CHAPTER 1

4.1 I mpedance matching ratio of coax balun

Dissipation Factor I ndicates energy loss in a capacitor
Quality Factor I ndicates energy loss in an inductor
Because of the size of the
waveguides
Why is it impossible to use a waveguide at low radio freq?
Losses in the conducting walls of
the guide
What causes the attenuation present in waveguides?
Ground Tx lines are either balanced or unbalanced with respect to ___
Spectral Analysis Method of determining the BW of any processing system
50W Average power rating of RG-58 C/u
50 ohms RG-8A/u impedance
RG-211A Coax used for high temperatures
300 ohms 214-056 twin lead characteristic impedance (used in TV lead-in)
AWG#19 Commonly used telephone wire
Quarter wave line I mpedance inversion can be obtained in ______
1.2 to 2.8 Dielectric constants of materials commonly used in Tx lines
0.6 to 0.9 Velocity factor of the materials used in Tx lines
Facsimile The transmission of printed material over telephone lines;
Emission designation is F3C and A3E
Call waiting tone A continuous tine generated by the combination of 2 frequencies of 350Hz and
440Hz used in telephone lines
10 pulses/sec Pulse dialing rate
VF repeaters Are unidirectional amplifiers having 20-25dB gain placed about 75km apart used to
compensate for losses along the telephone line
MTSO Central switching office coordinating element for all cell sites that has cellular
processor and cellular switch. I t interfaces with telephone company zone offices,
control call processing and handle bi lling activities
Base station Performs radio-related functions for cellular sites in cellular systems
3700Hz Out of band signaling between toll central offices (Bell system standard)
Purely reactive Of SWR = infinite, what type of load the Tx line has?
WATS Standard tariff for flat rate telephone service beyond the normal flat rate in that
area
Tariff The published rates, regulations and descriptions governing the provisions of
communications services for public use
Varistor A component in the telephone set that has the primary fxn of compensating for the
local loop length
Electromagnetic receiver Type of receiver used in a conventional telephone handset
0 to 4KHz I deal passband of a voice-grade circuit using PTN
4KHz Nominal voice channel BW
300 3400Hz Telephone channel band pass characteristic
Basic voice-grade The minimum quality circuit available using the PTN
Tie trunk Connects 2 private branch exchanges (PBX)
Trunk line Connects 2 central offices (CO)
3dB Power loss of a telephone hybrid
1897 First Strowger Step-by-Step switch was used in ________
G.122 CCITT recommendation for a preparation of loss plan, a variable loss plan and a
fixed loss plan.
1.7x10^-8 ohm-m Copper wire resistivity ()
Umbrella cells Kind of ells appropriate for load management, fast moving mobiles and low usage
areas
Adaptive array I n cellular networks, standard base station antennas are replaced by _________
Completed The call is _____ when the calling party hears a busy tine on his telephone.
Liable to radiate Short-circuited stubs are preferred to open-circuit stubs because the latter are
______
Quarter wave matching One method of determining antenna impedance
Quarter wavelength line I t is used as an impedance transformer
The line behaves as a parallel
tuned circuit in relation to the
generator
I f /4 Tx line is shorted at one end, ____
Parallel resonant circuit A shorted /4 line at the operating frequency acts like a ____
Series resonant circuit A shorted /2 at the operating frequency acts like a _____
I nfinite or an open circuit The input impedance if a /4 short circuited transmission line at its resonant
frequency is _____
A high value of resistance A /4 line is connected to an RF generator and is shorted out at the far end. What is
the input impedance at the line generator?
I nfinite transmission line I ts feature is that its Zin is equal to the lines surge impedance
Nitrogen Used to keep waveguide dry
Above 3Ghz Waveguides becomes compulsory above _____
50ms Echo suppressors are used on all communication systems when the round trip time
exceeds _____
I nsertion of E and H probes into
the waveguide
Ways of coupling in and out of a waveguide
Guide wavelength g (in rectangular waveguides) it is the distance between 2 instantaneous consecutive
positions of maximum field intensity;
I t is always greater then the o at the same frequency
Waveguides Are Tx lines which can convey electromagnetic waves only in higher order modes;
Are hollow structures that has no center conductor but allows waves to propagate
down its length;
Used mainly for microwave Transmissions because no generators are powerful
enough to excite them
At the beginning and at the end
of the cable
The outer conductor of the coax cable is usually grounded
Entropy Amount of uncertainty in a system of symbols
Reduced electromagnetic
interference
The twists in twisted wire pairs
I nductance Loading means the addition of _____
Coaxial Most commonly used Tx line for high frequencies;
Medium least susceptible to noise;
Most commonly used Tx line in TV systems
Twisted Pair Medium most widely used in LAN
120 ohms Not a common Tx line impedance
Standing waves A pattern of V and I variations along a Tx line not terminated in its characteristic
impedance
antennas At very high frequencies, Tx lines act as ____
DC Blocks I t is used in coaxial Tx line to prevent AC power supple voltage from being shorted
by a balun or band splitter
Dithering (in TVRO communications) means reducing the effects of noise on the TVRO signal
Freq and Voltage I mportant quantities in describing waveforms
dNp Known as 1/10 of a Neper
Low attenuation Advantage of a balanced transmission line
Parallel wire line Type of Tx line employed where balanced properties are required
Absorption coefficient The ration between the energy absorbed by a surface to the total energy received by
the surface
The higher the Resistance and
The smaller the diameter
The higher the gauge number of a conductor, _______
/4 transformer A short length Tx line used to reduce/eliminate standing waves
Reflectance Ration of reflected power to incident power
CHAPTER 2
Sound level meter I nstrument used to measure a weighted value of the SPL (sound pressure level)
Sound An aural sensation by pressure variations in the air which are always produced by
some source of vibrations
Noy Unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level
Phon The unit of loudness level of a sound
Mel Unit of pitch
1000 mels At a sensation level of 40dB, 1000 Hz tone is _____
Sone Unit of perceived loudness
Decibel Measure of the intensity of sound in comparison to another sound intensity
Octaves Much of music is generally referred to in _______
I nterval Ratio of frequencies is termed as _______
Pitch and loudness Sound waves 2 main characteristics
Pitch A subjective term which is dependent mainly on the frequency and also affected by
the intensity
Loudness Or I ntensity;
I s a subjective effect which is a function of the ear and brain;
Loudness depends upon the energy of motion imparted to the vibrating molecules of
the medium transmitting the sound;
Affected by the distance between the listener and the source and its intensity varies
inversely with the square of this distance
Frequency The intensity needed to produce an audible sound varies with ________;
The number of vibration or pressure fluctuations per second
Hump and notch Two ways in which the frequency response of a loudspeaker can be varied when it is
positioned near a wall
Noise rating values An agreed set of empirical curves relating octave-band SPL to the center freq of the
octave bands
Natural freq The freq of a free vibration
Flanking transmission The transmission of sound from one room to an adjacent room, via common walls,
floors and ceilings
Hearing Level A measure of threshold of hearing, expressed in dB relative to a specified standard
of normal hearing
330 m/s Velocity of sound in air
341.8 m/s Velocity of sound at room temperature (T=17 deg celcius)
5000 ft/sec Sound waves speed in water
Microphone transducer Converts acoustical energy
Diaphragm and Generating
element
2 basic components of a microphone
Expense and fidelity;
Complexity and ruggedness;
Longevity
Kinds of generating el ements
Carbon microphone Operates on the principle that the electrical resistance of carbon granules varies as
the pressure on the granules vary
Dynamic microphone Operated by electromagnetic induction that generates an output signal voltage
Crystal mic rophone Will be damaged if exposed to high temp above 52 deg Celsius
Frequency response Most important specification of loudspeakers and microphones
Bass response I S the bypassing of high audio frequencies
Proximity effect A microphone characteristic that results in boost in bass freq for close microphone
spacing
Dolby Noise reduction system used for film sound in movies
Sound intensity I s the sound energy per unit area at right angles to the propagation direction per
unit time
Supersonic Speed that is faster than speed of sound
Ultrasonic Sound that vibrates at freq too high for the human ear to hear (over 20KHz)
Wavelength Crest to crest distance along the direction of wave travel
Fundamental Lowest freq produced by a musical instrument
Diffraction Tendency of a sound energy to spread
Refraction When waves bend away from a straight line of travel, it is called _________
Distortion An undesired change in waveform as the signal passes through the device
Exciter Distortion enhances intelligibility when an ______ is added;
I t is a class of signal processors
Reverberation time Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB;
Time taken for the intensity of the sound energy to drop to one millionth of its initial
value
Spider A thin springy sheet of bakelite or metal that permits the voice coil in a dynamic
loudspeaker to move back and forth along the core of its magnet
10Hz to 20KHz Bass freq range
20Hz to 20KHz Audio freq range
5KHz to 10KHz High freq range of audio signals
65 dB dB SPL of a voice paging in an office
90 to 85 dB SPL in a church with speech reinforcement only
95 to 100 dB dB SPL in an auditorium with contemporary music
25 to 8000 Hz I f the sound waves are converted to electrical waves by a microphone, what is the
frequency of the electric current?
Flutter echoes Rapid succession of noticeable echoes
WC Sabine Laid the foundations of acoustic theory of buildings
Threshold of hearing Minimum sound intensity that can be heard
CHAPTER 3
50 dB The maximum sideband suppression value using filter system
Noise I s primarily high frequency spikes
H3E Transmits only one sideband;
Single side band full carrier emission
A3H Transmits LSB and half of USB;
A3E Double sideband Full carrier emission;
Standard way of designating AM
R3E Single side band reduced carrier emission
J3E Single side band suppressed carrier emission;
AM system where if m is doubled, the antenna current is also doubled
B8E I ndependent sideband emission
C3F Vestigial sideband emission;
Used in televisions
G3E Phase modulation emission
F3E Frequency modulation emission;
Used in FM telephony
F3F Television Emission
F3C and A3E Used in facsimile
F3C Type of emission produced when a frequency modulated transmitter is modulated
by a facsimile signal
A3C Type of emission produced when an amplitude modulated transmitter is
modulated by a facsimile signal
A3F Type of emission when an amplitude modulated transmitter is modulated by a TV
signal
LSB The difference between the RF carrier and the modulating signal frequencies
Baseband freq Produces the sidebands on FM;
An information signal that is send directly without modulating any carrier
Spectrum analyzer Test instrument that displays the carrier and the sidebands amplitude with freq to
freq
Mixer Also called converter
Buffer Stage in radio transmitter that isolates oscillator from the load
Buffer amplifier Protects the crystal oscillator from pulling
Pulling Refers to the change of the crystal oscillator frequency by loading
Discriminator Circuit used to detect frequency modulated signals
Carrier signal I t has a frequency of 20KHz and above;
Has constant peak amplitude
Center frequency The freq of the unmodulated carrier in FM system
Armstrong system One method of generating indirect FM
Reactance modulator One method of direct FM
Direct FM Varactor Diode FM Modulator;
Reactance Modulator;
Linear I C FM Modulator;
PLL with VCO
Direct PM Varactor Diode PM Modulator;
Transistor Modulator;
Balanced modulator Circuit Needed to generate a SSB or DSB signal;
Outputs LSB and USB;
The output is DSB;
I t suppresses the carrier;
Device that is capable of causing freq translation;
Can be used as a phase detector;
Lattice modulator widely used balanced modulator;
Product detector a balanced modulator used to demodulate a SSB signal
Crystal Radio receiver First radio receiver
Non linear Any device to be used as a freq multiplier must be _____
Push-Push amplifier Used for frequency doubling
Frequency synthesizer Frequency division is useful in the implementation of _____
Better fidelity Not an advantage of SSB
I nterference to other radio services Effect of overmodulation in AM transmission
Distortion and splatter Result of the gain level being too high for signals entering the modulator
Base modulation and Collector
modulation
Modulation method used for CE configuration
Envelope Detector Most commonly used amplitude demodulator
Rectification Envelope detection is concerned with the process of ___
Distortion Diagonal clipping in envelope detection will result in ____
Coherent signal Has the same Frequency and Phase (but not in amplitude)
Frequency deviation A louder sound, when generating the modulating waveform for FM, will cause a
greater ____
Foster Seeley Discriminator A circuit that demodulates the frequency-modulated signal
Quadrature detector Requires that the inputs are coherent
I t is less sensitive to noise spikes;
I t is less sensitive to interference
causing AM
Ratio detector is superior to Slope detector because
3 components A single tone amplitude modulated wave has _____
Continuous modulation A kind of modulation which the modulated wave is always present
Pulse modulation Type of modulation in which no signal is present between pulses
Coef of modulation Decribes the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform
Carrier shift Type of amplitude distortion introduced when the + and alternations in the AM
modulated signal are not equal
The oscillator is crystal controlled Advantage of PM over FM frequency modulation
AFC A disadvantage of direct FM is the need for
Better S/N ratio;
Noise immunity;
Capture effect
Efficiency of utilized power
Advantage of FM over AM
Wider BW needed;
Circuit complexity and cost
Disadvantage of FM over AM
AGC I ts function is to maintain the sound volume level of a voice receiver nearly
constant for a large single strength range
Noise Blanker Reduces impulse noise in receiver
Frequency translation I f the spectrum is shifted in freq with no other changes, it is known as ____;
Known as the change of the modulated carrier freq from the original RF to the I F
of the superheterodyne receiver;
I s done with the use of a mixer;
Frequency translation and up-
conversion
I f the freq of each component in a signal spectrum in increases by the same fixed
amount, this is known as _____
I ndirect Synthesizer A frequency synthesizer that contains a single crystal is described as a ________
TRF receiver Receiver in which all RF amplifier stages require manual tuning of the desired RF;
Disadvantage is that it has BW variations over the tuning range
Superheterodyne Receiver Doesnt have a modulator;
An RF amplifier will not be found on every superheterodyne receiver
I mage rejection ratio Ratio of the superheterodyne receiver response at the desired fc (carrier freq) to
that at the fsi (image freq)
Noise floor of the Rx The limiting condition for sensitivity in a communications receiver
Cross modulation interference Refers to the condition where the signals from a very strong station are
superimposed on other signals being received
Cross modulation An effect which, the modulation of an unwanted signal is transferred to the
desired carrier;
The modulation of an unwanted signal is heard on the desired signal
Can be reduced by installing a filter at the receiver
I ntermodulation interference 2 AM transmitting antennas are close together, as a result, the 2 modulated
signals are mixed in the final RF stage of both transmitters. What is the resultant
effect on the other station?
Connecting a C between the B+ and
the lead ground
Motorboating (low freq oscillations) can be stopped by ____
Stray coupling is minimized Leads should be kept as short as possible in radio circuit so that ____
4 The # of voice transmission that can be packed into a given freq band for
amplitude compandored SSB systems over conventional FM-phone systems
Neutralization Prevents the generations of spurious oscillations
Blocking dynamic range Ability of a communications receiver to perform well in the presence of strong
signals outside the band of interest
RF amp;
I F amp;
AF amp;
Mixer
Common to both AM and FM receivers
I F amplifier Determines a communication receivers sensitivity
Filter ringing Occurs during CW reception if too narrow a filter BW is used in the I F stage of a
receiver
Undesired signals will reach the
audio stage
The undesirable effect of using too wide a filter BW in the I F stage of the receiver
3000 Hz I n a narrow band FM system, the deviation ratio is commonly 1 and the highest
audio freq is generally limited to ____
Desensitizing Refers to the reduction of the Rx Gain caused by the signal of a nearby station Tx
in the same freq band
Ensuring good RF shielding between
Transmitter
Reduces Rx desensitizing
Presence of a strong signal on a
nearby frequency
Cause of Rx desensitizing
BW and NF 2 factors the determines the receiver sensitivity
FM receiver Contains limiter stage, discriminator and de-emphasis circuits;
The limiter stage prevents any amplitude modulation of the I F signal;
The limiter stage rids FM of noise
2.4 KHZ The degree of selectivity desirable in the I F circuitry of a SSB receiver
Resistor Most amp to break down in a radio circuit
AM detector performs rectification and filtering in the receiver
Approx 2.5 to 1 Ratio of PEP-to-average power during a modul ation peak in a SSB phone signal
Higher I n most mixers, the oscillator freq is higher than the carrier freq on the input
signal
BW of emission and
Occupied BW
The BW occupied by the carrier, both sideband and the harmonics
I nstalling resistive spark pl ugs A way of eliminating auto interference to radio reception
BFO Generates an output whose freq differs from the I F by 1KHz;
Demodulates SSB or CW signal
Am modulation Same as Linear mixing
Linear Summing Mixing for freq conversion is done with a circuit called _____
FM and double side band AM Suffers most from selective fading
Capture effect I s the reception blockage of 1 FM phone signal by another FM phone signal
Tuned Circuit A negative half of the AM wave is supplied by a ______ in a diode modulator
By having the carrier vary a
resistance
Can produce AM
Variable resistance Amplitude modulators that vary the carrier amplitude with the modulation signal
by passing it through an attenuator network is the principle of ________
Diode detector Most widely used amplitude modulator
PI N diode Produced AM at very high frequencies
Switch I n a diode ring modulator, the diodes acts like a ___
Differential amplifier The principal circuit in the popular 1496/1596 IC balanced modulator
Class C The AM signals generated at a low level may only be amplified by what type of
amplifier?
Crystals Most commonly used filter in SSB generators
CHAPTER 4
PCM Quantizing noise happens in _____
Quantization noise Due to the approximation of the quantized signals
Quantizing noise Noise occurring in the presence of signal resulting from a mismatch between the
exact value of an analog signal and the closest available quantizing step in a
digital decoder
Thermal Noise /White Noise/
Gaussian Noise/ Johnson Noise
Noise from random acoustic or electric noise that has an equal energy per cycle
over a specified total freq band
White noise I s measured on a circuit when it is correctly terminated but does not have any
traffic
Thermal Noise An electric noice produced by the thermal agitation of electrons in conductors and
semiconductors;
Most internal noise comes from this type of noise
Atmospheric noise Noise produced by lightning discharges in thunderstorms;
Also known as static noise;
Not a great problem above 30MHz;
Primary cause is lightning;
Transit time noise Type of noise that becomes a great importance/concern at high frequencies
I mpulse noise Noise consisting of irregular pulses of short duration and relatively high amplitude
Man-made noise I s usually from transmission over power lines and by ground waves
Cosmic Noise Noise originating from outside the solar system
Space noise Noise coming from stars and sun
Crosstalk noise Noise that occurs via capacitive or inductive coupling in a cable
Miscellaneous noise Crosstalk due to incomplete suppression of sidebands or to intermodulation of 2
or more freq-multiplexed channels which is unintelligible is classified as ____
Solar flare Large emission of hydrogen from the sun that affects communications
Noise density The total noise power present in a 1Hz BW
I ncreasing channel BW Not a way of reducing noise
Precipitation static Form of interference caused by rain or dust storms
15 to 160 MHz I ndustrial noise freq
17 deg Celsius / 290 K Reference noise temp
-90 dBm Reference noise level (relative to 10^-12)
CCIT G. 151 Standard for crosstalk limits
CCITT Rec. G. 172 Standard for intermodulation rates on PCM audio channels
800 Hz Reference freq of CCITT phospohometric noise measurement
Psophometer A device that measures the internal V OC of an equivalent noise generator having
an impedance of 600 ohms and delivering a noise power to a 600 ohm load
pWp Unit noise power of psophometer
Nif Noise-improvement-factor
Peak values External noise fields are measured in terms of ____
Level The difference between signal strength at a given point and a reference level
Positive A practical dBrn measurement will almost always be a ____ number
Narrowing the BW Noise can be reduced by ____
uV Noise at the input of the receiver can be as high as ____
Mixer Contributes most of the noise in a receiver
MESFET Transistor with the lowest noise figure in the microwave region;
Most commonly used in the microwave freq due to its low noise char
11 years The solar cycle repeats the period of great electrical disturbance approx every ___