Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CULTURE
CONTENTS
5-10
11-13
14-16
4. Indian Architecture
17-26
5. Indian Sculpture
27-30
6. Indo-Islamic Architecture
31-36
37-37
8. Indian Crafts
38-42
9. Dances
43-46
47-57
58-60
61-64
65-68
14. Media
69-71
72-74
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10
Indian Culture
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PREHISTORIC ROCK
PAINTINGS
The distant past when there was no paper
or language or the written word and hence no
books or written documents, is called prehistory
or as we often say prehistoric times. How people
lived in those times was difficult to surmise until
scholars began to discover the places where
prehistoric people lived. Excavation at these
place brought to light old tools, pottery, habitats,
bones of ancient human beings and animals and
drawings on cave walls. By piecing together the
information deduced from these objects and the
cave drawings, scholars have constructed fairly
accurate knowledge about what happened and
how people lived in prehistoric times. When the
basic needs of food, water, clothing and shelter
were fulfilled people felt the need to express
themselves. Painting and drawing were the
oldest art forms practised by human beings to
express themselves, using the cave walls as their
canvas.
Why did prehistoric people draw these
pictures? They may have drawn and painted to
make their homes more colourful and beautiful
or to keep a visual record of their day-to-day
life, like some of us who maintain a diary.
The prehistoric period in the early
development of human beings is commonly
known as the Old Stone Age or the
Palaeolithic Age.
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Mesolithic Period
Chalcolithic Period
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Indian Culture
13
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Stone Statues
Bronze Casting
Terracotta
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Terracotta
Bronze Casting
Seals
Seals
Pottery
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16
Indian Culture
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
CHRONICLE
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2.
3.
Mauryan Column
1.
2.
3.
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Mauryan Art
Archaemenid Column
1.
18
Buddhist Influence
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Important Stupas
3. Sanchi Stupa
4. Amravati Stupa
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5. Nagarjunakonda Stupa
6. Sarnath Stupa
7. Nalanda Stupa
Important Caves
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Indian Culture
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
21
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Caves
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Gupta Art
Pallava Art
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Chalukyan Art
Rashtrakuta Art
Chola Art
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Hoysala Art
The wheel came full circle once again in the
region of modern Karnataka. Here, in the twin
Indian Culture
Pala School
Orissa School
The temples of Orissa form one of the most
compact and homogeneous architectural groups
25
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Bundelkhand School
Southern School
26
Indian Culture
INDIAN SCULPTURE
CHRONICLE
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Classical Sculpture
Solar Deity
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Kushana Art
The Kushanas had a large empire that
extended from the north western area of
Gandhara to nearly the borders of Bihar with
one mode of sculpture (Gandhara) in their
western and another the indigenous Mathura
28
Chandella Architecture
Pallava Architecture
Chola Architecture
Vijayanagara Period
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Shiva as Nataraja
Chalukya Architecture
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30
Indian Culture
INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
CHRONICLE
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Typologies of Structures
Categories of Styles
The study of Indo-Islamic architecture is
conventionally categorized into the Imperial
style (Delhi Sultanate), the Provincial Style
31
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Architectural Influences
Decorative Forms
Forts
Building
monumental
forts
with
embattlements was a regular feature in medieval
times, often symbolizing the seat of power of a
king. When such a fort was captured by an
attacking army the vanquished ruler either lost
his complete power or his sovereignty. This was
because he had to accept the suzerainty of the
victorious king. Some examples of strong complex
edifices which still exercise the imagination of
the visitor are the forts of Chittor, Gwalior,
Daulatabad, earlier known as Devgiri and
Golconda.
Commanding heights were utilized to great
advantage to construct forts. These heights gave
a good perspective of the region, strategic advantage for security, unfettered and unhindered space to make residential and official
complexes while simultaneously creating a sense
of awe in the people. Other complexities woven
into such topography were concentric circles of
outer walls as in Golconda, so that the enemy
had to breach these at all stages before getting
in.
Daulatabad had several strategic devices to
Indian Culture
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Minars
Tombs
Sarais
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Mughal India
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Humayun Tomb
Qutub Minar
Taj Mahal
36
Indian Culture
CHRONICLE
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Indian Culture
37
INDIAN CRAFTS
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
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Metal Work
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Stoneware
Wood Carving
Lac Turnery
This craft is essentially Indian. Lac is an
animal resin which is applied on to wood in dry
state due to heat generated by friction. The
lathe-turner, found almost all over India,
prepares on this lathe: toys, boxes, bed-posts,
hukkah mouth-pieces, etc. In etched lac work,
the object is coated with first one colour, then
on the top of second, a third or a fourth,
uniformly all over. Then with a fine chisel or
styles the lac coated surface is scratched, the
hand being made to move lightly or to press
heavily as may be necessary to bring out the
colour required from the numerous layers
beneath the surface. Ferozepur, Jaipur and
Hoshiarpur are the famous centres of this craft.
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Painting on Wood
Ivory
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Puppetry
Indian Culture
Mehrab: Arch
Jhumka: earrings.
Joshan: armlets.
Paizeb: Anklets.
Pashmina: Soft wool of mountain Goats.
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Kagazi: Pottery like paper of Alwar.
Kanat: wall cloth.
42
Indian Culture
DANCES
CHRONICLE
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Bharatnatyam
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Manipuri
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Himalayan Dances
'Bhangra' of Punjab
In the Punjab, a virile agricultural dance
called the Bhangra is popular and is closely
linked with the ritual importance which is given
to wheat. After the wheat crop is sown, the
45
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Bihu
Modern Dances
Indian Culture
INDIAN MUSIC
CHRONICLE
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Raga
2. Gandharva Sangeeta
3. Desi Sangeeta
Characteristics of Raga
Jatis
Tala
1. Adi Tala
2. Jhampatala
3. Roopaka Tala
4. Misra Champu Tala
5. Khanda Chapu tala
47
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Trital
11. Tilvada
Hindustani
Keharuva
Dadra
Deepchandi
Chautal (used in dhrupad and dhamar)
Dhamar
Roopak
Jhaptal
Ektal
Jhumra
Swara
Expansion
Meaning
Animal
Chakra
God
Sa
Shadja
Sagar
Peacock
Muladhara
Ganapati
[base of spine]
Re
Rishabha
Bull
Bull/Skylark
Swadhisthana
Agni
(genitals)
Ga
Gandhara
Gagan
Goat
Manipura
Rudra
(solar plexus
Ma
Madhyama
Middle
Dove/Heron
Anahata
Vishnu
(Heart)
Pa
Panchama
Fifth
Cuckoo/Nightingale
Vishuddha
Naarada
(Throat)
Dha
Dhaivata
Dharti
Horse
Sadashiva
Ni
Nishada
Hunter
Elephant
Sahasrara
Surya
Anibaddha Forms
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Nibaddha Forms
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50
Indian Culture
Gharanas
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Carnatic Music
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Musical Instruments:
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Indian Culture
xii)
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xiii)
xiv)
xv)
55
xi)
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xii)
xiii)
xiv)
xv)
xvi)
b)
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c.
d.
e.
Indian Culture
57
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Language
Location
1.
Assamese
Assam
2.
Bangla
3.
Bodo
Assam
4.
Dogri
5.
Gujarati
6.
Hindi
7.
Kannada
Karnataka
8.
Kashmiri
9.
Konkani
10.
Maithili
Bihar
11.
Malayalam
12.
Manipuri
Manipur
13.
Marathi
14.
Nepali
15.
Oriya
Orissa
16.
Punjabi
17.
Sanskrit
18.
Santhali
19.
Sindhi
Sindhi community
Lakshadweep, Kerala
Indian Culture
20.
Tamil
21.
Telugu
Andhra Pradesh
22.
Urdu
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Classification of Indian languages
A. Indo-European Family
B. Dravidian Languages
C. Austric Family
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D. Sino-Tibetan Family
60
Indian Culture
INDIAN LITERATURE
CHRONICLE
IAS ACADEMY
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Modern Literature
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Other Novelists
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64
Indian Culture
INDIAN PAINTING
CHRONICLE
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Chola Series
Hoysala Paintings
Vijayanagara Painting
Chera Paintings
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Indian Culture
MEDIA
CHRONICLE
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Print Media
Television
At 6 P.M. on September 15, 1959, Pratima
Indian Culture
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Radio
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Satellite Invasion
Towards the end of 1991 STAR TV, then a
little known Hong Kong company acquired a
Indian Culture
INDIAN CINEMA
CHRONICLE
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Indigenous Productions
Role of NFDC
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Rays Bandwagon
Contemporary Cinema
In 20th century cinema portrayed uppermiddle class ethos and consumerist attitude due
to development of multiplex culture. Similarly
expanding business in other countries led to
development of a particular genre of NRI movies.
Parallel cinema however has found
expression among new breed of prolific female
directors which include Deepa Mehta, Mira
Niar, Kalpana Lajmi, Aparna sen and others.
Similarly Anurag Kashyap, Ram Gopal
Varma, Mani Ratnam, Prakash Jha, Mani Kaul,
Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani,
Sudhir Mishra, Jahnu Barua and Ritoparno
Ghosh are new faces of socially sensitive and
relevant cinema.
Indian Culture
CHRONICLE
INDIAN CUL
TURE
CULTURE
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
1. Consider the following:
I. Kuchipudi is one of the classical dance
forms of the South India and derives its
name from the Kuchipudi village of Andhra
Pradesh.
II. Carrying a fine combination of Natya,
Nritta and Nritya, Kuchipudi was never a
solo affair and required a number of performers.
III. In modern times the Kuchipudi dance is
considerably different than it originally
used to be. Most of the performances are
solo, done by female dancers.
Select the correct answer code from below:
(a) Only I and II are correct
(b) Only I and III are correct
(c) Only II and III are correct
(d) All I, II and III are correct
2. Consider the following statements:
I. Tanjore painting is an important form of
classical South Indian painting native to the
town of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu.
II. These paintings are known for their elegance, rich colours, and attention to detail. The themes for most of these paintings
are Buddhas and Bodhisattvas and scenes
from Buddhism mythology.
Select the correct answer code from the below:
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both I and II are correct
(d) Neither I nor II are correct
3. Heikru Hitongba festival, a festival of joy with
little religious significance, is celebrated in the
month of September every year. Long narrow
boats are used to accommodate a large number
of rowers. Idol of Lord Vishnu is installed before
the commencement of the race. Heikru Hitongba
festival belongs to ------------Indian Culture
IAS ACADEMY
(a) Manipur
(b) Sikkim
(c) Andaman & Nicobar
(d) Assam
4. Which of the following statements related to
the classical dance Mohiniattam are true?
I. Mohiniattam is a solo female dance (in a
single costume), where musical melody and
the rhythmical swaying of the dancer from
side to side and the smooth and unbroken
flow of the body movement is the striking
feature.
II. The credit for reviving the Mohiniattam
dance in the nineteenth century goes to
Swati Tirunal.
III. The performers of Mohiniattam dance usually wear a brown colored sari with silver
borders.
Codes:
(a) Only I and II are correct
(b) Only II and III are correct
(c) Only I and III are correct
(d) All I, II and III are correct
5. Consider the following statements:
I. Koodiyattam, the Malayalam theatre tradition of Kerala, India has been declared as
among the 'Masterpiece of the Oral and
Intangible Heritage of Humanity' by
UNESCO.
II. It is for the first time that UNESCO has
selected art forms from across the world to
bestow recognition as part of its effort to
safeguard expressions of oral heritage and
traditional culture.
Select the answer from the code given below:
(a) Only I is correct
(b) Only II is correct
(c) Both I and II are correct
(d) Both I and II are incorrect
1
(d) Sarod
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
11. Which of the following pair of Dances and respective states is NOT matched correctly?
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(c) Jahangir
(d) Sahjahan
(d) Gopuram
Indian Culture
16.
21.
(c) Karle
22.
(d) Nasik
(d) Rashtrakutas
2. Qutab Minar
3. Fatehpur Sikri
4. Agra Fort
(a) 2, 4, 3, 1
(b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 2, 3, 4, 1
24.
20.
23.
(d) Ellora
25.
(d) Elephanta
(b) Sanke-dance
Indian Culture
CHRONICLE
INDIAN CUL
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CULTURE
IAS ACADEMY
(ANSWERS)
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1 (d)
14 (a)
2 (a)
15 (d)
3 (a)
16 (b)
4 (a)
17 (d)
5 (b)
18 (c)
6 (d)
19 (b)
7 (c)
20 (b)
8 (a)
21 (c)
9 (b)
22 (c)
10 (c)
23 (a)
11 (d)
24 (c)
12 (a)
25 (c)
13 (c)
Indian Culture
CHRONICLE
INDIAN CUL
TURE
CULTURE
UPSC QUESTIONS
IAS ACADEMY
Prize given?
(a) Literature
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(c) Science
(c) Kuchipudi
(d) Odissi
(d) Ujjain
7.
(d) 24
List II
(Famous Person)
Chowdhry
(b) Mahabharta
community leadership
(c) Ramayana
(3) Dance
(d) Rig-Veda
Indian Culture
Codes:
A
B C D
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1) Dancer
(2) Painter
(3) Poet
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Codes :
A B C D
(State)
(A) Vidyashankara
(a) 2 1 4
(2) Karnataka
(b) 2 4 1
(C) Kandariya
(c) 3 1 4
(d) 3 4 1
Mahadeo Temple
(D) Bhimesvara
(4) Orissa
Temple
Codes :
A
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 1
(4) Singer
16.
(b) Chidambaram
(c) Hampi
(d) Srikalahasti
17.
(c) Mahavir
(d) Nataraja
Who of the following is the author of a collection of poems called Golden Threshold?
(a) Aruna Asaf Ali
(b) Annie Bosant
State
Kerala
Bihar
J & K
Painting
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) Vijayalakshmi
(d) Vaishnavism
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(b) 2 only
(a) 1 only
(d) Uttrakhand
Indian Culture
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INDIAN CUL
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CULTURE
IAS ACADEMY
(UPSC ANSWERS)
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1. (a)
18. (b)
2. (a)
19. (b)
3. (d)
20. (c)
4. (d)
21. (b)
5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (a)
22. (a)
8. (a)
9. (d)
10. (b)
11. (a)
12. (a)
13. (c)
14. (b)
15. (b)
16. (c)
23. (a)
17. (c)
24. (b)
Indian Culture