CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN Phn tch thit k h thng thng tin Lp: 09110CLC 1 NI DUNG TRNH BY H thng H thng t chc H thng qun l H thng thng tin Cc yu cu ca mt phn tch vin h thng Cc bc pht trin HTTT thnh HTTT t ng ha 2 H thng nh ngha: l mt tp hp cc thnh phn lin kt vi nhau, th hin qua mt phm vi (boundary) xc nh, hot ng kt hp vi nhau nhm t n nhng mc ch xc nh.
3 Cc c im ca h thng Thnh phn (component subsystem) Lin h gia cc thnh phn Ranh gii (boundary) Mc ch (purpose, goal) Mi trng (environment) Giao din (interface) u vo (input) u ra (output) Rng buc (constraints) u vo Thnh phn Phm vi Lin h gia cc tp u ra Giao din 4 VD1: H thng ca hng bn nc gii kht M t: Ca hng bn s v l cc loi nc ngt, nc sui, ru, biai tng m ca hng giao tip l khch hng mua cc loi nc gii kht, nh cung cp(cc cng ty sn xut nc gii kht) cung cp cc loi nc gii kht cho ca hng v ngn hng giao tip vi ca hng thng qua vic gi, rt v thanh ton tin mt cho nh cung cp.
Ca hng c 3 b phn c sp xp thc hin cc cng vic khc nhau: kho dng ct gi hng, nhp kho nc gii kht c giao t cc nh cung cp, xut kho ln quy bn hng cho nhn vin bn hng bn cho khch hng v qun l thng tin v tn kho hng ngy ca tt c loi nc gii kht. Phng bn hng thc hin cc cng vic bn v nhn t nc gii kht ca khch hng cng nh lp ha n v x l thanh ton. Vn phng dng qun l v theo di thng tin v nhp xut, k ton , n t hng v t mua nc gii kht. 5 V d 1: H thng ca hng bn nc gii kht
Kho hng Vn phng B phn bn hng Nc gii kht Lao ng Tin t Nc gii kht Ha n Tin t Khch hng Nh cung cp Ngn hng
Bng gi
Mi trng u vo u ra 6 V d 2: H thng my chi nhc CD Thnh phn c tn hiu Thnh phn khuch i tn hiu Thnh phn chuyn i tn hiu Thnh phn iu khin tn hiu CD Xc lp iu khin H thng CD player m nhc 7 H thng t chc nh ngha: L h thng trong bi cnh mi trng kinh t x hi gm cc thnh phn c t chc kt hp vi nhau hot ng nhm t n mt mc tiu kinh t, x hi. Cn c gi l h thng t chc kinh t x hi. Mc tiu: Mc tiu li nhun: Cc hot ng kinh doanh: bn hng, sn xut, dch v, Mc tiu phi li nhun: Cc hot ng t thin, y t, c im chung: Do con ngi to ra v c s tham gia ca con ngi. 8 H thng t chc Phn loi: Hnh chnh s nghip: Mc tiu: phi li nhun, phc v cho iu hnh nh nc v nhn dn V d: U ban nhn dn, hi ng nhn dn, X hi: Mc tiu: phi li nhun, cc dch v ca t chc nm tr gip v tinh thn, vt cht cho con ngi. V d: t thin (UNICEP), y t, gio dc Kinh t: Mc tiu: li nhun, hiu qu kinh t. To ra gi tr hng ho dch v phc v cho i sng con ngi V d: sn xut sn phm, bn hng, xut nhp khu, ngn hng, vn chuyn, in thoi, 9 H thng t chc Xc nh mi trng ca t chc L nhng thnh phn bn ngoi t chc tc ng ln t chc nhm cung cp u vo cng nh nhn cc u ra ca t chc nh l hng ho, nguyn vt liu, thng tin, Mi trng kinh t: khch hng, nh cung ng, ngn hng Mi trng x hi: nh nc, cng on, Mi trng Thng lng ni b Thng lng vo Thng lng ra Mi trng hng ho dch v tin hng ho dch v tin Bin i thng tin thng tin Thng lng: Dng hng ho (vt l) +dng thng tin vo ra h thng 10 H thng t chc Mi trng t chc: V d ca hng nc gii kht Kho hng Vn phng B phn bn hng Nc gii kht Lao ng Tin t Nc gii kht Ha n Tin t Khch hng Nh cung cp Ngn hng
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Mi trng u vo u ra Ranh gii 11 H thng t chc Lm sao t chc hot ng hiu qu v trin ng mc tiu: Cn bng gia thng lng vo thng lng ra ? iu hnh hot ng Gim st qun l
H thng qun l V d h thng mt cn bng: V d Thanh ton tin hng ca khch hng b tr hn Cung ng nguyn vt liu chm tr Tn kho qu nhiu
12 H thng qun l nh ngha: L b phn m nhn hot ng qun l ca t chc
bao gm con ngi, phng tn, phng php bin php kim tra
Gip hot ng ca t chc i ng mc tu
13 V d: M hnh hot ng qun l n hng ca ca hng NGK
B phn bn hng Vn phng Kho Khch hng n v cung ng (1) (2) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (1) n t mua nc gii kht ca khch hng gi n b phn bn hng (2) n t mua nc gii kht c kim tra hp l gi cho vn phng theo di v kho chun b giao hng (3) Thng tin tn kho v s lng cn t p ng n hng (4) (5) n t hng c lp v gi cho n v cung ng (6) Nc gii kht giao t n v cung ng vo kho Phiu nhp hng gi cho vn phng theo di (7) (8) Thng bo cho b phn bn hng tnh trng tn kho hin hnh Nc gii kht giao cho khch hng 14 Cu trc ca h thng qun l qun l
H thng quyt nh H thng thng tin H thng tc nghip Xc nh mc tiu ca t chc; tc ng ln h thng tc v thc hin hon thnh mc tiu Thu thp d liu, thng tin; x l v sn xut thng tin; truyn tin Thc hin vt l hot ng ca t chc (sn xut, kim k, sa cha, tip th) da trn mc tiu v phng hng c ra bi h thng quyt nh Quyt nh iu hnh Truy vn Bo co 15 V d: Ca hng bn nc gii kht Cc h thng ca ca hng NGK: H thng tac vu: thc hin vic bn hng ca nhn vin bn hng, thc hin giao hng, kim tra kho, theo di cng vic v chm cng, thc hin phong vn tuyn dng, ...
H thng quyt inh: mua thm my mc thit b, tuyn dng thm nhn vin mi, iu chnh ch lng,...
H thng thong tin: ghi nhn cc s liu nc gii kht c bn ra hng ngy; x l cc bo co v doanh thu, tn kho; theo di k hoch tuyn dng nhn vin ca h thng quyt nh,...
Vai tr h thng thng tin: H thng thong tin: Ghi nhn cc s liu t h thng tc nghip x l cc thng tin, kt xut bo co h tr cho h thng quyt nh 16 H thng thng tin Thng tin nh ngha Phn bit thng tin v d liu Phn loi thng tin Hot ng ca h thng thng tin Cc h thng thng tin H thng thng tin tc v (TPS) H thng thng tin qun l (MIS) H h tr ra quyt nh (DSS) H thng chuyn gia Biu din HTTT Cc mc nhn thc Trnh t m hnh ho Cc thnh phn
17 Thng tin Thng tin Khi nim phn nh tri thc, s hiu bit ca con ngi v i tng c truyn t bi cc thng ip v c ng ngha (ng ngha lun ph thuc vo quan im ca ngi nhn) Thng tin v d liu D liu Sn xut thng tin Thng tin D liu nhp hng D liu xut hng Lp bo co tn kho Bo co tn kho 18 Thng tin Thng tin Khi nim phn nh tri thc, s hiu bit ca con ngi v i tng c truyn t bi cc thng ip v c ng ngha (ng ngha lun ph thuc vo quan im ca ngi nhn) Thng tin v d liu D liu Sn xut thng tin Thng tin D liu nhp hng D liu xut hng Lp bo co tn kho Bo co tn kho 19 Thng tin Ni dung thng tin Thng tin t nhin: Thng tin vit (vn bn) Thng tin hnh nh (tranh nh, s , biu , ) Thng tin ming (li ni) Thng tin m thanh, xc gic, Thng tin cu trc : c chn lc t thng tin t nhin, c ng v c cu trc ho di cc c trng c th u im: Truyn t nhanh hn, chnh xc v tin cy, chim t khng gian C th tnh ton, x l theo thut gii ng v 20 H thng thng tin H thng thng tin L tp hp cc thnh phn tng tc vi nhau thu thp, x l, lu tr v phn phi thng tin nhm h tr cc hot ng quyt nh, kim sot trong mt t chc Con ngi D liu Quy trnh Cng ngh thng tin Phn cng, phn mm Truyn thng Vai tr ca HTTT: H tr cho h thng quyt nh thc hin nhng quyt nh ng n gip cho t chc i ng mc tiu Business goals H THNG THNG TIN 21 Hot ng ca H thng thng tin
i tng truy cp thng tin Cc yu cu v thng tin Xc nh cc d liu cn thit Tham kho d liu T chc & x l d liu Thng tin Chuyn thng tin Truyn t thng tin Ngun thng tin d liu t bn ngoi D liu Thu thp & iu chnh d liu 22 Cc HTTT HTTT tc v (TPS- Transaction Processing Systems)
HTTT qun l (MIS Management Information Systems)
H h tr ra quyt nh (DSS Dicision Support Systems)
H chuyn gia (Expert Systems)
DSS, ES MIS TPS 23 H thng thng tin tc v (TPS) c im: Thng tin mc thp nht lin quan trc tip n cc hot ng tc nghip Ghi nhn, tm kim, phn loi Mc ch: tng tc x l giao tc s dng t nhn lc hn, ci tn tnh hiu qu v chnh xc tch hp vi cc HTTT t chc khc hoc cung cp thng tin khng c trc .
i tng: nhn vin thc thi cc tc v ca h thng DSS, ES MIS TPS 24 H thng thng tin qun l (MIS) c im: Kt xut cc bo biu bo co c tng kt t HTTT tc v Mc ch: p ng cho vic theo di, qun l, nh gi v tnh hnh v hot ng ca h thng hin hnh. i tng: trng, ph phng v cc lnh o ca cc chi nhnh.
DSS, ES MIS TPS 25 H thng h tr ra quyt nh (DSS) c im: Cung cp mi trng tng tc gip thao tc nhanh chng vi d liu S dng CSDL c trch ra t TPS hoc MIS S dng cc m hnh ton hc S dng d liu qu kh Th hin cc nh gi, so snh Mc ch: Gip to c s thc hin nhng quyt nh cc hot ng ca t chc i tng: cc nh qun l cp cao, cc nh phn tch kinh doanh ca cng ty DSS, ES MIS TPS 26 V d: Cc h thng thng tin
Tng hp doanh thu theo thng Bo co nhp xut tn NGK Bo co cng n Ho n Phiu nhp xut Phiu thu/chi H tr lp tn kho ti thiu DSS MIS TPS 27 H chuyn gia (ES) c im Hot ng thng qua hp thoi tng tc t ra cu hoi v ngi dng tr li. Sau da vo kt qu tr li ES s cung cp cc ngh da trn cc lut i tng Nh qun l cp cao, nh phn tch kinh doanh DSS, ES MIS TPS 28 Biu din ca HTTT c biu din qua 2 trc c trng:
D liu X l B x l Con ngi Truy n thng Trc cc thnh phn Trc cc mc nhn thc Quan nim T chc Vt l 29 Cc mc nhn thc v HTTT Quan nim Biu din HTTT gc tru tng c lp vi phng tin lu tr Xc nh cc yu cu - Ci g?
T chc L mc trung gian Xc nh cch t chc x l, phn b d liu Ai, u, bao gi?
Vt l M t HTTT trong mt mi trng ci t c th Ph thuc vo phn cng, phn mm Xc nh cch thc hin - Nh th no?
30 Trnh t m hnh ho HTTT
Quan nim T chc Vt l H thng quan nim hin ti H thng vt l hin ti H thng quan nim mi H thng vt l mi Yu cu mi 31 5 thnh phn ca HTTT D liu X l Con ngi B x l Truyn thng
32 Cc thnh phn ca HTTT D liu: kha cnh tnh ca HTTT D liu tnh t bin i trong qu trnh sng, Thi gian tn ti lu di Hng ha, phng ban, qui nh, ti sn
D liu bin ng Phn nh cc hot ng, thng xuyn bin i Thi gian tn ti ngn n t hng, thu chi, ha n,
33 Cc thnh phn ca HTTT X l: M t qu trnh thng tin c to ra, b bin i v b loi bo khoi HTTT Sn xut Cp nht Vn chuyn Sn xut cc sn phm thng tin mi da trn thng tin d liu tn ti di cc dng thc c xc nh nh: cc chng t (ho n, n mua hng), cc bo co, bn thng k
Cp nht: to mi, chnh sa hoc hu b mt thng tin, d liu
Vn chuyn thng tin t mt v tr ny sang mt v tr khc: gi mt thng bo, n t hng 34 Tng tc gia d liu v x l
D liu tnh D liu ng TT, DL thu thp t bn ngoi TT, DL khai thc TT, DL khai thc TT, DL thp X l TT, DL lu TT chuyn giao Ngun cung cp Ngun khai thc 35 Cc thnh phn ca HTTT Con ngi Ngi dng Khai thc h thng Hiu qui tc x l v vai tr ca mnh trong HTTT C kin thc cn bn v tin hc Phi hp vi nhm pht trin xy dng h thng
Ngi iu hnh/pht trin Phn tch, thit k, lp trnh h thng C vai tr trong vic xy dng v bo tr h thng
36 Cc thnh phn ca HTTT B x l My mc, thit b dng t ng ha x l thng tin
Truyn thng Phng tin, cch thc trao i thng tin gia cc b x l: in thoi, fax, LAN, WAN, internet, 37 Cc yu cu ca mt phn tch vin h thng K nng phn tch K nng k thut K nng qun l K nng giao tip 38 Cc bc pht trin mt HTTT thnh HTTT t ng ho Chu trnh pht trin h thng (SDLC : System Development Life Cycle) Bao gm nhiu giai on t khi bt u d n h thng cho n khi kt thc khai thc h thng Cc giai on ca chu trnh: 3 20 giai on.
Pht trin t ng ho HTTT bao gm: Quy trnh pht trin: Cc giai on & trnh t ca cc giai on
M hnh: Phng tin biu din ni dung ca h thng qua cc giai on ca qui trnh
39 Quy trnh pht trin v m hnh trong pht trin HTTT Giai on 1 Giai on 2 Giai on n Tin trnh M hnh
40 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (1/6) Quy trnh thc nc: (waterfall- Royce, 1970) Gm 5 giai on, mi giai on bt u khi giai on trc n kt thc. Nhc im: Khng c s quay lui Phn tch Thit k Lp trnh Th nghim Nghim thu 41 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (2/6) Quy trnh tng trng: (D. R. Grahma, 1989 ) Hon thnh tng thnh phn ca h thng Mi bc tng trng p dng qui trnh tuyn tnh xy dng hon thnh mt phn ca h thng Nhc im:ch ph hp cho nhng h thng c s phn chia r rng v chuyn giao theo tng phn Phn tch Thit k Lp trnh Th nghim Chuyn giao phn 1 Tng trng 1 Phn tch Thit k Lp trnh Th nghim Chuyn giao phn 2 Tng trng 2 Phn tch Thit k Lp trnh Chuyn giao phn 3 Tng trng 3 Th nghim 42 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (3/6) Quy trnh xon c: (Boehm, 1988 ) Mt c im quan trng ca qui trnh ny l nhn mnh vic qun l ri ro Da trn khi nim chu trnh pht trin, qui trnh ny l cc chu trnh lp nh gi cc phng n Pht trin v kim tra Lp k hoch cho chu trnh k tip Xc nh mc tiu, phng n, rng buc Chu trnh 1 Chu trnh 2 Chu trnh 3 43 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (4/6) Quy trnh pht trin nhanh: (RAD Rapid Development Application - James Martin, 1991) Ngi pht trinh thng v cc ngi s dng h thng s lm vic kt hp cht ch vi nhau Khng phi l mt phng php lun ring l m l mt chin lc chung pht trin HTTT, c nhng c im sau: S dng cc cng c phn mm v cc mi trng pht trin trc quan biu din ti a cc kt qu t c y nhanh vic phn tch vn , thit k mt gii php h thng L mt qu trnh lp thay i v iu chnh 44 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (4/6) Quy trnh pht trin nhanh (tt) : Xc lp yu cu (Requirements planning) Thit k (User design) Xy dng (Construction) Chuyn giao (Cutover) 45 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (5/6) Quy trnh pht trin thnh phn: Da trn vic ti s dng thnh phn phn mm c sn Pht trin mt phn mm c thc hin bng cch tp hp li cc thnh phn c sn L mt quy trnh lp, mi chu trnh gm 4 giai on nh gi cc phng n, thnh phn Pht trin v kim tra: B sung, iu chnh v tch hp thnh phn Lp k hoch cho chu trnh k tip: nh gi, tuyn chn Xc nh mc tiu, cc phng n, cc rng buc: Nhn thc, hnh thnh, tm kim gii php Chu trnh 1 Chu trnh 2 Chu trnh 3 46 Cc quy trnh pht trin h thng thng tin (6/6) Quy trnh ng nht : (RUP Rational Unified Process) 47 Cc giai on c bn ca mt qui trnh Qui trnh pht trin c chn trong h thng bao gm 6 giai on: xc nh v chn la d n, khi to v lp k hoch d n, phn tch, thit k, ci t, v bo tr. Xac inh v chn la d an Khi to v lp k hoch d an Phn tch Thit k Ci t
Bo tr 48 Tnh cht ca quy trnh Tnh tun t c thc hin t trn xung Kt qu ca giai on trc l kt qu cho giai on sau Tnh lp Mi giai on c th quay lui Lp cho n khi kt qu c chp nhn Tnh song song Hot ng trong 1 giai on c th c thc hin song song vi hot ng ca giai on khc
49 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (1/6): Xc nh v chn la d n
Nhu cu thc t nhn c Ngun lc tn ti v c sn Cc d n tim nng v ang thc hin Mi trng t chc hin hnh Tiu chun nh gi Quyt nh chn la d n Kt qu quyt nh: - chp nhn d n - t chi d n - hon d n - xem xt li d n 50 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (2/6): Lp k hoch v khi to d n Thnh lp i ng nhn vin Kho st tng th h thng Lp k hoch Xc nh phm vi, ngun lc, cc nguyn tc lm vic nh gi kh thi Xy dng ti liu m t h thng
51 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (3/6): Phn tch h thng Xc nh yu cu h thng Cu trc ha yu cu: m hnh ho v phn tch yu cu c th dng Pht sinh cc phng n v chn la phng n kh thi nht Phng php hng i tng: Xc nh cc lp v i tng quan trng M t yu cu h thng qua vic xc nh tc nhn v use case M t kch bn chc nng qua cc s ng 52 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (4/6): Thit k Chi tit ha cc lp giai on phn tch thnh mt gii php k thut thc hin b sung cc lp k thut to ra mt kin trc k thut thc hin 53 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (4/6): Thit k Thit k lun l c t h thng mc tru tng ha da trn gii php c chn c lp vi phn cng, phn mm v mi trng k thut Tp trung vo biu din hnh vi v tnh nng i tng h thng
Thit k vt l: chuyn i thit k lun l sang cc c t phn cng, phn mm, k thut c chn ci t h thng 54 Cc giai on c bn ca mt quy trnh (5, 6/6): Lp trnh ci t & bo tr Lp trnh ci t Lp trnh h thng Th nghim Xy dng ti liu h thng: ti liu c t h thng, ti liu s dng, ti liu k thut ci t Hun luyn s dng Bo tr Sa li pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng iu chnh nhng thay i sao cho ph hp vi cc thay i h thng Nng cp h thng mi 55 V d:
Yu cu v cn nh tng v cn nh Phn tch & thit k Xy dng Chuyn giao s dng & bo tr 56