Human Nature in a New Perspective: Genetically Coded Primary and Man-Made

Secondary Societies
You-Sheng Li
Canadian !cademy o" #ndependent Scholars
$hen all human societies are divided into genetically coded primary and man-
made secondary societies only primary societies are %ased on human nature&
Human nature can %e de"ined as a series o" %asic desires and capacities with their
peripheral potentials& 'Li ())*+ $ith the capacity o" heart %eats *)-,) %eats per minute
are %asic while %eats more or less than *)-,) per minute are peripheral potentials& -he
primary society does not have the power to "orce its mem%ers to live on their peripheral
potentials while the secondary society does& #t sheds considera%le new light on the
academic issue regarding human nature&
Human nature is neither good nor %ad while a man o" his own ma.ing can %e
either good or %ad& #n "act our civili/ed history has %een a long process o" upgrading
wars with the humanity "ighting against itsel"& ' Eckhardt, 1995 + So !& -oyn%ee '011,
0,2*+ says 3-he human race4s prospects o" survival were considera%ly %etter when we
were de"enceless against tigers than they are today when we have %ecome de"enceless
against ourselves&5 Many evidences suggest that under the pressure o" war humanity
traded its happiness "or materialistic achievements and linguistic sophistication& -he
suicide rates were dou%led in Canada and signi"icantly increased in 6nited States during
the twentieth century& 'Macionis and Gerber, 1999+
0 7rom !ncient Chinese 8eal9Man-Made Persons to the -wo Levels o" Society
Children who have %een %rought up %y animals are not humans in any sense
e:cept "or their physical appearance; they %ehave e:actly li.e the animal they were
%rought up with& $e are there"ore essentially products o" our culture and society& <oth
modern society and culture are created %y man and it is not surprising that recent
scholars say: 3$e are in short what we ma.e ourselves5; 3-he most in"luential
perspective in sociology&&&has %een view human nature as a conse=uence o" human
histories and e:periences rather than any predetermined essence& #ndeed many recent
social theorists&&&have re>ected the very notion o" human nature itsel"&5 '$ol"e ())0;
Marshall 0,,?+
@uring the !:ial !ge "rom 1)) <CA to ()) <CA when philosophical "oundation
was "irst laid down a Con"ucian philosopher Hsun -/u '(1B-(C1 <CA+ reached a
similar concept man-made persons '+ and the two Chinese character man-
made '+ comes "rom the two halves o" the Chinese character "or "alsehood '+& $hy
ancient Chinese philosophers reached the same conclusion more than two thousand years
ago as $estern scholars do today was due to a simple "act that they clearly saw the
transition o" real natural persons to man-made persons who are essentially their own
ma.ing& 7or the same reason -aoism as the "irst philosophy that appeared in Chinese
history introduced the concept o" real persons as its goal o" sel"-cultivation&
-he de"inition o" the genetically coded primary society and the man-made
secondary society >usti"ies the "ollowing: ! primary society will "orm automatically
under the "ollowing conditions: 0+& -he population is less than a "ew hundred and the
population is "ree to divide when it is too large; (+& -he population is engaged in "ace-to-
"ace interaction; C+& -here is no contact with and no ideological in"luence "rom a
secondary society; ?+& -here is no outside "orce threatening their survival&
!ncient Mediterranean civili/ations did not meet those conditions while Chinese
civili/ation did& Multiple civili/ations and multiple states threatened each other4s sa"ety
in the Mediterranean world while the ancient Chinese "ormed a super state o" primary
societies to "unction as police to .eep peace among local powers in their isolated world&
'Li ())* ()0)+
Since a typical secondary society appeared in China only during the late !:ial
!ge ?2B-((0 <CA the ancient Chinese philosophers saw the "undamental di""erence
%etween the two levels o" society and %etween the real and man-made persons& Dn the
other hand with a typical secondary society well esta%lished in ancient Mediterranean
civili/ations %oth Socrates and Plato stressed the divine elements in human nature while
!ristotle saw a goal-oriented or teleological cause in everything including humans& -heir
views on human nature re"lect the goal-oriented and incontrolla%le nature o" the
secondary society& -he <i%le story says God drove !dam and Ave out o" the Aden
Paradise a"ter they ate the "or%idden "ruit& -he primary society was inside while the
secondary society was outside the Aden Paradise& !ccording to the generations recorded
in the <i%le scholars have estimated that the time o" !dam and Ave was a%out si:
thousand years ago when Mediterranean civili/ations %egan to emerge&
-he division o" society into two levels the primary and the secondary society
provides a power"ul new perspective "or understanding the various aspects o" human
nature&
(& -he -wo Levels o" Society and the #mpassa%le Gap %etween the -wo
-he distinction %etween the primary society and the secondary society can %e
re"ined %y e:amining the way in which they are contrary to each other: Dne was man-
made the other hereditary& #t is thus not di""icult at all delineating the ma>or di""erences
%etween the two %y deduction "rom the de"inition with re"erence to ancient tri%al and
modern societies&
-hose di""erences include: the "ormer primary society is %ased on genetics and
there"ore on human nature and instinct while the latter secondary society serves its goal;
the "ormer has only one type while the latter has limitless possi%le types; the "ormer is a
psychological9emotional whole while the latter relies on a uni"orm ideology and goal&
@etailed discussion appears elsewhere& 'Li ())* ()0)+
-he division o" human societies into two levels genetically coded and man-made
"ocuses on the underlying trans"ormation or a >ump which "its well into the multi-level
operation o" the universe '-a%le 0+& EPlace -a%le 0 hereF
-a%le 0& -he 6niversal Avolutionary Pathways
Content 0& Physical $orld (& Li"e (& Culture ?& Consciousness
Level 0 Non-%eing
Level ( <eing
Level C Alementary
particles
Level ? !toms and
electrons
Level * Molecules @N!
Level B Matters and Cells
o%>ects
Level 2 Stars and planets -issues
Level 1 Gala:ies Drgans and lim%s
Level , 6niverse #ndividuals
Level 0) Primary society Culture Su%conscious or
aesthetic
Level 00 Secondary
society
Civili/ation Conscious: rational
thin.ing systems
Level 0( High spirituality and
aestheticsG
-here are impassa%le gaps %etween those levels in -a%le 0& #n a way tissues are
the primary society o" cells and organs are the secondary society o" cells& Normally cells
cannot leave their tissues to reach the organ level& !lthough humans %uild secondary
societies our history also suggests an impassa%le gap %etween the two levels o" society&
!ccording to a study the Chinese population suddenly dropped more than hal" "or at least
ten times %etween ((0 <CA and 0,00 when the secondary society was esta%lished& !
population o" si:ty million was recorded during the (
nd
century <CA %ut only 0&( million
remained at the %eginning o" the third century& 'Chen 0,2,+ -here was no single such
drop recorded "rom (()) <CA to ?2B <CA when the ancient Chinese super state o"
primary societies was present in China&
C -he -wo Levels o" Society: Hoy-Driented !esthetic Drder9Li"e and Goal-Driented
8ational Drder9Li"e&
-he @arwin theory o" the survival o" the "ittest does not mention the motivating
power %ehind survival& 7or animals and the primary society the >oy o" li"e is the only
motivation to survive&
$hen # was sitting in "ront o" my living room window # o"ten o%served s=uirrels
in the par. %eside my house& -here are more than a do/en o" them and they all are in a
great shape neither "at nor thin %ut healthy& @o they all live a healthy li"estyleG -hey
spend a minor part o" their li"e loo.ing "or "ood %ut the rest idling around nonstop& #" we
call the "ormer their wor.ing hours and the latter their spare time they en>oy their spare
time %y physical e:ercise e:ploring their world o" grass and trees& !s to "ood searching
they are apparently very pic.y& $hen they have "ound something to eat they e:amine it
care"ully at a leisurely pace& -hey throw the parts that are not delicious enough and o"ten
than not they discard the whole thing and then move around loo.ing again&
# also o%served %irds through my home windows and o%served deer in the wild and
they live the same li"e as the s=uirrels # have o%served& -heir spare time is "or the >oy o"
li"e while their wor.ing hours are "or >oy-oriented "ood searching& $ith delicious "ood as
a reward "rom a short time interval it is apparently a very >oy"ul process to the animals
while our games such as %as.et %all "oot%all games or card games usually have much
longer time interval %etween each winning with only a%stract goals achieved in the end&
Humans are civili/ed to endure %oring time and entertain a%stract ideas&
Dnce # saw on -I a scene o" native people who lived in the !ma/on >ungle and did
not wear any clothes& #t struc. me that they were also uni"ormly in a great shape neither
"at nor thin& -o an outside o%server they are indistinguisha%ly the same& # have never
seen a gathering o" so many healthy human %odies e:cept "or soldiers and athletes who
are apparently highly selected groups while the native people are not&
Chinese peasants lived in a =uasi-primary society or nearly primary society until
the late 0,*)s& -his was made possi%le %y little commerciali/ation small government
and isolated illiterate population %ut it also illustrates the resistance o" human nature
against the man-made secondary society& !ccording to the "amous !merican scholar o"
Chinese studies Hohn Jing 7air%an. (0,)2-0,,0+ the num%ers o" all registered
government o""icials were 01))) during the -ang dynasty 'B01-,)2+ ()))) during
the Song dynasty ',B)-0(2,+ and ()))) during the King dynasty '0B??-0,00+& -he
population was ?)) millions in late King dynasty& 7air%an. says 3#n anywhere in the
world other than China there was never a place where so "ew o""icials ruling so many
people "or so long&5 '7air%an. 0,,*+ -he reason %ehind it is that the social order was still
aesthetic in the Chinese peasants %ecause o" their =uasi-primary societies& Aven in the
0,*)s there were much less crimes in the countryside in comparison with the near%y
cities& -here were only a "ew policemen in a county that had more than hal" million
residents& Human nature itsel" is enough to .eep a primary society harmonious and
"unctional&
Here # too. Chinese peasants especially women as an e:ample to show how they
lived essentially a >oy-oriented aesthetic li"estyle& 'Li ()0)+ -hey lived their entire li"e in
the isolated countryside among "amilies relatives and "riends and did not have any goal
o" li"e at the secondary society level& #n other words they lived their li"e at the moment
and at the local villages without the modern concept o" time and space in the secondary
society& -o my o%servation they treated anything happening outside their villages either
"rom the government a%ove them or the near%y cities the same way as they treated
climate changes& -hey saw it as something in the other world& -hey also mi:ed them up
with their "airy tales and "antasies including opera they watched and romantic historical
tales they were listening to& -hose tales and opera were all a%out .ings emperors
ministers and their "amilies& -o my o%servation they adapted a >oy-oriented aesthetic
attitude towards those otherworldly tales: they only saw the entertaining parts and did not
notice any meaning o" li"e in relation to their li"e&
-he only e:ception was the "amily lineage which was %eyond the moment& -o my
o%servation the "amily lineage only stayed in the graveyard and in the lineage records o"
their clans and did not enter the minds o" those illiterate peasants& #n the graveyard o"
many generations the Chinese peasants only .new the ones who they and their parents
had lived with&
-hose Chinese peasants wor.ed at a much leisurely pace in comparison with our
o""ice wor.ing style& $hen several "amilies wor.ed together they .ept an on-going
conversation entertaining each other& -heir minds were on the entertaining conversation
%ut not on the wor.& ! lot o" those peasants can %ecome hard wor.ers once they are in the
city though they still lac. the .nowledge and vision how a secondary society is
regulated&
$ith Chinese peasants living in =uasi-primary societies until the late 0,*)s it is
possi%le to study the in"luence o" this =uasi-primary society on human %ehavior at the
secondary society level:
@uring the !nti-Hapanese $ar '0,C2-0,?*+ when Hapanese army invaded China
Chinese Communists came to the areas o" Northern China occupied %y Hapanese in early
0,C1 and enrolled all rising anti-Hapanese "orces under the Communist um%rella& Most
those "orces were local peasants with some .nowledge %eyond their villages& Dnce the
Hapanese surrendered and the Second $orld $ar was over while China entered a three-
year civil war '0,?*-0,?,+ a lot o" those anti-Hapanese guerrilla soldiers =uit the
Communist party and %ecame ordinary peasants again in spite o" the "act that they would
have a much %etter li"e i" they chose to stay and %ecome Communist government
o""icials& Dne o" my uncles =uit during a "ighting against the Nationalist army& He said
that he did not have the heart to see so much %lood and so many dead %odies 'o" Chinese
people+& !pparently human nature sees the >usti"ication o" the war against invasion %ut
not the >usti"ication o" starting a war among the same people&
Chinese Communist leaders during Mao4s era '0,?*-0,2B+ were consisted o" two
groups: those who studied in Aurope or 8ussia 'Soviet 6nion+ when they were young and
those who had never %een a%road %e"ore& -he "ormer came "rom well-o"" "amilies while
the latter "rom "amilies o" ordinary peasants& !s a result the "ormer were well adapted to
the secondary society while the latter under the in"luence o" the =uasi-primary society&
@uring the Great Leap 7orward in 0,*1 which resulted millions o" deaths "rom
starvation the "our nationally "amous "anatic supporters '
,+ were all "rom landlord "amilies while the only one '+ who stood
up against this Great Leap 7orward and was imprisoned a"terwards was "rom a poor
peasant "amily& @uring the notorious Great Cultural 8evolution "rom 0,BB to 0,2B the
most "amous two ', + who stood up in 0,BB and in 0,B2 against this Cultural
8evolution were %oth "rom ordinary peasant "amilies& -he "irst one Peng said 3!ll
people are e=ual %e"ore the Law&5 !mong the millions o" supporters two were said to %e
the corner stone columns o" this Cultural 8evolution& $ithout the support o" this two the
Cultural 8evolution could not %e carried out normally as one o" the two too. charge o"
the army and the other o" the daily routine o" the government& -hose two ', +
were %oth "rom well-o"" "amilies& @uring the Cultural 8evolution many wrong decisions
were always unanimously passed at the meetings o" the Central Party Committee %ecause
o" the a%normal political atmosphere& -he only e:ception is that a widowed lady ' +
"rom a poor peasant "amily cast the only dissenting vote& #n modern society women are
less contaminated %y civili/ation than men& #n conclusion human nature does not tolerate
disastrous a%surdity while a man-made man does&
? @i""erent Cultures and @i""erent Secondary Societies Correspond Dnly to @i""erent
$ays o" Play in a Primary Society
!mong mammals civili/ed humans are the only species that wor.s& 7urthermore
in comparison with other mammals we are the only species that .eep our playing ha%its
"ully throughout our lives& -raditional view holds that young mammals play to get
prepared "or their adult lives& -hus our li"e-long playing ha%its may well serve as a
preparation "or a much higher li"e in the secondary society& #n an aesthetic primary
society li"e is nothing %ut a play& 'Li ()0(+ @i""erent cultures and di""erent secondary
societies correspond only to di""erent ways o" play in a primary society& $ithout our
awareness we have adapted to wor.ing and living environments that are "ar "rom %eing
natural&
#" you catch a wild %ird and put it in a cage it is most li.ely that the %ird will
neither eat nor drin. until it dies no matter how much you love it or what delicious "ood
you provide& -he environment inside the case does not suit the nature o" the %ird& -he
social control humans can tolerate is limitless& Many stay in prison "or decades and come
out happier men& 'Li ())*+
Let4s ta.e language as e:ample to "urther illustrate how "ar our secondary society
has le"t "rom its original primary society& Language is mainly "or psychological9emotional
e:change and carries aesthetic value in the primary society while language is mainly "or
communication or e:change o" in"ormation insights opinion and so on in the secondary
society& -he philosophy o" li"e or world view is also di""erent: -he primary society is a%le
to view the physical world the social world and the inner world o" human minds "rom a
rela:ed mind while dictated %y the social ideology the secondary society has a "ocused
view& #n "act war and competition "orced people to "ocus on each other& Auropean visual
artists created only human "igures until the 02
th
and 01
th
centuries when Holland and
<ritain developed paintings o" scenery and landscape& 'Chi 0,1C+ Navigation ena%led
them to escape "rom the grip o" the continental military powers and there"ore gave them a
rela:ed mind to see more o" the world&
8oasters are much more colour"ul than hens& Similarly men grow %eards that do
not have any physiological "unction& @avid <uss '())0+ discussed in detail the
di""erences %etween men and women and he =uoted "rom Miller '0,,1+ that men are
motivated to create and e:hi%it art as courtship displays& !s a result men produce more
cultural products than women: musicians writers poets and so on are mostly men&
Growing %eards do not need su%>ective e""orts courtship displays have se: as the reward
while a musical or literature career demands much more e""orts %ut the reward is less
visi%le& #n a primary society women are more socia%le more emotionally e:pressive and
it is not surprising that there were more "emale authors in the ancient Chinese poetry the
Classic o" Poetry& 'Li ()0)+ # have attended a local amateur writing group where were
always more "emale writers and poets "or the last twenty years though they ta.e writing
as their >oy"ul ho%%y and not as a career&
$hat is the di""erence %etween the goal-oriented pro"essional writing and the >oy-
oriented sel"-e:pressive writingG -he "ormer concentrates on linguistic sophistication or
on "ocal depth while the latter concentrates on natural >oy and has a much %roader view&
-he "ormer has a speci"ic world view among numerous other views while the latter
services as the social %ond "elt %y each o" the mem%ers in the primary society&
* -he 7ragile 7uture o" -his Planet 8elies on the -ransition o" the Current Goal-Driented
Li"estyle to a Hoy-Driented !esthetic Li"estyle
Here we e:amine in more details the two li"estyles: goal-oriented rational and >oy-
oriented aesthetic or shortened as goal-oriented and >oy-oriented "rom an individual
perspective the psychological e:perience one has to go through as an individual& Here
we %oldly yet realistically adapt to the -aoist view that materialistic and social
achievements no matter how grandeur and how e:traordinary they are mean no a single
%it more than an individual can psychologically e:perience them& -o us the world e:ists
only %ecause we can psychologically e:perience it& !lthough the world also e:ists in
scientists4 wor. and their la%oratories we have to read te:t%oo. o" science to
psychologically e:perience it& #n other words we ta.e the >oy-oriented view to e:amine
our li"e today to show the necessity and pro%a%ility o" the transition "rom the current
goal-oriented li"estyle to a >oy-oriented aesthetic li"estyle:
0+ 8ela:ation: %ecause it is a %iological need to rest or sleep it is most similar %etween
the >oy-oriented and goal-oriented li"estyles& !s the author discussed %e"ore 'Li ()0)+
we are more di""icult to go into the state o" thoughtless awareness compared to the
people who are "rom the >oy-oriented primary society& -hose people "rom the primary
society are more easily to mi: up reality and dreams& 7or similar reasons our dreams at
night were more worrisome than the >oy-oriented people& -he ma>ority o" thoughts and
images appearing in our dreams at night or occupying our mind during the day are "ound
to %e negative worrisome or thoughts a%out pro%lems in li"e& #t is nothing %ut those
negative thoughts or minds that drive us to wor. hard day and night and also drive our
civili/ation to go "orwards materialistically and sophistically %ut not necessarily >oy"ully&
(+ 8ecreation: Dlympic athletes o"ten live a li"e o" hard-training "or decades %e"ore their
dreams come true& $hat they have %een doing is nothing %ut the Dlympic game a game
o" pure recreation in real li"e& #t is %eyond any dou%t that our goal-oriented li"estyle
invades our dreams at night should %e normally a recreation in the primary society& #" an
athlete has to go through hard-training "or decades %e"ore reaching his goal deer or
s=uirrels have to go through searching "or minutes %e"ore reaching their delicious "ood&
-he di""erence %etween a "ew decades and a "ew minutes .eeps the "ormer relying on
discipline law and social pressure "or motivation and the latter relying >oy o" li"e "or
motivation& #n the primary society mem%ers also have goal-oriented recreation %ut the
goal can %e reached easily in a shorter time&
C+ $or.ing: since animals do not wor. humans only %egan to wor. a"ter civili/ation
provided an idle class to supervise other people4s wor.ing& Some scholars thin. humans
%egan to wor. %ecause o" agricultural investment "or the "uture& !ccording to my
o%servation o" Chinese peasants %e"ore the late 0,*)s "arming was not enough to get
peasants to wor. in the way as we do today& !s mentioned a%ove Chinese peasants
wor.ed together "or harvesting or tilling the soil as a collective entertainment: their minds
are occupied continuously %y on-going singing and conversations o" humour while hands
are on tools "or a routine movement li.ing we are on %icycles "or a >oy"ul trip& #n other
words wor. can %e carried out at such a leisurely pace to allow the mind "ully occupied
%y >oy-searching without any interruption& -he author %elieves that the same amount o"
wor. in the present secondary society can %e done easily %y a simple techni=ue o"
dispersing it all day long to a leisurely pace to allow >oy o" li"e dominating the mind and
the time& D" course it can also %e achieved %y other more sophisticated techni=ues or
even cut o"" the unnecessary amount o" wor. i" we adapt to a >oy-oriented li"estyle&
?+ 7ul"illing the <asic <iological @esires Such as Aating: # used to receive harassing
phone calls at midnight "or years during which # "ormed the ha%it o" wa.ing up at
midnight and una%le to go to sleep again& !s a result # had to ta.e a nap at noon every
day& My psychiatrists did not thin. # had any mental disorder though # had a situation to
worry a%out& # learned "rom them: it is normal to sleep twice at night and at noon while it
is not natural to sleep 1 hours in a stretch& Similarly it is more natural i" we ni%%le snac.s
all day long rather than having three meals a day& Dur wor. ethics in the secondary
society does indeed invade our spare time activities such as "ul"illing the %asic %iological
desires& $e treated them as a .ind o" wor. to .eep ourselves alive&
*+ 8elation among Humans: the relation %etween mem%ers o" the primary society is
aesthetic %ased on psychological9emotional e:change& -he primary society is a
psychological9emotional whole %ecause o" the su%conscious social %ond related to "ace-
to-"ace interaction& -he solidarity o" a secondary society relies on a uni"orm ideology and
goal& !lthough psychological9emotional e:change ta.es place in %oth societies it is the
%asis o" relation among mem%ers o" the primary society %ut only au:iliary among
mem%ers o" the secondary society where the relation is created and consolidated %y our
shared goals9views and the related social structure&
B+ !chievements and Sel"-!ctuali/ation: i" you have thousands o" wor.ers to %uild a city
according to your design and have this new city as your achievement i" you are
commanding an army with o""icers at all ran.s down to the million o" soldiers and have
this .ind o" li"e as your sel"-actuali/ation you cannot have the same thing in a >oy-
oriented primary society& Dn the other hand nothing prevents you "rom having similar
psychological e:periences %y imagination or %y adventures at the primary society level&
#" you compare the two psychological e:periences one o" the achievements and
sel"-actuali/ation at the secondary society level and one o" the similar psychological
e:periences %y imagination and %y adventures at the primary society level you will "ind
the latter "ull o" pure aesthetic >oy while the "ormer has always inevita%le worries and
responsi%ilities&
Let us consider those thousands o" wor.ers and soldiers do they have the same
"eeling o" achievements and sel"-actuali/ationG -hey may have their own "eeling o"
achievements and sel"-actuali/ation at a much lower level %ut with more "eelings o"
worries and responsi%ilities& ! lot o" them may have nothing %ut negative "eelings&
B Conclusion: -he "ragile "uture o" this planet with its all residential species including
humans relies on the transition "rom a goal-oriented rational li"estyle %ac. to the original
>oy-oriented aesthetic li"estyle namely "ollowing the ancient Chinese -aoist teachings to
ta.e animals as our models o" li"e& #t is e=ually important to shi"t our governmental and
administrative activities at the secondary society level to %alancing and "eeding %ac. %y
computers which will %e more li.e our %ody managing its population o" cells and the
inner environment o" cells& 'Li ())*+
<#<L#DG8!PHY
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Chinese+
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Li You-Sheng&()0(: 3-he !ncient Chinese Super State o" Genetically Coded Primary
Societies and its #mplications "or Modern @emocracy&5 Su%mitted to and accepted %y the
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!llyn and <acon Canada& p*12&
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6niversity Press&
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%y 8& @un%ar C& Jnight and C& Power& Adin%urgh: Adin%urgh 6niversity Press&
$ol"e !& ())0 OHuman natureO in *ncyclo%edia of Sociology p0(CC-CB& New Yor.:
<lac.well&
'-his essay was written "or and accepted %y the -enth Congress o" #S6@ #nternational
Society "or 6niversal @ialogue in ()0C %ut # did not go& You-Sheng Li+