INTRODUCTION TO

FLUID MECHANICS
Benno Rahardyan
Marisa Handajani
Haryo Satrio Tomo
Fluids Properties
Fluids vs. solids
Density
Compresibilty
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Pressure
Motivasi
Pola, Perilaku, Interaksi
?
Definition of a Fluid
A fluid is a substance that flows under the action of shearing
forces. If a fluid is at rest, we know that the forces on it are in
balance.
A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed. It fills any vessel in
which it is contained.
A liquid is a fluid which is hard to compress. A given mass of
liquid will occupy a fixed volume, irrespective of the size of
the container.
A free surface is formed as a boundary between a liquid and a
gas above it.

Shear : A force acting in a direction parallel to a surface or to a
planar cross section of a body.
Density
The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit
volume. It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .
=
V
m
3
kgm
-3

If the density is constant (most liquids), the flow is
incompressible.
If the density varies significantly (eg some gas
flows), the flow is compressible.
(Although gases are easy to compress, the flow may be treated as
incompressible if there are no large pressure fluctuations)

water
= 998 kgm
-3

air
=1.2kgm
-3
kg
m
Exercise 1
The specific weight of water at ordinary pressure and
temperature is 9.81 kN/m3. The specific gravity of mercury
is 13.56. Compute the density of water and specific weight
and density of mercury
Compressibility
Compressibility :
change in volume due
to change in pressure

For liquid is a function
of P, T

Liquid compressibility
is inversely
proportional to its
volume modulus of
elasticity

dp
d d
dp
E
|
.
|

\
|
= =
u
u
u
u
u
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas
Kompresibilitas Gas Ideal
E

= np
Proses isotermal n = 1 E

= p
Proses isentropik n = k E

= kp

Note:
Gas ideal : gas yang memiliki panas spesifik yang konstan (Cp dan Cv) dan
mengikuti aturan:
P/ = P = RT
=g = gP/RT
R = 287 N.m/(kg.K) = 287 m
2
/s
2
.K

Gas real (non gas ideal):
Panas spesifik bervariasi dalam perbedaan temperatur, sehingga:
P/ = P = zRT
R
o
= zRM
z= faktor kemampuamampatan yang tergantung pada tekanan dan temperatur.
Fluida Ideal
Fluida tanpa friksi (inviscid) viskositas = 0

Gaya internal pada setiap bagian selalu normal pada
bagian tersebut bahkan selama bergerak.

Gaya semata-mata gaya tekan

Kenyataan tidak ada tapi banyak fluida yang
mendekati tanpa friksi pada tertentu pada jarak
tertentu dari boundaries

Bisa dianggap fluida ideal.

Fluida Real
Memiliki gaya tangensial/geser pada saat ada gerakan relatif
terhadap bidang FRIKSI

Gaya berlawanan dengan gerakan partikel

Gaya geser inilah yang menjadi prinsip sifat fluida :
viskositas/kekentalan

Punya tegangan geser tertentu untuk dapat digerakan
berubah sejalan dengan laju deformasi
viskositas tidak berubah dengan laju deformasi
Viskositas
Suatu ukuran tahanan untuk bergeser atau deformasi
angular

Gaya kohesi berkurang bila T; gaya kohesi
lebih dominan dalam cairan
Gerakan molekul antar lapisan
(momentum) meningkat bila T ada
geseran dan friksi antar lapisan
Viskositas
Viskositas
Viskositas
Viskositas
Pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is
perpendicular to the area.
p=
A
m
2

Nm
-2
(Pa)
N
F
This is the Absolute pressure, the pressure compared to
a vacuum.
p
a
= 10
5
Nm
-2

1psi =6895Pa

The pressure measured in your tyres is the gauge pressure,
p-p
a
.
Pressure
Pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions
Pressure in a static liquid increases linearly with depth
Ap=
increase in
depth (m)
pressure
increase
g A h
The pressure at a given depth in a continuous, static body of
liquid is constant.
p
1

p
2

p
3
p
1
= p
2
= p
3
Measuring pressure (1)
Manometers
h
p
1

p
2
=p
a

liquid
density
x
y
z
p
1
= p
x

p
x
= p
y

p
z
= p
2
= p
a

(negligible pressure
change in a gas)
(since they are at
the same height)
p
y
- p
z
= gh
p
1
- p
a
= gh
So a manometer measures gauge pressure.
Measuring Pressure (2)
Barometers
A barometer is used to measure
the pressure of the atmosphere.
The simplest type of barometer
consists of a column of fluid.
p
1
= 0 vacuum
h
p
2
= p
a
p
2
- p
1
= gh
p
a
= gh
examples
water: h = p
a
/g =10
5
/(10
3
*9.8) ~10m
mercury: h = p
a
/g =10
5
/(13.4*10
3
*9.8)
~800mm
Tegangan Permukaan
Metode Pengukuran
Metode Pengukuran
Metode Pengukuran