Reading Texts Questions 1- 2 The following is the table of contents of a book: No CONTENTS Page 1. Dynamic Technology 11 2. Technological Employment and Unemployment 19 3 Education, Skills, and The Working Life 27 4 Run Over by Technology? 36 5 Possible futures 44
Content-rich readings in areas such as marketing, international business, management and computer applications serve as springboard for text analysis, classification, writing, information transfer, and the contextualization and development of vocabulary. Level: High intermediate to advanced Features: Task-based, integrated activities introduce real-life business situations. Updated readings, graphs, charts, and supplementary activities prepare students for work in the business world. Appendices, including business cases and guidelines on the case-study method, provide a rich and varied learning environment
Questions 8 Many superstitions are so widespread and so old that they must have risen from a depth of human mind that is indifferent to race or creed. Orthodox Jews place a charm on their doorposts; so do (or did) the Chinese. Some peoples of Middle Europe believe that when a man sneezes, his soul, for that moment is absent from his body, and they hasten to bless him, lest he should be seized by the Devil. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? Superstition seems to have a link with some body or belief that far antedates the religions we knowreligions which have no place for such comforting little ceremonies and charities.
Questions 9 What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. For example, it usually contains artificial colors, flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run, may cause cancer. In addition, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most important junk food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy. (Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie")
Questions 10-13 There are some differences between basket ball and soccer. In scoring, for example, basket ball players use their hands to throw the ball. They must use their hands. They can also throw the ball to other players. It is necessary for them to be able to jump high for the ball and throw it high. For this reason, good basketball players are usually very tall. In contrast, soccer players can score by kicking the ball or by hitting it with some other part of their body or head, but they cannot throw the ball for a score. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet
Questions 14-17 We know that crystals store and conduct energy, but, what can we do with them for our benefits? It is true that one type of them is used to activate watches, computers, and radios. But is that all that we can benefit? The answer to this question can be related to the fact that today some people believe that crystals can also store and conduct the invisible energy around our bodies. They say this energy may make us feel calmer and more relaxed. This may or may not be true, but it is true that hospitals are using crystal-based technology. They use crystals in machines to help them find and cure illnesses.
Questions 18 Happiness is a very complex emotion that can be felt in many ways. It can come from the senses: the sight of a smile on a childs face, the smell of flowers in the air, the feeling of the sun on ones face, or the sound of music. Happiness can also come from basic necessities such as food for the hungry, a blanket for the cold, and a drink for the thirsty. More lasting emotions can give rise to happiness, too for example, love of parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife, and love of all mankind. In essence, happiness seems to result from being in accord with life and its experiences. When such happiness is achieved, it can bring great peace of mind.
Questions 19 Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The sun was dazzling his half-open eyes, and he couldn't figure out what time it was. The door to his room was closed; the house was immersed in some sort of reckless silence. He slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right next to the window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming from the attic. Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed to be somewhat closer. He looked outside the window and saw a man going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man approached his garden's fence and whistled. At this point Larry recognized Nick and waved his hand.
Questions 20 Writers commit plagiarism every time they reword sources without crediting original authors or fail to reference their sources appropriately. Plagiarism through paraphrasing can happen in two cases. First, writer may choose to substitute some words from the original with different vocabulary, rearrange words, or rearrange the whole paragraph. In this way., he or she presents stolen information expressing it with his or her own words. And second, writer may try to use exactly the same vocabulary and stylistic constructions and use them with respect to another context. Plagiarism occurs in both cases.
Questions 21 UV intensity is not the most important factor in skin cancer fatalities. While residents of Colorado (mean elevation of 2.1 km) have always been subjected to the highest UV intensities in the United States, Colorado has one of the lowest skin cancer fatality rates of all the states. In contrast, England, which has much lower UV intensities has a death rate from skin cancer 25% higher than it is in Colorado. Evidence is strong that UV intensity is not the principal factor in determining the skin cancer death rate. Genetic factors, skin pigmentation, behavioral characteristics, medical facilities, broad straw hats, and sun screen lotion all have some influence on skin cancer fatalities.
Questions 22 The whole Hindu population of India can be divided into four castes or vama. The highest of these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests. The next highest is the vama of the warriors, known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste. Below this comes the Vaishya or merchant caste and the lowest caste is known as the Sidra caste. While castes are traditionally associated with a type of occupation, in modem India, occupations are not a reliable guide to caste.
Questions 23-29 What happens when you smoke a cigarette? In just three seconds a cigarette makes your heart beat faster and shoots your blood pressure up. It replaces oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide and leaves cancer-causing chemicals to spread through your body. As the cigarettes add up, the damage adds up. It's the total amount of smoking that causes the trouble. The younger you start smoking, the greater the danger will be. For instance, if you're fifteen, you will have smoked many more cigarettes by the time you're thirty than someone who started at twenty. And people who start young tend to become heavy smokers. Heavy smokers run a greater risk. Again, the more cigarettes you smoke, the faster they add up. You are still young. The younger you are, the easier it is to quit. It takes years to develop a real cigarette habit. So even if you think you are hooked, chances are you're not. If you quit now, you will never be sorry. Your body will repair half. Food will taste better. Everything will smell better (including your hair and your clothes). And don't let anyone tell you stories about gaining weight. Haven't you ever seen a fat smoker? If you have the willpower to quit smoking, you have the willpower not to overeat. It is as simple as that. You know what you've got to look forward to. You can grow into a truly free woman, or you can ruin yourself for life. The only one who can make the choice is you.
Questions 30-33 The boysenberry is a very large bramble fruit that is deep purplish-blue in color. It is usually considered a variety of blackberry. This type of fruit is a relatively recent addition to the family of fruits- It was developed in Napa, California, in the 1920s by Rudolph Boysen. Today it is grown chiefly in the United States, in the South and Southwest and a" the Pacific Coast Walter Knott saw real commercial possibilities for this fruit that Boysen had created, and he devoted himself to developing the boysenberry as a business. Knott worked on commercial cultivation of the berry as well as on a variety of products containing the fruit. It was the boysenberry that became the primary berry in Knott's successful commercial venture Knott's Berry Farm.
Questions 34-39 Water is an essential component of all living matter. The body itself consists of more than 70% water. Water is necessary for weathering processes that _(34)_ rock to soil and for the transport of soil nutrients to plants. In the form of vapor, it provides (35) for us against the harmful radiations from outer space and fl-e chilling temperatures at night Water is so much a part of our daily lives _(36) we take all this for granted, we drink it, wash with it, use it to dispose of our waste products and for _(37)_ other domestic purposes. The widest use of water in some countries is for irrigation. The farmers grow rice _(38)_ to satisfy the need for this staple food. _(39)_, with the programmer's priority being to increase rice production, the heavy use of water for agriculture will continue in the future. 1. Based on the table above, which of the following would be the most likely title of the book? 1. The Future of Education 2. Skills and Employment 3. Dynamic Life 4. Living with Technology 2. In which part of the book is this text usually located? 1. Body 2. Back Matter 3. Appendices 4. Preface 3. Separatist Tamil Tiger rebels blamed Colombo for the killing of two Tamils who were shot in Paris on October 27. (What is the heading?) 1. Killing in Paris 2. No Seats, No Support 3. Risky Remark 4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 5. Jobs are not permanent 6. Labor Payment 4. Thousands of workers took to the streets in Seoul on November 24 in reaction to comments by Labor Minister Jin Nyum that Seoul would overhaul controversial laws curbing union power by yearend.(What is the heading?) 1. Risky Remark 2. Killing in Paris 3. Jobs are not permanent 4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 5. Labor Payment 6. No Seats, No Support 5. Washington won't support expanding the United Nations Security Council unless Germany and Japan are given permanent seats, the American deputy ambassador to the UN said. 1. Jobs are not permanent 2. Labor Payment 3. Risky Remark 4. Killing in Paris 5. No Seats, No Support 6. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 6. Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and seasonal. Over two thirds of the labor force in Chile is now employed on a temporary basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector. 1. Jobs are not permanent 2. Labor Payment 3. Killing in Paris 4. No Seats, No Support 5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 6. Risky Remark 7. In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day-, one hectare (2.5 acres) of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under 35.000. 1. No Seats, No Support 2. Jobs are not permanent 3. Risky Remark 4. Killing in Paris 5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 8. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Problem-solution 2. Question-answer 3. Topic-discussion 9. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Question-answer 2. Topic-discussion 3. Problem-solution 10. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Question-answer 2. Problem-solution 3. Topic-discussion 11. Which of the following is the best main idea for the paragraph? 1. Soccer is different from basket ball in several ways. 2. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet 3. Basket ball players can throw the ball to other players. 4. Throwing the ball high is allowed in basket ball. 12. The topic sentence is located............. of the paragraph. 1. at the beginning 2. within 3. at both the beginning and the end 4. at the end 13. What is the method of development of the above paragraph? 1. Comparison-Contrast 2. General analysis 3. Cause and Effect 4. Process 14. What is the paragraph pattern of the above paragraph? 1. Question-Answer 2. Problem-Solution 3. Topic discussion 15. The topic sentence is placed ................ of the paragraph. 1. at both the beginning and the end 2. within 3. at the end 4. at the beginning 16. The main idea of the above paragraph is .......... 1. Crystals can be used for maintaining human's health. 2. Crystals have played an important role in the history of humans. 3. Crystals are used in computers, watches, radios, and medical equipment 4. Crystals store and conduct energy. 17. What is the method of development of the above paragraph? 1. Cause and Effect 2. Comparison-Contrast 3. Illustration/example 4. General analysis 18. What method of development does the writer use for the above paragraph? 1. Definition 2. Process analysis 3. Narration 4. Illustration 19. What method of development does the writer use? 1. Definition 2. Narration 3. General analysis 4. Illustration 20. What method of development do the writers use ? 1. Narration 2. Description 3. Classification 4. Illustration 21. What method of development do the writers use? 1. Argument 2. Illustration 3. Description 4. Definition 22. What method of development do the writers use? 1. Description 2. Classification 3. Definition 4. Illustration 23. According to the article, smokong ..... 1. kill white blod cells 2. raises blood pressure 3. causes dizziness 4. kill red blood cells 24. The author points out that giving up smoking requires ..... 1. willpower 2. patience 3. custom 4. courage 25. This article is mostly about .... 1. the connection between smoking and growing 2. giving up smoking 3. smoking for killing time 4. attitudes toward smoking 26. The author implies that a person who gives up smoking ...... 1. gains weight easily 2. enjoys food more 3. is more energetic 4. sleeps more soundly 27. Based on the text, we can conclude that ...... 1. the odor of smoke clings to cloth 2. smoking affects attitude 3. cigarettes are more popular than cigars and pipes 4. smoking can cause common cold 28. According to the passage, smoking is easiest for someone who is .... 1. seventeen years old 2. sixty years old 3. forty years old 4. twenty years old 29. Based on the text, it can be concluded that ...... 1. smoking effects comes at age fifty 2. cigarette sales have declined in the past few years. 3. illnesses and smoking are often related. 4. cancer kills more people than any other disease 30. The subject of this passage is ..... 1. various types of blackberries 2. Walter Knott's early life 3. Rudolph Boysen's career 4. a type of fruit 31. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage about the boysenberry? 1. It is very sweet 2. It has brambles 3. It has a dark color. 4. It is big. 32. It can be inferred from the passage that the boysenberry ..... 1. was developed by Walter Knott. 2. did not exist a century ago. 3. could not be grown commercially. 4. is unrelated to the blackberry. 33. According to the passage, Walter Knott developed a number of ..... 1. types of farms 2. areas in Napa 3. boysenberry products 4. types of fruit crops 34. ....... 1. convertible 2. converter 3. conversion 4. convert 5. converting 35. ....... 1. protectively 2. protect 3. protective 4. protection 5. protector 36. ..... 1. how 2. that 3. when 4. where 5. which 37. ..... 1. hopeless 2. harmless 3. matchless 4. useless 5. countless 38. ..... 1. broadly 2. extensively 3. largely 4. abundantly 5. widely 39. ..... 1. Gradually 2. Consequently 3. Nevertheless 4. Moreover 5. However 40. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. The absent minded professor loses his keys, his book and his spectacles almost every day. 1. forgetful 2. ignorant 3. lazy 4. idel 41. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. The dispute between those who want to legalize marijuana and those who do not has been going on for years. 1. argument 2. discussion 3. theory 4. addiction 42. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. When My grandma was sick, her voice was almost inaudible. We couldn't hear what she was trying to say clearly. 1. very loud 2. easy listening 3. strange or uncommon 4. hard to hear 43. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. Despite the high number of sale, the apples we have harvested last week remain abundant. Ifs better if we start exporting. 1. plentiful 2. insufficient 3. delicious 4. full 44. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. On February 20, 1943, a small fissure opened up in a cornfield, and steam and lava began erupting from it as a mountain was born. 1. stress 2. crack 3. leakage 4. explosion 45. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. According to the traditional view of conflict is detrimental to an organization. This can,- of course, add up the risks in running the organization. 1. beneficial 2. ineffective 3. harmful 4. advantageous Reading Practice 2 Quiz Business and ethics Case study: James Carston, Fine Shirtmakers
Set up in the 1920s by James Carston, a Manchester tailor, the company has remained in the family and is now run by James grandson, Paul Carston. Employing fewer than 50 people, the company has a reputation for producing high-quality mens shirts, which it sells by mail order, and has a loyal customer base. As Paul Carston says: Once someone has tried our shirts, they tend to come back for more. Our customers appreciate the attention to detail and the high-quality fabric we use. And its the fabric they now use that makes the company exceptional in the world of mens shirt manufacturers.
When Paul Carston took over running the company in 1999, he inherited a business that prided itself on using local, well-paid machinists rather than sweatshop labour, and looked upon its employees as members of an extended family. Paul, a committed environmentalist, felt that the company fitted in well with his values. The shirts were made from 100 per cent cotton, and as Paul says: Its a completely natural fibre, so you would think it was environmentally sound. Then Paul read a magazine article about fair trade and cotton producers. He was devastated to read that the cotton industry is a major source of pollution, and that the synthetic fertilisers used to produce cotton are finding their way into the food chain.
Paul takes up the story. I investigated our suppliers, and sure enough found that they were producing cotton on an industrial scale using massive amounts of chemicals. Then I looked into organic cotton suppliers, and found an organisation of Indian farmers who worked together to produce organic cotton on a fair trade basis. Organic cotton is considerably more expensive than conventionally produced cotton, so I did the sums. I discovered that if we were prepared to take a cut in profits, we would need to add only a couple of pounds to the price of each shirt to cover the extra costs. The big risk, of course, was whether our customers would pay extra for organic cotton.
Paul did some research into the ethical clothing market and discovered that although there were several companies producing casual clothing such as T-shirts in organic cotton, there was a gap in the market for smart mens shirts. He decided to take the plunge and switch entirely to organic cotton. He wrote to all his customers explaining the reasons for the change, and at the same time the company set up a website so they could sell the shirts on the internet. The response was encouraging. Although they lost some of their regular customers, they gained a whole customer base looking for formal shirts made from organic cotton, and the company is going from strength to strength. 1. Comprehension: Summary. Look at these summaries of the text. Which is the best summary? 1. Began trading in 1923 and has always been a family business; has always paid its employees well; now produces mens shirts using organic cotton 2. Began trading in 1919 and was sold to Paul Carston in 1999; stopped using sweatshop labour in 1999; now produces T-shirts in organic cotton 3. Began trading in 1999 and set up by Paul Carston; all employees are members of his family; produces formal and casual mens clothes in organic cotton 2. James Carston was Pauls grandfather. 1. True 2. False 3. The company has over 50 employees. 1. True 2. False 4. The shirts are sold in shops. 1. True 2. False 5. When Paul started running the company, he immediately decided to change to organic cotton. 1. True 2. False 6. Conventionally produced cotton is cheaper than organic cotton. 1. True 2. False 7. The company didnt lose any customers when they changed to organic cotton. 1. True 2. False Previewing Quiz Previewing Questions 1-3 Read the following text and answer the questions
Many nurses lack proficiency in medical terminology, common phrases, and particularly, expressions used in everyday work in a hospital where foreign patients are hospitalized. In the past, there was no manual to guide health care workers. This manual, compiled by experts and foreign nurses who fully understand the terminology from years of experience, was designed to help you get started in your work in hospitals.
Questions 4-5 Look at the following part of a book. A Alternations of generations, 50 Antibodies, 64, 116 Asexual reproduction, 4, 315 Attached-X females, 353 B Balance theory of sex determination, 306, 341 Binomial probabilities, 391. Blood groups in man. 115, 116, 279, C Carcinogens, 239 Cytogenetics, 55 D Darwinian fitness, 247 Developmental genetics, 326, 339 Discordance in twins, 135 Dominant defects, 250 Double-cross method, 256 Double fertilization, 50, 53 Duplicate genes, 101 E Endomitosis, 192 Eye colors, 63 1. The above text is taken from . 1. Blurb 2. Introduction 3. Appendix 4. Index 2. In which part of the book can you find the above text? 1. Front cover 2. Back matter 3. Body 4. Front matter 3. From the text, can you guess what the best title of the book is? 1. English for Students of Nursing 2. English Language Manual for Health Care Personnel 3. English for Health Care Workers 4. English Used by Doctors 4. What is the most likely title of the book? 1. Introduction to Biology 2. Principle of Genetics 3. The Darwinian Theory 4. Twins Complexities 5. If you want to write an article on the effect of abnormalities of particular genes, you can look at page ________ . 1. 116 2. 250 3. 391 4. 306 Test Yourself 1
Choose the best answer! Reading Texts Questions 1- 2 The following is the table of contents of a book: No CONTENTS Page 1. Dynamic Technology 11 2. Technological Employment and Unemployment 19 3 Education, Skills, and The Working Life 27 4 Run Over by Technology? 36 5 Possible futures 44
Content-rich readings in areas such as marketing, international business, management and computer applications serve as springboard for text analysis, classification, writing, information transfer, and the contextualization and development of vocabulary. Level: High intermediate to advanced Features: Task-based, integrated activities introduce real-life business situations. Updated readings, graphs, charts, and supplementary activities prepare students for work in the business world. Appendices, including business cases and guidelines on the case-study method, provide a rich and varied learning environment
Questions 8 Many superstitions are so widespread and so old that they must have risen from a depth of human mind that is indifferent to race or creed. Orthodox Jews place a charm on their doorposts; so do (or did) the Chinese. Some peoples of Middle Europe believe that when a man sneezes, his soul, for that moment is absent from his body, and they hasten to bless him, lest he should be seized by the Devil. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? Superstition seems to have a link with some body or belief that far antedates the religions we knowreligions which have no place for such comforting little ceremonies and charities.
Questions 9 What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. For example, it usually contains artificial colors, flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run, may cause cancer. In addition, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most important junk food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy. (Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie")
Questions 10-13 There are some differences between basket ball and soccer. In scoring, for example, basket ball players use their hands to throw the ball. They must use their hands. They can also throw the ball to other players. It is necessary for them to be able to jump high for the ball and throw it high. For this reason, good basketball players are usually very tall. In contrast, soccer players can score by kicking the ball or by hitting it with some other part of their body or head, but they cannot throw the ball for a score. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet
Questions 14-17 We know that crystals store and conduct energy, but, what can we do with them for our benefits? It is true that one type of them is used to activate watches, computers, and radios. But is that all that we can benefit? The answer to this question can be related to the fact that today some people believe that crystals can also store and conduct the invisible energy around our bodies. They say this energy may make us feel calmer and more relaxed. This may or may not be true, but it is true that hospitals are using crystal-based technology. They use crystals in machines to help them find and cure illnesses.
Questions 18 Happiness is a very complex emotion that can be felt in many ways. It can come from the senses: the sight of a smile on a childs face, the smell of flowers in the air, the feeling of the sun on ones face, or the sound of music. Happiness can also come from basic necessities such as food for the hungry, a blanket for the cold, and a drink for the thirsty. More lasting emotions can give rise to happiness, too for example, love of parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife, and love of all mankind. In essence, happiness seems to result from being in accord with life and its experiences. When such happiness is achieved, it can bring great peace of mind.
Questions 19 Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The sun was dazzling his half-open eyes, and he couldn't figure out what time it was. The door to his room was closed; the house was immersed in some sort of reckless silence. He slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right next to the window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming from the attic. Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed to be somewhat closer. He looked outside the window and saw a man going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man approached his garden's fence and whistled. At this point Larry recognized Nick and waved his hand.
Questions 20 Writers commit plagiarism every time they reword sources without crediting original authors or fail to reference their sources appropriately. Plagiarism through paraphrasing can happen in two cases. First, writer may choose to substitute some words from the original with different vocabulary, rearrange words, or rearrange the whole paragraph. In this way., he or she presents stolen information expressing it with his or her own words. And second, writer may try to use exactly the same vocabulary and stylistic constructions and use them with respect to another context. Plagiarism occurs in both cases.
Questions 21 UV intensity is not the most important factor in skin cancer fatalities. While residents of Colorado (mean elevation of 2.1 km) have always been subjected to the highest UV intensities in the United States, Colorado has one of the lowest skin cancer fatality rates of all the states. In contrast, England, which has much lower UV intensities has a death rate from skin cancer 25% higher than it is in Colorado. Evidence is strong that UV intensity is not the principal factor in determining the skin cancer death rate. Genetic factors, skin pigmentation, behavioral characteristics, medical facilities, broad straw hats, and sun screen lotion all have some influence on skin cancer fatalities.
Questions 22 The whole Hindu population of India can be divided into four castes or vama. The highest of these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests. The next highest is the vama of the warriors, known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste. Below this comes the Vaishya or merchant caste and the lowest caste is known as the Sidra caste. While castes are traditionally associated with a type of occupation, in modem India, occupations are not a reliable guide to caste.
Questions 23-29 What happens when you smoke a cigarette? In just three seconds a cigarette makes your heart beat faster and shoots your blood pressure up. It replaces oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide and leaves cancer-causing chemicals to spread through your body. As the cigarettes add up, the damage adds up. It's the total amount of smoking that causes the trouble. The younger you start smoking, the greater the danger will be. For instance, if you're fifteen, you will have smoked many more cigarettes by the time you're thirty than someone who started at twenty. And people who start young tend to become heavy smokers. Heavy smokers run a greater risk. Again, the more cigarettes you smoke, the faster they add up. You are still young. The younger you are, the easier it is to quit. It takes years to develop a real cigarette habit. So even if you think you are hooked, chances are you're not. If you quit now, you will never be sorry. Your body will repair half. Food will taste better. Everything will smell better (including your hair and your clothes). And don't let anyone tell you stories about gaining weight. Haven't you ever seen a fat smoker? If you have the willpower to quit smoking, you have the willpower not to overeat. It is as simple as that. You know what you've got to look forward to. You can grow into a truly free woman, or you can ruin yourself for life. The only one who can make the choice is you.
Questions 30-33 The boysenberry is a very large bramble fruit that is deep purplish-blue in color. It is usually considered a variety of blackberry. This type of fruit is a relatively recent addition to the family of fruits- It was developed in Napa, California, in the 1920s by Rudolph Boysen. Today it is grown chiefly in the United States, in the South and Southwest and a" the Pacific Coast Walter Knott saw real commercial possibilities for this fruit that Boysen had created, and he devoted himself to developing the boysenberry as a business. Knott worked on commercial cultivation of the berry as well as on a variety of products containing the fruit. It was the boysenberry that became the primary berry in Knott's successful commercial venture Knott's Berry Farm.
Questions 34-39 Water is an essential component of all living matter. The body itself consists of more than 70% water. Water is necessary for weathering processes that _(34)_ rock to soil and for the transport of soil nutrients to plants. In the form of vapor, it provides (35) for us against the harmful radiations from outer space and fl-e chilling temperatures at night Water is so much a part of our daily lives _(36) we take all this for granted, we drink it, wash with it, use it to dispose of our waste products and for _(37)_ other domestic purposes. The widest use of water in some countries is for irrigation. The farmers grow rice _(38)_ to satisfy the need for this staple food. _(39)_, with the programmer's priority being to increase rice production, the heavy use of water for agriculture will continue in the future. 1. Based on the table above, which of the following would be the most likely title of the book? 1. The Future of Education 2. Dynamic Life 3. Living with Technology 4. Skills and Employment 2. In which part of the book is this text usually located? 1. Back Matter 2. Preface 3. Appendices 4. Body 3. Separatist Tamil Tiger rebels blamed Colombo for the killing of two Tamils who were shot in Paris on October 27. (What is the heading?) 1. Labor Payment 2. No Seats, No Support 3. Risky Remark 4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 5. Jobs are not permanent 6. Killing in Paris 4. Thousands of workers took to the streets in Seoul on November 24 in reaction to comments by Labor Minister Jin Nyum that Seoul would overhaul controversial laws curbing union power by yearend.(What is the heading?) 1. Labor Payment 2. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 3. Risky Remark 4. Jobs are not permanent 5. No Seats, No Support 6. Killing in Paris 5. Washington won't support expanding the United Nations Security Council unless Germany and Japan are given permanent seats, the American deputy ambassador to the UN said. 1. Labor Payment 2. Risky Remark 3. Killing in Paris 4. No Seats, No Support 5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 6. Jobs are not permanent 6. Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and seasonal. Over two thirds of the labor force in Chile is now employed on a temporary basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector. 1. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 2. Risky Remark 3. Killing in Paris 4. Jobs are not permanent 5. Labor Payment 6. No Seats, No Support 7. In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day-, one hectare (2.5 acres) of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under 35.000. 1. Risky Remark 2. No Seats, No Support 3. Jobs are not permanent 4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers 5. Killing in Paris 8. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Question-answer 2. Topic-discussion 3. Problem-solution 9. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Question-answer 2. Topic-discussion 3. Problem-solution 10. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Problem-solution 2. Topic-discussion 3. Question-answer 11. Which of the following is the best main idea for the paragraph? 1. Basket ball players can throw the ball to other players. 2. Soccer is different from basket ball in several ways. 3. Throwing the ball high is allowed in basket ball. 4. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet 12. The topic sentence is located............. of the paragraph. 1. at the end 2. at both the beginning and the end 3. within 4. at the beginning 13. What is the method of development of the above paragraph? 1. Cause and Effect 2. Process 3. General analysis 4. Comparison-Contrast 14. What is the paragraph pattern of the above paragraph? 1. Topic discussion 2. Problem-Solution 3. Question-Answer 15. The topic sentence is placed ................ of the paragraph. 1. at both the beginning and the end 2. at the end 3. within 4. at the beginning 16. The main idea of the above paragraph is .......... 1. Crystals can be used for maintaining human's health. 2. Crystals are used in computers, watches, radios, and medical equipment 3. Crystals have played an important role in the history of humans. 4. Crystals store and conduct energy. 17. What is the method of development of the above paragraph? 1. Cause and Effect 2. Comparison-Contrast 3. Illustration/example 4. General analysis 18. What method of development does the writer use for the above paragraph? 1. Illustration 2. Definition 3. Narration 4. Process analysis 19. What method of development does the writer use? 1. Illustration 2. Narration 3. General analysis 4. Definition 20. What method of development do the writers use ? 1. Description 2. Classification 3. Narration 4. Illustration 21. What method of development do the writers use? 1. Definition 2. Description 3. Argument 4. Illustration 22. What method of development do the writers use? 1. Classification 2. Definition 3. Illustration 4. Description 23. According to the article, smokong ..... 1. kill white blod cells 2. raises blood pressure 3. causes dizziness 4. kill red blood cells 24. The author points out that giving up smoking requires ..... 1. patience 2. custom 3. courage 4. willpower 25. This article is mostly about .... 1. smoking for killing time 2. attitudes toward smoking 3. giving up smoking 4. the connection between smoking and growing 26. The author implies that a person who gives up smoking ...... 1. enjoys food more 2. gains weight easily 3. sleeps more soundly 4. is more energetic 27. Based on the text, we can conclude that ...... 1. cigarettes are more popular than cigars and pipes 2. smoking affects attitude 3. the odor of smoke clings to cloth 4. smoking can cause common cold 28. According to the passage, smoking is easiest for someone who is .... 1. seventeen years old 2. forty years old 3. sixty years old 4. twenty years old 29. Based on the text, it can be concluded that ...... 1. illnesses and smoking are often related. 2. smoking effects comes at age fifty 3. cancer kills more people than any other disease 4. cigarette sales have declined in the past few years. 30. The subject of this passage is ..... 1. a type of fruit 2. various types of blackberries 3. Rudolph Boysen's career 4. Walter Knott's early life 31. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage about the boysenberry? 1. It is very sweet 2. It is big. 3. It has brambles 4. It has a dark color. 32. It can be inferred from the passage that the boysenberry ..... 1. could not be grown commercially. 2. was developed by Walter Knott. 3. did not exist a century ago. 4. is unrelated to the blackberry. 33. According to the passage, Walter Knott developed a number of ..... 1. boysenberry products 2. areas in Napa 3. types of fruit crops 4. types of farms 34. ....... 1. converting 2. conversion 3. convert 4. convertible 5. converter 35. ....... 1. protectively 2. protect 3. protector 4. protection 5. protective 36. ..... 1. when 2. how 3. which 4. where 5. that 37. ..... 1. matchless 2. hopeless 3. useless 4. countless 5. harmless 38. ..... 1. extensively 2. largely 3. widely 4. broadly 5. abundantly 39. ..... 1. Consequently 2. Gradually 3. Nevertheless 4. Moreover 5. However 40. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. The absent minded professor loses his keys, his book and his spectacles almost every day. 1. ignorant 2. forgetful 3. lazy 4. idel 41. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. The dispute between those who want to legalize marijuana and those who do not has been going on for years. 1. argument 2. theory 3. addiction 4. discussion 42. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. When My grandma was sick, her voice was almost inaudible. We couldn't hear what she was trying to say clearly. 1. easy listening 2. strange or uncommon 3. hard to hear 4. very loud 43. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. Despite the high number of sale, the apples we have harvested last week remain abundant. Ifs better if we start exporting. 1. full 2. plentiful 3. insufficient 4. delicious 44. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. On February 20, 1943, a small fissure opened up in a cornfield, and steam and lava began erupting from it as a mountain was born. 1. explosion 2. crack 3. stress 4. leakage 45. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined. According to the traditional view of conflict is detrimental to an organization. This can,- of course, add up the risks in running the organization. 1. ineffective 2. harmful 3. advantageous 4. beneficial Main Ideas Main Ideas Review Chose the best answer! Main Ideas Text 1. Question 1 - 2
(1). Basketball was on the Olympic program in 1904, but the event was contested by only a few American club teams and actually served as the AAU (Amateur Athletic Union of the USA) Championship for that year. (2). Thus the event is usually considered only an exhibition. (3). The winning team, incidentally, was the Buffalo German club, which was so dominant in those days that they were inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a team. (4). In 1936, basketball made its first appearance as a medal sport at the Olympics, and the sport has been included in every Olympic Games since. (5). In 1976, women's basketball was added to the program. (6). The United States has many sport events for women. (7). The USA won all the Olympic titles until 1972 when they were defeated by the Soviet Union. (8). The Soviet women were originally the top team on the female side, winning gold in 1976, 1980 and 1992, but the US women have now surpassed them, winning gold medals in 1984, 1988, 1996 and 2000. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Text 2. Question 3-4
T-shirts represent one of the highest grossing markets in youth culture fashion, which makes this marketplace one of the most vital components towards understanding trends and market opportunities in youth culture in general. In many ways, knowing what's going on in the subcultures of the T-shirt industry indicate where the marketplace is headed next, how spending patterns effect other categories, and where cultural shifts within youth culture globally may take shape. T-shirts, which are often less expensive than other forms of apparel play many roles when it comes to individuals style, often leading new directions for brands, designs, marketing, distribution, and in many cases, even the launch of entirely new companies based on the success of a series of collections. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Text 3. Question 5-9
To focus attention on the so-called 'primitive' or tribal masks of the Himalayas is to adapt the eye to a completely different style than is generally expected in the West of Himalayan art. Aesthetic interest in the objects themselves or astonishment at their shape and their mysterious beauty provokes questions as to what they mean and how they originated. Inspiration for the masks often reflects the individual, the artist being at liberty to express his fantasy. As the execution of tribal masks was not often subject to canonical rules, the objects are the products of ingenuous freshness and instinctive expressionism, and they exhibit many different levels of technical ability. Although some masks can be very sophisticated, others may have very little embellishment, or are roughly carved with a few quick strokes, two holes for the eyes, one for the mouth. Supernatural forces are projected into a mask and the spectator gives it life and meaning. It is a mode of expression that reveals specific characteristics of the original spirit, beliefs and visions of the people who created the masks, and gives an idea of how Buddhism or Hinduism, after defeating the shamanic traditions, transformed and even incorporated many of these rites. The ethnic groups that created the masks have undergone radical changes; for example, the Thakali of the upper Kali-Gandaki valley in western Nepal first converted from their shamanic religion to Buddhism, and have more recently converted to Hinduism. Some of the tribal masks represent vanished cults and deities that have been swept away by the conversion to another religion, and several of the masks remain only as mute witnesses to a dead civilization. The masks discussed in this article were all produced in Nepal by the various ethnic groups inhabiting the Terai (the low plains of the south along the Indian border), the Middle Hills (with the exclusion of the Kathmandu valley) and the northern Himalayas. Himalayan tribal masks evoke by their shape, patina and carving their African, Indonesian or American counterparts. They can be reminiscent of Japanese jomon (cord pattern) terracotta masks dating from the second millennium BC, and sometimes they resemble those of Siberian shamans, or of central Indian tribes such as the Bhugas who wore masks for divination before hunting ceremonies. In these last two cases, it is possible that there is more than just an aesthetic similarity, but only patient comparative studies will be able to determine the depth to which such a comparison can be carried. In some cases, although the appearance of the sculpture is archaic , it can nevertheless be a Buddhist or Hindu image from a remote village or a small temple, such as boar mask from a Buddhist village. Even when it was produced by a Buddhist or a Hindu, this art was in contact with shamanism. It seems that making masks has its roots in prehistoric times. The wearing of an animal mask or skin could originally have been used in magic rites for hunting, healing, laying a curse or killing into Tibetan Buddhist Cham dances. Owing to social, political and religious changes over the last two centuries, the function of various masks has altered and evolved so that an old mask has sometimes been given a new meaning. It is therefore difficult, considering the number of existing ethnic groups, to ascertain exactly all the original purposes of these masks.
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Text 4. Question 10-14
Hiking and mountain biking are rapidly increasing in popularity as forms of outdoor recreation. Mountain biking in particular is one of the fastest-growing outdoor activities, with 43.3 million persons participating at least once in 2000 (USDA Forest Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2000). (10) .. researchers have examined the responses of wildlife to pedestrians, there is a lack of information on the responses of wildlife to mountain bikers. Despite this lack of knowledge, mountain biking is (11) in all federal wilderness areas and on many other public lands, in part because it is assumed to be more (12) for wildlife than hiking. Currently, it is not known (13) wildlife respond differently to these activities. Disturbance from recreation may have both immediate and long-term effects on wildlife. The immediate response of many animals to disturbance is a change in behavior, such as cessation of foraging, fleeing, or altering (14) behavior. 1. What is the main idea of the above text? 1. The Olympic basketball program in 1904 was dominated by Amateur Athletic Union of the USA. 2. The USA won all the Olympic medals until 1972 when they were defeated by the Soviet Union. 3. The Buffalo German club won the first medal sport on the Olympic for basketball. 4. In 1904, only a few American clubs participated in the basketball Olympic program. 5. The first basketball program on the Olympic in 1904 was contested by only American club teams. 2. The irrelevant sentence in the above text is sentence number .. 1. 7 2. 4 3. 2 4. 8 5. 6 3. What is the topic of the text? 1. The youth and the T-shirt design 2. The T-shirt industry and the market opportunity 3. The T-shirt industry and the changes of design 4. The changes of T-shirt trends and design 5. The T-shirt industry and the youth subculture 4. Which of the following is best for the last sentence of the paragraph? 1. That is why T-shirt is so popular among the youth. 2. T-shirt is getting cheaper and cheaper 3. The T-shirt industries take advantage of the youth culture. 4. T-shirt design is changing rapidly among the youth. 5. What is the best title for the above text? 1. The West of Himalayan Art 2. Styles of the Primitive Mask of the Himalayas 3. The Origin of Himalayan Mask 4. Tribal masks of the Himalayas 5. Aesthetic of Primitive Mask of the Himalayas 6. The masks discussed in the text were made in . 1. Nepal 2. Terai 3. Kali-Gandaki 4. Northern Himalayas 5. Kathmandu valley 7. From the text we can conclude that . 1. The masks are still used for traditional ritual in Himalayan cultures. 2. The masks are considered holly to the Himalayan people. 3. The masks were made in the prehistoric times and were kept in temples. 4. The masks have been influenced by many religions and cultures. 5. The masks are priceless to the Himalayan people. 8. The word archaic (in the first line of the last paragraph) can be best replaced by .. 1. prehistoric 2. prevailing 3. contemporary 4. cheap 5. tedious 9. The above text is probably found in .. 1. A newspaper editorial. 2. An announcement board 3. A popular magazine. 4. An advertisement 5. A journal article. 10. 1. While 2. Whenever 3. Before 4. Until 5. Since 11. 1. rejected 2. disturb 3. blocked 4. denied 5. banned 12. 1. disturbingly 2. disturbing 3. disturber 4. disturb 5. disturbance 13. 1. until 2. although 3. whether 4. that 14. 1. reproductive 2. reproducible 3. reproducing 4. reproduce 5. reproduction Main Idea
Choose the best answer! Main Idea Main Idea
Read the following passages and find the main idea of each one.
Question 1
Strictly speaking, cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps. The explorers and surveyors go out and make the measurements and gather the information from which the cartographers draw their maps. Sometimes the fieldwork and the creation of the map are done by the same person. But when the scope is broad and the sources of information many, maps are more often a compilation of that information. They represent the accumulated work of many people, brought together under the supervision of one person. the compiler. The value of the map depends, of course, on the expertise of the compiler, who must sift through available information, select the most accurate data, and come up with a thoughtful and accurate synthesis of the geographic knowledge of the region.
Question 2 In the 1820s and 1830s American painting added a new chapter to the story of its development. Until the nineteenth century, portraiture and occasional historical pieces were the only concerns of American art, but throughout the 1800s some of America's most talented painters chose to depict landscapes and the daily activities of ordinary people. With the nation's declaration of independence had come prosperity and with it the opportunity and inclination for painters to contemplate their environment. As they traveled beyond the early settlements and left the nation's first cities, such as Boston and Philadelphia, they began to experience and appreciate the pristine beauty of the American scenery, which differed greatly from the European landscape, partly because in its unsettled state it appeared wild and primeval.
Question 3 Speculation about the earth's crust has a special edge of urgency in California, which sits on the San Andreas fault, the world's most famous and respected fracture zone. Not surprisingly, it was a scientist at the California Institute of Technology, Charles F. Richter, who invented the Richter scale used to measure earthquakes. Seismic activity in California is being constantly monitored and mapped. Seismometers register many thousands of small earthquakes every year, and computers instantly calculate the location, depth, and magnitude of an earthquake. Laser distance-ranging networks can detect changes of length, indicating change in crustal stress, accurate to about half an inch in 20 miles. Satellite measurements of crustal blocks are improving, and California seismologists believe they may in time be precise enough to allow earthquake prediction.
Question 4 The first expedition down the Colorado River was made by John Wesley Powell and his party in 1869. Powell had made long trips down the Ohio and the Mississippi and its tributaries during his twenties, when his lifelong interest in natural history developed. In 1867 he led his first expedition to the Rockies, a collecting trip for the museum he had founded in Illinois. While on Pike's Peak, -near Colorado Springs, Powell conceived his great plan to explore the Colorado River. On May 24, 1869, he and his party set off down the upper Colorado and nothing was heard from them for 37 days. During that time Powell and party braved uncharted territory, encounters with the natives, fierce rapids, and 20-foot waterfalls, as they followed the Colorado through the Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California.
Question 5 Innovations in transportation in the 1800s permitted space to be traversed more rapidly and were crucial to the industrial expansion of the North. The great spaces that separated producers from consumers made speed essential, especially in the movement of perishable freight. The development of the steam-powered locomotive in the 1830s and the rapid extension of the railways in the 1840s and 1850s provided the answer to the need for faster transport and dramatically altered patterns of economic development throughout the United States. In 1830 there were 32 miles of rails in the country, in 1840 there were 2,818 miles, and by 1850 there were more than 9,000 miles. The rapid extension of rail mileage enabled the railroads significantly to reduce their costs for shipping freight and carrying passengers, thus enabling them to price their services more cheaply and competitively. The extension of trunk lines, into which short or local lines fed, further tightened the east-west flow of commerce and bound the Northeast and the old Northwest together with bands of steel.
Question 6 The few places left on earth that have not been altered by humankind are almost invariably hostile to humans. One such place is the Alaskan Arctic, which is inhabited, where inhabited at all, by only a scattering of Eskimos, Native Americans, and whites. But while the Arctic is indeed a chill and inimical realm of snow, ice, and polar bears, it is also a region of great beauty and, above all, purity, where plants and animals still exist undisturbed in a state of natural balance. Nearly one-third of Alaska lies north of the Arctic Circle and consists of pristine land. The Brooks Range cuts across the region like a wall, making access difficult. Even today, in an age of jet travel, the number of persons, who have had first-hand experience in the Alaskan Arctic remains small, and countless valleys and mountains go unnamed and even unexplored.
Question 7 In the first half of the nineteenth century, the first distinctly American culture took Im. The rise of an American tradition in literature paralleled the expansion of the nation, as American .writers began to look within themselves and across their enlarged continental homeland for their subjects and themes. The romance, or novel, provided a useful form for dealing with the Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers (1823) and The Deerslayer (1841), Natty Bumppo and the Mohican guide Chingachgook confronted the environment of the American frontier, chronicling the advance of "civilization" and questioning the implications of its impact on the natural world. The theme of the individual confronting nature was further developed by Herman Melville in the classic novel Moby Dick (1851). Nathaniel Hawthorne dealt with equally difficult questions of inner limits and the individual's responsibilities to society in The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851).
Question 8 Because different tree species adapted to different climates and soil types have evolved over millennia, many kinds of forests occupy the earth today. The primitive forests of several hundred million years ago consisted of fewer kinds of trees. In fact, the earliest "trees," which grew nearly 500 million years ago, were like giant club mosses. They lacked true roots and consisted of a tangle of specialized branches that clambered over rocky ground. Fifty million years later came the dense forests of tree ferns that prevailed in tropical climates of that era. The forerunners of modern conifers were on the scene 300 million years ago, when plant life abundantly colonized marshy land, building the tremendous coal and oil reserves so important today. By the time the dinosaurs roamed the earth some 180 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, seed- bearing trees had evolved that shed their leaves in winter; from these have sprung the angiosperms and our present deciduous forests.
Question 9 Birds have two basic types of sounds: songs and calls. Songs are usually more complex than calls and are utilized primarily by adult males during the breeding season to establish territories or attract mates. Calls are normally simple notes, single or repeated, vocalized by males and females in all seasons to express alarm or maintain contact with mates, offspring, or other birds of the same species. All songs and most calls are distinctive, and with concentrated study and practice, bird watchers can learn to identify many birds by their sounds and to call them as well.
Question 10 Hawaii was originally settled by the natives of the South Pacific, who arrived in the islands in canoes laden with breadfruit, yams, taro, coconut, bananas, pigs, and chickens. Supplementing these foods were over a hundred different edible fishes and 4C kinds of seaweed from the surrounding waters. Hawaiian food was eaten raw or wrapped in taro leaves, seasoned with coconut, and cooked.
In the early 1800s, the whalers and missionaries introduced stews, chowders curries, corned beef, dried beef, salt salmon, and Indian and cornstarch puddings. Most likely, pipkaula (jerked beef), lomi lumi salmon, and haupia (coconut pudding) evolved during this period.
In the late nineteenth century immigrants from China, Japan, and Korea were brought to Hawaii to work the sugar plantations. The Chinese brought rice, soybeans, and vegetables and their ways of cooking them. The Japanese brought sukiyaki and teriyaki, among many other foods. Settlers from the continental United States also brought their favorite recipes and in the spirit of aloha, the Hawaiians have accepted each group's offerings and drawn the best from them. Thus a Hawaiian feast is a gastronomic experience, the essence of Hawaii and its many cultures. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? 1. Maps are the product of a group effort brought together usually by one person. 2. The compiler's task is more important than that of the explorers and surveyors. 3. Not all of the information initially compiled for maps is accurate. 4. The definition of cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps. 2. What is the main topic of the passage? 1. America's declaration of independence brought prosperity to the nation and with it an appreciation of the outdoors. 2. Conditions ire the early 1800s were favorable to the emergence of the American landscape artist. 3. An increase in travel in America led to an appreciation of the beauty of the American landscape. 4. In the early 1800s, landscapes were produced in preference to portraits and historical pieces. 3. What is the main idea expressed in the passage? 1. A great deal of attention is paid to earthquake activity in California. 2. Earthquake prediction will be possible in the future. 3. Computers provide a variety of information about earthquakes. 4. The Richter scale was invented in California. 4. What is the main subject of the passage? 1. Powell was uniquely qualified to lead an expedition down the Colorado. 2. Powell and his party faced daunting challenges on the first Colorado River expedition. 3. Powell was inspired to explore the Colorado while on Pike's Peak. 4. People were concerned when nothing was heard from Powell and his party for over a month. 5. What is the main theme in the passage? 1. Railroads had a profound effect on the economic development of the United States in the nineteenth century. 2. Railroads provided an important link between the Northwest and the Northeast. 3. Railroads made the transportation of perishable freight possible. 4. Between 1830 and 185C over 8,000 miles of railroad track were laid. 6. hat is the primary topic of the passage? 1. The Alaskan Arctic is a beautifully pristine realm of snow, ice, and polar bears. 2. The ruggedness of the Alaskan Arctic makes it one of the last few remaining pristine areas in the world. 3. The Alaskan Arctic is habitable only to arctic animals and a few hardy humans. 4. Remarkably, parts of the Alaskan Arctic still remain unexplored. 7. What is the main idea expressed in the passage? 1. In their novels, Melville and Hawthorne both addressed difficult questions facing Americans. 2. At, the nation expanded, novelists began writing about the American frontier. 3. The individual versus nature was one of the main themes explored in early American literature. 4. The first American literature took the form of novels that dealt with uniquely American themes. 8. What is the main idea of the passage? 1. The predecessors of today's forests were giant club mosses and tree ferns. 2. Climate affected the development of trees over millennia. 3. Conifers are the oldest trees in today's forests. 4. The variety of trees in today's forests area result of millions of years of evolution. 9. What is the main idea of the passage? 1. Birds have their own language by which they maintain contact. 2. Bird songs are complicated and used mainly by males to attract mates. 3. Bird calls and songs are distinctive, meaningful, and ideal liable. 4. Birdwatchers can identify many bird calls and their meanings and learn to mimic them as well. 10. What is the main topic of the passage? 1. Whalers and missionaries introduced new kinds of foods to the people of Hawaii. 2. Hawaiian food is a combination of the foods of many peoples and a reflection of Hawaii's history. 3. The natives of the South Pacific who first settled in Hawaii ate raw food, whereas other immigrants cooked theirs. 4. Sugar plantations were worked by immigrants from Asia, who brought their native foods with them. Choose the correct definition (1) Quiz Change management (by Graham Bradford) The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New competitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise having to embrace change to remain successful. How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, a former professor at the London Business School, suggested that organisations should embrace change when they are doing well; they should not wait until things take a turn for the worse. It is doubtful that many organisations follow this advice. It is more likely that traditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide when and what to change. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored what are your competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor? How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can help in the planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senger, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, this isnt enough. He suggests that a vital factor in the successful implementation of change is that organisations must learn to learn. The traditional top-down, authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible enough to cope with todays rapidly changing business environment. Senger lists five factors that help make an organisation a learning organisation: personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning to continually update that employees set of job skills the creative use of mental models all employees should question all aspects of a companys organisation building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must be positive, innovative, constantly evolving and something that all employees wish to achieve team learning employees need to think and learn together; teams need to learn, not just individuals systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of an organisation; in fact the concept of a sector within a company is not useful activities in a company should be seen as a whole; it is also important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complex circumstances. If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about successful organisational change. 1. embrace change 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organisation 6. become worse 7. making change happen 2. take a turn for the worse 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organisation 6. become worse 7. making change happen 3. traditional indicators 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organization 6. become worse 7. making change happen 4. external environment 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organization 6. become worse 7. making change happen 5. top down 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organization 6. become worse 7. making change happen 6. implementation of change 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organization 6. become worse 7. making change happen 7. lifelong learning 1. coming from above in a hierarchy 2. sets of information that have been used for some time 3. learning as a continual activity 4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it 5. conditions outside an organization 6. become worse 7. making change happen Change management (2) Gap-fill exercise Fill in all the gaps. Change management (by Graham Bradford) The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New competitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise having to embrace change to remain successful. How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, a former professor at the London Business School, suggested that organisations should embrace change when they are doing well; they should not wait until things take a turn for the worse. It is doubtful that many organisations follow this advice. It is more likely that traditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide when and what to change. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored what are your competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor? How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can help in the planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senger, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, this isnt enough. He suggests that a vital factor in the successful implementation of change is that organisations must learn to learn. The traditional top-down, authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible enough to cope with todays rapidly changing business environment. Senger lists five factors that help make an organisation a learning organisation: personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning to continually update that employees set of job skills the creative use of mental models all employees should question all aspects of a companys organisation building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must be positive, innovative, constantly evolving and something that all employees wish to achieve team learning employees need to think and learn together; teams need to learn, not just individuals systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of an organisation; in fact the concept of a sector within a company is not useful activities in a company should be seen as a whole; it is also important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complex circumstances. If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about successful organisational change. Fill in the gap with the appropriate words. (change, achieve,learning, vision, embrance, individuals, indicators, organisation, lifelong)
The rate of in the business world is always increasing. Charles Handy suggests that companies should not wait for such as poor sales to tell them that change is necessary. A company should change when it is doing well. Professor Senge says that organisations are better at embracing change. Such organisations share five factors: employees embrace learning; employees are encouraged to question all aspects of the companys ; the vision of the companys future should be something that all employees wish to ; employees need to learn as teams not as ; wide across all sectors of an organisation is required. Critical Reading Practice 1 Practice 1 Choose the best choice Reading Texts Questions 1-3
Many nurses lack proficiency in medical terminology, common phrases, and particularly, expressions used in everyday work in a hospital where foreign patients are hospitalized. In the past, there was no manual to guide health care workers. This manual, compiled by experts and foreign nurses who fully understand the terminology from years of experience, was designed to help you get started in your work in hospitals. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Questions 4-5 Look at the following part of a book. A Alternations of generations, 50 Antibodies, 64, 116 Asexual reproduction, 4, 315 Attached-X females, 353 B Balance theory of sex determination, 306, 341 Binomial probabilities, 391. Blood groups in man. 115, 116, 279, C Carcinogens, 239 Cytogenetics, 55 D Darwinian fitness, 247 Developmental genetics, 326, 339 Discordance in twins, 135 Dominant defects, 250 Double-cross method, 256 Double fertilization, 50, 53 Duplicate genes, 101 E Endomitosis, 192 Eye colors, 63 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Questions 6-8
What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. ___(6)____, it usually contains artificial colors, flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run, may cause cancer. ___(7)___, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most importantly, junk food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy. (Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie") --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Question 9-10
Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada). Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions on the field, is played with an elongated round ball. Soccer has little body contact between players and therefore requires no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make maximum use of body contact to block a running ball-carrier and his team- mates, requires special headgear and padding. In soccer, the ball is advanced towards the goal by kicking it or butting it with the head. In football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish European and American football. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Question 11-12
(1) This was the beginning of the end of the tribe. About 400 surrendered and were sold into slavery in the Caribbean Islands. (2) The rest of the survivors no more than 450 joined other Native American tribes for protection. (3)The slaves soon died, and the rest of the Natchez lost their tribal identity and language. (4) During the 1800s, the United States government forced them to settle in a territory that is now part of Oklahoma. (5) By 1900, there were only 20 Natchez left, and in a short time they disappeared. (6) A unique culture and people were erased forever. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Question 13
Every second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear-cut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Question 14
The railroad was not the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at daybreak and communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement with their neighbors as to the time of the day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be unbearably chaotic the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed in fits and starts; the very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Questions 19-20
T-shirts represent one of the highest grossing markets in youth culture fashion, which makes this marketplace one of the most vital components towards understanding trends and market opportunities in youth culture in general. In many ways, knowing what's going on in the subcultures of the T-shirt industry indicate where the marketplace is headed next, how spending patterns effect other categories, and where cultural shifts within youth culture globally may take shape. T-shirts, which are often less expensive than other forms of apparel play many roles when it comes to individuals style, often leading new directions for brands, designs, marketing, distribution, and in many cases, even the launch of entirely new companies based on the success of a series of collections. ............................ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------
Questions 21 30
Pulp Friction Every second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.
Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp. Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a worldwide trading network would not have been possible without hemp. Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests. However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fibre, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fibre-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison -- despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug).
In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal -- both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant -- and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fibre; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fibre. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- 1. The above text is taken from . 1. appendix 2. index 3. introduction 4. blurb 2. In which part of the book can you find the above text? 1. Body 2. Front matter 3. Back matter 4. Front cover 3. From the above text, can you guess what the best title of the book is? 1. English for Health Care Workers 2. English for Students of Nursing 3. English Used by Doctors 4. English Language Manual for Health Care Personnel 4. What is the most likely title of the book? 1. Principle of Genetics 2. Introduction to Biology 3. The Darwinian Theory 4. Twins Complexities 5. If you want to write an article on the effect of abnormalities of particular genes, you can look at page ________ . 1. 391 2. 250 3. 116 4. 306 6. Number six 1. Although 2. Therefore 3. Nevertheless 4. For example 7. Number seven 1. In addition 2. Although 3. Since 4. However 8. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Problem-solution 2. Topic-discussion 3. Question-answer 9. What is the pattern of the paragraph? 1. Question-answer 2. Topic-discussion 3. Problem-solution 10. What is the purpose of the writer in writing the paragraph? 1. To explain the rules for playing football game 2. To tell readers the history of football 3. To encourage readers to play football game 4. To compare two kinds of football game 11. The topic sentence in the paragraph is sentence. 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 6 12. This paragraph is developed in method. 1. Descriptive 2. General 3. Narrative 4. Example 13. What is the authors main idea? 1. Scientists are worried about New York City 2. Logging is destroying the rainforests 3. Salmon are an endangered species 4. Governments make money from logging 14. What is the main idea of the above paragraph? 1. Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain activities. 2. In the modern society we must make more time for our neighbors. 3. The traditions of society are timeless. 4. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of society. 15. There are some factors contributed to the population explosion in Paris from 1851 to 1872, when the number of Parisians nearly doubled. ..............
Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above? 1. The increase was the result partly of better health conditions. 2. Parisians are famous for their love for arts. 3. The railroads carried the promise of Paris to Rural France. 4. The increase was also due to the general peace and prosperity of the Second Empire. 16. Examinations can be unfair in several ways. .............................
Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above? 1. Some students tend to cheat in the exam. 2. When the candidate is ill, his or her performance does not reflect his or her ability. 3. The whole career of a candidate merely depends upon what s/he does on an exam. 4. Some students do not perform well under pressure. 17. Left-handed people suffer more stress than their right-handed peers, according to a study of 1,100 adults by University of Michigan researchers. ...........................................................
Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above? 1. Furthermore, the lefties consumed more alcohol per year than their right-handed counterparts. 2. Left-handed people usually choose a job as an artist. 3. Fifty-five percent of the lefties smoked whereas fewer than half of the righties smoked. 4. As a result, they smoke and drink more 18. Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different. ..............................................................
Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above? 1. Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. 2. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles. 3. Rhode Island is located in temperate zone. 4. Steven Spielberg will choose Arizona as a location for his next film. 19. What is the topic of the above text? 1. The T-shirt industry and the market opportunity 2. The changes of T-shirt trends and design 3. The T-shirt industry and the youth subculture 4. The T-shirt industry and the changes of design 20. Which of the following is best for the last sentence of the paragraph? 1. This section outlines key aspects in T-shirt trends and changes. 2. That is why T-shirt is so popular among the youth. 3. T-shirt design is changing rapidly among the youth. 4. The T-shirt industries take advantage of the youth culture. 21. How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed? 1. less than two minutes 2. a day 3. two hours 4. about an hour 22. Why is pulp and paper production important to Canada? 1. Canada has the largest forest. 2. Pulp and paper export is a major source of income for Canada 3. Canada publishes a lot of newspapers and books. 4. Canada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood. 23. Who is suggesting that pulp and paper could be produced without cutting down trees? 1. the government 2. scientist 3. the environmental lobby 4. the logging industry 24. Why was the plant hemp essential to world-wide trade in the past? 1. two hours 2. Hemp was used as food for sailors. 3. Hemp was a very profitable export. 4. Ships ropes were made from it. 25. Why do agriculturalists think that hemp would be better for paper production than trees? 1. It is cheaper to grow hemp than to cut down trees. 2. Hemp was used as food for sailors. 3. Hemp produces higher quality paper. 4. More paper can be produced from the same area of land. 26. When was hemp production banned in Canada? 1. 1930 2. 1996 3. 1938 4. 1960 27. Why was hemp banned? 1. It can be used to produce marijuana. 2. It was destructive to the land. 3. It was no longer a useful crop. 4. It is related to the marijuana plant. 28. What chemical ingredient of cannabis plants is a powerful drug? 1. None of the above 2. Marijuana 3. THC 4. Fibre 29. Some activists believe that both marijuana and hemp should be legal. 1. true 2. false 30. Canada has just legalized marijuana. 1. false 2. true 31. Questions 31-35 Use your critical thinking to choose the best answer to complete the sentences
31. The most expensive apartments are at the top of tall buildings. These apartments are called penthouses. People like to live in penthouses because they can 1. save money. 2. have trees in their garden. 3. see the whole city from their windows. 4. have many neighbors. 32. There are not enough apartments in New York City. More than 20.000 poor people have no place to live. The city government tries to help. It gives some poor people money to live in hotels. The people can stay in the hotels 1. because they do not want apartments. 2. with penthouse apartments. 3. because hotels are cheaper than apartments. 4. until they find apartments. 33. In England, tea does not mean just something to drink. Teatime is a special part of the day. With their cup of tea, English people like to eat. They eat beautiful little sandwiches, sweet breads, and cake. When you have tea in England, be ready for . 1. a nice meal. 2. a hot drink. 3. a quick sandwich. 4. breakfast. 34. Tea is a popular drink in many countries. In Russia, the people use a special pot to make tea. It is called a samovar. This pot is very important to Russian families. Even the poorest family. 1. does not drink tea. 2. has a samovar. 3. makes tea. 4. drinks milk. 35. People who live alone sometimes feel ill and unhappy. Their doctors may tell them to get a pet. Their medicine can be a dog, cat, bird or goldfish. They are not sick. They just need 1. a new doctor 2. some medicine 3. to find a new job 4. something to love 36. Questions 36-50 Choose the best substitute for the underlined words.
The eleven Bass Islands are clustered together at the western end of Lake Erie. 1. thrown 2. constructed 3. mixed 4. grouped 37. The snake slithered through the grass when he was hunting in a rain forest. 1. slept 2. stopped 3. moved 4. ate 38. In the ninth century, Norway was still divided into numerous petty kingdoms. 1. insignificant 2. collective 3. subordinate 4. conflicting 39. Despite expensive public education campaigns, heart disease still kills a tremendous number of people. 1. predictable 2. growing 3. huge 4. memorable 40. His inertia was caused by hot weather and fatigue. 1. inactivity 2. activity 3. fatigue 4. sickness 41. The automobile tires were worn out by friction. 1. burst 2. brushing 3. rubbing 4. age 42. The proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in water is 2 to 1. 1. relationship 2. distance 3. content 4. partnership 43. The wind propelled the sailboat along the water. 1. pushed 2. rotated 3. turned 4. pulled 44. Water can be formed by the synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen. 1. precipitation 2. evaporation 3. combination 4. separation 45. Europe and Asia make up the largest land mass on Earth. 1. body 2. joint 3. cluster 4. ocean 46. Sodium has the property of igniting when brought into contact with water 1. special characteristic 2. article required on the stage of theater 3. something which is owned 4. land or building 47. The most racehorse Secretariat had to be destroyed because of a painful incurable hoof disease. 1. Disabling 2. irreparable 3. vexatious 4. dangerous 48. People of different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the characteristic foods they consume. 1. unlikely 2. predisposed 3. Supine 4. healthy 49. Many species of protozoa collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and responding uniformly to outside stimulate. 1. once in a while 2. in the same way 3. in long run 4. all of sudden 50. A seed planted in the sensitive lining of an oyster begins a perpetual coating process that forms a pearl. 1. total 2. continual 3. annual 4. habitual