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Reading Practice

Choose the best answer!


Reading Texts
Questions 1- 2
The following is the table of contents of a book:
No CONTENTS Page
1. Dynamic Technology 11
2. Technological Employment and Unemployment 19
3 Education, Skills, and The Working Life 27
4 Run Over by Technology? 36
5 Possible futures 44

Content-rich readings in areas such as marketing, international business, management and
computer applications serve as springboard for text analysis, classification, writing, information
transfer, and the contextualization and development of vocabulary.
Level: High intermediate to advanced
Features:
Task-based, integrated activities introduce real-life business situations.
Updated readings, graphs, charts, and supplementary activities prepare students for work in the
business world.
Appendices, including business cases and guidelines on the case-study method, provide a rich
and varied learning environment




Questions 8
Many superstitions are so widespread and so old that they must have risen from a depth of
human mind that is indifferent to race or creed. Orthodox Jews place a charm on their doorposts;
so do (or did) the Chinese. Some peoples of Middle Europe believe that when a man sneezes, his
soul, for that moment is absent from his body, and they hasten to bless him, lest he should be
seized by the Devil. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? Superstition seems to
have a link with some body or belief that far antedates the religions we knowreligions which
have no place for such comforting little ceremonies and charities.

Questions 9
What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. For example, it usually contains artificial colors,
flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run,
may cause cancer. In addition, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds
inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most important junk
food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy
our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy.
(Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie")

Questions 10-13
There are some differences between basket ball and soccer. In scoring, for example, basket ball
players use their hands to throw the ball. They must use their hands. They can also throw the ball
to other players. It is necessary for them to be able to jump high for the ball and throw it high.
For this reason, good basketball players are usually very tall. In contrast, soccer players can score
by kicking the ball or by hitting it with some other part of their body or head, but they cannot
throw the ball for a score. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet

Questions 14-17
We know that crystals store and conduct energy, but, what can we do with them for our benefits?
It is true that one type of them is used to activate watches, computers, and radios. But is that all
that we can benefit? The answer to this question can be related to the fact that today some people
believe that crystals can also store and conduct the invisible energy around our bodies. They say
this energy may make us feel calmer and more relaxed. This may or may not be true, but it is true
that hospitals are using crystal-based technology. They use crystals in machines to help them
find and cure illnesses.

Questions 18
Happiness is a very complex emotion that can be felt in many ways. It can come from the senses:
the sight of a smile on a childs face, the smell of flowers in the air, the feeling of the sun on
ones face, or the sound of music. Happiness can also come from basic necessities such as food
for the hungry, a blanket for the cold, and a drink for the thirsty. More lasting emotions can give
rise to happiness, too for example, love of parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife, and
love of all mankind. In essence, happiness seems to result from being in accord with life and its
experiences. When such happiness is achieved, it can bring great peace of mind.

Questions 19
Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The sun was dazzling his half-open eyes, and he
couldn't figure out what time it was. The door to his room was closed; the house was immersed
in some sort of reckless silence. He slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right
next to the window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming from the attic.
Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed to be somewhat closer. He looked
outside the window and saw a man going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man
approached his garden's fence and whistled. At this point Larry recognized Nick and waved his
hand.

Questions 20
Writers commit plagiarism every time they reword sources without crediting original authors or
fail to reference their sources appropriately. Plagiarism through paraphrasing can happen in two
cases. First, writer may choose to substitute some words from the original with different
vocabulary, rearrange words, or rearrange the whole paragraph. In this way., he or she presents
stolen information expressing it with his or her own words. And second, writer may try to use
exactly the same vocabulary and stylistic constructions and use them with respect to another
context. Plagiarism occurs in both cases.

Questions 21
UV intensity is not the most important factor in skin cancer fatalities. While residents of
Colorado (mean elevation of 2.1 km) have always been subjected to the highest UV intensities in
the United States, Colorado has one of the lowest skin cancer fatality rates of all the states. In
contrast, England, which has much lower UV intensities has a death rate from skin cancer 25%
higher than it is in Colorado. Evidence is strong that UV intensity is not the principal factor in
determining the skin cancer death rate. Genetic factors, skin pigmentation, behavioral
characteristics, medical facilities, broad straw hats, and sun screen lotion all have some influence
on skin cancer fatalities.

Questions 22
The whole Hindu population of India can be divided into four castes or vama. The highest of
these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests. The next highest is the vama of the warriors,
known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste. Below this comes the Vaishya or
merchant caste and the lowest caste is known as the Sidra caste. While castes are traditionally
associated with a type of occupation, in modem India, occupations are not a reliable guide to
caste.

Questions 23-29
What happens when you smoke a cigarette?
In just three seconds a cigarette makes your heart beat faster and shoots your blood pressure up.
It replaces oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide and leaves cancer-causing chemicals to
spread through your body. As the cigarettes add up, the damage adds up. It's the total amount of
smoking that causes the trouble. The younger you start smoking, the greater the danger will be.
For instance, if you're fifteen, you will have smoked many more cigarettes by the time you're
thirty than someone who started at twenty.
And people who start young tend to become heavy smokers. Heavy smokers run a greater risk.
Again, the more cigarettes you smoke, the faster they add up.
You are still young. The younger you are, the easier it is to quit. It takes years to develop a real
cigarette habit. So even if you think you are hooked, chances are you're not. If you quit now, you
will never be sorry. Your body will repair half. Food will taste better. Everything will smell
better (including your hair and your clothes). And don't let anyone tell you stories about gaining
weight. Haven't you ever seen a fat smoker? If you have the willpower to quit smoking, you have
the willpower not to overeat. It is as simple as that. You know what you've got to look forward
to. You can grow into a truly free woman, or you can ruin yourself for life.
The only one who can make the choice is you.

Questions 30-33
The boysenberry is a very large bramble fruit that is deep purplish-blue in color. It is usually
considered a variety of blackberry. This type of fruit is a relatively recent addition to the family
of fruits- It was developed in Napa, California, in the 1920s by Rudolph Boysen. Today it is
grown chiefly in the United States, in the South and Southwest and a" the Pacific Coast Walter
Knott saw real commercial possibilities for this fruit that Boysen had created, and he devoted
himself to developing the boysenberry as a business. Knott worked on commercial cultivation of
the berry as well as on a variety of products containing the fruit. It was the boysenberry that
became the primary berry in Knott's successful commercial venture Knott's Berry Farm.

Questions 34-39
Water is an essential component of all living matter. The body itself consists of more than 70%
water. Water is necessary for weathering processes that _(34)_ rock to soil and for the transport
of soil nutrients to plants. In the form of vapor, it provides (35) for us against the harmful
radiations from outer space and fl-e chilling temperatures at night Water is so much a part of our
daily lives _(36) we take all this for granted, we drink it, wash with it, use it to dispose of our
waste products and for _(37)_ other domestic purposes. The widest use of water in some
countries is for irrigation. The farmers grow rice _(38)_ to satisfy the need for this staple food.
_(39)_, with the programmer's priority being to increase rice production, the heavy use of water
for agriculture will continue in the future.
1. Based on the table above, which of the following would be the most likely title of the
book?
1. The Future of Education
2. Skills and Employment
3. Dynamic Life
4. Living with Technology
2. In which part of the book is this text usually located?
1. Body
2. Back Matter
3. Appendices
4. Preface
3. Separatist Tamil Tiger rebels blamed Colombo for the killing of two Tamils who were
shot in Paris on October 27. (What is the heading?)
1. Killing in Paris
2. No Seats, No Support
3. Risky Remark
4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
5. Jobs are not permanent
6. Labor Payment
4. Thousands of workers took to the streets in Seoul on November 24 in reaction to
comments by Labor Minister Jin Nyum that Seoul would overhaul controversial laws
curbing union power by yearend.(What is the heading?)
1. Risky Remark
2. Killing in Paris
3. Jobs are not permanent
4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
5. Labor Payment
6. No Seats, No Support
5. Washington won't support expanding the United Nations Security Council unless
Germany and Japan are given permanent seats, the American deputy ambassador to the
UN said.
1. Jobs are not permanent
2. Labor Payment
3. Risky Remark
4. Killing in Paris
5. No Seats, No Support
6. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
6. Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and
seasonal. Over two thirds of the labor force in Chile is now employed on a temporary
basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector.
1. Jobs are not permanent
2. Labor Payment
3. Killing in Paris
4. No Seats, No Support
5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
6. Risky Remark
7. In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about
three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day-, one hectare (2.5 acres)
of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under 35.000.
1. No Seats, No Support
2. Jobs are not permanent
3. Risky Remark
4. Killing in Paris
5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
8. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Problem-solution
2. Question-answer
3. Topic-discussion
9. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Question-answer
2. Topic-discussion
3. Problem-solution
10. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Question-answer
2. Problem-solution
3. Topic-discussion
11. Which of the following is the best main idea for the paragraph?
1. Soccer is different from basket ball in several ways.
2. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet
3. Basket ball players can throw the ball to other players.
4. Throwing the ball high is allowed in basket ball.
12. The topic sentence is located............. of the paragraph.
1. at the beginning
2. within
3. at both the beginning and the end
4. at the end
13. What is the method of development of the above paragraph?
1. Comparison-Contrast
2. General analysis
3. Cause and Effect
4. Process
14. What is the paragraph pattern of the above paragraph?
1. Question-Answer
2. Problem-Solution
3. Topic discussion
15. The topic sentence is placed ................ of the paragraph.
1. at both the beginning and the end
2. within
3. at the end
4. at the beginning
16. The main idea of the above paragraph is ..........
1. Crystals can be used for maintaining human's health.
2. Crystals have played an important role in the history of humans.
3. Crystals are used in computers, watches, radios, and medical equipment
4. Crystals store and conduct energy.
17. What is the method of development of the above paragraph?
1. Cause and Effect
2. Comparison-Contrast
3. Illustration/example
4. General analysis
18. What method of development does the writer use for the above paragraph?
1. Definition
2. Process analysis
3. Narration
4. Illustration
19. What method of development does the writer use?
1. Definition
2. Narration
3. General analysis
4. Illustration
20. What method of development do the writers use ?
1. Narration
2. Description
3. Classification
4. Illustration
21. What method of development do the writers use?
1. Argument
2. Illustration
3. Description
4. Definition
22. What method of development do the writers use?
1. Description
2. Classification
3. Definition
4. Illustration
23. According to the article, smokong .....
1. kill white blod cells
2. raises blood pressure
3. causes dizziness
4. kill red blood cells
24. The author points out that giving up smoking requires .....
1. willpower
2. patience
3. custom
4. courage
25. This article is mostly about ....
1. the connection between smoking and growing
2. giving up smoking
3. smoking for killing time
4. attitudes toward smoking
26. The author implies that a person who gives up smoking ......
1. gains weight easily
2. enjoys food more
3. is more energetic
4. sleeps more soundly
27. Based on the text, we can conclude that ......
1. the odor of smoke clings to cloth
2. smoking affects attitude
3. cigarettes are more popular than cigars and pipes
4. smoking can cause common cold
28. According to the passage, smoking is easiest for someone who is ....
1. seventeen years old
2. sixty years old
3. forty years old
4. twenty years old
29. Based on the text, it can be concluded that ......
1. smoking effects comes at age fifty
2. cigarette sales have declined in the past few years.
3. illnesses and smoking are often related.
4. cancer kills more people than any other disease
30. The subject of this passage is .....
1. various types of blackberries
2. Walter Knott's early life
3. Rudolph Boysen's career
4. a type of fruit
31. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage about the boysenberry?
1. It is very sweet
2. It has brambles
3. It has a dark color.
4. It is big.
32. It can be inferred from the passage that the boysenberry .....
1. was developed by Walter Knott.
2. did not exist a century ago.
3. could not be grown commercially.
4. is unrelated to the blackberry.
33. According to the passage, Walter Knott developed a number of .....
1. types of farms
2. areas in Napa
3. boysenberry products
4. types of fruit crops
34. .......
1. convertible
2. converter
3. conversion
4. convert
5. converting
35. .......
1. protectively
2. protect
3. protective
4. protection
5. protector
36. .....
1. how
2. that
3. when
4. where
5. which
37. .....
1. hopeless
2. harmless
3. matchless
4. useless
5. countless
38. .....
1. broadly
2. extensively
3. largely
4. abundantly
5. widely
39. .....
1. Gradually
2. Consequently
3. Nevertheless
4. Moreover
5. However
40. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
The absent minded professor loses his keys, his book and his spectacles almost every day.
1. forgetful
2. ignorant
3. lazy
4. idel
41. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
The dispute between those who want to legalize marijuana and those who do not has been
going on for years.
1. argument
2. discussion
3. theory
4. addiction
42. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
When My grandma was sick, her voice was almost inaudible. We couldn't hear what she
was trying to say clearly.
1. very loud
2. easy listening
3. strange or uncommon
4. hard to hear
43. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
Despite the high number of sale, the apples we have harvested last week remain
abundant. Ifs better if we start exporting.
1. plentiful
2. insufficient
3. delicious
4. full
44. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
On February 20, 1943, a small fissure opened up in a cornfield, and steam and lava began
erupting from it as a mountain was born.
1. stress
2. crack
3. leakage
4. explosion
45. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
According to the traditional view of conflict is detrimental to an organization. This can,-
of course, add up the risks in running the organization.
1. beneficial
2. ineffective
3. harmful
4. advantageous
Reading Practice 2
Quiz
Business and ethics
Case study: James Carston,
Fine Shirtmakers

Set up in the 1920s by James Carston, a Manchester tailor, the company has remained in the
family and is now run by James grandson, Paul Carston. Employing fewer than 50 people, the
company has a reputation for producing high-quality mens
shirts, which it sells by mail order, and has a loyal customer base. As Paul Carston says: Once
someone has tried our shirts, they tend to come back for more. Our customers appreciate the
attention to detail and the high-quality fabric we use. And its the fabric they now use that
makes the company exceptional in the world of mens shirt manufacturers.

When Paul Carston took over running the company in 1999, he inherited a business that prided
itself on using local, well-paid machinists rather than sweatshop labour, and looked upon its
employees as members of an extended family. Paul, a committed environmentalist, felt that the
company fitted in well with his values. The shirts were made from 100 per cent cotton, and as
Paul says: Its a completely natural fibre, so you would think it was environmentally sound.
Then Paul read a magazine article about fair trade and cotton producers. He was devastated to
read
that the cotton industry is a major source of pollution, and that the synthetic fertilisers used to
produce cotton are finding their way into the food chain.

Paul takes up the story. I investigated our suppliers, and sure enough found that they were
producing cotton on an industrial scale using massive amounts of chemicals. Then I looked into
organic cotton suppliers, and found an organisation of Indian farmers who worked together to
produce organic cotton on a fair trade basis. Organic cotton is considerably more expensive than
conventionally produced cotton, so I did the sums. I discovered that if we were prepared to take a
cut in profits, we
would need to add only a couple of pounds to the price of each shirt to cover the extra costs. The
big risk, of course, was whether our customers would pay extra for organic cotton.

Paul did some research into the ethical clothing market and discovered that although there were
several companies producing casual clothing such as T-shirts in organic cotton, there was a gap
in the market for smart mens shirts. He decided to take the plunge and switch entirely to organic
cotton. He wrote to all his customers explaining the reasons for the change, and at the same time
the company set up a website so they could sell the shirts on the internet. The response was
encouraging.
Although they lost some of their regular customers, they gained a whole customer base looking
for formal shirts made from organic cotton, and the company is going from strength to strength.
1. Comprehension: Summary. Look at these summaries of the text. Which is the best
summary?
1. Began trading in 1923 and has always been a family business; has always paid
its employees well; now produces mens shirts using organic cotton
2. Began trading in 1919 and was sold to Paul Carston in 1999; stopped using
sweatshop labour in 1999; now produces T-shirts in organic cotton
3. Began trading in 1999 and set up by Paul Carston; all employees are members of
his family; produces formal and casual mens clothes in organic cotton
2. James Carston was Pauls grandfather.
1. True
2. False
3. The company has over 50 employees.
1. True
2. False
4. The shirts are sold in shops.
1. True
2. False
5. When Paul started running the company, he immediately decided to change to
organic cotton.
1. True
2. False
6. Conventionally produced cotton is cheaper than organic cotton.
1. True
2. False
7. The company didnt lose any customers when they changed to organic cotton.
1. True
2. False
Previewing
Quiz
Previewing
Questions 1-3
Read the following text and answer the questions

Many nurses lack proficiency in medical terminology, common phrases, and particularly,
expressions used in everyday work in a hospital where foreign patients are hospitalized. In the
past, there was no manual to guide health care workers. This manual, compiled by experts and
foreign nurses who fully understand the terminology from years of experience, was designed to
help you get started in your work in hospitals.

Questions 4-5
Look at the following part of a book.
A
Alternations of generations, 50
Antibodies, 64, 116
Asexual reproduction, 4, 315
Attached-X females, 353
B
Balance theory of sex determination, 306, 341
Binomial probabilities, 391.
Blood groups in man. 115, 116, 279,
C
Carcinogens, 239
Cytogenetics, 55
D
Darwinian fitness, 247
Developmental genetics, 326, 339
Discordance in twins, 135
Dominant defects, 250
Double-cross method, 256
Double fertilization, 50, 53
Duplicate genes, 101
E
Endomitosis, 192
Eye colors, 63
1. The above text is taken from .
1. Blurb
2. Introduction
3. Appendix
4. Index
2. In which part of the book can you find the above text?
1. Front cover
2. Back matter
3. Body
4. Front matter
3. From the text, can you guess what the best title of the book is?
1. English for Students of Nursing
2. English Language Manual for Health Care Personnel
3. English for Health Care Workers
4. English Used by Doctors
4. What is the most likely title of the book?
1. Introduction to Biology
2. Principle of Genetics
3. The Darwinian Theory
4. Twins Complexities
5. If you want to write an article on the effect of abnormalities of particular genes, you can
look at page ________ .
1. 116
2. 250
3. 391
4. 306
Test Yourself 1

Choose the best answer!
Reading Texts
Questions 1- 2
The following is the table of contents of a book:
No CONTENTS Page
1. Dynamic Technology 11
2. Technological Employment and Unemployment 19
3 Education, Skills, and The Working Life 27
4 Run Over by Technology? 36
5 Possible futures 44

Content-rich readings in areas such as marketing, international business, management and
computer applications serve as springboard for text analysis, classification, writing, information
transfer, and the contextualization and development of vocabulary.
Level: High intermediate to advanced
Features:
Task-based, integrated activities introduce real-life business situations.
Updated readings, graphs, charts, and supplementary activities prepare students for work in the
business world.
Appendices, including business cases and guidelines on the case-study method, provide a rich
and varied learning environment




Questions 8
Many superstitions are so widespread and so old that they must have risen from a depth of
human mind that is indifferent to race or creed. Orthodox Jews place a charm on their doorposts;
so do (or did) the Chinese. Some peoples of Middle Europe believe that when a man sneezes, his
soul, for that moment is absent from his body, and they hasten to bless him, lest he should be
seized by the Devil. How did the Melanesians come by the same idea? Superstition seems to
have a link with some body or belief that far antedates the religions we knowreligions which
have no place for such comforting little ceremonies and charities.

Questions 9
What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. For example, it usually contains artificial colors,
flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run,
may cause cancer. In addition, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds
inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most important junk
food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy
our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy.
(Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie")

Questions 10-13
There are some differences between basket ball and soccer. In scoring, for example, basket ball
players use their hands to throw the ball. They must use their hands. They can also throw the ball
to other players. It is necessary for them to be able to jump high for the ball and throw it high.
For this reason, good basketball players are usually very tall. In contrast, soccer players can score
by kicking the ball or by hitting it with some other part of their body or head, but they cannot
throw the ball for a score. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet

Questions 14-17
We know that crystals store and conduct energy, but, what can we do with them for our benefits?
It is true that one type of them is used to activate watches, computers, and radios. But is that all
that we can benefit? The answer to this question can be related to the fact that today some people
believe that crystals can also store and conduct the invisible energy around our bodies. They say
this energy may make us feel calmer and more relaxed. This may or may not be true, but it is true
that hospitals are using crystal-based technology. They use crystals in machines to help them
find and cure illnesses.

Questions 18
Happiness is a very complex emotion that can be felt in many ways. It can come from the senses:
the sight of a smile on a childs face, the smell of flowers in the air, the feeling of the sun on
ones face, or the sound of music. Happiness can also come from basic necessities such as food
for the hungry, a blanket for the cold, and a drink for the thirsty. More lasting emotions can give
rise to happiness, too for example, love of parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife, and
love of all mankind. In essence, happiness seems to result from being in accord with life and its
experiences. When such happiness is achieved, it can bring great peace of mind.

Questions 19
Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The sun was dazzling his half-open eyes, and he
couldn't figure out what time it was. The door to his room was closed; the house was immersed
in some sort of reckless silence. He slowly got out of his bed and approached the bench right
next to the window. For a moment, he thought, he heard a tapping sound coming from the attic.
Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed to be somewhat closer. He looked
outside the window and saw a man going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry, the man
approached his garden's fence and whistled. At this point Larry recognized Nick and waved his
hand.

Questions 20
Writers commit plagiarism every time they reword sources without crediting original authors or
fail to reference their sources appropriately. Plagiarism through paraphrasing can happen in two
cases. First, writer may choose to substitute some words from the original with different
vocabulary, rearrange words, or rearrange the whole paragraph. In this way., he or she presents
stolen information expressing it with his or her own words. And second, writer may try to use
exactly the same vocabulary and stylistic constructions and use them with respect to another
context. Plagiarism occurs in both cases.

Questions 21
UV intensity is not the most important factor in skin cancer fatalities. While residents of
Colorado (mean elevation of 2.1 km) have always been subjected to the highest UV intensities in
the United States, Colorado has one of the lowest skin cancer fatality rates of all the states. In
contrast, England, which has much lower UV intensities has a death rate from skin cancer 25%
higher than it is in Colorado. Evidence is strong that UV intensity is not the principal factor in
determining the skin cancer death rate. Genetic factors, skin pigmentation, behavioral
characteristics, medical facilities, broad straw hats, and sun screen lotion all have some influence
on skin cancer fatalities.

Questions 22
The whole Hindu population of India can be divided into four castes or vama. The highest of
these castes is that of the Brahmans or priests. The next highest is the vama of the warriors,
known as the Kshatriya, or sometimes the Rajput caste. Below this comes the Vaishya or
merchant caste and the lowest caste is known as the Sidra caste. While castes are traditionally
associated with a type of occupation, in modem India, occupations are not a reliable guide to
caste.

Questions 23-29
What happens when you smoke a cigarette?
In just three seconds a cigarette makes your heart beat faster and shoots your blood pressure up.
It replaces oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide and leaves cancer-causing chemicals to
spread through your body. As the cigarettes add up, the damage adds up. It's the total amount of
smoking that causes the trouble. The younger you start smoking, the greater the danger will be.
For instance, if you're fifteen, you will have smoked many more cigarettes by the time you're
thirty than someone who started at twenty.
And people who start young tend to become heavy smokers. Heavy smokers run a greater risk.
Again, the more cigarettes you smoke, the faster they add up.
You are still young. The younger you are, the easier it is to quit. It takes years to develop a real
cigarette habit. So even if you think you are hooked, chances are you're not. If you quit now, you
will never be sorry. Your body will repair half. Food will taste better. Everything will smell
better (including your hair and your clothes). And don't let anyone tell you stories about gaining
weight. Haven't you ever seen a fat smoker? If you have the willpower to quit smoking, you have
the willpower not to overeat. It is as simple as that. You know what you've got to look forward
to. You can grow into a truly free woman, or you can ruin yourself for life.
The only one who can make the choice is you.

Questions 30-33
The boysenberry is a very large bramble fruit that is deep purplish-blue in color. It is usually
considered a variety of blackberry. This type of fruit is a relatively recent addition to the family
of fruits- It was developed in Napa, California, in the 1920s by Rudolph Boysen. Today it is
grown chiefly in the United States, in the South and Southwest and a" the Pacific Coast Walter
Knott saw real commercial possibilities for this fruit that Boysen had created, and he devoted
himself to developing the boysenberry as a business. Knott worked on commercial cultivation of
the berry as well as on a variety of products containing the fruit. It was the boysenberry that
became the primary berry in Knott's successful commercial venture Knott's Berry Farm.

Questions 34-39
Water is an essential component of all living matter. The body itself consists of more than 70%
water. Water is necessary for weathering processes that _(34)_ rock to soil and for the transport
of soil nutrients to plants. In the form of vapor, it provides (35) for us against the harmful
radiations from outer space and fl-e chilling temperatures at night Water is so much a part of our
daily lives _(36) we take all this for granted, we drink it, wash with it, use it to dispose of our
waste products and for _(37)_ other domestic purposes. The widest use of water in some
countries is for irrigation. The farmers grow rice _(38)_ to satisfy the need for this staple food.
_(39)_, with the programmer's priority being to increase rice production, the heavy use of water
for agriculture will continue in the future.
1. Based on the table above, which of the following would be the most likely title of the
book?
1. The Future of Education
2. Dynamic Life
3. Living with Technology
4. Skills and Employment
2. In which part of the book is this text usually located?
1. Back Matter
2. Preface
3. Appendices
4. Body
3. Separatist Tamil Tiger rebels blamed Colombo for the killing of two Tamils who were
shot in Paris on October 27. (What is the heading?)
1. Labor Payment
2. No Seats, No Support
3. Risky Remark
4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
5. Jobs are not permanent
6. Killing in Paris
4. Thousands of workers took to the streets in Seoul on November 24 in reaction to
comments by Labor Minister Jin Nyum that Seoul would overhaul controversial laws
curbing union power by yearend.(What is the heading?)
1. Labor Payment
2. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
3. Risky Remark
4. Jobs are not permanent
5. No Seats, No Support
6. Killing in Paris
5. Washington won't support expanding the United Nations Security Council unless
Germany and Japan are given permanent seats, the American deputy ambassador to the
UN said.
1. Labor Payment
2. Risky Remark
3. Killing in Paris
4. No Seats, No Support
5. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
6. Jobs are not permanent
6. Most of the estimated half a million jobs created by the fruit industry are temporary and
seasonal. Over two thirds of the labor force in Chile is now employed on a temporary
basis, 60 per cent of whom work in the fruit sector.
1. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
2. Risky Remark
3. Killing in Paris
4. Jobs are not permanent
5. Labor Payment
6. No Seats, No Support
7. In the late 1980s in a major fruit-growing valley, temporary workers, employed for about
three months of the year, were paid between $2 and $4 per day-, one hectare (2.5 acres)
of grapes in the valley earned the owner just under 35.000.
1. Risky Remark
2. No Seats, No Support
3. Jobs are not permanent
4. Low pay for workers, high profit for growers
5. Killing in Paris
8. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Question-answer
2. Topic-discussion
3. Problem-solution
9. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Question-answer
2. Topic-discussion
3. Problem-solution
10. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Problem-solution
2. Topic-discussion
3. Question-answer
11. Which of the following is the best main idea for the paragraph?
1. Basket ball players can throw the ball to other players.
2. Soccer is different from basket ball in several ways.
3. Throwing the ball high is allowed in basket ball.
4. Soccer teams also move the ball with their feet
12. The topic sentence is located............. of the paragraph.
1. at the end
2. at both the beginning and the end
3. within
4. at the beginning
13. What is the method of development of the above paragraph?
1. Cause and Effect
2. Process
3. General analysis
4. Comparison-Contrast
14. What is the paragraph pattern of the above paragraph?
1. Topic discussion
2. Problem-Solution
3. Question-Answer
15. The topic sentence is placed ................ of the paragraph.
1. at both the beginning and the end
2. at the end
3. within
4. at the beginning
16. The main idea of the above paragraph is ..........
1. Crystals can be used for maintaining human's health.
2. Crystals are used in computers, watches, radios, and medical equipment
3. Crystals have played an important role in the history of humans.
4. Crystals store and conduct energy.
17. What is the method of development of the above paragraph?
1. Cause and Effect
2. Comparison-Contrast
3. Illustration/example
4. General analysis
18. What method of development does the writer use for the above paragraph?
1. Illustration
2. Definition
3. Narration
4. Process analysis
19. What method of development does the writer use?
1. Illustration
2. Narration
3. General analysis
4. Definition
20. What method of development do the writers use ?
1. Description
2. Classification
3. Narration
4. Illustration
21. What method of development do the writers use?
1. Definition
2. Description
3. Argument
4. Illustration
22. What method of development do the writers use?
1. Classification
2. Definition
3. Illustration
4. Description
23. According to the article, smokong .....
1. kill white blod cells
2. raises blood pressure
3. causes dizziness
4. kill red blood cells
24. The author points out that giving up smoking requires .....
1. patience
2. custom
3. courage
4. willpower
25. This article is mostly about ....
1. smoking for killing time
2. attitudes toward smoking
3. giving up smoking
4. the connection between smoking and growing
26. The author implies that a person who gives up smoking ......
1. enjoys food more
2. gains weight easily
3. sleeps more soundly
4. is more energetic
27. Based on the text, we can conclude that ......
1. cigarettes are more popular than cigars and pipes
2. smoking affects attitude
3. the odor of smoke clings to cloth
4. smoking can cause common cold
28. According to the passage, smoking is easiest for someone who is ....
1. seventeen years old
2. forty years old
3. sixty years old
4. twenty years old
29. Based on the text, it can be concluded that ......
1. illnesses and smoking are often related.
2. smoking effects comes at age fifty
3. cancer kills more people than any other disease
4. cigarette sales have declined in the past few years.
30. The subject of this passage is .....
1. a type of fruit
2. various types of blackberries
3. Rudolph Boysen's career
4. Walter Knott's early life
31. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage about the boysenberry?
1. It is very sweet
2. It is big.
3. It has brambles
4. It has a dark color.
32. It can be inferred from the passage that the boysenberry .....
1. could not be grown commercially.
2. was developed by Walter Knott.
3. did not exist a century ago.
4. is unrelated to the blackberry.
33. According to the passage, Walter Knott developed a number of .....
1. boysenberry products
2. areas in Napa
3. types of fruit crops
4. types of farms
34. .......
1. converting
2. conversion
3. convert
4. convertible
5. converter
35. .......
1. protectively
2. protect
3. protector
4. protection
5. protective
36. .....
1. when
2. how
3. which
4. where
5. that
37. .....
1. matchless
2. hopeless
3. useless
4. countless
5. harmless
38. .....
1. extensively
2. largely
3. widely
4. broadly
5. abundantly
39. .....
1. Consequently
2. Gradually
3. Nevertheless
4. Moreover
5. However
40. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
The absent minded professor loses his keys, his book and his spectacles almost every day.
1. ignorant
2. forgetful
3. lazy
4. idel
41. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
The dispute between those who want to legalize marijuana and those who do not has been
going on for years.
1. argument
2. theory
3. addiction
4. discussion
42. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
When My grandma was sick, her voice was almost inaudible. We couldn't hear what she
was trying to say clearly.
1. easy listening
2. strange or uncommon
3. hard to hear
4. very loud
43. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
Despite the high number of sale, the apples we have harvested last week remain
abundant. Ifs better if we start exporting.
1. full
2. plentiful
3. insufficient
4. delicious
44. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
On February 20, 1943, a small fissure opened up in a cornfield, and steam and lava began
erupting from it as a mountain was born.
1. explosion
2. crack
3. stress
4. leakage
45. Choose the best substitute for the words underlined.
According to the traditional view of conflict is detrimental to an organization. This can,-
of course, add up the risks in running the organization.
1. ineffective
2. harmful
3. advantageous
4. beneficial
Main Ideas
Main Ideas Review
Chose the best answer!
Main Ideas
Text 1. Question 1 - 2

(1). Basketball was on the Olympic program in 1904, but the event was contested by only a few
American club teams and actually served as the AAU (Amateur Athletic Union of the USA)
Championship for that year. (2). Thus the event is usually considered only an exhibition. (3). The
winning team, incidentally, was the Buffalo German club, which was so dominant in those days
that they were inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a team. (4). In 1936, basketball made
its first appearance as a medal sport at the Olympics, and the sport has been included in every
Olympic Games since. (5). In 1976, women's basketball was added to the program. (6). The
United States has many sport events for women. (7). The USA won all the Olympic titles until
1972 when they were defeated by the Soviet Union. (8). The Soviet women were originally the
top team on the female side, winning gold in 1976, 1980 and 1992, but the US women have now
surpassed them, winning gold medals in 1984, 1988, 1996 and 2000.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Text 2. Question 3-4

T-shirts represent one of the highest grossing markets in youth culture fashion, which makes this
marketplace one of the most vital components towards understanding trends and market
opportunities in youth culture in general. In many ways, knowing what's going on in the
subcultures of the T-shirt industry indicate where the marketplace is headed next, how spending
patterns effect other categories, and where cultural shifts within youth culture globally may take
shape. T-shirts, which are often less expensive than other forms of apparel play many roles when
it comes to individuals style, often leading new directions for brands, designs, marketing,
distribution, and in many cases, even the launch of entirely new companies based on the success
of a series of collections.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Text 3. Question 5-9

To focus attention on the so-called 'primitive' or tribal masks of the Himalayas is to adapt the eye
to a completely different style than is generally expected in the West of Himalayan art. Aesthetic
interest in the objects themselves or astonishment at their shape and their mysterious beauty
provokes questions as to what they mean and how they originated. Inspiration for the masks
often reflects the individual, the artist being at liberty to express his fantasy. As the execution of
tribal masks was not often subject to canonical rules, the objects are the products of ingenuous
freshness and instinctive expressionism, and they exhibit many different levels of technical
ability. Although some masks can be very sophisticated, others may have very little
embellishment, or are roughly carved with a few quick strokes, two holes for the eyes, one for
the mouth. Supernatural forces are projected into a mask and the spectator gives it life and
meaning.
It is a mode of expression that reveals specific characteristics of the original spirit, beliefs and
visions of the people who created the masks, and gives an idea of how Buddhism or Hinduism,
after defeating the shamanic traditions, transformed and even incorporated many of these rites.
The ethnic groups that created the masks have undergone radical changes; for example, the
Thakali of the upper Kali-Gandaki valley in western Nepal first converted from their shamanic
religion to Buddhism, and have more recently converted to Hinduism. Some of the tribal masks
represent vanished cults and deities that have been swept away by the conversion to another
religion, and several of the masks remain only as mute witnesses to a dead civilization.
The masks discussed in this article were all produced in Nepal by the various ethnic groups
inhabiting the Terai (the low plains of the south along the Indian border), the Middle Hills (with
the exclusion of the Kathmandu valley) and the northern Himalayas. Himalayan tribal masks
evoke by their shape, patina and carving their African, Indonesian or American counterparts.
They can be reminiscent of Japanese jomon (cord pattern) terracotta masks dating from the
second millennium BC, and sometimes they resemble those of Siberian shamans, or of central
Indian tribes such as the Bhugas who wore masks for divination before hunting ceremonies. In
these last two cases, it is possible that there is more than just an aesthetic similarity, but only
patient comparative studies will be able to determine the depth to which such a comparison can
be carried.
In some cases, although the appearance of the sculpture is archaic , it can nevertheless be a
Buddhist or Hindu image from a remote village or a small temple, such as boar mask from a
Buddhist village. Even when it was produced by a Buddhist or a Hindu, this art was in contact
with shamanism. It seems that making masks has its roots in prehistoric times. The wearing of an
animal mask or skin could originally have been used in magic rites for hunting, healing, laying a
curse or killing into Tibetan Buddhist Cham dances. Owing to social, political and religious
changes over the last two centuries, the function of various masks has altered and evolved so that
an old mask has sometimes been given a new meaning. It is therefore difficult, considering the
number of existing ethnic groups, to ascertain exactly all the original purposes of these masks.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Text 4. Question 10-14

Hiking and mountain biking are rapidly increasing in popularity as forms of outdoor recreation.
Mountain biking in particular is one of the fastest-growing outdoor activities, with 43.3 million
persons participating at least once in 2000 (USDA Forest Service and National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration 2000). (10) .. researchers have examined the responses of
wildlife to pedestrians, there is a lack of information on the responses of wildlife to mountain
bikers. Despite this lack of knowledge, mountain biking is (11) in all federal wilderness
areas and on many other public lands, in part because it is assumed to be more (12) for
wildlife than hiking. Currently, it is not known (13) wildlife respond differently to these
activities. Disturbance from recreation may have both immediate and long-term effects on
wildlife. The immediate response of many animals to disturbance is a change in behavior, such
as cessation of foraging, fleeing, or altering (14) behavior.
1. What is the main idea of the above text?
1. The Olympic basketball program in 1904 was dominated by Amateur Athletic
Union of the USA.
2. The USA won all the Olympic medals until 1972 when they were defeated by
the Soviet Union.
3. The Buffalo German club won the first medal sport on the Olympic for
basketball.
4. In 1904, only a few American clubs participated in the basketball Olympic
program.
5. The first basketball program on the Olympic in 1904 was contested by only
American club teams.
2. The irrelevant sentence in the above text is sentence number ..
1. 7
2. 4
3. 2
4. 8
5. 6
3. What is the topic of the text?
1. The youth and the T-shirt design
2. The T-shirt industry and the market opportunity
3. The T-shirt industry and the changes of design
4. The changes of T-shirt trends and design
5. The T-shirt industry and the youth subculture
4. Which of the following is best for the last sentence of the paragraph?
1. That is why T-shirt is so popular among the youth.
2. T-shirt is getting cheaper and cheaper
3. The T-shirt industries take advantage of the youth culture.
4. T-shirt design is changing rapidly among the youth.
5. What is the best title for the above text?
1. The West of Himalayan Art
2. Styles of the Primitive Mask of the Himalayas
3. The Origin of Himalayan Mask
4. Tribal masks of the Himalayas
5. Aesthetic of Primitive Mask of the Himalayas
6. The masks discussed in the text were made in .
1. Nepal
2. Terai
3. Kali-Gandaki
4. Northern Himalayas
5. Kathmandu valley
7. From the text we can conclude that .
1. The masks are still used for traditional ritual in Himalayan cultures.
2. The masks are considered holly to the Himalayan people.
3. The masks were made in the prehistoric times and were kept in temples.
4. The masks have been influenced by many religions and cultures.
5. The masks are priceless to the Himalayan people.
8. The word archaic (in the first line of the last paragraph) can be best replaced by ..
1. prehistoric
2. prevailing
3. contemporary
4. cheap
5. tedious
9. The above text is probably found in ..
1. A newspaper editorial.
2. An announcement board
3. A popular magazine.
4. An advertisement
5. A journal article.
10.
1. While
2. Whenever
3. Before
4. Until
5. Since
11.
1. rejected
2. disturb
3. blocked
4. denied
5. banned
12.
1. disturbingly
2. disturbing
3. disturber
4. disturb
5. disturbance
13.
1. until
2. although
3. whether
4. that
14.
1. reproductive
2. reproducible
3. reproducing
4. reproduce
5. reproduction
Main Idea

Choose the best answer!
Main Idea
Main Idea

Read the following passages and find the main idea of each one.

Question 1

Strictly speaking, cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps. The explorers and surveyors
go out and make the measurements and gather the information from which the cartographers
draw their maps. Sometimes the fieldwork and the creation of the map are done by the same
person. But when the scope is broad and the sources of information many, maps are more often a
compilation of that information. They represent the accumulated work of many people, brought
together under the supervision of one person. the compiler. The value of the map depends, of
course, on the expertise of the compiler, who must sift through available information, select the
most accurate data, and come up with a thoughtful and accurate synthesis of the geographic
knowledge of the region.

Question 2
In the 1820s and 1830s American painting added a new chapter to the story of its development.
Until the nineteenth century, portraiture and occasional historical pieces were the only concerns
of American art, but throughout the 1800s some of America's most talented painters chose to
depict landscapes and the daily activities of ordinary people. With the nation's declaration of
independence had come prosperity and with it the opportunity and inclination for painters to
contemplate their environment. As they traveled beyond the early settlements and left the
nation's first cities, such as Boston and Philadelphia, they began to experience and appreciate the
pristine beauty of the American scenery, which differed greatly from the European landscape,
partly because in its unsettled state it appeared wild and primeval.

Question 3
Speculation about the earth's crust has a special edge of urgency in California, which sits on the
San Andreas fault, the world's most famous and respected fracture zone. Not surprisingly, it was
a scientist at the California Institute of Technology, Charles F. Richter, who invented the Richter
scale used to measure earthquakes. Seismic activity in California is being constantly monitored
and mapped. Seismometers register many thousands of small earthquakes every year, and
computers instantly calculate the location, depth, and magnitude of an earthquake. Laser
distance-ranging networks can detect changes of length, indicating change in crustal stress,
accurate to about half an inch in 20 miles. Satellite measurements of crustal blocks are
improving, and California seismologists believe they may in time be precise enough to allow
earthquake prediction.

Question 4
The first expedition down the Colorado River was made by John Wesley Powell and his party in
1869. Powell had made long trips down the Ohio and the Mississippi and its tributaries during
his twenties, when his lifelong interest in natural history developed. In 1867 he led his first
expedition to the Rockies, a collecting trip for the museum he had founded in Illinois. While on
Pike's Peak, -near Colorado Springs, Powell conceived his great plan to explore the Colorado
River. On May 24, 1869, he and his party set off down the upper Colorado and nothing was
heard from them for 37 days. During that time Powell and party braved uncharted territory,
encounters with the natives, fierce rapids, and 20-foot waterfalls, as they followed the Colorado
through the Grand Canyon to the Gulf of California.

Question 5
Innovations in transportation in the 1800s permitted space to be traversed more rapidly and were
crucial to the industrial expansion of the North. The great spaces that separated producers from
consumers made speed essential, especially in the movement of perishable freight. The
development of the steam-powered locomotive in the 1830s and the rapid extension of the
railways in the 1840s and 1850s provided the answer to the need for faster transport and
dramatically altered patterns of economic development throughout the United States. In 1830
there were 32 miles of rails in the country, in 1840 there were 2,818 miles, and by 1850 there
were more than 9,000 miles. The rapid extension of rail mileage enabled the railroads
significantly to reduce their costs for shipping freight and carrying passengers, thus enabling
them to price their services more cheaply and competitively. The extension of trunk lines, into
which short or local lines fed, further tightened the east-west flow of commerce and bound the
Northeast and the old Northwest together with bands of steel.

Question 6
The few places left on earth that have not been altered by humankind are almost invariably
hostile to humans. One such place is the Alaskan Arctic, which is inhabited, where inhabited at
all, by only a scattering of Eskimos, Native Americans, and whites. But while the Arctic is
indeed a chill and inimical realm of snow, ice, and polar bears, it is also a region of great beauty
and, above all, purity, where plants and animals still exist undisturbed in a state of natural
balance. Nearly one-third of Alaska lies north of the Arctic Circle and consists of pristine land.
The Brooks Range cuts across the region like a wall, making access difficult. Even today, in an
age of jet travel, the number of persons, who have had first-hand experience in the Alaskan
Arctic remains small, and countless valleys and mountains go unnamed and even unexplored.

Question 7
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the first distinctly American culture took Im. The
rise of an American tradition in literature paralleled the expansion of the nation, as American
.writers began to look within themselves and across their enlarged continental homeland for their
subjects and themes. The romance, or novel, provided a useful form for dealing with the
Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers (1823) and The Deerslayer (1841), Natty Bumppo and the
Mohican guide Chingachgook confronted the environment of the American frontier, chronicling
the advance of "civilization" and questioning the implications of its impact on the natural world.
The theme of the individual confronting nature was further developed by Herman Melville in the
classic novel Moby Dick (1851). Nathaniel Hawthorne dealt with equally difficult questions of
inner limits and the individual's responsibilities to society in The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The
House of the Seven Gables (1851).

Question 8
Because different tree species adapted to different climates and soil types have evolved over
millennia, many kinds of forests occupy the earth today. The primitive forests of several hundred
million years ago consisted of fewer kinds of trees. In fact, the earliest "trees," which grew nearly
500 million years ago, were like giant club mosses. They lacked true roots and consisted of a
tangle of specialized branches that clambered over rocky ground. Fifty million years later came
the dense forests of tree ferns that prevailed in tropical climates of that era. The forerunners of
modern conifers were on the scene 300 million years ago, when plant life abundantly colonized
marshy land, building the tremendous coal and oil reserves so important today. By the time the
dinosaurs roamed the earth some 180 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period, seed-
bearing trees had evolved that shed their leaves in winter; from these have sprung the
angiosperms and our present deciduous forests.

Question 9
Birds have two basic types of sounds: songs and calls. Songs are usually more complex than
calls and are utilized primarily by adult males during the breeding season to establish territories
or attract mates. Calls are normally simple notes, single or repeated, vocalized by males and
females in all seasons to express alarm or maintain contact with mates, offspring, or other birds
of the same species. All songs and most calls are distinctive, and with concentrated study and
practice, bird watchers can learn to identify many birds by their sounds and to call them as well.

Question 10
Hawaii was originally settled by the natives of the South Pacific, who arrived in the islands in
canoes laden with breadfruit, yams, taro, coconut, bananas, pigs, and chickens. Supplementing
these foods were over a hundred different edible fishes and 4C kinds of seaweed from the
surrounding waters. Hawaiian food was eaten raw or wrapped in taro leaves, seasoned with
coconut, and cooked.

In the early 1800s, the whalers and missionaries introduced stews, chowders curries, corned beef,
dried beef, salt salmon, and Indian and cornstarch puddings. Most likely, pipkaula (jerked beef),
lomi lumi salmon, and haupia (coconut pudding) evolved during this period.

In the late nineteenth century immigrants from China, Japan, and Korea were brought to Hawaii
to work the sugar plantations. The Chinese brought rice, soybeans, and vegetables and their ways
of cooking them. The Japanese brought sukiyaki and teriyaki, among many other foods. Settlers
from the continental United States also brought their favorite recipes and in the spirit of aloha,
the Hawaiians have accepted each group's offerings and drawn the best from them. Thus a
Hawaiian feast is a gastronomic experience, the essence of Hawaii and its many cultures.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
1. Maps are the product of a group effort brought together usually by one person.
2. The compiler's task is more important than that of the explorers and surveyors.
3. Not all of the information initially compiled for maps is accurate.
4. The definition of cartography is the drawing or compiling of maps.
2. What is the main topic of the passage?
1. America's declaration of independence brought prosperity to the nation and with
it an appreciation of the outdoors.
2. Conditions ire the early 1800s were favorable to the emergence of the American
landscape artist.
3. An increase in travel in America led to an appreciation of the beauty of the
American landscape.
4. In the early 1800s, landscapes were produced in preference to portraits and
historical pieces.
3. What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
1. A great deal of attention is paid to earthquake activity in California.
2. Earthquake prediction will be possible in the future.
3. Computers provide a variety of information about earthquakes.
4. The Richter scale was invented in California.
4. What is the main subject of the passage?
1. Powell was uniquely qualified to lead an expedition down the Colorado.
2. Powell and his party faced daunting challenges on the first Colorado River
expedition.
3. Powell was inspired to explore the Colorado while on Pike's Peak.
4. People were concerned when nothing was heard from Powell and his party for
over a month.
5. What is the main theme in the passage?
1. Railroads had a profound effect on the economic development of the United
States in the nineteenth century.
2. Railroads provided an important link between the Northwest and the Northeast.
3. Railroads made the transportation of perishable freight possible.
4. Between 1830 and 185C over 8,000 miles of railroad track were laid.
6. hat is the primary topic of the passage?
1. The Alaskan Arctic is a beautifully pristine realm of snow, ice, and polar bears.
2. The ruggedness of the Alaskan Arctic makes it one of the last few remaining
pristine areas in the world.
3. The Alaskan Arctic is habitable only to arctic animals and a few hardy humans.
4. Remarkably, parts of the Alaskan Arctic still remain unexplored.
7. What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
1. In their novels, Melville and Hawthorne both addressed difficult questions
facing Americans.
2. At, the nation expanded, novelists began writing about the American frontier.
3. The individual versus nature was one of the main themes explored in early
American literature.
4. The first American literature took the form of novels that dealt with uniquely
American themes.
8. What is the main idea of the passage?
1. The predecessors of today's forests were giant club mosses and tree ferns.
2. Climate affected the development of trees over millennia.
3. Conifers are the oldest trees in today's forests.
4. The variety of trees in today's forests area result of millions of years of
evolution.
9. What is the main idea of the passage?
1. Birds have their own language by which they maintain contact.
2. Bird songs are complicated and used mainly by males to attract mates.
3. Bird calls and songs are distinctive, meaningful, and ideal liable.
4. Birdwatchers can identify many bird calls and their meanings and learn to mimic
them as well.
10. What is the main topic of the passage?
1. Whalers and missionaries introduced new kinds of foods to the people of
Hawaii.
2. Hawaiian food is a combination of the foods of many peoples and a reflection of
Hawaii's history.
3. The natives of the South Pacific who first settled in Hawaii ate raw food,
whereas other immigrants cooked theirs.
4. Sugar plantations were worked by immigrants from Asia, who brought their
native foods with them.
Choose the correct definition (1)
Quiz
Change management (by Graham Bradford)
The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New
competitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise having to
embrace change to remain successful.
How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, a former professor at
the London Business School, suggested that organisations should embrace change when they are
doing well; they should not wait until things take a turn for the worse. It is doubtful that many
organisations follow this advice. It is more likely that traditional indicators such as sales
information can be used to decide when and what to change. Changes in the external
environment need to be monitored what are your competitors planning? Do you suddenly have
a new competitor?
How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can help in the
planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senger, from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, this isnt enough. He suggests that a vital factor in the successful
implementation of change is that organisations must learn to learn. The traditional top-down,
authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible enough to cope with todays rapidly changing
business environment. Senger lists five factors that help make an organisation a learning
organisation:
personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning to continually update
that employees set of job skills the creative use of mental models all employees should
question all aspects of a companys organisation
building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must be positive, innovative,
constantly evolving and something that all employees wish to achieve
team learning employees need to think and learn together; teams need to learn, not just
individuals
systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of an organisation; in fact the
concept of a sector within a company is not useful activities in a company should be seen as a
whole; it is also important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complex
circumstances.
If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about successful
organisational change.
1. embrace change
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organisation
6. become worse
7. making change happen
2. take a turn for the worse
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organisation
6. become worse
7. making change happen
3. traditional indicators
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organization
6. become worse
7. making change happen
4. external environment
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organization
6. become worse
7. making change happen
5. top down
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organization
6. become worse
7. making change happen
6. implementation of change
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organization
6. become worse
7. making change happen
7. lifelong learning
1. coming from above in a hierarchy
2. sets of information that have been used for some time
3. learning as a continual activity
4. agree that change is necessary and achieve it
5. conditions outside an organization
6. become worse
7. making change happen
Change management (2)
Gap-fill exercise
Fill in all the gaps.
Change management (by Graham Bradford)
The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New competitors, new
markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise having to embrace change to remain
successful.
How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, a former professor at the
London Business School, suggested that organisations should embrace change when they are doing well;
they should not wait until things take a turn for the worse. It is doubtful that many organisations follow
this advice. It is more likely that traditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide
when and what to change. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored what are your
competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor?
How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can help in the
planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senger, from the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, this isnt enough. He suggests that a vital factor in the successful
implementation of change is that organisations must learn to learn. The traditional top-down,
authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible enough to cope with todays rapidly changing business
environment. Senger lists five factors that help make an organisation a learning organisation:
personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning to continually update
that employees set of job skills the creative use of mental models all employees should question all
aspects of a companys organisation
building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must be positive, innovative, constantly
evolving and something that all employees wish to achieve
team learning employees need to think and learn together; teams need to learn, not just individuals
systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of an organisation; in fact the concept
of a sector within a company is not useful activities in a company should be seen as a whole; it is also
important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complex circumstances.
If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about successful
organisational change.
Fill in the gap with the appropriate words. (change, achieve,learning, vision, embrance, individuals,
indicators, organisation, lifelong)

The rate of in the business world is always increasing. Charles Handy suggests that companies
should not wait for such as poor sales to tell them that change is necessary. A company
should change when it is doing well. Professor Senge says that organisations are
better at embracing change. Such organisations share five factors: employees embrace
learning; employees are encouraged to question all aspects of the companys ; the vision of
the companys future should be something that all employees wish to ; employees need to
learn as teams not as ; wide across all sectors of an organisation is required.
Critical Reading Practice 1
Practice 1
Choose the best choice
Reading Texts
Questions 1-3

Many nurses lack proficiency in medical terminology, common phrases, and particularly,
expressions used in everyday work in a hospital where foreign patients are hospitalized. In the
past, there was no manual to guide health care workers. This manual, compiled by experts and
foreign nurses who fully understand the terminology from years of experience, was designed to
help you get started in your work in hospitals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Questions 4-5
Look at the following part of a book.
A
Alternations of generations, 50
Antibodies, 64, 116
Asexual reproduction, 4, 315
Attached-X females, 353
B
Balance theory of sex determination, 306, 341
Binomial probabilities, 391.
Blood groups in man. 115, 116, 279,
C
Carcinogens, 239
Cytogenetics, 55
D
Darwinian fitness, 247
Developmental genetics, 326, 339
Discordance in twins, 135
Dominant defects, 250
Double-cross method, 256
Double fertilization, 50, 53
Duplicate genes, 101
E
Endomitosis, 192
Eye colors, 63
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Questions 6-8

What's so bad about junk food? A great deal. ___(6)____, it usually contains artificial colors,
flavors, and preservativesadditives that pose serious health hazards and, over the long run,
may cause cancer. ___(7)___, much junk food is packed with sugar, fats, or cholesterol. It adds
inches to our waistlines, clogs our arteries, and disturbs our metabolism. Most importantly, junk
food contains few nutrients. Eating cotton candy, potato chips, and chocolate bars may satisfy
our hunger, but for that very reason it keeps us from eating the foods we need to stay healthy.
(Nicholas Cannino, "The Junk-Food Junkie")
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-------

Question 9-10

Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several
major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played
in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the
other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada). Soccer is played
by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat
different positions on the field, is played with an elongated round ball. Soccer has little body
contact between players and therefore requires no special protective equipment. Football, in
which players make maximum use of body contact to block a running ball-carrier and his team-
mates, requires special headgear and padding. In soccer, the ball is advanced towards the goal by
kicking it or butting it with the head. In football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand
to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents goal. These are just a few of the features
which distinguish European and American football.
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-------

Question 11-12

(1) This was the beginning of the end of the tribe. About 400 surrendered and were sold into
slavery in the Caribbean Islands. (2) The rest of the survivors no more than 450 joined other
Native American tribes for protection. (3)The slaves soon died, and the rest of the Natchez lost
their tribal identity and language. (4) During the 1800s, the United States government forced
them to settle in a territory that is now part of Oklahoma. (5) By 1900, there were only 20
Natchez left, and in a short time they disappeared. (6) A unique culture and people were erased
forever.
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-------

Question 13

Every second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football
fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million
hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious
consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant,
insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since
1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear-cut, 142 species of salmon have already become
extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened.
Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all
kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

Question 14

The railroad was not the first institution to impose regularity on society, or to draw attention to
the importance of precise timekeeping. For as long as merchants have set out their wares at
daybreak and communal festivities have been celebrated, people have been in rough agreement
with their neighbors as to the time of the day. The value of this tradition is today more apparent
than ever. Were it not for public acceptance of a single yardstick of time, social life would be
unbearably chaotic the massive daily transfers of goods, services, and information would proceed
in fits and starts; the very fabric of modern society would begin to unravel.
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Questions 19-20

T-shirts represent one of the highest grossing markets in youth culture fashion, which makes this
marketplace one of the most vital components towards understanding trends and market
opportunities in youth culture in general. In many ways, knowing what's going on in the
subcultures of the T-shirt industry indicate where the marketplace is headed next, how spending
patterns effect other categories, and where cultural shifts within youth culture globally may take
shape. T-shirts, which are often less expensive than other forms of apparel play many roles when
it comes to individuals style, often leading new directions for brands, designs, marketing,
distribution, and in many cases, even the launch of entirely new companies based on the success
of a series of collections. ............................
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-------

Questions 21 30

Pulp Friction
Every second, 1 hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's equivalent to two football
fields. An area the size of New York City is lost every day. In a year, that adds up to 31 million
hectares -- more than the land area of Poland. This alarming rate of destruction has serious
consequences for the environment; scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant,
insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since
1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become
extinct, and the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened.
Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all
kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.

Much of Canada's forestry production goes towards making pulp and paper. According to the
Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the world's wood pulp and 49%
of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian
forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing paper has been
suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.
Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can
be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the
economies of many countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing
ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a worldwide trading network would not have
been possible without hemp. Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic
fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the
production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be
produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the
large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests.
However, there is a problem: hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful
for fibre, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which
marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana began to gather
force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce
the drug, but also of the commercial fibre-producing hemp plant. Although both George
Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any
American growing the plant today would soon find himself in prison -- despite the fact that
marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active
ingredient in the drug).

In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group
of activists believes that ALL cannabis should be legal -- both the hemp plant and the marijuana
plant -- and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that
marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are
not criminals but productive members of society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic
than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant
used to produce fibre; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fibre for
paper and pulp production. This second group has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada
legalized the farming of hemp for fibre. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are
planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.
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-------
1. The above text is taken from .
1. appendix
2. index
3. introduction
4. blurb
2. In which part of the book can you find the above text?
1. Body
2. Front matter
3. Back matter
4. Front cover
3. From the above text, can you guess what the best title of the book is?
1. English for Health Care Workers
2. English for Students of Nursing
3. English Used by Doctors
4. English Language Manual for Health Care Personnel
4. What is the most likely title of the book?
1. Principle of Genetics
2. Introduction to Biology
3. The Darwinian Theory
4. Twins Complexities
5. If you want to write an article on the effect of abnormalities of particular genes, you can
look at page ________ .
1. 391
2. 250
3. 116
4. 306
6. Number six
1. Although
2. Therefore
3. Nevertheless
4. For example
7. Number seven
1. In addition
2. Although
3. Since
4. However
8. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Problem-solution
2. Topic-discussion
3. Question-answer
9. What is the pattern of the paragraph?
1. Question-answer
2. Topic-discussion
3. Problem-solution
10. What is the purpose of the writer in writing the paragraph?
1. To explain the rules for playing football game
2. To tell readers the history of football
3. To encourage readers to play football game
4. To compare two kinds of football game
11. The topic sentence in the paragraph is sentence.
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 6
12. This paragraph is developed in method.
1. Descriptive
2. General
3. Narrative
4. Example
13. What is the authors main idea?
1. Scientists are worried about New York City
2. Logging is destroying the rainforests
3. Salmon are an endangered species
4. Governments make money from logging
14. What is the main idea of the above paragraph?
1. Society judges people by the times at which they conduct certain activities.
2. In the modern society we must make more time for our neighbors.
3. The traditions of society are timeless.
4. An accepted way of measuring time is essential for the smooth functioning of
society.
15. There are some factors contributed to the population explosion in Paris from 1851 to
1872, when the number of Parisians nearly doubled. ..............

Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above?
1. The increase was the result partly of better health conditions.
2. Parisians are famous for their love for arts.
3. The railroads carried the promise of Paris to Rural France.
4. The increase was also due to the general peace and prosperity of the Second
Empire.
16. Examinations can be unfair in several ways. .............................

Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above?
1. Some students tend to cheat in the exam.
2. When the candidate is ill, his or her performance does not reflect his or her
ability.
3. The whole career of a candidate merely depends upon what s/he does on an
exam.
4. Some students do not perform well under pressure.
17. Left-handed people suffer more stress than their right-handed peers, according to a study
of 1,100 adults by University of Michigan researchers.
...........................................................

Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above?
1. Furthermore, the lefties consumed more alcohol per year than their right-handed
counterparts.
2. Left-handed people usually choose a job as an artist.
3. Fifty-five percent of the lefties smoked whereas fewer than half of the righties
smoked.
4. As a result, they smoke and drink more
18. Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly
different. ..............................................................

Which of the following sentences does not support the topic sentence above?
1. Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square
miles.
2. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles.
3. Rhode Island is located in temperate zone.
4. Steven Spielberg will choose Arizona as a location for his next film.
19. What is the topic of the above text?
1. The T-shirt industry and the market opportunity
2. The changes of T-shirt trends and design
3. The T-shirt industry and the youth subculture
4. The T-shirt industry and the changes of design
20. Which of the following is best for the last sentence of the paragraph?
1. This section outlines key aspects in T-shirt trends and changes.
2. That is why T-shirt is so popular among the youth.
3. T-shirt design is changing rapidly among the youth.
4. The T-shirt industries take advantage of the youth culture.
21. How long does it take for 100 hectares of rainforest to be destroyed?
1. less than two minutes
2. a day
3. two hours
4. about an hour
22. Why is pulp and paper production important to Canada?
1. Canada has the largest forest.
2. Pulp and paper export is a major source of income for Canada
3. Canada publishes a lot of newspapers and books.
4. Canada needs to find a way to use all its spare wood.
23. Who is suggesting that pulp and paper could be produced without cutting down trees?
1. the government
2. scientist
3. the environmental lobby
4. the logging industry
24. Why was the plant hemp essential to world-wide trade in the past?
1. two hours
2. Hemp was used as food for sailors.
3. Hemp was a very profitable export.
4. Ships ropes were made from it.
25. Why do agriculturalists think that hemp would be better for paper production than trees?
1. It is cheaper to grow hemp than to cut down trees.
2. Hemp was used as food for sailors.
3. Hemp produces higher quality paper.
4. More paper can be produced from the same area of land.
26. When was hemp production banned in Canada?
1. 1930
2. 1996
3. 1938
4. 1960
27. Why was hemp banned?
1. It can be used to produce marijuana.
2. It was destructive to the land.
3. It was no longer a useful crop.
4. It is related to the marijuana plant.
28. What chemical ingredient of cannabis plants is a powerful drug?
1. None of the above
2. Marijuana
3. THC
4. Fibre
29. Some activists believe that both marijuana and hemp should be legal.
1. true
2. false
30. Canada has just legalized marijuana.
1. false
2. true
31. Questions 31-35
Use your critical thinking to choose the best answer to complete the sentences

31. The most expensive apartments are at the top of tall buildings. These apartments are
called penthouses. People like to live in penthouses because they can
1. save money.
2. have trees in their garden.
3. see the whole city from their windows.
4. have many neighbors.
32. There are not enough apartments in New York City. More than 20.000 poor people have
no place to live. The city government tries to help. It gives some poor people money to
live in hotels. The people can stay in the hotels
1. because they do not want apartments.
2. with penthouse apartments.
3. because hotels are cheaper than apartments.
4. until they find apartments.
33. In England, tea does not mean just something to drink. Teatime is a special part of the
day. With their cup of tea, English people like to eat. They eat beautiful little sandwiches,
sweet breads, and cake. When you have tea in England, be ready for .
1. a nice meal.
2. a hot drink.
3. a quick sandwich.
4. breakfast.
34. Tea is a popular drink in many countries. In Russia, the people use a special pot to make
tea. It is called a samovar. This pot is very important to Russian families. Even the
poorest family.
1. does not drink tea.
2. has a samovar.
3. makes tea.
4. drinks milk.
35. People who live alone sometimes feel ill and unhappy. Their doctors may tell them to get
a pet. Their medicine can be a dog, cat, bird or goldfish. They are not sick. They just
need
1. a new doctor
2. some medicine
3. to find a new job
4. something to love
36. Questions 36-50
Choose the best substitute for the underlined words.

The eleven Bass Islands are clustered together at the western end of Lake Erie.
1. thrown
2. constructed
3. mixed
4. grouped
37. The snake slithered through the grass when he was hunting in a rain forest.
1. slept
2. stopped
3. moved
4. ate
38. In the ninth century, Norway was still divided into numerous petty kingdoms.
1. insignificant
2. collective
3. subordinate
4. conflicting
39. Despite expensive public education campaigns, heart disease still kills a tremendous
number of people.
1. predictable
2. growing
3. huge
4. memorable
40. His inertia was caused by hot weather and fatigue.
1. inactivity
2. activity
3. fatigue
4. sickness
41. The automobile tires were worn out by friction.
1. burst
2. brushing
3. rubbing
4. age
42. The proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in water is 2 to 1.
1. relationship
2. distance
3. content
4. partnership
43. The wind propelled the sailboat along the water.
1. pushed
2. rotated
3. turned
4. pulled
44. Water can be formed by the synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen.
1. precipitation
2. evaporation
3. combination
4. separation
45. Europe and Asia make up the largest land mass on Earth.
1. body
2. joint
3. cluster
4. ocean
46. Sodium has the property of igniting when brought into contact with water
1. special characteristic
2. article required on the stage of theater
3. something which is owned
4. land or building
47. The most racehorse Secretariat had to be destroyed because of a painful incurable hoof
disease.
1. Disabling
2. irreparable
3. vexatious
4. dangerous
48. People of different cultures are more prone to contract certain illness because of the
characteristic foods they consume.
1. unlikely
2. predisposed
3. Supine
4. healthy
49. Many species of protozoa collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and
responding uniformly to outside stimulate.
1. once in a while
2. in the same way
3. in long run
4. all of sudden
50. A seed planted in the sensitive lining of an oyster begins a perpetual coating process that
forms a pearl.
1. total
2. continual
3. annual
4. habitual

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