tafila technical university

Faculty engineering


Exp. Name: Metallurgical microscope.

Name: Mohammad Nashat Abu-Sabbah .

Lecturer name: Eng. Mohannad Tamimi .

Date of doing this exp. : 19/10/2014.



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1. Objectives :

1. To recognize the types of microscope and their uses.
2. To have knowledge about what are the metallurgical microscopes consist of.
3. To know the main difference between the metallurgical microscopes and others
microscopes especially the medical microscopes
2. Introduction
Sometimes we need to know the internal structure for some metals that we cannot see it in our
eye or in manual magnifications. So we have to get a machine that we can check these samples.
This machine is known as the microscopes which magnify these samples to 100X and more.
2.1. Microscopes

There are many types of these microscopes; there is the biological microscope, the electronic
microscope, the metallurgical microscope and others. In our experiment we will know more about
the metallurgical microscopes but before that.


Figure 1: Schematic Representation of microscope types.


2.1.1. Electronic Microscope

Is a microscope that uses accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. Because the
wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light
photons.
Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological
and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples,
metals, and crystals. Industrially, the electron microscope is often used for quality control
and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs, using
specialized digital cameras or frame grabbers to capture the image.



Figure 2: Electronic microscope


2.1.2. Optical Microscope

Optical microscopes, through their use of visible wavelengths of light, are the simplest and
hence most widely used type of microscope.
Optical microscopes typically use refractive lenses of glass and occasionally of plastic or
quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes
operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible
range light, is up to 1500x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.2 micrometers or
200 nanometers. Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy) may exceed
this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited. Using shorter wavelengths of
light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the microscope
as are techniques such as Near-field scanning optical microscope.


Figure 3: Optical microscope

2.1.2.1. Biological Microscopes

Biological microscopes are used to study organisms and their vital processes. Microscopes
used in this field range widely, from relatively simple optical microscopes to very advanced
imaging systems used in cell research, forensic medicine, and state-of-the-art high resolution
molecular studies.
The most common biological microscopes are compound microscopes used for viewing very
small specimens such as cells, pond life samples, and other microscopic life forms, inverted
microscopes, which are better for looking through thick specimens, such as dishes of cultured
cells, because the lenses can get closer to the bottom of the dish


Figure 4: Biological Microscope
2.1.2.2. Metallurgical Microscopes

An instrument capable of producing a magnified image of a small objects especially the
surfaces of the metals. Used for metallurgical inspection including metals, ceramics and other
materials.
As we said, the metallurgical microscope is used to studying the metallic samples and to
know the internal structure for this metal.
After preparing the sample, it's placed on the table of the microscope, and then the light
source is turned on to reach the surface of the sample and reflect. After setting the
magnification magnitude, we move the table to reach the region that we want to check. Then
setting the instrument that makes the image more clearness .


Figure 5: metallurgical microscope

Metallurgical microscopes are used as measuring instruments for measuring thin films and
electroplating coatings, inclusions, surface defects, and grain size. We provide eyepiece
reticules and stage micrometers for calibrating. We also provide microscopy accessories such
as attachments for microscope photography including digital camera microscope
attachments, video cameras for viewing on a monitor, as well as USB computer connected
digital video microscope cameras.


Figure 6: Principle metallurgical microscope
3. Equipment
The metallurgical microscopes have two Eye lens and five Objective lens .
The magnification of the eye lens is 10x, and 5x, 10x, 20x, 50x, 100x in the objective lens.
The general range for the magnification is 20x to 2000x, and in the metallurgical
microscopes is 50x (minimum) to 1000x (max).


4. Results and Discussion

Table 1: Comparison between types of microscopes.
Difference Metallurgical Microscopes Biological Microscopes
Design The light and lenses are in the
same position relative to the
table.
The light and lenses are in different sites
relative to the table.
Uses For metal , ceramics and other
materials.
Examination of blood and skin species
(Medical use ).
The
magnification
range

40X-1600X

40X-1000X


5. References

1. Kenneth, spring; Keller, H. Ernst; Davidson, Michael W. "Microscope objectives".
2. www.olympus-ims.com
3. www.substech.com
4. www.studymode.com
5. Erni, Rolf; Rossell, MD; Kisielowski, C; Dahmen, U (2009). "Atomic-Resolution Imaging
with a Sub-50-pm Electron, Probe". Physical Review Letters 102 (9).