1

Week 2: Stoichiometry
Fundamental to all topics
Reference: Chemistry, Chapter 3
Relevance:
2
On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu

16
O = 16.00 amu
Mass Relationships in Chemical
Reactions
By definition:
1 atom
12
C weighs 12 amu
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
equals 1/12 of carbon 12 atom

Micro World
atoms & molecules
Macro World
grams
3
Atomic Mass
Average atomic mass - takes into account all isotopes
- and relative amounts of each
Natural lithium is:
7.42%
6
Li (6.015 amu)
92.58%
7
Li (7.016 amu)
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016
100
= 6.941 amu
Average atomic mass of lithium:
4
Average atomic mass (6.941)
5
3.5 The atomic masses of (75.53%) and (24.47%) are
34.968 amu & 36.956 amu respectively. Calculate the atomic
mass of natural chlorine
Cl
35
17
Cl
37
17
amu 45 . 35
04313 . 9 41133 . 26
100
47 . 24
956 . 36
100
53 . 75
968 . 34 mass Atomic
=
+ =
!
"
#
$
%
&
' + !
"
#
$
%
&
' =
(Answer makes sense as more of the Chlorine-35
isotope exists, so average mass should be closer to that
value)
Try this one:
24
Mg (78.8%, 23.99 amu),

25
Mg (10.2%, 24.99 amu,

26
Mg (11.0%, 25.99 amu) Ans = 24.31 amu
6
Moles, Avogadros & Molar Mass
Amount of a substance (atoms, molecules, ions)
that are in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
Mole (n, mol)
- Number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 (or 1 mole)

- 6.0221367 ! 10
23
or

6.022 ! 10
23
Avogadros (N
A
)
7
(g mol
-1
)
1 mole
12
C atoms = 6.022 x 10
23
atoms = 12.00 g
1
12
C atom = 12.00 amu
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
Molar or Molecular Mass (M)
8
E.g how many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?
1. grams to moles (via molar mass)
2. molar mass (He) = 4.003g (from periodic table)
6.46 g = ? mol He
So 1 mol He = 4.003 g
6.46gHe
?mol ! He
=
4.003gHe
1! mol ! He
6.46gHe!
1mol He
4.003gHe
=1.61molHe
9
We can use the expression: moles =
mass
Molar ! Mass
= n =
m
M
m(Ca) = 77.4 g
M(Ca) = 40.08 g mol
-1
n =
m
M
=
77.4
40.08
=1.93 mole
3.15 How many moles of calcium (Ca) atoms are in 77.4 g of
Ca?
10
Hg atom g 10 33 . 3
mol atoms 10 022 . 6
mol g 6 . 200
N
) Hg ( M
) atom Hg ( mass
1 22
1 23
1
A
! !
!
!
" =
"
= =
Ne atom g 10 35 . 3
mol atoms 10 022 . 6
mol g 18 . 20
N
) Ne ( M
) atom Ne ( mass
1 23
1 23
1
A
! !
!
!
" =
"
= =
3.17 What is the mass in grams of a single atom of (a) Hg
and (b) Ne?
11
atoms 10 022 . 6 ) molecules or ( atoms mol 1
23
! =
For H
23 23
10 57 6 10 022 6
008 1
10 1
! = ! ! = . .
.
.
n
For Cr
23 23
10 70 . 1 10 022 . 6
0 . 52
7 . 14
n ! = ! ! =
3.21 Which has more atoms: 1.10 g H atoms or 14.7g Cr
atoms?
M
m
n =
) olecule m or ( atom of mass molar
) molecules or ( atoms of mass
) molecules or ( . mole . No =
12
Molecular Mass (M)
Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic mass (amu) of all the
atoms in the molecule
(also called molecular weight check your periodic table)
3.23 Calculate the molecular mass (in amu) of:
(a) CH
4
(b) NO
2
(c) SO
3
(d) C
6
H
6
(e) NaI

12.01 + (4 x 1.008) = 16.04 amu
32.07 amu + 3(16.00 amu) = 80.07 amu
14.01 amu + 2(16.00 amu) = 46.01 amu
(6 x 12.01) + (6 x 1.008) = 78.11 amu
22.99 amu + 126.9 amu = 149.9 amu
13
)) O ( M ) H ( M ) C ( M (
.
M
m
) O H C ( n
! + ! + !
= =
6 12 6
50 1
6 12 6
Step 1. moles of glucose?
3.27 Calculate the numbers of C, H & O atoms in 1.50g
of glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
)
mole 10 33 . 8
3 !
" =
=
1.50
(6!12.01+12!1.008+ 6!16.00)
14
Step 2. Atoms of C, H & O in C
6
H
12
O
6
3 1
6 12 6
1 23
( ) . ( ) 12 8.33 10 9.996 10
22
( ) 9.996 10 6.022 10 6.02 10
A
n H no H n C H O
atoms of H n H N
! !
!
= " = " " = "
# = " = " " " = "
2 3
6 12 6
10 00 . 5 10 33 . 8 6 ) O H C ( n C . no ) C ( n
! !
" = " " = " =
22 23 2
A
10 01 . 3 10 022 . 6 10 00 . 5 N ) C ( n C of atoms ! = ! ! ! = ! = "
#
3 2
6 12 6
2 23 22
( ) . ( ) 6 8.33 10 5.00 10
( ) 5.00 10 6.022 10 3.01 10
A
n O no O n C H O
atoms of O n O N
! !
!
= " = " " = "
# = " = " " " = "
15
n(Fe
2
O
3
)=
m
M
=
24.6
(2!55.85+3!16.00)
= 0.154 mole
1. moles of Fe
2
O
3
?
2. n(Fe)?
n(Fe)=no.Fe !n(Fe
2
O
3
) = 2 ! 0.154
= 0.308 mole
For 1 mol of Fe
2
O
3
there are 2 moles of Fe

3.45 The formula for rust can be represented by Fe
2
O
3
.
How many moles of Fe are present in 24.6g of the
compound?
16
% Composition of Compounds
n x molar mass of element
molar mass of compound
x 100%
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
C
2
H
6
O
%C =
2 x (12.01 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 52.14%
%H =
6 x (1.008 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 13.13%
%O =
1 x (16.00 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 34.73%
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
17
% .
) . ( ) . ( ) . (
) . (
mass molecular
mol in ) C ( m
C % 56 80 100
00 16 008 1 10 01 12 9
01 12 9 1
= !
+ ! + !
!
= =
(a)
% .
) . ( ) . ( ) . (
) . (
mass molecular
mol in ) H ( m
H % 51 7 100
00 16 008 1 10 01 12 9
008 1 10 1
= !
+ ! + !
!
= =
% .
) . ( ) . ( ) . (
) . (
mass molecular
mol in ) O ( m
O % 93 11 100
00 16 008 1 10 01 12 9
00 16 1
= !
+ ! + !
= =
CHECK: 80.56 + 7.51 + 11.93 =100.00
(b) 21 23
A
10 9
10 11 . 2 10 022 . 6
17 . 134
469 . 0
N
mass molecular
O H C mass
molecules . no ! = ! ! = ! =
3.41 Cinnamic alcohol is used as a perfume ingredient. Its
molecular formula is C
9
H
10
O.
(a) Calculate the % by mass of C, H & O.
(b) How many molecules are contained in a sample of
mass 0.469g?
18
Empirical Formula
Simplest whole number ratio of elements (or ions) in a
compound
determined experimentally & then used to calculate the %
composition
19
12
4 . 44
008 1
21 6
.
.
32
5 . 39
16
86 . 9
616 0
16 6
.
.
616 0
23 1
.
.
616 0
616 0
.
.
616 0
7 3
.
.
3.7 6.16 1.23 0.616
10 1.997 1 6.01
Empirical formula
C
6
H
10
S
2
O
M(C
6
H
10
S
2
O) = 162
" molecular formula
also equals:
C
6
H
10
S
2
O
3.43 Allicin is the compound responsible for the smell of
garlic. An analysis shows the following composition by
mass: C, 44.4%; H, 6.21%; S, 39.5%; O, 9.86%. What
is its molecular formula given the molar mass is ~162?
C H S O
M
m
n =
ratio
20
Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry
Relating amounts of reactants & products used in
or required for a chemical reaction.
Master this!!!!!& youre well on
the way to understanding chemistry
Part 1: Stoichiometry
21
Chemical Equations
Translates written & verbal events, acts as a universal
statement
Iron metal reacts with oxygen when
heated to form iron oxide (ferric oxide)
Iron plus oxygen forms iron oxide
) s ( O Fe ) g ( O ) s ( Fe
3 2 2
! +
22
Need to account for all molecules used up or produced
# matter can not be destroyed
) s ( O Fe ) g ( O ) s ( Fe
3 2 2
! +
) s ( O Fe 2 ) g ( O 3 ) s ( Fe 4
3 2 2
! +
reactants products
Reactants & Products
23
2 2 3
4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) Fe s O g Fe O s + !
1. 4 atoms of Fe + 3 molecules of O
2
give 2 formula units of Fe
2
O
3
2. 4 mole of Fe + 3 mol of O
2
give 2 mole of Fe
2
O
3


(NOTE: The numbers in chemical equations relate to MOLES, not
mass)

3. 4 ! 55.8g of Fe + 3 ! 32g of O
2
give 2 x 159.6g of Fe
2
O
3
Interpreting Chemical Equations
24
Dont necessarily represent real reactions
Dont show how far a reaction will go
Dont show how long a reaction will take
Dont show the mechanism by which reactants form products
LIMITATIONS
25
1. Write reactants to left of arrow, & products to the right.
Check the molecular formulas are correct

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas
(coefficients) to make the number of atoms of each
element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not
change the subscripts
Balancing Equations
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
2C
2
H
6
C
4
H
12
NOT
26
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one
reactant and one product.
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O start with C or H but not O
2 carbon
on left
1 carbon
on right
multiply CO
2
by 2
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O
6 hydrogen
on left
2 hydrogen
on right
multiply H
2
O by 3
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
27
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more
reactants or products.
2 oxygen
on left
4 oxygen
(2x2)
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
+ 3 oxygen
(3x1)
multiply O
2
by 7/2
= 7 oxygen
on right
C
2
H
6
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
7
2
remove fraction
multiply both sides by 2
2C
2
H
6
+ 7O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
28
5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of
each type of atom on both sides of the equation.
2C
2
H
6
+ 7O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Reactants Products
4 C
12 H
14 O
4 C
12 H
14 O
29
(a) C + O
2
$ CO
(b) CO + O
2
$ CO
2


(c) H
2
+ Br
2
$ HBr

(d) K + H
2
O $ KOH + H
2

2C + O
2
$ 2CO
3.59 Balance the following equations
2CO + O
2
$ 2CO
2

H
2
+ Br
2
$ 2HBr
2K + 2H
2
O $ 2KOH + H
2

30

(e) Mg + O
2
$ MgO

(f) O
3
$ O
2


(g) H
2
O
2
$ H
2
O + O
2
(i) Zn + AgCl $ ZnCl
2
+ Ag
(j) S
8
+ O
2
$ SO
2
2Mg + O
2
$ 2MgO
2O
3
$ 3O
2
2H
2
O
2
$ 2H
2
O + O
2
Zn + 2AgCl $ ZnCl
2
+ 2Ag
S
8
+ 8O
2
$ 8SO
2
31
(k) NaOH + H
2
SO
4
$ Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
(l) Cl
2
+ NaI $ NaCl + I
2
(m) KOH + H
3
PO
4
$ K
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O
(n) CH
4
+ Br
2
$ CBr
4
+ HBr
2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
$ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Cl
2
+ 2NaI $ 2NaCl + I
2
3KOH + H
3
PO
4
$ K
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
CH
4
+ 4Br
2
$ CBr
4
+ 4HBr
32
MOLE METHOD
We use the coefficients to represent the no. mole of a substance
) g ( CO ) g ( O ) g ( CO
2 2
2 2 ! +
2 mol CO % 1 mol O
2
1 mol O
2
% 2 mol CO
2
Using this relationship, if we know the amount of one substance
involved in a chemical reaction, we can calculate the amount of
every other substance involved too
EXTREMELY USEFUL
33
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the desired quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions
34
Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH
3
OH + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?
grams CH
3
OH moles CH
3
OH moles H
2
O grams H
2
O
molar mass
CH
3
OH
coefficients
chemical equation
molar mass
H
2
O
209 g CH
3
OH
1 mol CH
3
OH
32.0 g CH
3
OH
x
4 mol H
2
O
2 mol CH
3
OH
x
18.0 g H
2
O
1 mol H
2
O
x
= 235 g H
2
O
m(H
2
O) =
n =
m
M
m= nM
35
STOICHIOMETRY 3 Step - Plan
STEP 1: n(known)
Calculate the number of moles of your KNOWN substance
(this is the substance that you know the mass or number of
moles of or have enough information to calculate it).
Eg. HCl + K
2
CO
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+ 2KCl
If you have 5.0 grams of K
2
CO
3
, and want to determine
how much KCl you can produce:

moles
M
m
CO K n 0362 . 0
21 . 138
0 . 5
) (
3 2
= = =
36
HCl + K
2
CO
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+ 2KCl
STEP 2: n(unknown)
Calculate the number of moles of your UNKNOWN (the species
you are interested in) by multiplying the number of moles of your
KNOWN (from step 1) by the MOLAR RATIO
MOLAR RATIO is determined from the chemical equation
coefficients:
STOICHIOMETRY 3 Step - Plan
n(KCl) = n(K
2
CO
3
) !ratio" of
n(KOH)
n(K
2
CO
3
)
= 0.0362!
2
1
= 0.0724 moles
37
STEP 3: Convert
Once, you know the number of moles of your unknown, you
can simply convert from moles to whatever you like, using
simple equations, such as

M n m ! =
V
n
c = or
M(KCl) = n x M
= 0.0724 x (39.1 + 35.45)
= 5.39397 g

Mass of KCl produced = 5.39 grams
STOICHIOMETRY 3 Step - Plan
38
No. atoms = n ! N
A
N
A
Molar mass

No. atoms
or
molecules
Moles of
substance
Mass of
substance
by
by
! by
! by
Connection between no. moles, mass of a substance and no. of atoms
A
N
atoms . no
n =
M
m
n =
nM m=
39
) g ( CO 2 ) g ( O ) g ( CO 2
2 2
! +
1. n(known) = n(CO) = 3.60 mol
2. n(unknown) = n(CO
2
) = n(CO) x

3. We want to find the number of moles of CO, which
we already have, so step 3 is not required
Number of moles of CO
2
produced = 3.60 moles
3.65 Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in
oxygen gas. Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate
the number of moles of CO
2
produced.
CO
2
CO
n(CO
2
) = 3.60 x

2
2
n(CO
2
) = 3.60 mol
40
) g ( CO 2 ) g ( O ) g ( CO 2
2 2
! +
1. Determine molar ratio for CO and CO
2
2 mol CO % 2 mol CO
2
2. Calculate
mol 60 . 3
O C mol 2
CO mol 2
CO mol 60 . 3 ) CO ( n
2
2
=
! =
or n(CO) = n(CO
2
)
3.65 Consider the combustion of carbon monoxide (CO) in
oxygen gas. Starting with 3.60 moles of CO, calculate
the number of moles of CO
2
produced.
If you prefer, you can use the factor label method to solve:
41
) g ( SO ) g ( O ) s ( S
2 2
! +
1. n(SO
2
) =

g M n S m
13 11
10 30 . 1 06 . 32 10 06 . 4 ) ( ! = ! ! = ! =
3.69 The annual production of sulphur dioxide from burning
coal and fossil fuels, etc is about 26 million tons. The
equation for the reaction is below. How much sulphur,
present in the original materials, would result in that
quantity of SO
2
?
mol
M
m
10 06 . 4
06 . 64
10 6 . 2
11
13
! =
!
=
2. n(S) = 4.06 x 10
11
x
1
1
= 4.06 x 10
11
mol
3.
Mass of sulphur consumed = 13 million tons
42
mol
M
m
10 567 . 7
16 . 132
10 00 . 1
5
8
! =
!
=
3.71 The fertilizer (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
is prepared by reaction between
ammonia and sulphuric acid. How many kg of NH
3
are
required to produce 1.00 ! 10
5
kg of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
?
) aq ( SO ) NH ( ) aq ( SO H ) g ( NH
4 2 4 4 2 3
2 ! +
kg converted to g!
1. n((NH
4
)
2
SO
4
) =

2. n(NH
3
) = 7.567 x 10
5
x
1
2
= 1.513 x 10
6
mol
g M n NH m
7 6
3
10 579 . 2 04 . 17 10 513 . 1 ) ( ! = ! ! = ! = 3.
Mass of NH
3
required = 2.58 x 10
4
kg
Dont forget they want the
answer in kg
43
6 green used up 6 red left over
Limiting Reagents
44
Excess reagent
remains after reaction
Limiting Reagent
reactant used up first in reaction
limits how much product can be produced
more than required according to stoichiometric ratios
not all consumed
DEFINITIONS
45
How does this change the 3-step-plan?
It still works the same, EXCEPT:
You may now have more than one known substance.
To choose the correct one, you need to find the number of
moles of all possible knowns (complete step 1 for any
potential known substances), and then, using that and the
chemical equation, find out which substance will run out first.
Once one of the reactants is consumed, the reaction cant
continue, so it is that reactant the limiting reagent that you
use as your known.
46
O H CO O H C
2 2 2 8 3
+ ! +
O H CO O H C
2 2 2 8 3
4 3 5 + ! +
3.85 Propane is a component of natural gas!
(a) Balance the following equation for combustion of
propane in air
47
Note that they have told us that oxygen is in excess
this means that propane MUST be the limiting reagent,
and therefore, our known
3. m(CO
2
) = n x M = 10.95 x 44.01 = 481.91 grams
2. n(CO
2
) = 3.65 x
= 10.95 mol
1. n(C
3
H
8
) = 3.65 mol

Mass of CO
2
produced = 482 grams
1
3
(b) How many grams of CO
2
can be produced by burning
3.65 moles of propane? Assume oxygen is the excess
reagent.
48
O H Cl MnCl HCl MnO
2 2 2 2
2 4 + + ! +
Note that we have TWO potential known substances well
need to calculate n for each, and find the limiting reagent:

n HCl
( )
=
m
M
=
48.2
36.46
=1.322mol
1. n(MnO
2
) = 0.86 mol
3.86 Consider the reaction below. If 0.86 mole of MnO
2

and 48.2 g HCl react, which reagent will be used up
first? How many grams of Cl
2
will be produced?
Comparing, we can see that we have more HCl than MnO
2
,
so instinct tells us that MnO
2
would run out first, BUT, look at
the reaction!
49
HCl is used up 4 times as quickly as MnO
2
in other
words, for every one mole of MnO
2
consumed, you use 4
moles of HCl
Therefore, when comparing to see which will run out first,
divide the number of moles of HCl by 4:
O H Cl MnCl HCl MnO
2 2 2 2
2 4 + + ! +
So all of the HCl would be used up first limiting reagent
and MnO
2
is in excess
MnO
2
: 0.86
HCl : 1.322/4 = 0.3305
With these values, you can now compare the relative
quantities of each material. It is clear that the HCl will run out
first (there isnt enough to use up MnO
2
).
50
How many grams of Cl
2
will be produced?
Your LIMITING reagent (HCl) is your unknown
g M n Cl m 43 . 23 ) 45 . 35 2 ( 3305 . 0 ) ( . 3
2
= ! ! = ! =
" 23.4 g of chlorine would be produced from the quantities
available
O H Cl MnCl HCl MnO
2 2 2 2
2 4 + + ! +
1. n(HCl) = 1.322 mol
2. n(Cl
2
) = 1.322 x
4
1
= 0.3305 mol
51
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that
would result if all the limiting reagent reacted (from
your stoichiometry calculations.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
% Yield =
Actual Yield
Theoretical Yield
x 100
YIELDS
For this type of question, you can follow the 3-step
plan, and simply complete this calculation at the end.
52
HF CaSO SO H CaF 2
4 4 2 2
+ ! +
Need to find the theoretical yield of HF (how much
we would expect to produce)
% 0 . 93 % 999 . 92 100
0753 . 3
86 . 2
= = ! =
yield l theoretica
yield actual
yield % =
3.89 Hydrogen fluoride is used to manufacture freons!It is
prepared by the reaction below. In one process 6.00kg of
CaF
2
is treated with excess H
2
SO
4
and yields 2.86 kg of HF.
Calculate the % yield of HF
1. n(CaF
2
) =

kg g M n HF m 08 . 3 3 . 3075 01 . 20 689 . 153 ) ( = = ! = ! =
mol
M
m
844 . 76
08 . 78
000 , 6
= =
2. n(HF) = 76.844 x
1
2
= 153.689 mol
3.
You know CaF
2
is the
limiting reagent, because
theyve told you it reacts
with excess H
2
SO
4

53
2 3 2
CO 3 Fe 2 CO 3 O Fe + ! +
3.114 One of the reactions that occurs in a blast furnace, is the
conversion of iron ore to cast iron. Suppose that 1.64 x 10
3

kg of Fe is obtained from a 2.62 x 10
3
kg sample of Fe
2
O
3
.
Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, what is the
% purity of Fe
2
O
3
in the original sample?
% 5 . 89 % 494 . 89 100
10 83 . 1
10 64 . 1
3
3
= = !
!
!
=
yield l theoretica
yield actual
yield % =
1. n(Fe
2
O
3
) =

kg g
M n Fe m
3
10 83 . 1 48 . 1832523
85 . 55 52 . 32811 ) (
! = =
! = ! =
mol
M
m
76 . 16405
) 3 16 2 85 . 55 (
10 10 62 . 2
3 3
=
! + !
! !
=
2. n(Fe) = 16405.76 x
1
2
= 32811.52 mol
3.
NB: A good check is
the answer sensible?