SUBJECT CODE : CHM 420

EXPERIMENT : 3
TOPIC : Types of Chemical Reactions
DATE : 17/10/2014

NAME : NABILAH BINTI AMINUDDIN
MATRIC NO : 2014805292
I/C NO : 950320145006
GROUP : AS2301M1
LECTURER NAME : DR. ZURAIDA KHUSAIMI


OBJECTIVE

To study the general types of chemical reaction and to write balanced equations for each time
of reaction.

THEORY

Chemical reactions have many ways to be classified and there are several types of them.
There are 4 different types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement
and metathesis. These are the examples for the types of reaction:

(a) Combination reaction : When two substances ( elements or compounds ) combine to
form a single product:

A + B AB
Example: 2Na(s) +

2NaCl(s)

(b) Decomposition reaction : Single substance decomposes into two or more simpler
substances:

AB A + B
Example: Ca

(s) CaO(s) +

(g)


(c) Displacement reaction : An element reacts with a compound and displaces one of the
elements in the compound which is the original element becomes part of a new
compound with the displaced element as a byproduct:

A + XY AY + X
Example: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

+ Zn

(aq)

(d) Metathesis reaction : An exchange of partners between two compounds:

AB + XY AY + XB
Example: 2KI(aq) + Pb

(aq) 2

(aq) + Pb

(s)

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Magnesium ribbons 1.0M CuS

Crucible and cover

Sand Paper 1.0M Fe

Bunsen burner
Copper 0.1 M Ag

Tripod stand
Iron nail 1.0M HCl Clay triangle
Zinc 1.0MPb

Test tubes
Litmus paper 1.0M

Wooden splint
KCl

(s) 1.0M NaOH

(s) 1.0M

METHODOLOGY

A. Combination Reactions

1. A crucible and a cover is obtained.
2. A cleaned piece of magnesium ribbon is obtained and it is coiled until it formed a
piece that small enough to rest on the bottom of the crucible, but with enough air
to to get in between the coils or folds. It is very important to have as much as
magnesium ribbon as possible in contact with the bottom of the crucible, as this
will be the hottest part of the crucible and we want the magnesium to be really
hot.
3. The crucible and its content are heated at first with brushing motion then it is
heated to redness for three minutes.
4. The gas burner is switched off when the reaction is completed.

B. Decomposition Reactions

1. A small amount of potassium chlorate (

in a clean, dry test tube and heat

gently. The

liquefied and gas bubbles is formed.

2. After one minute of heating, the wooden splint is lighted. The flame is blown out
and quickly inserted the glowing splint into the mouth of the test tube as the
reaction is still occurring. If the compound is still giving off oxygen, the glowing
splint will ignite again. Stop heating and look carefully at the test tube.

C. Single Replacement Reaction

1. Five clean test tube is placed in a test tube rack and the test tube is numbered. 1 ml
of 1.0 M CuS

is put in test tube 1, 1ml of 1.0M Fe

in test tube 2, 1 ml of
0.1M Ag

in test tube 3, and 1ml of 1.0 M HCL in each test tube 4 and 5.
2. An iron nail is sandpapered and it is placed in test tube 1.Three pieces of copper is
sandpapered and it is placed in test tube 2,3 and 4. A piece of zinc is sandpapered
and it is placed in test tube 5. The test tube is set aside for 10 minutes. The test
tubes is observed at the end of time. The nail from the test tube is removed and
examined. If there any evidence that a reaction taken place, a balanced equation
for the reaction is written. If there no such evidence, then write N.R.


D. Metathesis or Double Replacement Reactions

1. Precipitation Reaction
In a clean test tube, 1ml of 1.0 M Pb

solution and 1 ml of 1.0 M

solution is mixed. The mixture is stirred.
2. Acid-base neutralization
3ml of 1.0 M NaOH solution is put in a clean test tube. 3ml 1.0M

added
carefully.
3. Formation of gas
5 ml of 1.0 M

and solid

in a clean test tube. A bubbling in the test

tube will be observed that shows a gas is formed. The chemical reaction is written
for the reaction and a confirmation of gas for the gas evolved is done. The carbon
dioxide gas produced turn blue litmus paper red. It will also react with a solution
of calcium hydroxide to form a precipitate.



DATA/RESULT

Experiments Observations

A: Combination Reaction

Magnesium burns brightly and turned to
white powdery solid


B: Decomposition Reaction

Moisture formed in the test tube.
KCl

melted to clear solution. Relights

glowing wooden splinter. Oxygen is released
and turned to white solid.



Experiment Observations

C: Single
Replacement
Reaction
Test tube
1
CuS

+ Fe

Test tube
2
Fe

+Cu
Test tube
3
Ag

+Cu
Test tube
4
HCl
+Cu
Test tube
5
HCl
+ Zn
iron is
deposited and
becomes
thicker

copper
corrodes and
becomes
thinner
copper is
deposited and
becomes
thinner
copper
corrodes and
becomes
thinner
bubble gas is
formed


Experiment D :
Metathesis
Observation/Chemical Equations

1. Precipitate Reaction


Canary yellow precipitate is formed

2. Acid-base neutralization


The base of the test tube feels warm

3. Formation of gas


Bubbles are formed

DISCUSSION
For experiment A, combination reaction, the magnesium is reacted with flame and
produced magnesium oxide. From the theory, A + B AB, which in experiment A is
2Mg(s) +

(g) 2MgO(s). The magnesium oxide produced is the powdery white observe
at the end of the experiment.

Next, for experiment B, decomposition reaction, potassium chlorate, K

is heated.
From theory, AB A + B, which in experiment B is 2K

(s) 3

(g) + 2KCl(aq). We
observed that when K

is heated moisture formed in the test tube, and K

melted to
clear solution. A lighted wooden splinter is inserted to check the presence of oxygen gas.
When oxygen gas is released the clear solution turns to white solid.

In addition, for experiment C, displacement reaction, there is 5 test tubes being
observed. From theory, A + XY AY + X, is Fe(s) +

(aq)

(aq) + Cu(s)( test

tube 1), Cu(s) +

(aq) Fe(s) +

(aq) (test tube 2), Cu(s) + 2AgN

(aq)

+ 2Ag(s) (test tube 3), Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g) (test tube 4) and

Zn(s) + HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g) (test tube 5). For test tube 1, we observed iron is

deposited and becomes thicker. For test tube 2, copper corrodes and becomes thinner. For test
tube 3, copper is deposited and becomes thinner. For test tube 4, copper corrodes and
becomes thinner. For test tube 5, bubble gas is formed.

For experiment D, metathesis reaction, there is precipitation reaction, acid-base
neutralization and formation of gas. From theory, AB + XY AY + XB is

(aq) +

(aq)

(s) + 2

(aq) for precipitation reaction, NaOH(aq) +

(aq)
2

(l) +

(aq) for acid-base neutralization and

(aq) +

(aq)

(aq) +

O(l) + C

(g) for formation of gas. For formation of gas, the gas produced
is carbon dioxide gas, C

. To prove the presence of the gas, 2 test is conducted. First test is

with blue litmus paper, when carbon dioxide is present blue litmus paper will turn red.
Second test is with calcium hydroxide. When carbon dioxide is present a solid precipitate of
calcium carbonate will formed. This, will make the lime water cloudy. The equation for this
is, Ca

(aq) + C

(g)

(s) +

O(l).

There is errors occurred when conducting the experiments. One of the errors is the
test tube used is not fully dried .Next, the wooden splinter does not relights at first attempt as
the lighted wooden splinter is not immediately put into the test tube and this cause the oxygen
gas already released to the surrounding. Plus, the Ca

solution is not prepared before

hand, when sulphuric acid is added to sodium carbonate resulting a lot of carbon dioxide gas
escape to the surrounding.

To avoid these errors from occurring, precaution must be taken. Several precaution
steps that can be taken is make sure the test tubes used must be cleaned and dried to obtain
more accurate result. Next, put the lighted wooden splinter quickly into the test tube.
Moreover, prepare the Ca

solution beforehand before adding sulphuric acid into

sodium carbonate in the test tube.




CONCLUSION
For combination reaction, A + B AB is 2Mg(s) +

(g) 2MgO(s). Next, for

decomposition reaction, AB A + B is 2K

(s) 3

(g) + 2KCl(aq). Moreover, for

displacement reaction, AB + XY AY + XB is Fe(s) +

(aq)

(aq) + Cu(s)(
test tube 1), Cu(s) +

(aq) Fe(s) +

(aq) (test tube 2), Cu(s) + 2AgN

(aq)

+ 2Ag(s) (test tube 3), Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g) (test tube 4) and

Zn(s) + HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g) (test tube 5). Lastly, for metathesis reaction is

(aq) +

(aq)

(s) + 2

(aq) for precipitation reaction,

NaOH(aq) +

(aq) 2

(l) +

(aq) for acid-base neutralization and

(aq) +

(aq)

(aq) +

O(l) + C

(g) for formation of gas.

REFERENCES

Exploring Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry, Sharipah Ruzaini Syed
Aris, Kamariah Muda, Nesamalar Kantasamy,2010,University Publication Cetre (UPENA).

Chemistry 11
th
edition,Raymond Chang, Kenneth A. Goldsby,2014,Mc Graw Hill Education

Oxford Dictionary of Chemistry sixth edition ,John Daintith,2008,Oxford University Press

www.gcsescience.com


QUESTIONS

1. Experiment A : 2Mg(s) +

(g) 2MgO(s)
Experiment B : 2K

(s) 3

(g) + 2KCl(aq)
Experiment C :
Test tube 1 : Fe(s) +

(aq)

(aq) + Cu(s)
Test tube 2 : Cu(s) +

(aq) Fe(s) +

(aq)
Test tube 3 : Cu(s) + 2AgN

(aq)

+ 2Ag(s)
Test tube 4 : Cu(s) + 2HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g)
Test tube 5 : Zn(s) + HCl(aq)

(aq) +

(g)
Experiment D :
1.

(aq) +

(aq)

(s) + 2

(aq)
2. NaOH(aq) +

(aq) 2

(l) +

(aq)
3.

(aq) +

(aq)

(aq) +

O(l) + C

(g)
2. Test with blue litmus paper and test with calcium hydroxide, Ca

3. Generally, a chemical reaction has occurred if different compounds are produced. To
physically know that a chemical change has occurred there are few variables to
consider: if the substance changes colour, gives off heat, gives off light or produces
bubbles. If a substance is exposed to another substance and a reaction takes place,
then that is a chemical reaction.