CHNG I

CU TO NGUYN T
I. Cc cu t chnh:
1. Cc ht c bn:
Nguyn t
Electron(e) 1
Nhn
!roton(") #1 1$%c
&eutron(n) ' 1$%c
(
e
)(
"
* 1)1+,' -l(n..t) * Kl(nhn)
/. -0 h12u n.u34n t:




5: 67c 89 n..t* :" tron. nh;n
<* S =h91 * :" # :n
:" * >
:n * 1/ ? > * >
&.u34n t @ trn. th1 c bn trun.
hAB C12n
:e * :" *>
X
A
Z
C
12
6
D. &..t CEn. %F:
1 "rotn. CG 'H 1H /
neutron
> "roton. CG >H IH +
neutron
1I "roton. cG 1+H 1JH /'
neutron
Cc n..t CEn. %F cG cKn. 5 :e bLn.
nhBu hGB tMnh .19n. nhau.
H
1
1
H
2
1
H
3
1
C
12
6
C
13
6
Cl
35
17
Cl
37
17
Cng Z, khc A
,. &.u34n t9 ? n.u34n t:
*1 n..t9 N.CFnh khi cG 1 .1 trF 5 N.CFnh.
*Tron. 1 n..t9 cG thO .E( nh1Pu n.. t
CEn. %F %Q1 thRnh "hSn Nc CFnh
*1
T .E(:
1
T(JJUJ+VW) %R
/
T('U'1VW)
X
1I
Cl .E(:
DV
Cl(IVU,W) %R
DI
Cl(/,U>W)
X
>
C gm:
1/
C(J+UJ+/W) %R
1D
C(1U1'+W)
*-lnt (ng.t) *
T$: =lnt(Cl) *

100
) .(i A
i

453 , 35
100
6 , 24 . 37 4 , 75 . 35
=
+
II. Cu tao ng.t theo thuyt co luong t.
e di chuyn trn cac orbital ng.t (AO)
*
V ph.d vt ly: AO:vung k.g quanh nhn
trn do x.s tim thy e cuc dai tu 9099
*
V ph.d ton hc: AO duoc biu din boi
ham s
n,l,m

:nghim ca p.t Schrodinger
c
2
1 c
2
1 c
2
1 8a
2
m
-- -- -- --- (E V) 1 0
cx
2
cy
2
cz
2
h
2
Giai p.t nay cac cp nghim E; 1
1. H 1 electron:
1
H : nhn 1 va 1e di chuyn quanh nhn
2
He
2
He

e : nhn 2 va 1e quanh nhn

!
"i
!
"i
2
2e: nhn 3va 1e quanh nhn
H 1e Nhn co Z va 1(e) quanh nh#n
Giai p.t Schrodinger ap dung cho h 1(e)
Cac ham 1
n,l,m
biu din cac AO,va E
n

AO co dang x.dinh khi ham 1
n,l,m
x.dinh.

n,l,m
xac dinh khi cac s luong t n,l,m co
gia tri xac dinh
a. $c %& l'(ng t):
u. S l.t chanh n:
lop ma e di chuyn trn
do, va kich thuoc cua AO..
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7...
Lop K L M N O P Q..
E
n
0 va E
n
khi n
nkich thuoc AO
*d:
1
H:




n1






n2



eV E 6 , 13
1
1
. 6 , 13
2
1
=

=
eV E 4 , 3
2
1
. 6 , 13
2
2
=

=
eV
n
Z
E
n
2
. 6 , 13

=
2
He

+,-2.:
,
/
n
:





n



eV E 4 , 54
1
2
6 , 13
2
1
=

=
eV E 6 , 13
2
2
6 , 13
2
2
=

=
n 1~
n 2~
eV E 05 , 6
3
2
6 , 13
2
3
=

=
n 3~
eV
Z
E 0 6 , 13
2
=

=


. S luong t phu l:
Voi1gia tri n
l co n tri s: 0;1;2; 3; 4; 5;.; n-1.
Slt phu l: hinh dang cua AO va phn lop
co trong 1 lop thu n cua nguyn t.
l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7...
Ph.l s p d I g h i j....

. S luong t tu m (m
l
):
Voi 1 gia tri cua l m co (2l1) tri s:
m -l; -(l-1); -(l-2); ...; 0; 1; 2; ...; l
S luong t tu m cho bit su dinh huong
cua AO trong khng gian
n l m 1
n,l,m
(nl) AO
1 0 0
1
1,0,0
1s
1s
lop K(n1) co1 phn lop(1s) va chi co
1AO(1s)
n l m 1
n,l,m
(nl) AO
2
0
1
0
1
2,0,0
2s 2s
-1
0
1
1
2,1,-1
1
2,1,0
1
2,1,1

2p
2p
x
2p
y
2p
z
lop L(n2) co 2 phn lop: 2s co 1 AO (2s)
va 2p co 3 AO ( 2p
x
; 2p
y
; 2p
z
)
n l m 1
n,l,m
nl AO
3 0
1
2
0 1
3,0,0
3s 3s
-1
0
1
1
3,1,-1
1
3,1,0

1
3,1,1
3p
3p
x
3p
y
3p
z
-2
-1
0
1
2
1
3,2,-2
1
3,2,-1

1
3,2,0
1
3,2,1
1
3,2,2
3d
3d
xy
3d
yz
3d
z2
3d
xz
3d
x2 y2
lop M(n3) co 3 phn lop: 3s (1AO);
3p(3AO) ; 3d(5AO)
n 4 l 0;1;2;3co 4 phn lop:
4s;4p;4d;4I
Phn lop 4I (l3) ~
m co (2.31)7 gia tri
7AO
Lop thu n co n phn lop: ns;np;nd;nI;.
o. S luong t spin m
s
Trang thai chuyn dng cua elctron con
duoc biu din boi mt slt thu tu la m
s
: khi
di chuyn quanh nhn electron co th tu
quay quanh truc di xung theo 2 chiu trai
nhau( thun va nguoc chiu kim dng h)
Slt m
s
co 2 gja tri :
Trang thai chuyn dng cua e duoc xac
dinh boi 4 s luong t: n,l,m,m
s
.Mi e
trong 1 ng.t du co 4 slt n,l,m,m
s
xac dinh.
2
1
=
s
m
2
1
+ =
s
m
va
b. Ghi chu:
*trong h 1(e)
Cac ph.l c 1 lop co E
n
bng nhau
*e co th di.ch o bt ky lop nao tu n1
*Khi e di chuyn o lop naoE
n
cua lop do
*O tr.th co ban: H co E nh nht e n1
*e tu n1n2 E
12
E
2
E
1
~0
Xe tY n*/n1 E
21
E
1
-E
2
0
*e tu E
n
thp E
n
caoH nhn nng luong
*e tu E
n
cao E
n
thp H phat nng luong
eV
n
Z
E
n
2
. 6 , 13

=
2. H nhiu electron:
Gm cac nguyn t chua tu 2e tro ln:
*
Cac e dy ln nhau
cac phn lop trong
cung 1 lop co E khac nhau
*
Cac e di chuyn quanh nhn cng trn
cac lop va phn lop tuong tu trung hop
h 1e.
*
Trang thai chuyn dng cua cac e trong
h nhiu e phai tun theo cac nguyn ly
cua co luong t.
a. Cac nguyn ly cua co luong t:
u. Nguyn ly ngoai tru Pauly:
Trong 1 ng.t nhiu e, khng c cp e no
c 4 s lng t hon ton ging nhau.
*
S e ti da trong 1AO:
Cac e di chuyn trn cung 1AO(1
n,l,m
) phai
co 3 slt n,l,m ging nhau
m
s
khac nhau
Vi m
s
chi co 2 gia tri: - 12 va 12
1AO chi co ti da 2e voi m
s
nguoc chiu
m
s
12

m
s
-12

AO chua 2e
Con

*
S electron ti da trong 1 phn lop:
Trong1ph.l thu l: Co (2l1) AOco2(2l1)e
Ph.lop s(l0) ti da 2(2.01)2e s
2
Ph.lop p(l1)
ti da 2(2.11) 6e p
6
Ph.lop d(l2) ti da 2(2.21) 10ed
10
Ph.lop I (l3)
ti da 2(2.31) 14e I
14
ns: s
0
; s
1
; s
2
np: p
0
; p
1
; p
2
; p
3
; p
4
; p
5
; p
6

nd: d
0
; d
1
; d
2
; d
3
; d
4
; d
5
; d
6
; d
7
; d
8
; d
9
; d
10
nI:I
0
; I
1
; I
2
; I
3
; I
4
; I
5
; I
6
; I
7
; I
8
; I
9
; I
10
; I
11
; I
12
;
I
13
; I
14
*
S electron ti da trong 1 lop
Trong lop thu n:
Chua ti da (2.n
2
)e
n1 ti da 2.1
2
2 e
n2 ti da 2.2
2
8e
n3 ti da 2.3
2
18 e
n4 ti da 2.4
2
32 e
n5 ti da 2.5
2
50 e
n6 ti da 2.6
2
72 e
n7 ti da 2.7
2
98 e
. Nguyn ly vng bn
Trong 1 nguyn t nhiu electron,cc
electron di chuyn u!nh nh"n nh# th$
n%o & n'ng l#(ng c)! h* l% nh+ nh,t-
*
Cac phn lop nl: Co (n l) E
Td: 3s(3 0) 3p(3 1) E
3s
E
3p
*
Trung hop 2 ph.lop co (n l) bng nhau:
Phn lop nao co n
E
n

Td: 3d(3 2) va 4p(4 1) E
3d
E
4p
4p(4 1) va 5s(5 0) E
4p
E
5s
*
Quy tc Kleckoski:
Trong 1 ng-t nhiu e, cc e l.n l#(t /%o
chi$m cc 0h-l c1 E nh+ nh,t tr#2c3m4i A5
ch6 ch7! t8i &! 9e /2i s0in ng#(c
chiu:-;hi n%o 0h-l c1 E nh+ h<n &= >=o
h?! e,th@ e ti$0 theo m2i /%o chi$m 0h-l c1
E c!o h<n A$ ti$0- Th7 tB ti$n E c)! cc
0h-l &#(c Cc &Dnh >Ei ui tFc ;lec;oGsAi-
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
4I 5d 6p 7s 5I 6d 7p
Thu tu tin nng luong cua cac phn lop:
Quy tc Kleckoski:
. Quy tc Hund:
Trung hop ph.l co nhiu AO dng nng:
p.l: np
x

p.l: nd
x

e ln luot vao chim
cac AO nhu th nao d:
m
s
cuc dai
m cuc tiu
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
p
6
d
1
d
6
d
2
d
7
d
3
d
8
d
4
d
9
d
5
d
10
( * 1 ' #1
( * / 1 ' #1 #/

m
l
-2 -1 0 +1 +2

o. Ghi chu:
*
Cac phn lop p va d: Cu hinh bn nht la
cu hinh bo hoa va cu hinh ban bo hoa
p.l p
n la p
6
va p
3

p.l d n la d
10
va d
5






b. Cu hinh electron:
1
H(1s
1
):

2
He(1s
2
)

3
Li(1s
2
2s
1
)

4
e(1s
2
2s
2
)

5
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
)

6
C(1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
)

7
N(1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
)

8
O(1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
)
9
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
)
10
Ne(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
)

Co th vit cu hinh electron cua cac

nguyn t nu bit Z
11
Na
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
)
(KL 3s
1
)
.
26
e
(KL3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
)
.
29
Cu (KL3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
9
)
.
Nhung:co cu d
9
khng bn bng co cu d
10
Cu s hiu chinh
thanh co cu 4s
1
3d
10
29
Cu(KL3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
3d
10
)
.

c. Hiu ung chn va hiu ung xm nhp:
u.Trong ng.t nhiu e, khi di chuyn
e
j
bi cac e
i
con lai dy mt luc dy
tng cng la S
j

e(j) bi nhn hut tr.hop ng.t chi co 1e(j)
S
j
: hiu ung chn cua cac e
i
tac
dung ln e
j
1e
i
s gy1hiu ung chn
ij
ln e
j
(S
j

ij
)
*
e
j
cang xa nhn
S
j
;e
j
cang gn nhn
S
j

*
e
i
cang xa nhn

ij
: e
i
cang gn nhn
ij

Trong cung 1 lop:

s p d I

ij

. Hiu ung xm nhp:
Cac e khi di chuyn, do luc hut cua nhn
tac dung ln
tao nn hiu ung xm nhp
(e xm nhp vao gn nhn hon)
e tao hiu ung chn manh hon
Trong cung 1 lop
s p d I

h.u xm nhp
III. ang phn loai tun hoan.
1. Vi tri cua cac nguyn t trong bang
phn loai tun hoan.
La xac dinh chu ky va phn nhom cua ng.t:
Chu ky: s luong t chanh n lon nht cua
ng.t do
Phn nhom:
Phn nhom chanh A
Phn nhom phu
*
Nguyn t thc phn nhom chanh A:
La ng.t ma e cui cung dang x.d ph.lop ns
hoc np va ph.lop (n-1)d khng chua hoc
d chua bo hoa e ns
x
:
ns
1
p.nh I
A
ns
2
p.nh II
A
ns
2
np
y
ns
2
np
1
p.nh III
A
ns
2
np
2
p.nh IV
A
ns
2
np
3
p.nh V
A
ns
2
np
4
p.nh VI
A
ns
2
np
5
p.nh VII
A
ns
2
np
6
khi tro
H S
H P
*
Nguyn t thuc phn nhom phu :
Ng.t ma e cui cung dang x.d ph.lop (n-1)d
ns
2

d
1
d
2
d
3
d
4
d
5
d
6
d
7
d
8
d
9
d
10
p.nh III

p.nh IV

p.nh V

p.nh VI

p.nh VII

p.nh VIII

.ns
1
(n-1)d
10
p.nh I

p.nh II

H
2. Tinh cht cua cac nguyn t:
a. Tinh kim loai va phi kim:
u. K.l: la ng.t ma e lop ngoai cung 3
K.l gm: ph.nh I
A
; II
A
; III
A
va cac p.nh
. Phi kim:la ng.t mae lop ngoai cung 4
phi kim gm:phn nhom IV
A
;V
A
;VI
A
;VII
A
*
Ng.t thuc ch.ky lon cua p.nh IV
A
;V
A
la k.l
b.Soh () cao nht va soh (-) thp nht
*
Soh () cao nht cua 1 ng.t e hoa tri
cua ng.t do
e hoa tri la e co th tham gia tao lin kt
S oxyd hoa (-) thp nht
e hoa tri - 8
Kim loai chi co s oxyd hoa ()
phi kim co : s oxyd hoa () va (-)
*

Z
(ns
2
np
y
) (6-y)e
(6-y)-
.ns
2
np
6

Cac ng.t phn nhom chanh A co soh()
cao nht ct phn nhom cua ng.t do.
b.Nng luong ion hoa thu nht (I
1
) cua ng.t
H
1
c)! 1 ng-t8 l% n-l c.n thi$t m% ng-t8 nhIn
/%o & tch 1e r! Ah+i ng-t8 Jion K
L-
M M

e I
1
E
M
- E
M
I
1
~ 0
I
1

ng.t cang kho ion hoa,tinh kh va

tinh Kl
c. i luc electron:
Mi lBc electron l% n'ng l#(ng tr!o &Ni Ahi 1
ng-t8 nhIn thm 1e J ion X
O
e
-
A
1
E
-
- E

(A
1
: 0 hoc ~0)
A
1
cang0 nhn e Z
tinh oh,dad,pk
d. an kinh ng.t
*
Trong cung 1 ph.nh,
khi di tu trn xung
s luong t chanh nban kinh ng.t
*
Cung1chu ky: cac ng.t thuc ph.nh A,
khi di tu trai sang phai Zr
ng.t

r
ng.t
,tinh kh, kl

,I
1

r
ng.t
, oh,pk,dad

$H0123 44
"452 67* H89 H:$
4. $c ;<c tr'ng ca li=n >?t h@a hc
1. dai lin kt: :khoang cach ngn nht ni

Lin kt H- H-Cl H-r H-I
d(A
o
) 0,92 1,28 1,42 1,62
2 hat nhn cua 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt

2. Goc lin kt:
Goc tao thanh boi 2 doan thng ni lin
ng.t voi 2 nhn cua 2 ng.t lin kt voi no.
$ A
$l
$l
111.B
o
12B.!
o

3. c lin kt:
S mi l.kt duoc hinh thanh gia 2 ng.t
Etan H
3
C-CH
3
blk 1
Eten H
2
C CH
2
blk 2
Etin HC CH blk 3
4. Nng luong lin kt
a. Phn t 2 nguyn t: A(k)


P
: Q la nhit hp thu cua pu Q~0 E
A
Q
b. Phn t nhiu nguyn t:
CH
4
(k)


P
E
A
~ 0 va E
A
d bn lin kt
lk E
A
, dblk, nhung d
A

A(k)(k)
C(k) 4H(k)
P E
CH
4
1
=

5. Cac loai lin kt.
Gm:
Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng hoa tri
Lin kt Hidro
Luc Van er alls
Lin kt trong phuc cht
Cac loai lin kt
yu
Q 0h"n >i*t lA ion /% lAchtRc'n c7 /%o &S
"m &i*n c)! 9 nguyn t th!m gi! lin A$t-
Lk (A)
0 [
A
-

[ 1,7 lkcht
[
A

[ 1,7 lk ion

II. LIN KET CONG HOA TRI
1. Nguyn tc:
Lin kt A: 0 [
A

[ 1,7 lkcht
*2 ng.t A va tin lai gn nhau, cac AOht
tin lai gn nhau, dn 1 khoang cach xd
cac AO cua chung s che phu ln nhau
cac Orbital ph.t:Molecular Orbital (MO)
*
MO
:vung khng gian quanh 2 nhn, trn
do xac sut tim thy e cuc dai tu 9099
Mi MO cng chi chua ti da 2e voi spin
nguoc chiu.

AO(A) AO() MO(A)

Lin kt phi tri

(cho nhn)
Chi co cac AO hoa tri(AO chua cac e hoa
tri) moi tham gia che phu tao lin kt.
Qui tc che phu hu hiu

*Che phu cuc dai:cac AO tin lai voi nhau
theo huong nhu th nao d cacAO che
phu phu ln nhau cang nhiu cang tt
*

E
2AO

Che phu hu hiu d bn lk

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 51 oI 48
Cac kiu xen phu : su tao lin kt ,

"i=n >?t %igma ma: Hinh thanh do su

xen phu truc, tuc la su xen phu xy ra
dc theo truc lin kt gia 2 nguyn t
Ki hiu
s-s s-p p-p
p-d
d-d

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 52 oI 48

"i=n >?t : Hinh thanh do xen phu

bn, Ki hiu

p-d d-d

2. Cac thi du:
*
H
2

H(1s
1
)
H(1s
1
)
C
C
CD
H
2

MO
s

H:H H-H
*
H
H(1s
1
)
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
)
C
CD CD C
CD CD CD CD
CD
/8 /"
sp
H:F
`
:HEF
_i

*
Cl
2
Cl( 3s
2
3p
5
)
Cl( 3s
2
3p
5
)
CD CD CD C
CD CD CD C

p
CD

X
&
/
N(1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
)
N(1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
)
CD C C C
CD C C C
3
3
[
[
\
3 3
[ [
\

z
iNNi

a
y
a
x
z
z
y
y
x

z
z
y
y
x


*
H
2
O
H(1s
1
)
O(1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
)
H(1s
1
)
C
CD CD C C
C
H

O--H
]0 thu3^t: TOT*J'
'

nh_n. th`c n.h12(:* 1',UV
'


*
NH
3
:
3H(1s
1
)
N(1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
)
C C C
CD
C C C
T

& T
T
Ly thuyt: HNH 90
0

nhung thuc nghim 107
0


*
CH
4
4H(1s
1
)
C(1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
)C
*
(1s
2
2s
1
2p
3
)
T
T
C T

T
Ly thuyt: CH
4
gm 2 loai lin kt C-H
3 C-H tao thanh tam din vung,
C-H thu tu khng dinh huong
Thuc nghim: CH
4
co dang tu din du,
goc HCH109,5
0




3. Thuyt lai hoa cac AO
Truoc khi tao lin kt, 1 ng.t tu che phu
cac AO hoa tri nhng AO lai hoa co hinh
dang, kich thuoc, E hoan toan ging nhau.
Sau do, no dung cac AO l.hoa nay che phu
voi cac AO cua nhng ng.t khac d tao l.k
a. Cac trang thai lai hoa:
u. Lai hoa sp: 1(s) 1(p) 2(sp)

Trang thai lai hoa sp dung d giai thich co
cu cua cac phn t thng hang.
Trong hoa hu co, lai hoa sp dung d giai
thich co cu cua carbon lin kt ba (C )
sp sp sp
Td: OCO ; HCCH

phan t BeH
2
Td: eH
2
: e(2 2.14)~ e(sp)
eCl
2
: e(2 2.1 4)~ (sp)


.Trang thai lai hoa sp
2
: 1(s) 2(p) 3(sp
2
)
Co co cu tam giac du: tm la nhn ng.t,
3 truc d.x cua 3(sp
2
) huong ra 3 dinh cua
Trang thai lai hoa
sp
2
dung d giai
thich cac ph.t co
dang hoc
goc.Trong hoa hu
co: giai thich co
cu cua C lin kt
di (C )



. Trang thai lai hoa sp
3
:
1(s) 3(p) 4(sp
3
)
:tu din du,4 truc dx
Huong ra 4 dinh cua tu din du
Trang thai lai hoa sp
3
duoc dung d giai
thich co cu cua phn t co dang tu din,
thap tam giac,goc.Trong hoa hu co,dung
d giai thich co cu cua C ni don.



c. Trang thai lai hoa d
2
sp
3

1(s) 3(p) 2(d) 6(d
2
sp
3
)
Co dang hinh 8 mt
(lung thap day
hinh vung)
o. Trang thai lai hoa dsp
3
;
1(s) 3(p) 1(d) 5(dsp
3
)
ang hinh 6 mt ( lung thap day tam giac)

4. u doan co cu lp th cua hoa cht
em cht: ML
n
; ML
n
x
; Ml
n
y-

M:ng.t tr.tm(ng.t co s ng.t nh nht.)
L:ligand(cac ng.t chung quanh l.k voi M)
n; chi s ligand ( n 2)
: d,t() cua cation. Y- :d.t (-) cua anion
ehtlh(M) ehtcb(M)e: cac L(1L gop
1e tru O;S 0e)
y(e) nu la anion
- x(e) nu la cation
xac dinh dang lp th:

ac dinh trang thai lai hoa cua (M) va
dang lp th
ehtlh: AOlh: tr.thai lh dang lp th
4 2 sp thng hang

6 3 sp
2
tam giac; goc
8 4 sp
3
tu din, thap,
goc

10 5 dsp
3
lung thap day
12 6 d
2
sp
3
hinh bat din

HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 76 oI 48
*Cac cp e hoa tri phai duoc phn b cach
xa nhau nht d co duoc luc dy nh nht
gia chung
* Hiu ung lp th gim dn: Cp e khng
lin kt(K) ~ cp e lin kt(L) ~ e khng
lin kt |K(1)|
*Luc dy cua cac cp e giam dn theo thu
tu sau: KK ~ KL ~ LL ~ K(1)L

*e trong lin kt bi dy ~ e
lin kt don.
$ A
$l
$l
111.B
o
12B.!
o

Td: CO
2
: C(4 2.0 4) sp O C O
O - C - O

z z
y
y
z
y
x
2 ) (
2
2 . 2
) ( 1 = + =
e
TlA
phan t BeH
2
lk 1
eCl
2
:e(22.14)~ sp
eH
2
: e(22.14)~ sp

CO
3
2-
: C (4 3.0 2 6) sp
2

O
C O
O

1.2(e)
lk 1() --- (a) 1,33
3.2
CHCH

BF
3
: B(3+3.1=6e)= !"
2
..
..
..
1.2(e)
lk 1() --- (a) 1,33
3.2

C#
2
=C#
2
:C(!"
2
)




HUI 2006 General Chemistry: Slide 84 oI 48
Cl
Cl
Cl
3p
3p
3p
3p
3p
3p
sp
2
sp
2
2p

33 , 1 ) (
2 . 3
2 . 1
) ( 1 = + =
e
TlA
Cl
3
: 33.16~ sp
2

NO
2
: ehtlh 5 2.0 5 lh sp
2

N O
O

1.2e
lk1()--- (a) 1,5
2.2
CH
4
ehtlh 4 4.1 8lh sp
3
lk CH 1
ONO~120
o

NO
2
-
: ehtlh 5 2.0 1 6 lh sp
2

N O
O

2.2e
lk 1() --- (a) 1,5
2.2
NO
2

: ehtlh 5 2.0 1 4lh sp

O---N---O

2.2e
lk 1() --- (a) 2
2.2
ONO 120
o
NO
2

thng hang

NH
3
: ehtlh 5 3.1 8 lh sp
3

lk 1
&T
,
#
: ehtlh 5 4.1 -1 8
lh sp
3
:lk 1
NO
3
-
: ehtlk 5 3.0 1 6 lh sp
2
O
N--O
O

1.2e
lk1() --(a)
3.2
1,33
;HNH 109,5
o
$ HNH109,5
o
ONO 120
o

T
/
O : ehtlh 6 2.1 8sp
3
SO
2
: ehtlh 6 2.0 6 lh sp
2


S--O
O

1.2e
lk 1() -- (a) 1,5
2.2
OSO 120
o
HOH109,5
o
H
H
O

A
H
H
1FB.G
A
1FH
A
2
H
H
H
$
H
H
H
H
1FI.G
A

aO
D
: ehtlk 6 3.0 6 sp
2


O
a--O
O

1./e
6l= * 1() --- (a) 1,33
3.2
aO
D
/
:ehtlh 6 3.0 2 8 lh sp
3

OSO 120
o
OSO 109,5
o

aO
,
/
: ehtlh 6 4.0 2 8 lh sp
3
O
a
O O
O
/
!Cl
V
: ehtlh 5 5.1 10 lh dsp
3
O%O = 10&,'
(

5. Tinh cht:
a. Cng hoa tri cua 1 nguyn t la s lin
kt cng hoa tri xut phat tu nguyn t do.
Td: H-O-H cht(H) 1; cht(O) 2
b. an kinh cua 1 ng.t: la d dai lin kt
don tao boi 2 ng.t cua ng.t do.
Td:N-Ncod
N-N
1,45Ar
N
1,45/20,725A

c. Lkcht co tinh bo hoa, dinh huong, co
th khng phn cuc hoc phn cuc.
Lk: A co [
A

[ 0 A khng
phn cuc;
A
0
0[
A

[1,7A phn cuc;

A
= 0

Td: H co

~
H

H--

H
4,8.d
H
.o (eby)
d phn cuc
$
Tb
Td: H
2
co

0


Trung hop ph.t nhiu ng.t:ML
n
mi l.k
M-L co 1 gia tri
ML

MLn
hop luc cua
n
ML

Td: NH
3
va N
3
CH
4
co 0

III. LIN KET ION
1. Nguyn tc:
A
nu[
A
-

[ 1,7 lk ion

A
~

A ne A
n-

m
me
mA
n-
n
m
A
m

n

Cac ion A
n-
va
m
phai co cu hinh e bn
*
Cu hinh e bn cua cac ion:
co cu 8e :(.ns
2
np
6
): ng.t p.nh chanh A
Co cu 18e (..ns
2
np
6
nd
10
): p.nh phu
Co cu ns
2
(..ns
2
) (thung gp o cac
ng.t chu ky lon phn nhom IV
A
,V
A
)

Td:

2. Tinh cht:
a. an kinh ion:
em phn t A:
A
-

d
A
r
A
- r

A e A
-

r
A
-

r
A
~

e
Trong dy ion dng e:
N
3-
; O
2-
;
-
; Ne; Na

; Mg
2
; Al
3
Z r
ion

P
3-
; S
2-
; Cl
-
; Ar; K

; Ca
2
;
Z r
ion

Trong cac ion dng e:

Ion nao co Zr
ion

+
T
r
T
r

b. Tinh cng hoa tri cua lin kt ion ( tinh
ion cua lin kt cng hoa tri).

Cation M
m
co tinh phn
cuckhi
) r
M

)
m()
Anion A
n-
co tinh bi phn
cuc khi
)
n(-)
) r
A
-
Tinh
cht
Tinh
ion

100 ion lkcht ph.cuc lkcht khng cuc
Tinh cht d bn; t
0
s
, t
0
nc

Trung hop 2 cation co ban kinh va din

tich bng nhau, tinh phn cuc tng theo thu
tu:
(ns
2
np
6
) (ns
2
np
6
nd
(x10)
) (ns
2
np
6
nd
10
)

IV: Cac loai lin kt yu:
1. Lin kt Hydro:
U% l-A tVo th%nh >Ei ng-t H linh &Sng3 l% H
l-A /2i 1 ng-t h!y 1 nh1m ng-t c1 &S "m
di*n l2n nh#R 5, W, Cl, CXC: /2i 1 ng-t
h!y nh1m c1 &S "m &i*n l2n /% c1 cc cY0
e AhZng lin A$t-
AH
o
J iR
Td: H J H
a. Phn loai
Co 2 loai: lkH lin phn t va lkH ni phn
t

u. Lin kt Hydro lin phn t:
uoc tao thanh boi cac p.t ring bit nhau;
Td: H
2
O
H-O iJH-O C
2
H
5
-O iJH-O

H H H H
. Lin kt Hydro ni phn t:
uoc tao thanh trong chinh ban thn 1 phn
t
O
H
N
O
O
O
H
C
O
H
octo- Nitrobenzen
andehit salyxilic

b. Tinh cht
u. Lin kt hydro cang bn khi H cang linh
dng va tm cang giau e.
Td: C
2
H-O iJH-O i bn hon C
2
H
5
-O i

H H HJKO -H

H

. Nhit d si, nhit d nong chay:
Hoa cht nao cho l.k(H) l.p.t thi t
0
s
, t
0
nc
, .
Td: C
2
H
5
-O iJH-O
_ -C
2
H
5
bn hon CH
3
-O
_ -CH
3
H
Cht nao cho lin kt Hydro ni phn t
cang manh thi t
o
s
, t
o
nc
, cang thp
Td: O-H O-H
O
co t
o
s
, t
o
nc
~ N
O
O N
O

.
.
.
.

. tan
Cht nao cho duoc l.k(H) l.p.t voi d.mi
cang thi tan cang trong d,mi do.
Td: C
2
H
5
OH tan trong H
2
O ~ CH
3
OCH
3
b. Luc Van er alls (V)
La luc lin ph.t, duoc tao thanh ga cac
ph.t trung hoa, luc V duoc dung d
giai thich su co th hoa lng cua cht khi,
hoc co th dng dc cua cht lng.
u. Phn loai:
Luc V gm cac loai:

*
Luc dinh huong:
uoc tao thanh boi cac ph.t lun phn cuc.

*
Luc cam ung:
uoc tao thanh boi 1 phn t phn cuc va 1
phn t khng phn cuc.
H H
H H

*
Luc khuch tan.
Tao thanh boi cac cht khng phn cuc
c
.
.
: c c : :
0 =0
He
Luc dinh huong ~ luc cam ung ~ luc khuch
tan
Luc V

r(phn t)
M

. Tinh cht
*
Cht nao cho luc V t
o
s
, t
o
nc

*
Cac cht co d phn cuc ging nhau
hoa tan tt vao nhau, va nguoc lai.
Td:
2
Cl
2
r
2
I
2
Td: HCl hoa tan trong H
2
O tt hon CH
4
CH
4
hoa tan trong CCl
4
tt hon HCl

t
o
s
, t
o
nc


$H0123 444: 2H4L* H89 H:$
4. $c >hi nim cM NOn:
1. H:
La 1 phn cua v tru co gioi han trong
pham vi dang khao sat v phuong din hoa
hc. Phn con lai cua v tru quanh h duoc
gi la mi trung ngoai (mtng) di voi h.
Td: 1 cc chua nuoc dy kin: phn bn
trong cc la h, con thanh cc va khoang
khng gian quanh cc la (mtng).

*
. H ho: Co th trao di E,vt cht voi(mtng)
*
H kin: chi trao di E nhung khng trao
di cht voi (mtng)
*
H c lp: khng trao di E va vt cht
voi (mtng)
Td: Cc chua dd hoa cht khng dy np la
h ho, con trong binh dy kin la h kin,
trong binh cach nhit dy kin la h c lp.
*
H dng th: Chi co 1 pha,con tu 2 pha tro
ln la h di th |H gm nuoc(l) ng.cht la
dng th, nuoc(l) va nuoc da la di th|

2. Thng s trang thai va ham trang thai;
a. Thng s trang thai:
Cac dai luong vt ly nhu:(p),(V),(T),(n)
dung d biu din trang thai cua h duoc
gi la thng s trang thai
Gia cac thng s trang thai co 1I.t lin h:
Khi d xd duoc 3 tri s,tri s thu 4 duoc xd.
o do: thung dung 3 thng s: p,V,T
pV nRT
Pt trang thai
p: (atm),V:(lit),T:(
o
K)
0,082 l.atm.mol
-1

R

1,987cal.mol
-1
hs klt
8,3 j.mol
-1


b. Ham trang thai: Trang thai cua h thay di
khi chi cn 1 thng s trang thai thay di
Ham trang thai la 1 dai luong co gia tri chi
phu thuc vao cac thng s trang thai cua h.
c. Qua trinh:
em1h o tr.thai (1): (p
1
,V
1
,T
1
), khi
1 thng s tr.thai thay di tr.thai (2):
(p
2
,V
2
,T
2
) h d thuc hin 1 qua trinh tu trang
thai(1)trang thai(2)
*1 (p
1
,V
1
,T
1
) *2 (p
2
,V
2
,T
2
)
Q.t dng ap: p khng di( p0;pconst)
Q.t dng tich:V khng di(V0;Vconst)
Q.t dng nhit:T khng di(T0;Tconst)

Q.t doan nhit: khng trao di nhit (Q0)
Q.t tn: kha nng xy ra theo chiu thun
hay chiu nghich la nhu nhau().Q.t chi
xy ra 1 chiu la qt tu nhin ( )
c. Nhit va cng
Khi thuc hin q.t tu tr.th(1) dn tr.th (2), h
co th trao di E voi mtng duoi 2 dang:
nhit va cng.
u. Nhit:
m: khi luong (gam)
Q mcT c: nhit dung
T T
2
T
1
m1g ; T1 cQ c: nhit dung ring

mM, T 1 Q Mc cc

: nhit dung mol

Co n mol chtQnc

AT
. Cng
Cng A
* Cng thay di th tich h
* Cng hoa hc
Trung hop chi co cng thay di th tich:
A p
ngoai
. V V V
2
V
1

p
ng
0(q.t xay ra o chn khng)A 0
VV
2
- V
1
0(q.t dng tich)A 0
Qua trinh dng ap hoc thun nghich:
p
ng
p
h
p A p.V

Qui uoc v du: Q 0 phat nhit
Q ~ 0 nhn nhit
A 0 nhn cng
A~ 0 sinh cng
II. p dung nguyn ly I nhit dng luc hc.
1. Nguyn ly I va ni nng
em h thuc hin q.t tu tr.th (1) dn tr.th (2)
co th theo nhiu dung q.t khac nhau:
* *
d
1
U <
1
d
/
U <
/
d
D
U<
D
d
n
U<
n
d
1
e d
/
e d
D
e d
n
H<
1
e <
/
e <
D
e <
n
d
1
<
1
*d
/
<
/
*d
D

<
D
*d
n
<*h8* fU
fU* U
/
U
1
( U
1
%R U
/
ng1 nhn. ciB h2 @
trn. th1 (1) %R (/).

Ni nng U la tt ca cac dang nng luong
tich chua bn trong h.
U Q - A
A p
ng
.V U Q p
ng
.V
Trong trung hop h thuc hin 1 chu trinh:
1X/
U U
2
U
1
Q A 0
Q A
Q ~ 0A ~ 0: h nhn nhitsinh cng
A 0 Q 0: h nhn cngphat nhit

2. Entalpi: 1 pu thung duoc thuc hin theo
1 trong 2 cach sau:
*
inh kin,V
h
V
binh
q.t dng tich(V0)

UQ-AQ-p
ng
VUQ
V
: nh dng tich
Q
V
~0U~0h nhn nhitU
2
~U
1
h
nong ln
Q
V
0U0h phat nhitU
2
U
1
:
h lanh di

*
inh ho, p tac dung ln h la p khi quyn
1atm qua trinh dng ap
U Q A Q - pV Q U pV
Q
p
U
2
-U
1
p(V
2
V
1
) (U
2
pV
2
)-(U
1
pV
1
)
t: H
2
U
2
pV
2
; H
1
U
1
pV
1



La Entalpi cua h o trang thai (2) va (1)
H H
2
H
1
Q
p
nhit dng ap
Voi H U pV
Q
p
~0H~0h nhn nhit:H
2
~H
1
h
nong ln
Q
p
0H0h phat nhit:H
2
H
1
h
lanh di

3. Hiu ung nhit
Hiu ung nhit cua 1 p.u la Q trao di gia
pu voi mtng o diu kin V0 hoc p 0.
*
V0:UQ
V
: hiu ung nhit dng tich.
*
p0H Q
p
: hiu ung nhit dng ap.
Su lin quan gia H va U
Ta co: H U pV H U pV
H U p(V
2
V
1
) U pV
2
pV
1

HU n
2
RT n
1
RT U (n
2
n
1
)RT
H U n.RT nn(k)(sp)-n(k)(tc)
Q
p
Q
V
n.RT
Trong qua trinh:

Td: 2NH
3
(k) 32 O
2
(k) N
2
(k) 3H
2
O(k)
H Un.RT AU RT
a. Nhit tao thanh va nhit phn huy
u. Nhit tao thanh mol tiu chun
U% hi*u 7ng nhi*t c)! 0h[n 7ng tVo th%nh
1 mol h1! ch,t t\ cc &<n ch,t >n E &iu
Ai*n chu]n 30^1!tm, T ^ 9_`
o
;a9b
o
Cc
Td: H
2
(k) O
2
(k) H
2
O(l)


H
o
298
AH

o
tt,298
|H
2
O(l)|
H

0
tt,298
thuong0vaAH

0
tt,298
cang bn


H

0
tt,298
|don cht| 0

. Nhit phn huy mol tiu chun
La nhit trao di khi phn huy hoan toan 1
mol hoa cht thanh cac don cht bn o dkc
H
2
O(l) H
2
(k) O
2
(k)
H
0
298
AH

0
ph,298
|H
2
O(l)|
H

0
ph,298
thuong~0vaAH

0
ph,298
cang bn
b. Nhit dt chay mol tiu chun.
La hiu ung nhit cua pu dt chay hoan
toan 1 mol hoa cht bng O
2
(k),san phm
tao thanh la cac oxyt bn cua cac nguyn t
tao thanh hoa cht o dkc.

H
2
(k) O
2
(k) H
2
O(l)
H
0
298
AH

0
ch,298
|H
2
(k)|
H

o
ch,298
thung 0
vaAH

o
ch,298
|don cht| = 0

4. inh lut Hess va h qua.
a. inh lut Hess
KSt 0# c1 th C[y r! theo nhiu gi!i &oVn,
hi*u 7ng nhi*t tNng ut >dng tNng hi*u
7ng nhi*t c)! cc gi!i &oVn trung gi!n- V%
hi*u 7ng nhi*t tNng ut ch6 0he /%o trVng
thi &.u /% trVng thi cu8i c)! 0#
I J
H
1
H
2
A C
H
3
H
4
H
5
E G H
H
0
298
H
1
H
2
H
3
H
4
H
5


C(tc) O
2
(k) CO
2
(k)


H
0
298
H
1
H
2
Co th biu din dinh lut Hess duoi dang:
C(tc) O
2
(k) CO(k) (1) H
1
CO(k) O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) (2) H
2
(1)(2)(3)
C(tc)O
2
(k)CO
2
(k)
H
3
H
1
H
2

b. H qua:
u. Phan ung thun nghich

A C

fT
th
fT
n.
H H
th
H
ng
0
H
th
- H
ng

jT
1
jT
/
CO(=)
jT

. Tinh h.u nhit cua pu theo nhit tao thanh
A C AC
A

C

fT
1
fT
/
fT
D
fT
H H
1
H
2
H
3
H
1
-1.AH

0
tt,298
|A|
H
2
-1.AH

0
tt,298
|C|
H
3
1.AH

0
tt,298
|AC|1.AH

0
tt,298
||
H1.AH

0
tt,298
|AC|1.AH

0
tt,298
||
- 1.H
0
298
|A| 1.H
0
298
|C|

em pu tng quat
mA n pC q
H
0
298
mH
0
tt,298
|C| nH
0
tt,298
||
- pH
0
tt,298
|A| qH
0
tt,298
||
H
0
298
H
0
tt,298
|s.p| - H
0
tt,298
|t.c|
Td: 2NH
3
(k)32O
2
(k) N
2
(k) 3H
2
O(k)
H
0
298
3H
0
tt,298
|H
2
O(k)|-2H
0
tt,298
|NH
3
(k)|
H
0
298
3.(-241,8) - 2.(- 46,2) - 633kj

. Tinh h.u nhit cua pu theo nhit chay.
em pu:H
2
CCH
2
(k) H
2
(k) H
3
C-CH
3
(k)
C
2
H
4
(k) 3O
2
(k) 2CO
2
(k)2H
2
O(l) (1) H
1
H
2
(k) 12 O
2
(k) H
2
O(l) (2) H
2

C
2
H
6
(k) 72O
2
(k)2CO
2
(k) 3H
2
O(l) (3) H
3
(1) (2) (3) pu cn phai tinh
H
o
298
H
1
H
2
- H
3
H
o
298
1.H
o
ch,298
|C
2
H
4
(k)| 1.H
o
ch,298
|H
2
(k)|
- 1.H
o
ch,298
|C
2
H
6
(k)|
H
o
298
H
o
ch,298
|tc| - H
o
ch,298
|sp|

o. Tinh hiu ung nhit theo nng luong lk.
em pu: H
2
CCH
2
(k) H
2
(k) H
3
C-CH
3
(k)
2C(k) 4H(k)
H
o
298
H
1
H
2
H
3

H
1
E
CC
4E
CH
H
2
E
H-H

H
3
-E
C-C
-6E
C-H
H
o
298
E
CC
4E
C-H
E
H-H
- E
C-C
6E
C-H

H
o
298
E
dut
- E
rap

H
1
H
2
H
3
2H(k)
AH

et du H
o
298
cua phan ung:
H
o
298
0 pu phat nhit: pu d xay ra.
H
o
298
~ 0 pu thu nhit: pu kho xay ra.
H
o
298
0 pu doan nhit: pu kho xay ra.
Pu co H cang 0 cang d xay ra.
Td: pu: H
2

2
2H ( halogen)

2
Cl
2
r
2
I
2
H
o
298
pu cang kho xr

444.2g.lP 2 nhit ;Qng lRc hc S chiT U.t
1. Nguyn ly 2 nhit dng luc hc Entropi
V
A
V

V V
A
V

n
A
mol
khi
Chn
khng
n
A
mol khi
(1) (2)
:( tu do, xao trn, bt trt tu), xac sut
hin din phn t khi
Khi h thuc hin qua trinh tu(1) (2) :
Trong q.t tu nhin,h lun di tu trang thai co
d tu do ,xs hin din p.t khi thp dn trang
thai co d tu do, xs hin din ph.t khi cao.
T` nh14n

V
A

V
;
T
A
T

xt,dtd (A) ()
Q
Q
A
~ Q

xt,dtd (A) ~ ()
in thin cua dxt,dtd cua h ty l thun
voi luong nhit Q trao di cua h.
V
A
V

;

T
A
~ T

Q
Q
A
Q

td(A) ~ () dtd(A) ()
dtd cua h ty l nghich voi nhit d
dang khao sat cua h
n
A
n
A
n
A
n
A
n
A
n
A
n
A
n
A

Vy: Mi trang thai cua h duoc biu din
boi 1 h.s x.s entropi S (S la h.s biu din
d tu do,xao trn,bt trt tu,va x.s hin din
ph.t cua h),ma bin thin cua S duoc cho
boi h thuc:
Q.t thun nghichS
h
Q
tn
T
Q.t tu nhin S
h
~Q
ktn
T
Mihoachtduco1giatriS

o
298
~ 0 x.d .
Hoa cht co S d tu do
Voi 1 hoa cht: S
k
~ S
l
~ S
r

T
P
f

2. Tinh bin thin entropi cua 1 phan ung.
em pu: mA n pC q
S
o
298
pS
o
298
|C|qS
o
298
|D|}-mS
o
298
|A|nS
o
298
||
S
o
298
S
o
298
|sp| - S
o
298
|tc|
Td: CaCO
3
(r) CaO(r) CO
2
(k)
S
o
298
1.S
o
298
|CaO(r)|1.S
o
298
|CO
2
(k)|
-1.S
o
298
|CaCO
3
(r)|
S
o
298
39,7 213,7 88,7 164,7 kj
o
K
*
Co th du doan du cua S dua vao n cua pu:
n ~ 0 S ~ 0; n0S0; n0tinh cu th
N
2
(k) 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k) co n 2-1-3-2S0

3. et du S cua pu:
Mt pu co:
S ~ 0 d xay ra.
S 0 kho xay ra.
S 0 kho xay ra.
S
d
xr
4. Chiu cua pu
Ng.ly 1; 2 khng kt lun duoc pu xay ra
duoc hay khng. o do phai kt hop 2 ng.ly
GH-TS (G: ham Gibb, nng luong tu do)
Khi h thuc hin qua trinh tu (1) (2):
G G
2
G
1
(H
2
TS
2
) (H
1
TS
1
)
G(H
2
H
1
) T(S
2
S
1
) H - TS
G
o
T
H
o
T
- TS
o
T

G

o
tt,298
|hoa cht|: G
o
298
cua pu tao thanh 1
mol hoa cht tu cac don cht bn o dkc.
H
2
(k) O
2
(k) H
2
O(k)
G
o
298
AG

o
tt,298
|H
2
O(k)|
. AG

o
tt,298
|don cht| 0
em pu: mA n pC q
G
o
298
pAG

o
tt,298
|C|qAG

o
tt,298
||
-mAG

o
tt,298
|A|nAG

o
tt,298
||
G
o
298
_AG

o
tt,298
|sp|-_AG

o
tt,298
|tc|

*
H0, S~0 G0: pu tu xay ra ()
*
H~0,S0G~0: pu tu xay ra ()
H0,
S0:
[H[~[TS[G0: ().
[H[[TS[G~0: ().
H~0,
S~0:
[H[~[TS[G~0: ()
[H[[TS[G0: ()
V dung biu din G theo T ta co:
[H[[TS[G0:()
[H[[TS[G0:()
AG AH - TAS

jk
T
jT l ' H ja m '

jk
T
jT l 'H ja l'

jk
T
jT l ' H ja * '

jk
T
jT m ' H ja m '

jk
T
jT m ' H ja l '

jk
T
jT m ' H ja * '

jk
T
jT * ' H ja m '

jk
T
jT * ' H ja l '

jk
T
jT * ' H ja * '

$H0123 4V
*V$ WX Y0S$Z2 [\23 H89 H:$
4. *&c ;Q phOn ]ng
1. iu thuc tc d phan ung
em pu: m A n pC q
vk(C
A
)
m
(C

)
n
k:hs tc d pu;k~ 0;kI(T)
c m theo A,bc n theo
Pu bc (m n) tng quat
*
m,n la cac tri s thuc nghim: co th la s
nguyn, thp phn
*
m,n =h s pu,chi di voi pu don gian( chi
xay ra 1 giai doan): bc pu trung h s pu

*
Trung hop cac cht tham gia pu la cht
khi, ta co th dung nng d hoc ap sut.
v kC
A
m
.C

n
hoc v kp
A
m
.p

n

*
trung hop cac cht pu gm(lng va rn)
Ta co: vkS.C
i
m

: S
i
la b mt hoat dng cua
cht rn.
*
Trung hop cac cht pu gm khi va rn,
ta chi chu y dn cht khi: v kp
i
m


2. Cac yu t anh huong dn tc d pu
a. Anh huong cua nng d(T const)
mA n pC q: pu don gian.
v
1
kC
A
m
.C

n
: C`
A
xC
A
va C`

yC

v
2
k(C`
A
)
m
.(C`

)
n

k(xC
A
)
m
.(yC

)
n
kx
m
y
n
C
A
m
C

n
v
2
v
1
x
m
.y
n

*
Hn hop pu la cht khi: Co th dung ap sut:
v
1
kp
A
m
.p

n
;v
2
k(xp
A
)
m
.(yp

)
n
v
2
v
1
x
m
.y
n

Td
1
:pu: 2A C :C`
A
2C
A
; C`

:x2; y1;v
2
v
1
x
2
.y
1
2
2
.1
1
4
Td
2
; mA n pC q
.C`
A
2C
A
;C`

:v
2
v
1
42
m
.1
n
2
m
m2
. C`
A
C
A
;

C`

2C

:v
2
v
1
21
m
.2
n
2
n
n1
v kC
A
2
C

Td
3
:2NO(k)O
2
(k)2NO
2
(k)
Khi tng V
binh
ln 2 lnap sut cac khi
giam 2 ln
p`
A
p
A
; p`

:v
2
v
1
(12)
2
.(12)
1
18
v kC
A
2
.C

:V kC
A
m
.C

n
:v kp
NO
2
.p
O2

b. Anh huong cua nhit d.(nng d khng
di)
u. H thuc Van`t HoII
T
1
v
1
,k
1
,t
1;
T
2
v
2
,k
2
,t
2
v
1
k
1
C
A
m
C

n
;v
2
k
2
C
A
m
C

n
: h s nhit d cua k,
~1
T T
2
T
1
T 10
0
~ v
2
v
1

10
2
1
1
2
1
2
T
t
t
A
A
/
/

= = =

*Td
1
: T
1
20
o
CT
2
50
o
C; 3
v
2
v
1
3
(50-20)10
27
*Td
2
: T
1
20
o
CT
2
50
o
C;
v
2
v
1
8
(50-20)10

3
2
*Td
3
: T
1
20
o
C,t
1
3
h
T
2
40
0
C;3t
2
?
. t
1
t
2

(40-20)10

2
3
2
9 180t
2

t
2
1809 20`
Td
4
: T
1
20
o
C,t
1
3
h
,3t
2
20` T
2
?
.t
1
t
2

T10
3
T10
180209T102
T
2
40
o
C

. H thuc Arhenius
k u.e
-EaRT

E
a
:nng luong hoat hoa pu
uhs: thua s tn s.
TE
a
RT0 ku (hs tc d o T)
lnk -E
a
RTlnu ;v lnk I(1T)
lnk
1T
lnk nghich bin voi 1T
lnk dng bin voi T
Tk; Tk
E
a
~0; E
a
~k

T
1
,k
1
lnk
1
-E
a
RT
1
lnu
T
2
,k
2
lnk
2
-E
a
RT
2
lnu
E
a
1 1
lnk
2
lnk
1
- - - -
R T
2
T
1
k
2
E
a
1 1
ln - - - - - -
k
1
R T
2
T
1


c. Anh huong cua cht xuc tac(cxt)
Cxt la cht duoc cho vao pu voi luong rt
nh, lam v hoc dinh huong pu theo chiu
mong mun.Sau pu, cxt duoc hoan tra lai mt.
Td: RCOOH R`OH RCOOR` H
2
O
T
#


NH
3
(k)O
2
(k)


f
fUNt
. Cxt lam v la do lam giam E
a
cua pu
. t dng th: cxt va cht pu o cung 1 pha
. t di th: cxt va cpu o 2 pha khac nhau
N
2
(k) H
2
O(l)
NO(k) H
2
O(l)

44. $#n N^ng h@a hc.
1. TLn. 89 c;n bLn.
em pu tn: mA . n pC q
v
th
,k
th
v
ng
,k
ng
v
th
k
th
C
m
.C

n
v
tq
v
th
v
ng

v
tq
k
th
C
A
m
.C

n
- k
ng
C
C
p
.C

q
. t t
0
: C
A
va C

~~ C
C
va C

v
th
~~v
ng
v~~0
. t:C
A
va C

; C
C
va C

v
th
; v
ng
v
tq

v
ng
k
ng
C
C
p
.C

q

. v
th
v
ng
v
tq
0pu dat trang thai cn
bng (t
cb
)
t
cb
: k
th
|A|
m
||
n

k
ng
|C|
p
||
q
k
th
|C|
p
||
q
K
C
-- -----
k
ng
|A|
m
||
n

K
C
:hs cb d;K
C
I(T)
K
C
~0;K
C
,cb ~thun
K
C
, cb ~ nghich
. Khi phan ung dat trang thai cb, trong hn
hop pu con du cac cht co thanh phn duoc
xac dinh bng biu thuc hng s cb.

. Khi hn hop pu la cht khi:co th dung K
p
(p
C
)
p
.(p

)
q
K
p
------
(p
A
)
m
.(p

)
n
cb
K
p
: hs cb ap sut.
K
p
;cb~thun.
K
p
;cb~nghich
K
p
K
C
.(RT)
n
; K
p
I(T)
. 2NO(k) O
2
(k) 2NO
2
(k) (1): K
1

a.(1)~2aNO(k)aO
2
(k)2aNO
2
(k)(2): K
2


(p
NO2
)
2
(p
NO2
)
2a
K
1
------ ; K
2
------
(p
NO
)
2
(p
O2
) (p
NO
)
2a
(p
O2
)
a
~ K
2
(K
1
)
a

. C(tc) O
2
(k) CO(k) (1) K
1
CO(k) O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) (2) K
2
(1)(2)(3): C(tc) O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) (3)K
3
K
3
K
1
.K
2
. 2NO
2
(k) N
2
O
4
(k) (1) K
1

N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k) (2) K
2
K
1
.K
2
1
. Pu co mt cac cht (r,l,k), ta dung K
p
va
chi ghi ap sut cht khi trong biu thuc K
p
.
.Pu co mt cac cht (l,r), ta dung K
C
va chi
ghi nng d cht lng trong biu thuc K
C
.
(1) va (2): th va ng

2. Cac yu t anh huong dn cn bng.
a. inh lut Le Chtelier
Khi pu dat trang thai cb, nu ta thay di 1
yu t tac dung ln h,thi cb s dich chuyn
theo chiu nguoc lai voi su thay di do.
b. Anh huong cua nng d.
A C
. A vao h: C
A
cb ~ C
A
: thun()
. - A ra: C
A
cb ~ C
A
: nghich()
. vao h: C

cb ~ C

: nghich()
. - ra: C

cb ~ C

: thun()

c. Anh huong cua ap sut
p sut chi anh huong dn cb nu trong h
co mt cht khi.
et n n khi (sp) - n khi (tc) cua pu:
Khi p cb ~ n 0 ; khi p cb ~ n ~ 0
Td:N
2
(k) 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k): n -2
p cb ~ n 0 : thun()
p cb ~ n ~ 0: nghich()
nu n 0 cb khng dich chuyn.

d. Anh huong cua nhit d.
Khi T cb ~ thu nhit(H ~ 0)
Khi T cb ~ phat nhit(H 0)
Nu H 0 cb khng dich chuyn
Td: CaCO
3
(r) CaO(r) CO
2
(k) H ~ 0
T cb ~ H ~ 0 ; thun()
T cb ~ H 0 : nghich()
e. Anh huong cua cht xuc tac.
Trong pu cb, thm cht xt ,no lam v
th
dng
thi lam v
ng
; v
th
v
ng
. cht xt khng
lam dich chuyn muc cb ma chi lam pu
nhanh chong dat trang thai cb.

Td: A C
t
0
1 1 0 0
kxt: t
cb
0,3 0,3 0,7 0,7 t
cb
10
h
Co xt: t
cb
0,3 0,3 0,7 0,7 t
cb
1
h
3. Su lin h gia G
0
298
va K cua pu
em pu: mA n pC q
Ta cng tinh duocH
0
298
,S
0
298
,G
0
298
,va K
G
0
T
- RTlnK G
0
lnKK
Td: A C G
0
298
- 10kj
G
0
298
- 10.1000
lnK - ---- - ------ 4 K 54,6
RT 8,3.298

*
uong luong gam cua 1 cht la s phn
khi luong cua cht do co th kt hop, thay
th voi 1 phn khi luong Hydro(dlg1)
hoc 8 phn khi luong Oxy(dlg8)
M
A
(g)

A
---
n
A: ng.t M
A
: ng.t gam
A: p.t M
A
: p.t gam
. A: nguyn t; n: hoa tri cua nguyn t do.
Td
1
: e 2HCl eCl
2
H
2

n 2 dlg(e) 562 28g
Td
2
: e 32Cl
2
eCl
3

n 3 dlg(e) 563 18,7g

*
A: hop cht
Acid:
az
n H

OH
-
trao di
Td:H
2
SO
4
2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
2H
2
O
n 2 n 1
Mui
Oxyt
n () (-) cua cng thuc
phn t do.
Td: NaCl:(n1); Na
2
SO
4
(n2); MgO(n2)
Cht oxy hoa kh: n e trao di
5e
2
MnO
4
-
8H

5e
3

Mn
2
4H
2
O
n 1 n5

Voi 1 hoa cht A co khi luong m
A
(g):
m
A
n
A
---
M
A
m
A
; N
A
---

A
N
A
m
A

A
M
A
-- ---- -- n N
A
n.n
A
n
A
m
A
M
A

A
n
A
C
M
--
V
N
A
;C
N
--
V
C
N
N
A
V
-- --- n C
N
nC
M
C
M
n
A
V
Td: hoa tan 4,9g H
2
SO
4
vao nuoc d tao thanh 1l dd.
4,998
C
M
---- 0,05M
1
C
N
2C
M
2.0,05 0,1N

2. d khng din ly dd din ly.
*
d khng din ly la dd ma cht tan la cht
khng din ly(la cht khi hoa tan trong
nuoc khng phn ly thanh cac ion trai du).
*
d din ly la dd: cht tan la cht d.ly(khi
cac ion trai du)
. Cht d.l manh: phn ly hoan toan , qua
trinh phn ly la 1 chiu()
. Cht din ly yu: chi phn ly 1 phn, qua
trinh phn ly la thun nghich()
HCl H

Cl
-
; NaCl Na

Cl
-

CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
H

#
2
O

. din ly cua cht d.ly la ty s gia s
mol d d.ly va s mol ban du cua cht d.ly.
x: s mol(hay nng d) d d.ly
a: s mol(hay nng d) ban du

uva u 1cht din ly cang manh
u va u 0 cht din ly cang yu
. tin so sanh, ngui ta qui uoc:
u ~ 0,3 cht din ly manh
u 0,03 cht di ly yu
0,03 u 0,3 cht din ly trung binh
0 x a ~ 0 u 1
!
C
=

44. *_2H $H`* ab23 ac$H W4L2 "d
1. Su din ly cua nuoc chi s pH va pOH
Nuoc nguyn cht la cht din ly yu.
H
2
O H

OH
-
K
dly

|H

||OH
-
|
K
dly
------ 1,8.10
-16
o 25
0
C
|H
2
O|
Vi luong H
2
O d d.ly rt nh so voi luong
H
2
O ban du |H
2
O| xem nhu khng di.
K
n
K
dly
|H
2
O|(100018).1,8.10
-16
10
-14
Vy K
n
|H

||OH
-
| 10
-14
o 25
0
C
K
n
: tich ion cua H
2
O

*
Voi 1 dd (dm la H
2
O) bt ky,ta vn co:
K
n
C
H
.C
OH
- 10
-14
o 25
0
C
-lgK
n
-lgC
H
-lgC
OH
- 14
t: pK
n
-lgK
n
;pH-lgC
H
; pOH -lgC
OH
-
pK
n
pH pOH 14 o 25
0
C
. Mi trung trung tinh: C
H
C
OH
- 10
-7
pH pOH -lg10
-7
7
. Mi trung axit: C
H
~ C
OH
- C
H
~ 10
-7
pH -lgC
H
7 ; pOH ~ 7
. Mi trung baz: C
H
C
OH
- C
H
10
-7
M
pH ~ 7 ; pOH 7
i

2. Tinh pH cua dung dich axit- baz
a. inh nghia axit-baz
u. Quan dim Arhenius
AH
n
A
n-
nH

(OH)
m

m
mOH
-

. m H
2
O;
. Axit: n chuc; baz: m chuc
.C
H
axit;C
OH
-baz
Td:HCl(k) NH
3
(k) NH
4
Cl(r):
khng la pu(a-b)

. Quan dim ronsted
AH
n
A
n-
nH

mH

|(OH)
m
|
m
. m khng bt buc la H
2
O
. Axit n chuc, baz m chuc
. Phong thich H

axit
. Nhn H

baz
Td: HCl(k) NH
3
(k) NH
4
Cl(r)
H

axit baz

xem pu: AH OH A
-
OH
2

axit
1
baz
2
baz
1
axit
2
AH A
-
H

;AHA
-
:cp axitbaz lin hop(1)
OH
2

OHH

OH
2

OH: cp ab lin hop(2)

pu(a-b) phai co su tham gia cua 2 cp ab
lin hop.
. Quan dim Leis
Axit ne
az me
. e axit
. e baz

b. pH cua dung dich axit
u. ung dich axit manh
AH
n
A
n-
nH

t
0
C
A
(M) 0 0
t

0 C
A
nC
A
C
H
nC
A
C
N
nC
A
~C
H
C
N
nC
M
pH -lgC
H
-lg(nC
A
)
. HCl 0,1N: C
H
C
N
0,1(iongl)pH -lg0,1 1
. HCl 0,1M:n1C
H
C
N
C
M
0,1(iongl)pH1
. H
2
SO
4
0,1NC
H
C
N
0,1(iongl)pH -lg0,11
. H
2
SO
4
0,1M: n2C
H
C
N
2C
M
2.0,10,2(iongl)
Vy: pH -lg0,2 0,67

. ung dich axit yu
*
ung dich axit yu don chuc
AH A
-
H

t
0
C
a
0 0
t
cb
C
a
x x x

:u 1 1- u 1
K
a
u
2
C
a
K
a
u
C
a
u
; C
a
u

C
!
AH
C
=
~xuC
a

= = =
+
1 ) 1 (
.
| |
| | | |
2
C!
C!
C! C!
AH
A H
;!
C!
;!
=
|H

| x uC
a

C! ;!
C!
;!
C! . =
t: pK
a
- lgK
a
:K
a
pK
a

) lg lg (
2
1
. lg C! ;! C! ;! 0H = =
) lg (
2
1
C! 0;! 0H =

Td: dd CH
3
COOH 0,1M, K
a
10
-5
co:
01 . 0 10 10
10
10
2 4
1
5
= = = = =

C!
;!

3
) 10 lg 5 ( ) lg (
1
2
1
2
1
= = =


C! 0;! 0H
*
ung dich axit yu da chuc

H
3
PO
4
H

H
2
PO
4
-
K
a1
|H

||H
2
PO
4
-
||H
3
PO
4
| 10
-2,1
H
2
PO
4
-
H

HPO
4
2-
K
a2
|H

||HPO
4
2-
|e|H
2
PO
4
-
| 10
-7,2
HPO
4
2-
H

PO
4
3-
K
a3
|H

||PO
4
3-
|e|HPO
4
2-
| 10
-12,3
*
trung hop tng quat: K
a1
eK
a2
eK
a3
10
4

chi chu y chuc thu nht, xem nhu la axit yu
don chuc co K
a
K
a1


Voi : H
3
PO
4
co: K
a1
eK
a2
eK
a3
10
-2,1
e10
-7,2
e10
-12,3
10
5
c. pH cua dung dich baz
u. ung dich baz manh
(OH)
n

n
nOH
-
t
0
C
b
0 0
t

0 C
b
nC
b
C
OH
- nC
b

; C
N
nC
M
C
OH
- C
N
nC
M

pOH -lgC
OH
-
pH 14 - pOH
Vy pH 14 (- lgC
OH
-)
55 , 1 ) 10 lg 10 lg ( ) lg (
1 1 , 2
2
1
2
1
= = =


C! 0;! 0H

*
d NaOH 0,1 N
C
OH
-C
N
0,1iongl
pH 14-(-lg0,1)13
*
d NaOH 0,1 M
C
OH
- C
N
C
M
0,1iongl pH 13
*
d a(OH)
2
0,1 N
C
OH
- C
N
0,1iongl
pH 14 (-lg0,1) 13
*
d a(OH)
2
0,1 M
C
OH
- C
N
2C
M
2.0,1 0,2iongl
pH 14 (-lg0,2) 13,33

. d baz yu
*
ung dich baz yu don chuc
OH

OH
-
t
0
C
b
0 0

t
cb
C
b
- x

x x
C>
C
=
x uC
b

u 11 - u 1 K
b
u
2
C
b
~
C
;
>
>
=

= = =
+
1
) 1 (
| |
| | | |
2
C
C
C C
T5H
5H T
;
>
>
> >
>

t pK
b
-lgK
b
~
pH 14 pOH~
Td: dung dich NH
4
OH 0,1 M co pK
b
5
*az yu da chuc: nu K
b1
K
b2
K
b3
10
4
ta chi chu y dn chuc thu nht,va xem no
nhu la 1 baz yu don chuc voi K
b
K
b1
.
C ;
C
;
C C C
5H
> >
>
>
> >
= = = =

| |
) lg lg ( lg | lg|
2
1
C ;
C ;
5H 05H
> >
> >

= = =

) lg (
2
1
C 0; 05H
> >

=
)| lg ( |
14
2
1
C 0; 0H
> >

=
11
)| 10 lg 5 ( |
14
1
2
1
= =

0H

c. pH cua dung dich mui
Mui duoc xem la sp cua pu gia axit va baz
Axit az Mui H
2
O
m
y
m
y 4 loai mui
u. Mui tao thanh boi axit (m) va baz (m)
mAH
n
n(OH)
m
A
m

n
m.nH
2
O
A
m

n
mA
n-
n
m
A
n-
va
m
la gc cua axit va baz manh
khng bi thuy phn : dung dich co pH 7
Td: NaCl, NaNO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, KCl, KNO
3
,
K
2
SO
4
..

. Mui cua axit (y) va baz (m) (don chuc)
AH OH A H
2
O
A A
-

A
-
H
2
O AH OH
-
t
0
C
m
0 0
t

0 C
m
C
m
pH ~ 7
) lg (
2
1
C 0; 0; 0H
m ! n
+ +
=
Td: dd CH
3
COONa 0,1 M
9 ) 1 , 0 lg
5
14 (
2
1
= =
+ +
0H

. Mui cua baz yu va axit mamh
AH OH A H
2
O
A A
-

H
2
O OH H

pH 7
Gi C
m
la nng d mui ban du
Td: dd NH
4
Cl 0,1 M, pK
b
5
) lg (
2
1
C 0; 0; 0H
m > n

=
5 ) 1 , 0 lg
5
14 (
2
1
= =

0H

o. Mui tao boi axit yu va baz yu
AH OH A H
2
O
A A
-

A
-
H
2
O AH OH
-

H
2
O OH H

pH dd tuy thuc
vao su so sanh
gia K
a
va K
b

K
a
~ K
b
pK
a
pK
b
pH 7
K
a
K
b
pK
a
~ pK
b
pH ~ 7
K
a
K
b
pK
a
pK
b
pH 7
) (
2
1
0; 0; 0; 0H
> ! n
+
=

d. ung dich dn
ung dich dn la dd co pH thay di khng
dang k, khi thm vao dd 1 luong nh axit
manh hay baz manh, hoc pha long dd.
u. d dn tao boi 1 axit yu va mui cua no
voi baz manh( dd dn axit yu).
em dd dn ( CH
3
COOH CH
3
COONa)
CH
3
COONa CH
3
COO
-
Na

CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
H

*
H

cb ~ nghich(H

); H

bi pu htpH khng di

*
OH
-
: OH
-
H

H
2
OC
H
; cb~thun(H

)
OH
-
bi pu ht~ pH khng di.

Gi C
a
va C
m
la nng d cua axit yu va mui;
CH
3
COONa CH
3
COO
-
Na

t
0
C
m
0 0

t

0 C
m
C
m
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
H

t
0
C
a
0 0

t
cb
C
a
x x x
|CH
3
COOH| C
a
x C
a
;|CH
3
COO
-
| C
m
x C
m

K
a

| |
| | | |
3
3
C55H CH
C55H
CH H

+
|H

|
| |
| |
.
3
3
C55
CH
C55H CH
;!

Cm
C!
;!
Cm
C!
;! 0H lg lg ) lg( = =
Cm
C!
0;! 0H lg =
pH 7
* C
a
C
m
~ pH pK
a

pH 5 lg(0,10,01) 5 lg10 4
n.dd dn tao boi baz (y) va mui cua no voi
axit (m)
em dd dn( NH
4
OH va NH
4
Cl): dd dn axit yu
NH
4
Cl NH
4

Cl
-
NH
4
OH NH
4

OH
-
Thm H

: H

OH
-
H
2
O OH
-
: cb~
thun (OH
-
) H

bi pu ht pH khng di.
Thm OH
-
OH
-
cb~ nghich(OH
-
) OH
-

bi pu ht pH khng di.
pH ~ 7
Td: dd dn (CH
3
COOH 0,1 M va CH
3
COONa 0,01M)

Gi C
b
va C
m
la nng d cua NH
4
OH va
NH
4
Cl, chung minh tuong tu trung hop dd
dn axit:
) lg ( 14
Cm
C>
0;> 0H =
Td: dd dn: NH
4
OH 0,1 M va NH
4
Cl 0,1 M
co:
pH 14 ( 5 lg 0,10,1) 5
. C
b
C
m
pH 14 - pK
b

3. Chun d Axit - az
AxitC
a
,V
a
? azC
b
,V
b
d bit Mui H
2
O
azC
b
,V
b
? AxitC
a
,V
a
d bit Mui H
2
O
d cn ch.d dd chun su ch.d
(co th manh (manh)
hoc yu)
*
Cht cn chun d: o binh
tam giac.
*
ung dich chun: o ng nhi
git.

a. phan ung :
AH
n
NaOH NaA H
2
O
C
a
,V
a
C
b
,V
b
Voi C
a
,C
b
: nng d(C
N
)
*
Tai dim tuong duong (la thi dim ma luong cht
cn chun d pu vua ht voi luong cht chun nh tu
ng nhi git xung).
Theo dinh lut duong luong ta co:
N
A
N

C
a
C
a
C
b
V
b

b. xac dinh dim tuong duong: dung cht chi
thi mau.
Cht chi thi mau la cht cho vao dd cn chun
d.Tai dim tuong duong: mau cua dd thay di.

*
Cht chi thi mau thung la 1 axit hoc baz yu, ma
mau cua dd thay di tuy theo pH cua dd.
Mi cht chi thi mau co 1 khoang pH di mau xac
dinh.

c. Cac thi du:
Td1: Chun d 10ml dd HCl phai dung ht 12ml
dd NaOH 0,1 N C
HCl
?
Tai dim tuong duong:
C
a
V
a
C
b
V
b
C
a

V!
V> C>.
10
12 . 1 , 0
0,12 N
Td2: Chun d 10ml dd NaOH phai dung ht 15
ml dd HCl 0,1N , C
NaOH
?
C
a
V
a
C
b
V
b
C
b

V>
V! C!.

10
15 . 1 , 0
0,15 N
Td3: nh 1 git metyl da cam vao nuoc , co mau ?
Nuoc co pH 7, khoang pH di mau cua metyl
da cam tu 3,3 4,4 mau vang

4. Trn ln dd axit baz.
a. Trn ln dd axit manh va baz manh
mAH
n
n(OH)
m
A
m

n
m.nH
2
O
(N
a
C
a
V
a
) (N
b
C
b
V
b
)

M(trung tinh)pH 7
C
a
V
a
C
b
V
b




pH ~ 7
C
a
V
a
~ C
b
V
b
AH
n
A
m

n
pH 7
(OH)
m
A
m

n

b. Trn ln dd axit yu va baz manh
CH
3
COOH NaOH CH
3
COONa H
2
O
C
a
V
a
C
b
V
b
M|a(y)b(m)| pH~7
C
a
V
a
C
b
V
b
NaOH
CH
3
COONa
pH~7
C
a
V
a
~ C
b
V
b
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
COONa
dd dn axit
pH 7
c. Trn ln dd baz yu va axit manh
NH
4
OH HCl NH
4
Cl H
2
O
C
b
V
b
C
a
V
a
M|b(y)a(m)|pH 7
C
b
V
b
C
a
V
a
HCl
NH
4
Cl
pH 7
C
b
V
b
~ C
a
V
a
NH
4
OH
NH
4
Cl
d dn baz
pH ~ 7

III. Cn bng hoa tan cua cht kho tan(tich s tan)
1. Tich s tan.
em hoa tan cht kho tan A
m

n
(r) vao nuoc:
luong d hoa tan rt nh, d rt long:
phn d hoa tan xem nhu din ly hoan toan: co cb
A
m

n
mA
n-
n
m
: dd bao hoa A
m

n
H
2
O
Nng d cua dd bao hoa
gi la d tan(S) cua A
m

n
.
t
0
a 0 0
t
cb
-S mS nS
K
c
|A
n-
|
m
|
n
|
n
(mS)
m
(nS)
n
m
m
n
n
S
(mn)
) ( n m
n m
AmTn
AmTn
n m
T
f
+
=
f n m T ;c
n m n m
AmTn
) ( +
= =

*
T
Amn
S
Amn

*
Cac cht co cng thuc tuong tu nhau(A
m

n
C
m

n
)
cht nao co T S
Td: Ag T
Ag
S
Ag
(T
Ag
)
12
(M)
AgCl
Agr
AgI
10
-10
10
-13
10
-16
10
-5
10
-6,5
10
-8
*
Cac cht co cng thuc khng tuong duong(A
m

n

va C
p

q
), phai tinh cu th
Td: AgCl T
AgCl
10
-10
S
AgCl
10
-5

Ag
2
CrO
4
T

4.10
-12

*
Pha long ddtan nhiu hon

*
un si:H
2
O bay hoiC(ion) kt tua nhiu hon
10
1 2
10 . 4
4
3
1 2
12
= =

f

2. iu kin d co kt tua
a. Hoa tan 1 luong xac dinh cht kho tan A
m

n
*
Nu tan ht :
A
m

n
mA
n-
n
m

t

-C
`
0
mC
`
0
nC
`
0
Voi C
`
0
m
0
M
Amn
T
`
Amn
(mC
`
0
)
m
.(nC
`
0
)
n

So sanh T
`
Amn
va T
Amn
: ta co
T
`
T dd chua bao hoa: tan ht
T
`
T dd bao hoa: tan ht
T
`
~ T dd qua bao hoa: tan 1 phn, co (r l)
Td: hoa tan 10
-3
mol Ag
2
CrO
4
(r) vao nuoc 1l dd
C
`
0
10
-3
M T
`
(2.10
-3
)
2
.(10
-3
) 4.10
-9
~Ttan 1 phn
Ag
2
CrO
4
2Ag

CrO
4
2-

b. Trn ln 2 dd:
dd(1)A
n-
C
1
,V
1
dd(2)
m
C
2
,V
2
dd(3) co?
* Sau khi trn ln nhung chua pu:
C
`
1

; C
`
2

mA
n-
n
m
A
m

n

T
`
Amn
(A
n-
)
m
.(
n
)
n
; so sanh voi T
Amn
T
`
T dd chua bao hoa chua co
T
`
Tdd bao hoachua co
T
`
~ Tdd qua bao hoa co
dd(3)C
`
1
,C
`
2
,V
3
V
1
V
2
)
n
1
C
1
V
1
n
`
1
C
`
1
V
3
n
2
C
2
V
2
n
`
2
C
`
2
V
3
V
V C
3
1 1
.
V
V C
3
2 2
.
10ml dd(1) AgNO
3
(2.10
-3
M) 10ml dd(2) Na
2
CrO
4
(2.10
-3
M)
C
`
Ag
2.10
-3
.1020 10
-3
M ;C
`
CrO4
2.10
-3
.1020 10
-3
M
T
`
Ag2CrO4
(10
-3
)
2
.(10
-3
) 10
-9
~ T
ag2CrO4
co