Bernoulli Equation and Friction

Losses
Nuhindro Priagung Widodo
Teknik Pertambangan
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2014
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Aliran laminar dan turbulen
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Jaringan ventilasi tambang
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http://www.staffspasttrack.org.uk/
Tahanan ekivalen dalam kelistrikan
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Tahanan ekivalen untuk rangkaian
tahanan seri
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Tahanan ekivalen
untuk rangkaian
tahanan paralel
Kehilangan tekanan akibat tahanan
gesek dan tahanan kejut
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Friction loss
Friction & Shock loss
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Illustration of Friction
and Shock loss
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GESEKAN DALAM ALIRAN LAMINER
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A pipe of diameter 2 cm rises through a
vertical distance of 5m over the total pipe
length of 2 000 m. Water of mean
temperature 15C flows up the tube to exit at
atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. If the
required flowrate is 1.6 litres per minute, find
the resistance of the pipe, the work done
against friction and the head of water that
must be applied at the pipe entrance.
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GESEKAN DALAM ALIRAN
TURBULEN
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A vertical shaft is 400 m deep, 5 m diameter and has wall
roughenings of height 5 mm. An airflow of 150 m
3
/s passes at a
mean density of 1.2 kg/m
3
. Taking the viscosity of the air to be
17.9 x 10-6 Ns/m
2
and ignoring changes in kinetic energy,
determine:
(i) the coefficient of friction, f
(ii) the turbulent resistance, Rt (m
-4
)
(iii) the frictional pressure drop p (Pa)
(iv) the work done against friction, F12 (J/kg)
(v) the barometric pressure at the shaft bottom if the shaft top
pressure is 100 kPa.
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Atkinson Equation
Friction Loss and Shock Loss
Nuhindro Priagung Widodo
Teknik Pertambangan
Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan
Institut Teknologi Bandung
2014
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Rational Turbulent Resistance, R
t
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Frictional pressure drop
Turbulent Resistance
Correction for density 1.2 kg/m
3
Atkinson Equation and Square Law
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Chezy Darcys
Equation
Atkinsons
Equation
Atkinson friction
factor
Square Law
Atkinson
Resistance
Assumption: air density
constant, usually basis on
standard density of air, ,
1.2 kg/m
3
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Shock Loss
Whenever the airflow is required to change direction, additional vortices will be
initiated. The propagation of those large scale eddies consumes mechanical
energy (shock losses) and, hence, the resistance of the airway may
increase significantly. This occurs at bends, junctions, changes in cross-
section, obstructions, regulators and at points of entry or exit from the
system.
The effects of shock losses remain the most uncertain of all the factors that
affect airway resistance. This is because fairly minor modifications in
geometry can cause significant changes in the generation of vortices and,
hence, the airway resistance. Analytical techniques may be employed for
simple and well defined geometries. For the more complex situations that
arise in practice, scale models or computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations may be employed to investigate the flow patterns and shock
losses.
There are two methods that may be used to assess the additional resistance
caused by shock losses.
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Main Reference: Malcolm J.
McPherson
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