AP Chemistry Name:

Review Questions Period:

Discussion Questions:
1.1 You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to the surface of the
water.
a. hat is inside these bubbles!
i. Air
ii. "ydro#en and o$y#en #as
iii. %$y#en #as
iv. ater va&or
v. Carbon dio$ide #as
b. 's the boilin# of water a chemical or &hysical chan#e! ($&lain.
1.) 'f you &lace a #lass rod over a burnin# candle, the #lass a&&ears to turn blac*. hat is ha&&enin#
to each of the followin# +&hysical chan#e, chemical chan#e, both, or neither, as the candle
burns! ($&lain each answer.
a. -he wa$
b. -he wic*
c. -he #lass rod
1.. hat is wron# with the followin# statement! /-he results of the e$&eriment do not a#ree with
the theory. 0omethin# must be wron# with the e$&eriment.1
1.2 hat data would you need to estimate the money you would s&end on #asoline to drive your car
from New Yor* to Chica#o! Provide estimates of values and a sam&le calculation.
1.3 0*etch two &ieces of #lassware: one that can measure volume to the thousandths &lace and one
that can measure volume only to the ones &lace.
1.4 0*etch a ma#nified view +showin# atoms5 molecules, of each of the followin# and e$&lain:
a. A hetero#eneous mi$ture of two different com&ounds
b. A homo#eneous mi$ture of an element and a com&ound
Questions:
1.6 7or each of the followin# &ieces of #lassware, &rovide a sam&le measurement and discuss the
number of si#nificant fi#ures and uncertainty.
1.8 A student &erformed an analysis of a sam&le for its calcium content and #ot the followin# results:
12.9): 12.91: 12.88: 12.91:
-he actual amount of calcium in the sam&le is 13.6;:. hat conclusion can you draw about
the accuracy and &recision of these results!
1.9 hy is the se&aration of mi$tures into &ure or relatively &ure substance so im&ortant when
&erformin# a chemical analysis!
.;
);
1;
c.
3
2
.
)
1
a.
1;
11
b.
AP Chemistry Name:
Review Questions Period:
Exercises:
Significant Figures and Unit conversions:
1.1 hich of the followin# are e$act numbers!
a. -he elevation of <rec*enrid#e, Colorado, is 9600 ft.
b. -here are 12 e##s in a do=en.
c. %ne yard is e>ual to 0.9144 m.
d. -he announced attendance at a football #ame was 52, 806.
e. 'n 198., 1759 Ph.?.s in chemistry were awarded in the @nited 0tates.
f. -he bud#et deficit of the @.0. #overnment in fiscal year 199; was $269 billion.
1.) hich of the followin# are e$act numbers!
a. -here are 1;; cm in 1 m.
b. %ne meter e>uals 1.;492 yard.
c. e can use the e>uation A7 B 954AC C .) to convert from Celsius to 7ahrenheit
tem&erature. Are the numbers 953 and .) e$act or ine$act!
d. D B ..12139)6
1.. "ow many si#nificant fi#ures are in each of the followin#!
a. 1) 2
b. 1;98 4
c. );;1 4
d. ).;;1$1;
.
4
e. ;.;;;;1;1 3
f. 1.;1$1;
E3
3
#. 1;;;. 4
h. )).;2;.; 7
1.2 "ow many si#nificant fi#ures are in each of the followin#!
a. 1;; 1
b. 1.;$1;
)
2
c. 1.;;$1;
.
3
d. 1;;. 3
e. ;.;;28 2
f. ;.;;28; 3
#. 2.8;$1;
E.
3
h. 2.8;;$1;
E.
4
1.3 @se e$&onential notation to e$&ress the number 28; to
a. one si#nificant fi#ure 5 x 10
2
b. two si#nificant fi#ures 4.8 x 10
2
c. three si#nificant fi#ures 4.80 x 10
2
d. four si#nificant fi#ures 4.800 x 10
2
1.4 Perform the followin# mathematical o&erations, and e$&ress each result to the correct number of
si#nificant fi#ures.
a. 96..81 C 2.)3;) C ;.99193 102.623
b. 161.3 C 6).913 F 8.). 236.2
c. 1.;;912 C ;.861;2 C 1.);1) 3.0814
d. )1.9;1 F 1..)1 F 2.;)13 4.67
1.6 Perform the followin# mathematical o&erations, and e$&ress each result to the correct number of
si#nificant fi#ures.
a. ;.1;) ;.;8)1 )6. 1.;1 2.26
b. ;.12 4.;)) $ 1;
).
8.4 x 10
22
c. 2.; $ 1;
2
3.;)1 $ 1;
E.
6..299. $ 1;
)
1.5 x 10
5
d. ) $ 1;
4
..;; $ 1;
E6
6.67 x 10
12
AP Chemistry Name:
Review Questions Period:
1.8 Perform the followin# mathematical o&erations, and e$&ress each result to the correct number of
si#nificant fi#ures.
a. 2.182 1;;.4) +)3.)6 F )2.14, 467
b. 1;;
9)3 . 8
9;2 . 8 9)3 . 8

0.24
+-his ty&e of calculation is done many times in calculatin# a &ercenta#e error. Assume
that this e$am&le is such a calculationG thus 1;; can be considered to be an e$act
number.,
c. +9.;2 F 8.). C )1.932 C 81.;, ..1214 33.04
d.
;)4 . 2 .)1 . 8
43 . 1;; ) . 9
+

75
e. ;.1432 C ).;6 F ).112 0.12
f. 8.)6+2.986 F 2.94), 0.21
#.
2
163 . . 8 . ) 1 . 2 3 . 9 + + +
4.9
+Assume that this o&eration is ta*in# the avera#e of four numbers. -hus 2 in the
denominator is e$act,
h. 1;;
;)3 . 9
;)2 . 9 ;)3 . 9

+1;; is e$act, 0.01

1.9 Perform the followin# mathematical o&erations, and e$&ress the result to the correct number of
si#nificant fi#ures.
a. 4.;)) $ 1;
).
1.;3 $ 1;
)
6.32 x 10
25
b.
9
8 .2
1; 32 . )
1; 998 . ) 1; 4)4) . 4

x
x x
7.82 x 10
-17
c. 1.)83 $ 1;
E1
C 1.)2 $ 1;
E.
C 1.869 $ 1;
E1
2.020 x 10
-1
d. 1.)83 $ 1;
E1
F 1.)2 $ 1;
E.
1.161 x 10
-2
e.
( )
).
1; ;));3 . 4
;;6)8 . 1 ;;844 . 1

2.29 x 10
-27
f. 1;;
1; 863 . 9
1; 693 . 9 1; 863 . 9
)
) )

+1;; is e$act, 8.1 x 10
-1
#.
.
1; 4)3 . 1 1; ).2 . 8 1; 2) . 9
. ) )
+ +
+. is e$act, 1.130 x 10
3
1.1; Perform each of the followin# conversions.
a. 8.2. cm to millimeters 84.3 mm
b. ).21 $ 1;
)
cm to meters 2.41 m
c. )92.3 nm to centimeters 2.945 x 10
-5
cm
d. 1.223 $ 1;
2
m to *ilometers 14.45 km
e. ).3.. m to millimeters 2.353 x 10
5
mm
AP Chemistry Name:
Review Questions Period:
1.11 Perform the followin# unit conversions.
a. 9;8 o= to *ilo#rams 25.7 kg
b. 1).8 H to #allons 3.38 gal
c. 1)3 mH to >uarts 0.132 qt
d. ).89 #al to milliliters 1.09x10
4
mL
e. 2.28 lb to #rams 2.03x10
3
g
f. 33; mH to >uarts 0.58 qt
1.1) Precious metals and #ems are measured in troy wei#hts in the (n#lish system:
)2 #rains B 1 &ennywei#ht +e$act,
); &ennywei#ht B 1 troy ounce +e$act,
1) troy ounces B 1 troy &ound +e$act,
1 #rain B ;.;428 #ram
1 carat B ;.);; #ram
a. -he most common (n#lish unit of mass is the &ound avoirEdu&ois. hat is one troy
&ound in *ilo#rams and in &ounds! 0.373 kg 0.822 lb
b. hat is the mass of a troy ounce of #old in #rams and in carats! 31.1 g
c. -he density of #old is 19.. #5cm
.
. hat is the volume of a troy &ound of #old! 19.3 cm
3
1.1. You are in Paris and want to buy some &eaches for lunch. -he si#n in the fruit stand indicates
that &eaches are 2.;; (uros &er *ilo#ram. Assumin# that there are 1.2. (uros to the dollar,
calculate what a &ound of &eaches will cost in dollars. $1.59
1.12 A childrenIs &ain relief eli$ir contains 8;. m# acetamino&hen &er ;.3; teas&oon. -he dosa#e
recommended for a child who wei#hs between )2 and .3 lb is 1.3 teas&oons. hat is the
ran#e of acetamino&hen dosa#es, e$&ressed in m# acetamino&hen5*# body wei#ht, for children
who wei#h between )2 and .3 lb! 15 mg 22 mg
Classification and Separation of Matter
1.13 hat is the difference between homo#eneous and hetero#eneous matter! Classify each of the
followin# as homo#eneous or hetero#eneous.
a. 0oil heterogeneo!
b. -he atmos&here heterogeneo!
c. carbonated soft drin* heterogeneo!
d. Jasoline homogeneo!
e. Jold homogeneo!
f. A solution of ethanol and water homogeneo!
1.14 Katch each descri&tion below with the followin# microsco&ic &icture. Kore than one &icture
may fit each descri&tion. A &icture may be used more than once or not used at all.
a. A #aseous com&ound "#
b. A mi$ture of two #aseous
elements #"
c. A solid element #
d. A mi$ture of a #aseous element
and a #aseous com&ound ""

i
vi v
ii iii
iv
AP Chemistry Name:
Review Questions Period:
Classify each of the followin# as a mi$ture or a &ure substance.
e. ater $re !b!tance
f. <lood m"xtre
#. -he oceans m"xtre
h. 'ron $re !b!tance
i. <rass m"xtre
L. @ranium $re !b!tance
*. ine m"xtre
l. Heather m"xtre
m. -able salt +NaCl, $re
1.16 -he &ro&erties of a mi$ture are ty&ically avera#es of the &ro&erties of its com&onents. -he
&ro&erties of a com&ound may differ dramatically from the &ro&erties of the elements that
combine to &roduce the com&ound. 7or each &rocess described below, state whether the
material bein# discussed is most li*ely a mi$ture or a com&ound, and state whether the &rocess
is a chemical chan#e or a &hysical chan#e.
a. An oran#e li>uid is distilled, resultin# in the collection of a yellow li>uid and a red solid.
%"xtre &h'!"cal change
b. A colorless, crystalline solid is decom&osed, yieldin# a &ale yellowE#reen #as and a soft,
shiny metal. (om$on) chem"cal change
c. A cu& of tea becomes sweeter as su#ar is added to it. %"xtre &h'!"cal change
1.18 'n the o&enin# scenes of the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, 'ndiana Mones tries to remove a
#old idol from a boobyEtra&&ed &edestal. "e re&laces the idol with a ba# of sand of
a&&ro$imately e>ual volume. +?ensity of #old B 19..) #5cm
.
G density of sand N ) #5cm
.
.,
a. ?id he have a reasonable chance of not activatin# the massEsensitive booby tra&! *o
+)ol mch hea#"er
b. 'n a later scene he and an unscru&ulous #uide &lay catch with the idol. Assume that the
volume of the idol is about 1.; H. 'f it were solid #old, what mass would the idol have!
's &layin# catch with it &lausible! *o, 40 lb ")ol
1.19 Kany times errors are e$&ressed in terms of &ercenta#e. -he &ercent error is the absolute
value of the difference of the true value and the e$&erimental value, divided by the true value
and multi&lied by 1;;.
1;;
value true
value l e$&ermenta E value true
error Percent =
Calculate the &ercent error for the followin# measurements.
a. -he density of an aluminum bloc* determined in an e$&eriment was ).42 #5cm
.
. +-rue
value ).6; #5cm
.
., 2-
b. -he e$&erimental determination of iron in iron ore was 14.28: +-rue value 14.1) :.,
2.2-
c. A balance measured the mass of a 1.;;E# standard as ;.;9981 #. 0.2-
AP Chemistry Name:
Review Questions Period:
1.); A &erson wei#hed 13 &ennies on a balance and recorded the followin# masses:
..11) # ..1;9 # ..;39 #
).246 # ..;69 # ).318 #
..1)9 # ).323 # ..;3; #
..;3. # ..;32 # ..;6) #
..;81 # ..1.1 # ..;42 #
Curious about the results, he loo*ed at the dates on each &enny. -wo of the li#ht &ennies were
minted in 198. and one in 198). -he dates on the 1) heavier &ennies ran#ed from 196; to
198). -wo of the 1) heavier &ennies were minted in 198)
a. ?o thin* the <ureau of the Kint chan#ed the way it made &ennies! ($&lain. .e!, ma!!e!
#er' )"//erent
b. -he &erson calculated the avera#e mass of the heavy &ennies. "e e$&ressed this avera#e
as ..;8)8# O;.;28) #. hat is wron# with the numbers in this result, and how should the
value be e$&ressed! 3.08 01- 0.05 g
Marathon Problems
1.)1 A cylindrical bar of #old that is 1.3 inches hi#h and ;.)3 inches in diameter has a mass of
)..1982#, as determined on an analytical balance. An em&ty #raduated cylinder is wei#hed on
a tri&leEbeam balance and has a mass of 6..26 #. After &ourin# a small amount of a li>uid into
the #raduated cylinder, the mass is 69.14 #. hen the #old cylinder is &laced in the #raduated
cylinder +the li>uid covers the to& of the #old cylinder,, the volume indicated on the #raduated
cylinder is 8.3 mH. Assume that the tem&erature of the #old bar and the li>uid are 84A7. 'f the
density of the li>uid decreases by 1.;: for each 1; AC rise in tem&erature +over the ran#e ; to
3;AC,, determine
a. -he density of the #old at 84 A7
b. -he density of the #old at 2; A7