THERMODYNAMICS II

VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS

OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

1.0 Title




MEC 554-THERMALFLUIDS LAB
THERMODYNAMICS II LAB

VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT
VARIOUS OPERATING

LECTURER: SITI HAJAR BINTI MOHD YUSOP

THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

2.0 Abstract

The potential increase in COP is the greatest in applications where the heat sink
and heat source temperatures are approximately equal and of relatively large magnitude.
The minimum requirements to achieve these performance improvements are the selection
of a mixture that yields the desired temperature change in both heat exchangers, a
counter-flow heat exchanger that takes advantage of the temperature glide of the
refrigerant and minimized degradation of the heat transfer process. The magnitude of the
phase change temperature glide is related to the differences in the normal boiling points
of the mixture constituents.
















THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

Table of Contents

1.0 Title................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2
List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................... 4
List of figure ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.0 Inreoduction and Applications .................................................................................... 6
4.0 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7
5.0 Theory ............................................................................................................................ 7
6.0 Experimental Procedures ...................................................................................... 11
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup ...................................................................... 11
6.2 Procedure .......................................................................................................... 13
7.0 Result ............................................................................................................................ 15
7.1 Data recorded .................................................................................................... 15
8.0 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 18
9.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 18
10.0 References .................................................................................................................... 19
11.0 Appendices .................................................................................................................. 20


THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

List of Symbols
A Area over which force (F) acts (m2)
E Elastic modulus (GPa)
F Force (N)
(

Initial dimension in direction i (mm)

T Specimen thickness (m)

Rate of chart displacement (mm/min)

Rate of sample displacement (mm/min)

w Specimen width (m)

Displacement of chart (mm)

Displacement of sample (mm)

Strain

=0 Predicted strain at zero stress

Normal strain in direction i

E Error in the predicted elastic modulus (GPa)
F Error in the force (N)

Change in dimension in direction i (mm)

t Error in the specimen thickness (m)
w Error in the width (m)

=0 Error in the predicted strain at zero stress

Error in the predicted intercept of stress-stain data (MPa)
Error in the stress (MPa)
Predicted intercept of stress-strain data (MPa)
Engineering stress (MPa)

Yield point (MPa)

Ultimate strength (MPa)

THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

List of figure
Figure 1: Refrigerator ................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of refrigeration cycle ................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Computer controlled refrigeration and air conditioning unit [two condenser (water
and air) and two evaporator] / THAR22C ................................................................................ 11
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of computer controlled refrigeration and air conditioning unit
[two condenser (water and air) and two evaporator] ............................................................. 11
Figure 5: The location of valve (AVS3, AVS4, AVS5, AVS 6) ..................................................... 12
Figure 6: Computer system ...................................................................................................... 12














THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

3.0 Inreoduction and Applications
The age, the seasonal harvesting of snow and ice was a regular practice of most of the
ancient cultures: Chinese, Hebrews, Greeks, Romans, and Persians. Ice and snow were stored
in caves or dugouts lined with straw or other insulating materials. The Persians stored ice in
pits called yakhchals. Rationing of the ice allowed the preservation of foods over the warm
periods. This practice worked well down through the centuries, with icehouses remaining in
use into the twentieth century.
In the 16th century the use of ice to refrigerate and thus preserve food goes back to
prehistoric times. Through, the discovery of chemical refrigeration was one of the first steps
toward artificial means of refrigeration. Sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, when added to
water, lowered the water temperature and created a sort of refrigeration bath for cooling
substances. In Italy, such a solution was used to chill wine and cakes.
During the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting became big business in
America. New Englander Frederic Tudor, who became known as the "Ice King", worked on
developing better insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the
tropics.
Refrigeration is used widely in various applications from industrial to domestic
situations, mainly for the storage and transport of perishable foodstuffs and chemical
substances. It has the prime function to remove heat from a low temperature region, and its
can also be applied as a heat pump for supplying heat to
region of high temperature.
In this experiment we need to investigate the
variation in Coefficient of Performance (

) of a
vapor compression refrigeration system. The experiment
execute by using THAR22C Computer controlled
refrigeration and air conditioning unit [two condensers
(water and air) and two evaporators].

Figure 1: Refrigerator
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

4.0 Objectives

The purpose of this experiment is to:
1. Investigate the variation in Coefficient of Performance (COP
R
) of a vapour
compression refrigeration system at different coolong load.
5.0 Theory
A refrigeration cycle works to lower and maintain the temperature of a controlled space by
heat transfer from a low to a high temperature region.



High Temperature Reservoir, TH


Q
H



E W net


Q
L



Low Temperature Reservoir, TL



Refrigeration duty is another term for the cooling effect of the refrigeration system,
which is the rate of heat being removed from the low temperature region with specified
evaporation and condensation temperatures. The unit for duty measurements is in Watts
(for 1 ton of refrigeration = 3517 W)

The Vapor Compression Cycle

Ideal refrigeration systems follow the theoretical Reversed Carnot Cycle process. In
practical refrigerators, compression and expansion of a gas and vapor mixture presents
practical problems in the compressor and expander. Therefore, in practical refrigeration,
compression usually takes place in the superheated field and a throttling process is substituted
for the isentropic expansion.
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A



Figure 2: Schematic diagram of refrigeration cycle







THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A














The cycle ;

1 2 Condensation of the high pressure vapor during which heat is transferred to the
high temperature region.
2 3 Adiabatic throttling of the condensed vapor from the condensing to the
evaporating pressure.
3 4 Evaporation of the low pressure liquid during which heat is absorbed from the
low temperature source.
4 1 Isentropic compression of the vapor, from the evaporating to the condensing
pressures.


Energy Transfer Analysis

Compressor

q
4-1
= h
4
h
1
+ w

If compressor is adiabatic, q
4-1
= 0 and w = h
1
h
4

Power requirement, P = m (h
1
h
4
), where m is the flow rate of working fluid per unit time.

Condenser

q
1-2
= h
2
h
1
+ w

w = 0, therefore q
1-2
= h
2
h
1
and rate of heat rejection Q
1-2
= m ( h
2
h
1
)

Expansion valve

q
2-3
= h
3
h
2
+ w

w = 0 at the expansion valve, and the process is adiabatic
Therefore h
3
= h
2

.
.
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

Evaporator

q
3-4
= h
4
h
3
+ w

w = 0, therefore q
3-4
= h
4
h
3
and rate of heat absorbed Q
3-4
= m ( h
4
h
3
)

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

COP
ref
= q
3-4
= h
4
h
3

w h
1
h
4








THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

6.0 Experimental Procedures
6.1 Apparatus/Experimental Setup









Figure 3: Computer controlled refrigeration and air conditioning unit [two condenser (water and air) and
two evaporator] / THAR22C
Figure 4: Schematic diagram of computer controlled refrigeration and air conditioning unit [two condenser
(water and air) and two evaporator]
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A





Figure 5: The location of valve (AVS3, AVS4, AVS5, AVS 6)
Figure 6: Computer system
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

6.2 Procedure

6a) Condenser-water and evaporator-water
a. Water as a heat source is selected by opening valves AVS-4 and AVS-5 and then
click START.
b. The water flow rate at the condenser to 5 L/m and 3 L/m at the evaporator
(evaporator load) are adjusted.
c. The COMPRESSOR button is click.
d. The data are start recorded when the system is stabilized by click START
SAVING.
e. The sampling rate at 120 second per sample is set.
f. The data for six minutes (3 samples @ 360 second) are recorded by click STOP
SAVING.
g. The evaporator load is increased to 5 L/m and step (c) to step (f) are repeated.

6b) Condenser-water and evaporator-air
a. Air as a heat source is selected by opening valves AVS-3 and AVS-5 and then
click START
b. The water flow rate at the condenser to 5 L/m and the air flow of the evaporator
are adjusted until 50% of the maximal flow (evaporator load).
c. The COMPRESSOR button is click.
d. The data are start recorded when the system is stabilized by click START
SAVING
e. The sampling rate at 120 second per sample is set.
f. The data for six minutes (3 samples @ 360 second) are recorded by click STOP
SAVING.
g. The evaporator load is increased to 100% and step (c) to step (f) are repeated.





THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

6c) Condenser-air and evaporator-air
a. Air as a heat source is selected by opening valves AVS-3 and AVS-6 and then
click START.
b. The air flow of the condenser is adjusted to maximum flow (100%) and 50% of
the maximal flow at the evaporator (evaporator load).
c. The COMPRESSOR button is click.
d. The data are start recorded when the system is stabilized by click START
SAVING
e. The sampling rate at 120 second per sample is set.
f. The data for six minutes (3 samples @ 360 second) are recorded by click STOP
SAVING.
g. The evaporator load is increased to 100% and step (c) to step (f) are repeated.

6d) Condenser-air and evaporator-water
a. Water as a heat source is selected by opening valves AVS-4 and AVS-6 and then
click START.
b. The air flow of the condenser is adjusted to maximum flow (100%) and the water
flow rate is adjusted at the evaporator to 3 L/m (evaporator load).
c. The COMPRESSOR button is click.
d. The data are start recorded when the system is stabilized by click START
SAVING
e. The sampling rate at 120 second per sample is set.
f. The data for six minutes (3 samples @ 360 second) are recorded by click STOP
SAVING.
g. The evaporator load is increased to 5 L/m and step (c) to step (f) are repeated.


THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

7.0 Result
7.1 Data recorded
Data had been recorded on the provided table of result.(separate sheet)
7.2 Sample calculation
A. Experiment A
Refrigerant mass flow rate, m
ref
(kg/s)

m
ref
= v
ref
/ v
2
a) v
ref
- change the unit for value SC-1(L/h):
SC-1 = 27.64 L/h
thus v
ref
= 27.64 x (0.001/3600)
= 7.68 x 10
-6
m
3
/s

b) v
2
taken from table A11 for saturated refrigerant 134-a(provided at
appendices)
At ST-2 = 39.62
o
C

v
2
= 0.02017 m
3
/kg
c) Therefore m
ref
:
m
ref
= v
ref
/ v
2
= (7.68 x 10
-6
/ 0.02017 )
= 3.808 x 10
-4
kg/s

Saturated vapour, v
g
(m
3
/kg) Temperature(C)
0.02017 38
v
2
39.62
0.019952 40
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A


Evaporator cooling load, Q
evap
(kW):
a) The calculation of h
3
refer to table A11 for saturated refrigerant 134-a
(provided at appendices):
At ST-3 = 7.54
o
C

h
3
= 192.72 kJ/kg

b) The calculation of h
4
refer to table A11 for saturated refrigerant 134-
a(provided at appendices):
At ST-4 = 12.06
o
C

h
4
= 189.04 kJ/kg
c) Therefore Q
evap
:
Q
evap
= m
ref
(h
4
-h
3
) = (3.808 x 10
-4
) (189.04 - 192.72)
= -1.4 x 10
-3
kW
h
fg
(kJ/kG) Temperature(C)
193.94 6
h
3
7.54
192.35 8
h
fg
(kJ/kG) Temperature(C)
189.09 12
h
4
12.06
187.42 14
THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

Coefficient of performance, COP
ref
:
At ST-1 = 462.811 W
COP
ref
= Q
evap
/

(SW-1/1000)
= -1.4 x 10
-3
/ (462.811/1000)
= -3.02 x 10
-3

Average coefficient of performance, COP
ref
:





Thus average COP
ref
=

COP
ref
/

3
= -3.64 x 10
-3

B. Experiment B
The calculations for m
ref,
Q
evap,
COP
ref
and average COP
ref
same as
shown on Experiment A.
C. Experiment C
The calculations for m
ref,
Q
evap,
COP
ref
and average COP
ref
same as
shown on Experiment A.
D. Experiment D
The calculations for m
ref,
Q
evap,
COP
ref
and average COP
ref
same as
shown on Experiment A.


Time (s) COP
ref

120 -3.02 x 10
-3

240 -3.90 x 10
-3

360 -4.01 x 10
-3

THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

8.0 Discussion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attched with
this report.
9.0 Conclusion
This part of report is individually hand written. The result of each member is attched with
this report.


THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

10.0 References

Websites:
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC [Accessed 27/09/14]
2) http://home.howstuffworks.com/refrigerator.htm [Accessed 7/10/14]
3) http://www.mansfieldct.org/schools/mms/staff/hand/heatrefrig.htm[Accessed 7/10/14]

Books:
4) Eastop & McConkey, Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists 5
th

Edition, Prentice Hall, 1993.
5) Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles,2006, Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach 5th Edition, McGraw Hill.
6) Yunus A. Vengeland Micheal A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach,7
th
edition in SI units, 2011 , The McGraw-Hill Companies.



THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A

11.0 Appendices

THERMODYNAMICS II
VARIATION IN REFRIGERATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS
OPERATING CONDITIONS
EMD5M5A