een di%%erent buildin)
components such as di%%erent products, methods o% construction, materials and
method o% manu%acture. -or example su%%icient tolerance needs to be speci%ied to
allo= =indo= %rame to be %ixed onto =indo= openin) =ithout ha.in) to do any
adjustment or modi%ication.
BA1@ 7 Consider I-5act o: =eather
'onsiderin) possible timin) to a.oid carryin) out structural =ork, external %inishes,
etc., durin) rainy days, typhoon seasons %or hi)h rise buildin)s is an important issue.
BA11 7 Consider Sa:ety
<n hi)h rise buildin), allo=in) sa%e seFuence o% trades is an issue. Aesi)ners should
look into the impact o% the desi)n solution on sa%ety o% manpo=er durin) handlin)
o% materials and components or =here.er reFuirement %or access is necessary. G$H
added the desi)n should be arran)ed so as to %acilitate sa%e =orkin) in area prone to
accidents such as under)round and hi)h ele.ation =orks.
BA1A 7 'ncourage Sustainable Construction
Cith hei)htened a=areness o% en.ironmental pollution, natural resource depletion
and accompanyin) social problems, sustainable de.elopment and sustainable
construction ha.e become a )ro=in) concern throu)hout the =orld G24H. 9uildin)s
are one o% the hea.iest consumers o% natural resources and account %or a si)ni%icant
portion o% the )reenhouse )as emissions. 'on.entional on8site construction methods
ha.e lon) been critici:ed %or lo= producti.ity, poor Fuality and sa%ety records, lon)
construction time, and lar)e Fuantities o% =aste in the industry.
Buildability
Attribute
Considerations
9#1
1se o% <ndustrialised 9uildin) System +<9S,
Bess in8situ =orks
9#2
'oordination o% dra=in)s and speci%ications
#.oidance o% missin) in%ormation
9#$
#llo=in) o%%site =ork %or typical %loor buildin)s and %or non8typical
%loor buildin)s
/nablin) the adoption o% sin)le inte)rated elements +e.)., =hole toilet
completed =ith sanitary =are, pipin) * %inishes, at the discretion o%
contractor
3ptimisin) the mix o% o%%site =ork +e.)., precastin), and onsite =ork
+e.)., %inal le.ellin),
9#4
#llo=in) modular layout o% components
#llo=in) a hi)h de)ree o% standardisation and repetition %or %loor
buildin)s
#llo=in) use o% standard details =ith lots o% repetitions
9#&
Aesi)nin) %or minimum construction time belo= )round
Aesi)nin) %or sa%e construction belo= )round
'onsiderin) e%%ects o% belo= )round =ork on surroundin) buildin)s,
e.)., destabilisin) %oundations
9#5
Aesi)nin) to aid .isualisation o% %inished =ork
e%errin) to typical/standard details %or repetiti.e items
1sin) blo= up details to examine possible clashes in the desi)n, e.).,
buildin) ser.ices clashin) =ith rein%orcements.
9#I
1sin) interchan)eable components, e.). optional le%t/ri)ht orientation
o% cabinets, sanitary =are or uni.ersal assemblies
9#4
#llo=in) adaptation +e.). pipin) around obstacles instead o%
penetrations, by contractor on site =ithout extensi.e re8=ork
#llo=in) %lexibility in erection/trade seFuences +e.). D/- slab laid a%ter
all upper %loors,
#llo=in) %or early remo.al o% temporary support to lea.e clear =orkin)
space
9#@
/nablin) desi)n reFuirements to be easily .isuali:ed and ordinated by
site sta%%
9#16
#llo=in) use o% kno=8ho= and labour skills a.ailable locally
#llo=in) economical use o% labour +e.). balancin) bet=een labour and
plant use d,
#.oidin) as %ar as possible multiple handlin) and .isits by di%%erent
trades
9#11
#llo=in) use o% =ide ran)e o% materials to %ul%il reFuired per%ormance
Di.in) rise to lo=er cuttin) =asta)es +e.). tiles, rebars,
9#12
Aesi)nin) %or optimum use o% plant and eFuipment
Aesi)nin) =ith kno=led)e o% plant and eFuipment capacities
#llo=in) use o% local plant and eFuipment a.ailable
9#1$
#llo=in) su%%icient =orkin) space %or labour and plant
'ausin) less en.ironmental nuisance +e.). noise, .ibration, =aste =ater,
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
Table ") (he considerations in enhancin) desi)n buildability
International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology
Vol 2, Issue 1, June 2011
chemical =aste and dust, to surroundin)s %or urban sites
#llo=in) %or early enclosures %rom =eather %or hi)h rise buildin)s
#llo=in) %or construction tra%%ic on permanent structure early a%ter
erection +e.). le%t8in steel deckin) on structural steel,
9#14
#.oidin) as %ar as possible multiple .isits by di%%erent trades
9#1&
Bettin) 'ontractor decide on the seFuence %or the entire =orks.
9#15
Speci%yin) tolerances %or as many items as possible
'o8ordinatin) tolerances speci%ications %or inter%acin) items +e.).
=indo= %rame .is8M8.is =indo= openin),
9#1I
'onsiderin) possible timin) to a.oid carryin) out structural =ork,
external %inishes, etc., durin) rainy/typhoon season %or hi)h rise
buildin)s
9#14
#llo=in) sa%e seFuence o% trades +e.). hea.y M*/ plant hoisted into
position be%ore buildin) is %ully enclosed, %or hi)h rise buildin)s
Si:es and =ei)hts o% materials and components are sa%e %or =orkers to
handle usin) commonly a.ailable plant %or hi)h rise buildin)s
9#1@
Aesi)n %or sustainable material in the project
Aesi)n %or method o% construction that preser.es the en.ironment.
..0 M'T&D6$(
-i)ure 2 illustrates the schematic o% research methodolo)y that has been adopted.
<denti%y 7roblem,
3bjecti.e * Scope
2ournals
(hesis
Biterature e.ie=
9ooks
7aper
1sin) Bikert?s scale
7ilot sur.ey
Nuestionnaire Sur.ey
/stablish online at
k=iksur.eys.com
1sin) S7SS so%t=are
Aata #nalysis *
Aiscussion
-reFuency Statistic
Aescripti.e Statistic
'ompare Means
'onclusion *
ecommendation
Eonparametric (est
%igure ") Schematic o% the research methodolo)y
(o achie.e the objecti.es o% the study, the methodolo)ies adopted =ere throu)h
literature re.ie= and online Fuestionnaire sur.eys. #t the be)innin), the study in.ol.ed
extensi.e re.ie= on desi)n8phase buildability concepts. (he literature search enables the
buildability attributes in desi)n sta)e to be identi%ied. #%ter the buildability attributes
=ere extracted, the Fuestionnaire =as constructed. # brie% meetin) =as conducted to
ensure that the Fuestionnaire is applicable be%ore postin) it online. (he online sur.eys
=ere conducted %or about $ months. (he Fuestionnaire =as tar)eted to pro%essionals =ho
=orked =ith the clients, contractor, consultant or other or)anisationsJ and ha.e direct
in.ol.ement in buildin) project construction. Larious or)anisation had been contacted
personally to in.ite them participatin) in the sur.ey.
<n order to determine the de)ree o% importance o% the buildability attributes
considered in this study, the classi%ication o% the ratin) scales had been used. (he
responses to the Fuestionnaire are based on Bikert scale o% %i.e ordinal measures =hich is
%rom one to %i.e accordin) to the le.el o% e%%ects o% .ariation orders attributed to the
Fuestion. Bikert scale is a =idely used instrument in measurin) opinions, belie%s and
attitudes. (he classi%ications o% the ratin) scales are as %ollo=s:
& O Most <mportant
4 O <mportant
$ O Moderately <mportant
2 O Bittle <mportant
1 O Beast <mportant
-or the purpose o% data analysis collected throu)h Fuestionnaire sur.ey, the
Statistical 7acka)e %or Social Science +S7SS, so%t=are .ersion 14.6 =as adopted. (he
data %rom Fuestionnaires =ere extracted into the S7SS so%t=are. Cith the aid o% the S7SS,
the %ollo=in) statistical methods ha.e been usedJ
+a, -reFuency Statistic 8 %or obtainin) summaries o% indi.idual data .ariablesJ
+b, Aescripti.e Statistic 8 %or obtainin) summary comparisons o% approximately
normally distributed scale data .ariables and %or easily identi%yin) unusual
cases across those data .ariables by computin) : scoreJ
+c, 'ompare Means 8 to characteri:e the central tendency and dispersion o% data
.ariable. <t tests %or di%%erences bet=een )roup means usin) one8=ay
#E3L#. (he one8=ay #E3L# in Means pro.ides =ith linearity tests and
association measures to help understand the structure and stren)th o% the
relationship bet=een the )roups and their means.
+d, Eonparametric (est +0ruskall8Callis (est, 8 %or determinin) =hether or not
the .alues o% a particular data .ariable di%%er bet=een t=o or more )roups.
(his study has multiple independent samplesJ hence the 0ruskal8Callis test is
adopted. <t tests the null hypothesis that multiple independent samples come
%rom the same population. (he 0ruskal8Callis statistic measures ho= much
the )roup ranks di%%er %rom the a.era)e rank o% all )roups but it does not tell
ho= the )roups are di%%erent, only that some di%%erence is present.
0.0 R'S!6TS AND DISC!SSIN
0.1 De-ogra5hic o: Res5ondent
Section # o% the Fuestionnaire is related to demo)raphic o% respondent. (able $ sho=s the
type o% company or or)ani:ation that participated in the sur.ey =ith a total number o% 261
respondents. (hey are client, consultant, contractor and also hi)her institution +uni.ersity,.
-rom -i)ure $, it illustrates that the client dominate the sur.ey =ith 4I out o% 26$. (hen,
it is %ollo=ed by the consultant =ith I2 respondents, the contractor =ith 42 respondents
and lastly 2 respondents %rom the hi)her institution. 9ased on the hu)e respond, it sho=s
that the practitioners in Malaysian construction industry are open %or impro.ement in
their %uture project especially %rom the client.
Roles %reCuency Percent
#rchitect 5 $.6
/n)ineer 156 I@.5
Becturer 2 1.6
7roject Mana)er 2& 12.4
Nuantity Sur.eyor 5 $.6
Site Super.isor 2 1.6
(otal 261 166.6
Table .) (he type o% company or or)anisation
in.ol.ed in the sur.ey
Co-5any %reCuency Percent
'lient 4& 42.$
'onsultant I2 $&.4
'ontractor 42 26.@
<nstitution 2 1.6
(otal 261 166.6
%igure .) (he type o% company or or)anisation
in.ol.ed in the sur.ey
<n (able 4, it tabulates the role o% respondent in their company or or)anisation. (hey
comprise o% architect, en)ineer, lecturer, project mana)er, Fuantity sur.eyor and site
super.isor. -i)ure 4 demonstrates the result in percenta)e .alue. <t clearly can be seen
that the major in.ol.ement are %rom the en)ineer =ith I@.$P. (he second hi)hest are
project mana)er =ith 12.4P. (he architect and the Fuantity sur.eyor share the same
percenta)e =ith $.6P andJ also the lecturer and super.isor =ith 1.6P.
Table 0) (he role o% respondent in their company
or or)anisation
%igure 0) (he role o% respondent in their company
or or)anisation
(he year o% experience in construction =ork %or the respondents are tabulated and
exhibited in (able & and -i)ure &. Mean=hile, the year o% experience in desi)n =ork o%
the respondents are sho=n in (able 5 and -i)ure 5. Majority o% the respondent ha.e less
than 4 years o% experience in construction =ork and also in desi)n, =ith percenta)e
$@.$P and 55.IP respecti.ely.
Table +) (he respondent?s years o% experiences in
construction =ork
(ears o:
';5erience
%reCuency Percent
Bess than 4 Qears I@
&8@ Qears &1
$@.$
2&.4
16814 Qears 24 11.@
1&81@ Qears 1I 4.&
26 Qears and
abo.e
$6 14.@
(otal 261 166.6
%igure +) (he respondent?s years o% experience
in construction =ork
State %reCuency
Percent
2ohor 44 21.@
0edah 1 .&
0elantan 4& 22.4
Ee)eri Sembilan 2 1.6
7ahan) 2 1.6
7erak $ 1.&
7erlis 1 .&
7ulau 7inan) &4 25.@
Selan)or 4@ 24.4
(otal 261 166.6
%igure @) (he distribution o% respondents accordin)
Table /) (he respondent?s years o% experiences
in desi)n =ork
(ears o:
';5erience
%reCuency Percent
Bess than 4 Qears 1$4 55.I
&8@ Qears $$
16814 Qears 14
15.4
@.6
1&81@ Qears 11 &.&
26 Qears and
abo.e
& 2.&
(otal 261 166.6
%igure /) (he respondent?s years o% experience
in desi)n =ork
(able I and -i)ure I demonstrate the distribution o% respondent?s company location.
Eine states took part in the sur.ey. -our major states in.ol.ed are 7ulau 7inan), Selan)or,
0elantan and 2ohor =ith each hold more than 26P o% respondent, =hich means more than
46 respondents participated in the sur.ey. (he minor states are 7erak, Ee)eri Sembilan,
7ahan), 7erlis and 0edah.
Table @) (he distribution o% respondents
accordin) to states
to states
0." The 6e8el o: I-5ortance o: Buildability Attributes in Malaysian Construction
Industry
Section 9 o% the Fuestionnaire %ocused on to determine the de)ree o% importance o% the
buildability attributes in desi)n phase amon) practitioner in the Malaysian construction
industry. -or each o% the attributes, their mean .alues are obtained by usin) S7SS
so%t=are and then the attributes are ranked based on this .alue. (he hi)her the mean .alue
indicates that the builadbility attribute must be considered in desi)n sta)e.
9ased on the sur.ey results, the attribute =ith the hi)hest mean is 7ro.ide 'lear and
'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation, 4.&5 +see (able 4,. (hus, it means this attribute is .ery
important to be considered durin) the desi)n sta)e. (his attribute enables a smooth and
success construction project, =hich is by co8ordinatin) o% dra=in)s and speci%ications and
updatin) speci%ications and remo.in) ambi)uities or misunderstandin)s.
Table 1) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n based on mean .alue
Buildability Attributes Mean
Std.
De8iation
S>e?ness
7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n
<n%ormation
4.&5 .5$4 81.244
'onsider Sa%ety 4.$4 .416 8.@$4
/ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction 4.2$ .I46 8.I54
/%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.22 .I24 8.I5I
'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction
Methods
4.26 .I66 8.$44
'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence 4.14 .I&5 8.$26
3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 4.1I .5@5 8.4$6
Maximise Standardi:ation 4.12 .I$2 8.I$1
Simple <nstallation 4.16 .II1 8.445
3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e 4.16 .I6$ 8.4@I
3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.64 .I24 8.241
#llo= -lexibility $.@5 .425 8.II&
Su%%icient (olerance $.@1 .I2@ 8.61I
Maximise 7re%abrication $.4I .II$ 8.625
/mploy Lisuali:ation (ools $.4I .I&$ 8.412
Simple Aetailin) $.45 .@66 8.444
'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.45 .I44 8.6&&
Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit $.I6 .4@& 8.$6&
Bess Cork 9elo= Dround $.56 .@1I 8.452
9y re%errin) to -i)ure 4, there are 16 other buildability attributes =ith mean .alue
abo.e 4.66 and 4 attributes =ith mean .alues belo= 4.66. (he lo=est is Bess Cork 9elo=
Dround =ith $.56 mean .alue. Most o% the respondent point out that this attribute is less
important to be considered durin) the desi)n sta)e.
%igure 1) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n based on mean .alue
(able @ sho= the 'hi8sFuare .alues and si)ni%icance le.els %or each buildability
attributes, yield %rom analysin) mean .alue by usin) 0ruskall8Callis test. (he test checks
Client
Me
Consultant
n Balue
Contractor Institution
4.2I 4.1@ 4.6& 4.&6
=hether the distribution o% means amon) the company has si)ni%icance di%%erence or
other=ise. Cith si)ni%icance le.el o% 6.6&, there are only t=o attributes has si)ni%icance
.alue less than 6.6&. (hose attributes are 'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence and 'onsider
Sa%ety, =ith .alue 6.62I and 6.64@ respecti.ely. (his su))ests that there is no
si)ni%icance di%%erence o% ratin)s on the de)ree o% importance o% buildability attributes
amon) the company or or)anisation.
Table A) (he si)ni%icance di%%erence o% buildability attributes bet=een company or
or)anisation +0ruskall8Callis H8test,
Buildability Attributes
Chi7
sCuare
Asy-5totic
Sig:inicance
'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient 'onstruction Methods 2.I$5 6.4$4
7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation 1.1&1 6.I5&
Maximise 7re%abrication &.&&5 6.1$&
Maximise Standardi:ation 1.42I 6.56@
Bess Cork 9elo= Dround 2.124 6.&45
Simple Aetailin) I.1@2 6.655
#llo= -lexibility 4.44I 6.21$
Simple <nstallation $.I54 6.244
/mploy Lisuali:ation (ools 1.4I6 6.54@
3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.I1& 6.1@4
3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 6.I4& 6.452
3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment 1sa)e 6.426 6.44&
/%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.62$ 6.2&@
Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit 6.$25 6.@&&
'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence @.144 6.62I
Su%%icient (olerance $.$I$ 6.$$4
'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.6$6 6.$4I
'onsider Sa%ety I.4I1 6.64@
/ncoura)e Sustainable 'onstruction 2.$I@ 6.4@4
0.".1 The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- clientDs 8ie?
(he result presented in (able @ only sho=s the o.erall analysis o% buildability attributes
amon) 261 respondents. Since %or each or)anisation, di%%erent opinion to=ards the le.el
o% importance o% buildability attributes may exist, there%ore, detail analysis %or each types
o% or)anisation has been carried out. (able 16 tabulates the rank o% buildability attributes
in %our or)anisations in.ol.ed, =hich are the client, consultant, contractor and hi)her
institution. (he attributes in the table are or)anised %rom 9#1 to 9#1@, not accordin) to
its mean .alue.
Table 10) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n bet=een the companies
respecti.ely
Builadbilitty Attribute
'onsider <nno.ati.e/e%%icient
'onstruction Methods
7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete
Aesi)n <n%ormation
4.&5 4.51 4.44 4.&6
Maximise 7re%abrication $.@2 $.I2 $.@4 4.&6
/ncoura)e Sustainable
'onstruction
Maximise Standardi:ation 4.1& 4.11 4.6& 4.&6
Bess Cork 9elo= Dround $.&1 $.54 $.I1 4.66
Simple Aetailin) $.5I $.@@ 4.62 4.66
#llo= -lexibility $.44 4.65 4.62 4.66
Simple <nstallation 4.62 4.24 4.6& 4.66
/mploy Lisuali:ation (ools $.4@ $.4@ $.I@ $.&6
3ptimise Babour/Skills 1sa)e 4.1$ 4.6$ 4.62 &.66
3ptimise Materials 1sa)e 4.26 4.1I 4.12 4.&6
3ptimise 7lant and /Fuipment
1sa)e
4.6@ 4.14 4.6& 4.&6
/%%ecti.e Site Bayout 4.2I 4.2& 4.6I 4.&6
Minimise/#.oid eturn Lisit $.55 $.I2 $.I5 $.&6
'onsider 'onstruction SeFuence 4.62 4.$5 4.1@ 4.&6
Su%%icient (olerance $.46 4.66 $.@4 4.66
'onsider <mpact o% Ceather $.45 $.I4 4.66 $.&6
'onsider Sa%ety 4.$4 4.&6 4.6I 4.&6
4.2@ 4.24 4.16 4.66
-i)ure @ is the rankin) o% buildability attributes %rom the clients? perspecti.e. (he
clients rated attribute 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation +9#2, as the most
important attribute to be considered in desi)n sta)e =ith 4.&5 mean .alue. Mean=hile, the
attribute Bess Cork 9elo= Dround has the smallest mean .alue +$.&1,, thus considered as
less important buildability attribute in desi)n sta)e. 3ut o% 1@ attributes, only 4 attributes
ha.e mean .alues less than 4.66.
%igure A) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the client
0."." The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- consultantDs 8ie?
-rom consultant?s .ie=, the most important attribute is 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete
Aesi)n <n%ormation and the less important is Bess Cork 9elo= Dround +see -i)ure 16,.
9y comparin) the results bet=een the client and consultant, the rankin) %or the %irst,
second and nineteenth ranked attributes are Fuite similar. Ho=e.er, %rom the third until
$@ Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%'
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se.enteenth ranked attributes the rankin) sho= si)ni%icant di%%erence. 3ut o% nineteen
attributes, only six ha.e mean .alues belo= 4.66.
%igure 10) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the consultant
0.".. The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- contractorDs 8ie?
9y re%errin) to -i)ure 11, it demonstrates that the contractor seems to be in a)reement
=ith the client and the consultant opinion %or the hi)hest and lo=est rank buildability
attributes in desi)n sta)e. (he hi)hest is 4.44 mean .alue %or 7ro.ide 'lear and 'omplete
Aesi)n <n%ormation and the lo=est is $.I1 mean .alue %or Bess Cork 9elo= Dround. 3ut
o% nineteen attributes, only %i.e ha.e less than 4.66 mean .alues.
%igure 11) (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the contractor
46 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%'
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0.".0 The i-5ortance le8el o: buildability attributes :ro- institutionDs 8ie?
-or hi)her institution, there =ere only t=o respondents in.ol.ed. (hus, the buildability
attributes? rankin) is uniFue %rom other or)anisations. (he hi)hest mean .alue attribute is
3ptimise Babour/Skill 1sa)e, &.66, =hile the lo=est mean is /mploy Lisualisation (ools,
$.&6 +see -i)ure 12,.
%igure 1") (he rank o% buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n amon) the institution
0.. Buildability in Construction Method
Section ' o% the Fuestionnaire seeks the repondent opinion re)ardin) the in%luence o%
construction method to=ards buildabilty. -i)ure1$ indicates the result o% the importance
le.el o% considerin) buildin) construction method at desi)n sta)e. Mean=hile, -i)ure 14a
and 14b sho= the respondent?s opinion re)ardin) the in%luence o% construction method
to=ards project cost and duration respecti.ely.
%igure 1.) (he consideration o% buildin) construction method at desi)n sta)e
9ased on the bar chart abo.e, @2 respondents pointed out that buildin)
construction method is stron)ly important to be considered at desi)n sta)e. 3nly one
41 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%'
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respondent mentioned it as least important. -rom -i)ure 14, @6 respondents hi)hli)hted
that construction method is .ery in%luential to=ards project cost =hile @4 o% respondents
emphasi:ed that it is .ery in%luential to=ard project duration. #lso, only one respondent
sin)led out construction method as least in%luential to=ard both project cost and duration.
a, b,
%igure 10) a, (he in%luential o% construction method to=ard project cost, and b, (he
in%luential o% construction method to=ard project duration
+.0 CNC6!SIN
(his study has identi%ied 1@ buildability attributes in buildin) desi)n phase %or Malaysian
construction industry. -rom the results o% sur.ey, the attribute 7ro.ide 'lear and
'omplete Aesi)n <n%ormation, =ith mean .alue o% 4.&5 is considered as the most
important =hile Bess Cork 9elo= Dround, =ith mean .alue o% $.56, is considered as the
least important attribute. (he client, consultant and contractor share the same opinion
re)ardin) the most important and the least important attributes, only hi)her institution?s
.ie= is sli)htly di%%erent. -rom 0ruskall8Callis test, only the attributes o% 'onsider
'onstruction SeFuence and 'onsider Sa%ety ha.e si)ni%icance .alue less than 6.6&, but
the rest sho= no si)ni%icance di%%erence o% ratin)s on the de)ree o% importance o%
buildability attributes amon) the company or or)anisation. (he study has success%ully
assessed the importance le.el o% buildability attributes amon) Malaysian construction
practitioner.
/.0 R'%'R'NC'S
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Case Studies. (he 'onstruction <ndustry <nstitute, #ustin, (exas.
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7rojects. Journal of Construction Engineering and %anage.ent. 12I+4,: 241R2@6.
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42 Published by!ni"ersiti Tun #ussein $nn %alaysia &!T#%' and Concrete Society of %alaysia &CS%'
http: //pen e rbi t. u th m .edu. m y /e jo u rnal/in d e x.ph p /journal/ijscet
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principles and practices. Engineering, Construction and )rchitectural %anage.ent,
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4I@.
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!sing Prefabricated, Preasse.bly, and %odularisation. (echnical eport Eo. 2@I.
Aept. o% 'i.il /n)ineerin), 1ni.ersity o% Stan%ord, Stan%ord, '#.
G14H '<< +1@4I,. Constructability Conce,ts -ile. 7ublication $8$. #ustin, (exas:
'onstruction<ndustry <nstitute.
G1&H 9'#. +266&,. Code of Practice on (uildable *esign. Sin)apore: 9uildin) and
'onstruction #uthority.
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Co..ittee. Hon) 0on), 'hina: 'onstruction <ndustry e.ie= 'ommittee.
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and (uilt En"iron.ent. 1I+2,: $I844.
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Pro/ects. Mac Millan 7ress. Btd., Bondon.
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En"iron.ent, $5+$,, 2@@8$12.
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to the *e,uty Pri.e %inister, John Prescott, on the Sco,e for I.,ro"ing the 6uality
and Efficiency of !7 Construction. Aept. o% the /n.ironment, (ransport and the
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