HKUST Math1013 Notes

MATH 1013 Calculus I (Lecture 1)
Yichao Zhu
Department of Mathematics, HKUST
Yichao Zhu Department of Mathematics, HKUST MATH 1013 Calculus I (Lecture 1)
Kick-o
Questions
How to represent a function (algebraically, numerically,
verbally, visually)?
What are the elements in dening a function?
Have you heard of monotonic, piecewise and odd (even)
functions?
What can you recall about the linear, polynomial, rational,
algebraic functions?
Have you heard the idea of mathematical models?
Another issue that is use for further study is to learn to understand
and apply the mathematical rules.
Four Ways to Represent a Function
Consider the following four situation.
Algebraically - The area A of a circle depends on the radius r
of the circle. The rule that connects r and A is given by the
equation A = r
2
. With each positive number r there is
associated one value of A, and we say that A is a function of
r .
Numerically - The human population of
the world P depends on the time t. The
table gives estimates of the world
population P(t) at time t, for certain
years. For instance,
P(1950) 2, 560, 000, 000.
But for each value of the time t there is a
corresponding value of P, and we say that
P is a function of t.
Four Ways to Represent a Function
Verbally - The cost C of mailing a rst-class letter depends on
its weight w. Although there is no simple formula that
connects w and C, the post oce has a rule for determining
C when w is known.
Visually - The vertical acceleration
a of the ground as measured by a
seismograph during an earthquake
is a function of the elapsed time t.
The gure shows a graph generated
by seismic activity during the
Northridge earthquake that shook
Los Angeles in 1994. For a given
values of t, the graph provides a
corresponding value of a.
Functions
People use functions to quantitatively describe how one issue
depends on another.
Some Intuitions
Its helpful to think of a function as a machine.
Another way to picture a function is by an arrow diagram.
Functions
Denition of a Function (Rules)
A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D
exactly one element, called f (x), in a set E.
Usually, we consider the functions for which the sets D and E
are sets of real numbers.
The set D is called the domain of the function.
The number f (x) is the value of f at x and is read f of x.
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f (x) as x
varies throughout the domain.
A symbol that represents an arbitrary number in the domain
of the function is called an independent variable.
A symbol that represents a number in the range of f is called
a dependent variable.
Functions
Interpretation of functions (Contd)
The most common method for visualizing a function is its
graph.
If f is a function with domain D, then its graph is the set of
ordered pairs
{(x, f (x))|x D}
In other words, the graph of f consists of all points (x, y) in
the coordinate plane such that y = f (x) and x is in the
domain of f .
Example 1
Example
The graph of a function f is shown
below.
1. Find the values of f (1) and f (5).
2. What are the domain and range of
f ?
Solution
1. From the gure, we see that the point (1, 3) lies on the graph
of f , so the value of f at 1 is f (1) = 3.
When x = 5, the graph lies about 0.7 unit below the x-axis,
so we estimate that f (5) 0.7.
2. We see that f (x) is dened when 0 x 7, so the domain of
f is the closed interval [0, 7]. Notice that f takes on all values
from 2 to 4, so the range of f is {y| 2 y 4} = [2, 4].
Example 2
Example
Sketch the graph and nd the domain and range of each function.
1. f (x) = 2x 1
2. g(x) = x
2
Solution
x (, ), y (, ) x (, ), y [0, )
Example 3
Example
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a volume of
10 m
3
. The length of its base is twice its width. Material for the
base costs $10 per square meter; material for the sides costs $6 per
square meter. Express the cost of materials as a function of the
width of the base.
Example 3
Solution
Let w and 2w be the width and length of the base, respectively,
and h be the height. The total cost of material is then:
C = 10 (2w
2
) + 6 [2(w h) + 2(2w h)] = 20w
2
+ 35wh
The height h is unknown, but it is related to the total volume of
the container (10m
3
):
V = 2w w h = 2w
2
h = 10 h =
10
2w
2
=
5
w
2
Substituting this into the expression for C, we have
C(w) = 20w
2
+
180
w
w > 0,
which expresses C as a function of w.
Domain Convention and Example 4
Domain Convention
If a function is given by a formula and the domain is not stated
explicitly, the convention is that the domain is the set of all
numbers for which the formula makes sense and denes a real
number.
Example
Find the domain of each function.
1. f (x) =
x + 2
2. g(x) =
1
x
2
x
Answers
1. [2, )
2. (, 0) (0, 1) (1, )
Vertical Line Test
Vertical Line Test
A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only
if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
Piecewise Dened Functions
Denition
The functions in the following examples are dened by dierent
formulas in dierent parts of their domains. Such functions are
called piecewise dened functions.
Example
A function f is dened by
f (x) =
1 x if x 1
x
2
if x > 1
Evaluate f (2), f (1), and f (0) and sketch the graph.
Example 5
Solution
Since 2 1, we have f (2) = 1 (2) = 3.
Since 1 1, we have f (1) = 1 (1) = 2.
Since 0 > 1, we have f (0) = 0
2
= 0.
Example 6
Example
Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f (x) = |x|.
Solution
The absolute value function can be expressed by
f (x) = |x| =
x if x 0
x if x < 0
The graph is
Example 7
Example
Find a formula for the function f graphed in the gure.
Solution
The function f is
f (x) =
x if 0 x 1
2 x if 1 < x 2
0 if x > 2
Example 8
Example
In the beginning of this lecture, we considered the cost C(w) of
mailing a rst-class letter in Hong Kong with weight w. In eect,
this is a piecewise dened function because, from the table of
values given, we have
C(w) =
1.40 if 0 < w 30
2.20 if 30 < w 50
3.00 if 50 < w 100
3.70 if 100 < w 150
4.00 if 150 < w 200
Example 8
Example
The graph of the function is
You can see why functions similar to this one are called step
functions they jump from one value to the next.
Functions
Odd and Even Functions (Symmetry)
If a function f satises f (x) = f (x) for every number x in
its domain, then f is called an even function.
If f satises f (x) = f (x) for every number x in its
domain, then f is called an odd function.
Question
What is an even / odd function symmetric about?
Example 9
Example
Determine whether each of the following functions is even, odd or
neither even nor odd.
1. f (x) = x
5
+ x
2. g(x) = 1 x
4
3. h(x) = 2x x
2
Solution
1. f (x) = (x)
5
+(x) = x
5
x = (x
5
+x) = f (x). An
odd function
2. g(x) = 1 (x)
4
= 1 x
4
= g(x). An even function
3. h(x) = 2(x) (x)
2
= 2x x
2
. Neither even nor odd.
Functions
Increasing and Decreasing Functions (Monotonicity)
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
f (x
1
) < f (x
2
) whenever x
1
< x
2
in I
It is called decreasing on I if
f (x
1
) > f (x
2
) whenever x
1
> x
2
in I
Linear Functions
Linear Functions
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the
graph of the function is a line, so we can use the slope-intercept
form of the equation of a line to write a formula for the function as
y = f (x) = mx + b
where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.
Question
To determine a linear function, how many parameters are needed?
Mathematical Model and Example 10
Mathematical Model
Description of actual events mathematically (such as using
functions);
Extraction of useful information after mathematical analysis
based on the given facts.
Example
1. As dry air moves upward, it expands and cools. If the ground
temperature is 20
C and the temperature at ta height of 1 km

is 10
C, express the temperature T (in

C) as a function of
the height h (in kilometers), assuming that a linear model is
appropriate.
2. Draw the graph of the function in part (1). What does the
slope represent?
3. What is the temperature at a height of 2.5 km?
Example 10
Solution - Part 1
1. Because we are assuming that T is a linear function of h, we
can write
T = mh + b
Using the given conditions, i.e. T = 20 when h = 0 and
T = 10 when h = 1, we have
20 = m 0 + b = b
10 = m 1 + b
So b = 20 and m = 10.
And the required linear function is T = 10h + 20.
Example 10
Solution - Part 2
2. The graph is
3. At a height of h = 2.5km, the temperature is
T = 10(2.5) + 20 = 5
C
Example 11
Example
The table lists the average carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere,
measured in parts per million at Mauna Loa Observatory from
1980 to 2008. Use the data in the table to nd a model for the
carbon dioxide level.
Example 11
Solution - Part 1
We use data in the table to make the scatter plot.
Notice that the data points appear to lie close to a straight line, so
its natural to choose a linear model in this case.
Example 11
Solution - Part 2
One possibility is the line that passes through the rst and last
data points. The slope of t his line is
385.6 338.7
2008 1980
=
46.9
28
= 1.675
and its equation is
C 338.7 = 1.675(t 1980) C = 1.675t 2977.8.
C = 1.675t 2977.8 gives one
possible linear model for the car-
bon dioxide level; it is graphed in
the following gure.
Example 11
Solution - Part 3
A better linear model is obtained by a procedure from statistics
called linear regression. Using linear regression, we get the least
squares model for the CO
2
level is
C = 1.65429t 2938.07
And the graph is
Example 12
Example
Use the linear model given by the previous example to estimate the
average CO
2
level for 1987 and to predict the level for the year
2015. According to this model, when will the CO
2
level exceed 420
parts per million?
Solution - Part 1
Using the equation with t = 1987, we estimate that the
average CO
2
level in 1987 was
C(1987) = (1.65429)(1987) 2938.07 349.00
This is an example of interpolation because we have estimated
a value between observed values.
Example 12
Solution - Part 2
With t = 2015, we get
C(2015) = (1.65429)(2015) 2938.07 395.32
This is an example of extrapolation because we have predicted
a value outside the region of observations.
Also use the equation, we see that the CO
2
level exceeds 420
ppm when
1.65429t 2938.07 > 420
Solving this inequality, we get
t >
3358.07
1.65429
2029.92
Polynomials
Polynomials
A function P is called a polynomial if
P(x) = a
n
x
n
+ a
n1
x
n1
+ + a
2
x
2
+ a
1
x + a
0
where n is a nonnegative integer.
The numbers a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
are constants called the
coecients of the polynomial.
The domain of any polynomial is R = (, ).
If the leading coecient a
n
= 0, then the degree of the
polynomial is n.
For example, the function
P(x) = 2x
6
x
4
+
2
5
x
3
+
2
Polynomials
Polynomials
A polynomial of degree 1 is of the form P(x) = mx + b and
so it is a linear function.
A polynomial of degree 2 is of the form P(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c
and is called a quadratic function. Its graph is always a
parabola obtained by shifting the parabola y = ax
2
.
The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.
Question
To determine a polynomial of degree n, how many parameters are
needed?
Polynomials
Polynomials
A polynomial of degree 3 is of the form
P(x) = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d a = 0
and is called a cubic function.
Example 13
Example
A ball is dropped from the upper
observation deck of the CN Tower, 450
m above the ground, and its height h
above the ground is recorded at
1-second intervals in the table. Find a
model to t the data and use the model
to predict the time at which the ball
hits the ground.
Example 13
Solution - Part 1
Draw the scatter plot of the data
We may model the motion of the ball use the quadratic function
(by curve tting, not required by this lecture):
h = 449.36 + 0.96t 4.90t
2
Example 13
Solution - Part 2
The ball hits the ground when h = 0, so we solve t he quadratic
equation
4.90t
2
+ 0.96t + 449.36 = 0
The quadratic formula gives
t =
0.96
(0.96)
2
4(4.90)(449.36)
2(4.90)
The positive root is t 9.67, so we predict that the ball will hit
the ground after about 9.7 seconds.
Rational Functions
Rational Functions
A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:
f (x) =
P(x)
Q(x)
where P and Q are polynomials. The domain consists of all values
of x such that Q(x) = 0.
An example is
f (x) =
2x
4
x
2
+ 1
x
2
4
Algebraic Functions
Algebraic Functions
A function f is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed
using algebraic operations (such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and taking roots) starting with
polynomials. Any rational function is automatically algebraic
function. Here are some examples:

HKUST Math1013 Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HKUST Math1013 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 1013 Calculus I (Lecture 1)

C and the temperature at ta height of 1 km

C, express the temperature T (in

You might also like