HISTORY Development of tools; Hunting and food gathering; farming and agriculture; animal domestication 2334 B.C. KING SARGON OF AGADE formed the first major empire; 1792 b.c. KING HAMMURABI Biggest empire under KING ASHURBANIPAL; conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, & Egypt Cyrus the Great from 559 - 529 b.c.; Darius I had provinces rled by satrap; Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of the empire. SOCIETY People want to settle down, live in communities RELIGION No organized religion; burial rituals and monuments GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY first villages in the MIDDLE EAST, SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL AMERICA, INDIA, and CHINA; fertile soil CLIMATE could not settle far north due to cold climate DESCRIPTION Mostly have one room; making use of the existing CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Existing or excavated caves; Megalithic MATERIALS Animal skin, ooden frames, animal bones, large stones No stone, only clay and soil Some stone and timber are available Stone was mostly used for Fire Temples and Palace Platforms DECORATION Cave paintings (Africa, France, & Spain) Winged-bulls guarding chief portals; Glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green; Low relief sculpture in stone murals introduction of the use of columns ORIENTATION Facing toward cardinal points I N F L U E N C E S C H A R A C T E R NEAR EAST 5000 B.C. - 641 A.D. 8000 - 3000 B.C. YEAR Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection; People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god. 3 zones: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula; Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent; Mountains and plateau from west to east Four corners towards the cardinal point Arctuated Each state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a large temple; Would conquer each other and Form an empire COLUMNIATION ROOF & CEILING WALL OPENINGS EGYPTIAN AEGEAN (MINOAN) HELLADIC (MYCENAEAN) HELLENIC HELLENISTIC 1900 - 1100 B.C. 1550 - 1100 B.C. 800 - 323 B.C. 323 - 30 B.C. centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh - seen as a god dwelling on earth; knowledge in astronomy,mathematics, philosphy and music civilization on Crete and Greek mainland; first great commercial naval power in the Mediterranean Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftmanship on mainland Greece City-states developed on the plains between mountains - Sparta and Athens were the most important; Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Greek civilization extended; Wealthy; Divided into groups by order of importance: senior priests, officials, noblemen and army commanders Trade and communications produced aunity of culture and economic stability Wealth due to control of metal trading between Europe and Middle East Cult of many gods representing nature; Wished for a fine burial, embalment and funeral rites, a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" Primitive stage of worship; Priestess conducted religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars Narrow stretch fertile and arable land along the Nile; Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs prevented attack from invaders Spring and summer, brilliant sunshine Religion is the dominant element; Life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb is permanent Mostly religious architecture; Carpentry in marble Civic Character; provided inspiration for roman building tye; Dignified gracious structures, symmetrical, orderly Columnar and Trabeated (post & lintel) Stone (monument & religious bldg); Mud bricks (houses); metal and timber Gorge or hollow and roll moldings; Torus Molding; Hieroglyphics; Sphinxes; Solar disc and vulture w/ spread wings; Scarab; Papyrus; lotus and palm : symbolizing fertility; Grapes : symbolizes eternity Refinements used to correct optical illusions; Scultputres, colors, mural painting Moldings: Cyma recta, cyma reversa, ovolo, fillet, cavetto, scotia, torus, brid's beak, corona Towards cardinal points 3200 B.C. - 1 A.D. GREEK Hot sun and heavy rains; Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Highly developed form of nature worship, gods as personification of natural elements or deified mortals; sought advice from oracles Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states; sea was the inevitable means of trade and communication Columnar and Trabeated Rough and Massive Federal unity existed between city-states due to common language, customs, religion; Oligarchic, Tyrannic and Democratic Governments; Among best soldiers in the ancient world Timber, stone, terra cotta buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly; door oriented towards east Lotus Capital; Papyrus Capital; Palm Capital; Square Pillar; Polygonal Column; Palm-type Column; Bud-and-bell column; Foliated Capital; Hathor-headed capital; Osiris Pillars Not an important consideration; flat roof to cover and exude heat; Batter Wall - diminishing width towards the top for stability 9 - 24m thick at temples; unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for hieroglyphics NO windows; skylights; roof slits; clerestories Two-part capitals: square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below First columns and entablature were made of timber with terra cotta decorations; The Greek Order Clerestory between roof and upper wall, Skylight made of thin translucent marble; Temple door on the east Cyclopean wall - large stones, no mortar, clay bedding; Polygonal wall - advanced technique, no pith or tar; Rectangular wall - dowels Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be unhindered by columns